还剩80页未读,继续阅读
本资源只提供10页预览,全部文档请下载后查看!喜欢就下载吧,查找使用更方便
文本内容:
英语专业八级考试阅读理解模拟题成都理工大学工程技术学院外语系关英森编辑TOC\o1-3\h\z\uGRE阅读方法——教师笔记4英语八级阅读理解模拟试题及解析一12英语八级阅读理解模拟试题及解析二14英语八级阅读理解模拟试题及解析三16英语八级阅读理解模拟试题及解析四18英语八级阅读理解模拟试题及解析五20英语八级阅读理解模拟试题及解析六22英语八级阅读理解模拟试题及解析七24Text124Test225Text326英语八级阅读理解模拟试题及解析八28PartA28Text128Text229Text330Text431PartB32英语八级阅读理解模拟试题及解析九34Text134Text235Text336Text437英语八级阅读理解真题及名师解析十39Text139Text240Text341Text442Text543Text645考研英语阅读理解模拟试题及解析十一47Text147Text249Text350Text451第一套题答案与考点解析53第二套题答案与考点解析54第三套题答案与考点解析55第四套题答案及考点解析56第五套题考点解析57第六套题答案及考点解析58第七套题目答案59第八套题目参考答案59第九套题目答案及考点解析66第十套题目答案及考点解析72第十一套题目答案82GRE阅读方法——教师笔记第一部分基本知识※阅读习惯
一、先读题目还是先读文章?一定要先读文章!
二、切忌读文章时查词典
三、不要逐字读阅读黄金法则文章中读到什么就是什么,不需要结合其他进行推理六先六后
1、先词汇,后阅读(一般剩余13分钟阅读,5分钟小文章,长文章保证简单题一定做对)
2、先短文章,后长文章
3、先读较熟悉的内容的文章,后读陌生的
4、先读较易的,后读难的较易题包括主题题,态度题,结构题(一般总分式较多),简单的细节题(题干、答案均较短,且好定位)较难题包括难细节题(特别是罗马数字题),逻辑题,类比题
5、先框架,后细节
6、先排除再猜选(不得已而猜之时)※解题六大原则
1、有无之辩文中没提到的不选
2、正反之辩一般是顺序错误或是发生时间先后顺序错误,或是逻辑顺序错误
3、主次之辩
4、全偏之辩不要以偏盖全
5、宽窄之辩不要拿范围小的答案去对应较大的概念
6、强弱之辩态度题中特别需要注意如intense(强,表过度紧张)※GRE文章阅读的三大语言关系
1、moreover——顺接关系furthermorefurtherthusinaddition等
2、转折关系howeverbutyetneverthelessnonethelessindeedinfactpracticallyactuallyvirtually等however表示
①转折
②让步与形容词和副词作插入语时表让步语气
③递进在句末时,看似是转折,其实是将话不说的绝对化,并进而将自己观点进行拓展 but/yet:
①若在首段第二句或二段首句出现,则是在语气、态度上的大转折
②若在理论或现象刚刚说完之后,则对其的解释是持负评价
3、让步关系(althoughthough不考)关键词do/may/have做助动词,表强调; 或表强调的词,如nodoubtnoproblemabsolutely等;而一般文章在强调后均会有一个让步 第二部分文章分类及各类文章易出题型分析文章一般出处《大百科全书》等 长文章是缩写,短文章是节选
一、按题材分类
1.人文科学包括文学评论,美术,音乐,雕塑,哲学,语言学,宗教学出题思路94年以后以短文章为主,以人文艺术和综合为主,特别是以一人一文(一个作者的一本书,或者一个作者的一篇文章)为主注在文学题材的文章中,出题者反对从意识形态的角度研究文学他们认为文学问题就应该从文学角度研究
2.社会科学包括历史学,社会学,心理学,人类学,政治学,经济学(GRE中涉及还不是很多,GMAT中则每4篇中有2篇)出题角度一般涉及民族(爱斯基摩热门考过两次),女权但均为虚假关心,使得出题思路较为中庸出题思路纯学术研究的文章大大减少,民族、女权的实际社会问题大大增加注
①北美独立战争也经常考,但一般不会涉及两个国家之间的战争明确反对左派激进主张,革命思想,社会大变革,趋同进化论,达尔文的进化论
②社会科学题材中,作者从来不把一个普通的社会现象赋予重大意义,倾向于就事论事一般套路提出一个现象,阐释清楚;提出自己的观点对其评价优劣;最后把自己的观点说圆满
3.生命科学包括现代医学,现代农业,植物学,动物学 出题思路94年后微观生物学一般不考,只考宏观方面,包括动植物习性,生物群落,环境与人类活动,生物圈等
4.自然科学包括物理学,化学,天文学,地质学等一般考空气污染,汽车尾气,CO2与温室效应,臭氧与气温升高,森林砍伐,城市噪声,厄尔尼诺地质学较常考 出题思路一般不涉及专业知识,如果涉及的问题较难理解,则一般考题为
1、学科发展
2、科学家生平注常考环保,新材料发明 对新材料,新成果,新发明均为正态度★
二、按文体分类说明文模式一般为现象 ——结论—— 可能原因陈述 —— 排除议论文Argument一般是就已提出的观点给出评价如果不同意,或者是不完全同意,则作者需提出新主张通常反驳或攻击性评价较多Presentation一般是就一个事物或者是一个现象提出自己的观点、主张和解释全文无对立面即使在文章末尾稍做让步,也不影响文章的主态度★
三、按结构分类
1、新旧观点对比型即新观点==旧观点(即+not)新旧观点是对同一事物的不同意见旧观点通常是在开始提出,而且通常是过去的观点,或传统的观点,或没有异议的观点特征词如下traditionalusuallymanypeoplebelievethatitisfrequentlyassumedthat…ashadlongbeenthoughtthat…
2、结论解释型特征首句必须是判断句(不一定是判断句式),一般也是包含作者态度和评价的句子从第二句开始,每段前两句即代表主要思想`注第二句或第二段首句不能对主句做出转折评价(即句式上可有转折连词,但意思不可转折)
3、现象解释型特征作者在前两句会给出现象,下边也会给出解释正评价的句子即为主题句 注重点把握作者态度
4、问题回答型 特征文章前两句或首段给出一个设问句,答案所在之处即为文章的topicsentence或者是若首句出现以下几个单词时taskproblemdifficulty若给出一个solution,则为topicsentence若给出几个solutions,则给出正评价的solution所在即为topicsentence
5、态度复杂型特征围绕文章focus不断出现让步和转折现象,但从前不从后靠前的态度为主态度做题时要抓主态度第三部分 文章阅读方法一.文章阅读顺序1.短文章读一遍2.长文章读两遍第一遍读首末两段和各段的首尾句,明确以下内容
1、文章主题(topicsentence)
2、文章主态度
3、全文的行文结构第二遍有选择的阅读阅读的部分包括以下内容
1、特殊的语言现象
2、大写字母开头的部分(如特定的时间、地点、人物等)二.文章微观阅读方法
1、关于下定义和做解释做解释的关键词如下
①thatis
②同位语(从句)
④括号
③破折号
⑤引号
⑥平行结构如AandB同义AorB(反义)
2、双重否定=肯定
3、标点符号⑴句号要把握句号前后的句子关系⑵如果一个长句用两个逗号夹一个句子,则其必为补充说明成分通常现身于
①非限制性定语从句
②同位语(经常用于考细节题)
③独立主格结构(在作文中应用时非常有用) ⑶冒号 ⑷括号
①解释说明
②解释难词 ⑸引号
①强调作用
②说反话
③解释 ⑹破折号两个之间或一个之后,为解释说明成分 ⑺分号
①从语意上并列,分前后相同和前后相反两种
②结构上的分开一般用来作提示,如表示列举、并列关系等
4、虚拟语气虚拟语气只能表达与事实相反的情况,反过来即是作者的重点所在和事实GRE中需掌握⑴在条件句中的应用
①对过去的虚拟表后悔及遗憾的态度
②对现在或将来的虚拟表期望的态度
③错综时间句⑵表愿望、命令、建议等wishwouldratherhadrathersuggestorderdemandproposecommandrequestdesireinsist等⑶表作者态度 should/would/could/might
①表自己看法
②表请求、邀请
③表建议和劝告
④表疑问持恳切的态度
5、比较的出现有比较级出现,则答案中一定有与原文中语言现象相对应的说法
①最高级的体现primaryunparallelmostbestallnoneanyfirstlastneveralwaysuttermostforemost等
②唯一性的体现soleonlyunique等
③比较级的体现as…asmore…than…thesame…as…等 注有比较关系词时,如inclinedtopreferwouldrather等时,要选择有相同比较意义的三.答案基本阅读方法文字对应法将题干所问的事物(focus)回原文大致位置定位,然后看选项如果某选项出现了和题干所问事物不在同一位置出现的词汇,那么该选项必然错误四.答案阅读方法一)、纵向看选项若有共同之处,拿公共元素回文章定位Iftheessaydoesn’thavethecommonelementthechoiceiswrong.二)、明确六种题型
1、主题题型
2、态度题
3、类比题
4、细节题
5、逻辑题
6、结构题三)、熟练运用各种基本方法定位之后选项以定位所在处无关的必错四)、如果选项是主从复合句,先处理主句,再处理从句五)、如果选项含有明确的最高级、唯一性、比较级则如果选项正确,原文就必定有其相对应的说法(但在否定句和疑问句中还要注意句子的意思)第四部分解题步骤、方法和技巧解题步骤第一步题目的定位一定要发现题目的focus; 若focus关系到全文,则如下步骤
1、用特征词定位特征词包括时间、地点状语,定语
2、若无特征词,则找focus首次出现的地方关键先找到focus所在的一段(only)第二步进行答案的通用排除在看一遍后即有2~3个选项可排除 依靠
1、排除法如排除不含关键词的选项,排除完全和主态度相反的选项等
2、做题的感觉第三步答案的定位而后将答案与文章中对应句作同义改写,选意思最相近的注所以在平时练习时要注意找出处答案直选法原文重现 --同义修改--定状不变即找到对应的句子后,与答案一起分析句子结构,主、谓、宾、补均可以变,只有定、状这些限制时间发生唯一性的标志不能变a、列举原则如果原文出现了列举现象,则不光要注意列举对象,更要把握列举对象背后的共性注这种共性一般出现在段落主题句中b、列举形式
1、名词的列举同性质
2、句子的分散列举肯定在同一段中共性主语一致性,发生的同时性
3、重复式列举将A,B,C,D……列举后,将某条(如A)再说一遍,则为重复此时,若问有谁不同,则肯定选A第五部分各种经典题型总汇(主题型题总汇)
一、分类
1、主题与作者态度相关题干标志词mainideabesttitleprimarypurposeprimaryconcert关键
①寻找主题句,并做同义改写
②选项的态度要与原文一致,尤其要注意原文的让步语气选项标志词
①presentation:presentexplainpointoutdescribe
②argument:criticizerefutecorrectchallengeevaluate
2、主题与作者态度无关题干标志词maincontentbestsummarizefocusprimarilyon作法
①对主题句进行同义改写
②结合文章结构套路(如设问句、现象、问题等)做题注意在做题之前要用通用排除法先过一遍
①若出现文章具体细节和例子,此答案必错
②若选项为长句(并列、主从复合句、独立主格结构等)做缩读处理,先注意主句
③文章的focus一定出现在首段或第二段的首句,要从前不从后3.文章题目必须含有文章的focus而且限制范围必须包括文章各个段落4.阅读对象首先排除不可能被选的答案,然后再其余答案当中选择涉及范围比较广泛的,而且与文章内容联系最广泛
二、找主题句
1、结合文章套路找
①如果文章首段出现puzzledifficultyquestionproblem等,则肯定将在下文出现其solution有一个,则其为文章的主题如有多个,则文章给出正评价的为主题
②若文章开头给出一个现象,则须有explanation,此即为主题
③若文章开头给出设问句,则答案即为主题句
④若文章开头给出结论,而且没有转折,则此结论为主题句
⑤如果是新旧对比型,则新观点为主题句
2、结合文章语言找
①若在一段叙述之后出现了butyethoweveractuallyinfactindeed等,则在转折后的内容即为主题
②若文章开头给出一段举例,则举例之后的归纳总结即为主题句(细节题总汇)
一、替换法应用题 步骤
1、排除直译的答案
2、先做定位,看原文完整的句子最主要的目的在于找到原句的主语,而后做答案的排除,即答案当中没有句子主语的一律排除
3、做答案定位,将本体找出,用所考词代替,翻译句子,即为答案
二、举例说明概述题
1、形式
①用inorderto提问,要求用短语回答一般用discussexplain等回答
②用becausethereasonthat等提问,要求用句子回答
2、解法步骤⑴给例子作定位⑵向前找观点
①若在例子前一句或两句话,则直接解题
②若无,则在段落主题句找
③若无,则找全文主题句注一定要注意例子是支持还是反对句子的观点!
三、强对比取非题题干标志inferimply强对比题,指文中出现A、B两种事物逻辑上关键词unlikeincontrasttocontrarytobedistinguishedfrom等 时间上关键词nownowadayspresentcurrentdaynewpastonceuntilrecently等此时,问一个东西怎样会更好,即是找这个东西的不好之处四.罗马数字题(短文章中难,长文章中易)长文章中,选项一定要固定在一段之内注意
1、定位;
2、看答案的顺序;
3、如果碰到文章中一个都没有或对不上的,则全选五.except题
1、符合列举原则
2、若为不符合列举原则,即出处不明显的细节题,则与“能回答下列哪个问题”的题目类似,步骤如下
①先做一般疑问句,再做特殊疑问句
②顺序为howmanyhowmuchwhowhatwhyhow
③如果发现答案正确,则不用将剩余答案看完
3、常考题型
①Whichofthefollowinginformationcanbefoundinthepassage
②Allofthefollowinginformationcanbefoundinthepassageexcept……?
4、解题步骤
①缩小范围,回原文定位;
②若原文无明显信息,或作者持明显反对态度,则排除;
③利用通用排除法排除(态度题总汇)
一、表达作者态度的方式
1、判断句式 linkword或者be+形容词
2、主动词表示负评价的有failignoreoverestimateunderestimateexaggeratemisrepresent等
3、focus的定语修饰语
4、单独的形容词、副词,尤其是当有括号标志时
5、在主题句中有如下词seemperhapsappearprobablymaybe等时,就会弱化作者的态度,特别是最高级
二、让步语气
1、does/do/may之后
2、在一个理论或现象后出现的绝对化的词语后,一般会跟让步语气
3、文章中特意强调“我本不想……”
4、文章在一个态度给出后,紧接着又给出一个相反的说法
三、一篇文章只有一个作者态度的,其态度一定在主题句当中
1、把握文章结构,从前不从后
2、末段的态度不是主题态度
四、下面的词不可能用语表达GRE文章的意思,不能作为正确答案的主词
1、态度较过的
①态度过轻或过弱的lightheartedindifferencejocularfacetiousresignedambiguous
②态度过差的offensiveinsincerecondemnationcallousderisionenviousindignationdefiancespitefulcynicalscornful
③态度过好的ferventadulatoryfanatical
2、语气绝对化的completeentiretotalunmitigatedunrestraineduncheckedadmittedly(类比题总汇)
一、特点
1、好定位;
2、给出的现象容易理解;
3、答案的区分度比较大
二、做题方法做模糊对应,把所给对象的逻辑关系弄清楚逻辑关系特征如下
1、正反比
2、先后比
3、虚拟语气
4、让步语气
5、特殊的语言现象 6抽象的逻辑关系(结构题总汇)一 全文结构题把握各段首句 看清末段尾句 掌握全文态度通常情况总分总(尾段有inconclusioninsum,ingeneral)总分二段落内部结构只需把握段落句间关系通常是观点----例子(逻辑题总汇)题干if true/known/possiblewecanassume/support/weaken做法1通过题干回原文定位找到现象而题干当中已经有了结论我们需要在现象和结论之间找到条件2排除之后的答案 我们需要做带回的工作3是条件的就是假设题的答案 加强条件的是支持题的答案 拆除条件是削弱题的答案第六部分特别之处总汇如果文章中给出两个相反的观点,A+和A-,而后紧接着给出了例甲和例乙则例甲证明A+,例乙不会去证明A-例乙有两种情况
1、证明A的不完整性
2、证明A的特殊地方,如在某些情况下的特殊应用argue表明陈述的观点本身存在争议assume表明陈述的观点没有争议定语从句中一般有考点如果原文中出现了例子,要绕过例子关注之前的概括或之后的总结
一、内部细节例子看段落主题句
二、全文举例看全文主题若文章出现类比、比喻等语言现象,则要把重点放在本体(如果本体内容不清楚,则先看喻体)在原文中若出现了一个问题,一个困难,一个谜,那么主题题答案的第一个主动词要用解释的说法,如explain等在原文中出现一个现象或者是一个事实,则主题题的主动词要用describe等英语八级阅读理解模拟试题及解析一Themajorityofsuccessfulseniormanagersdonotcloselyfollowtheclassicalrationalmodeloffirstclarifyinggoalsassessingtheproblemformulatingoptionsestimatinglikelihoodsofsuccessmakingadecisionandonlythentakingactiontoimplementthedecision.Ratherintheirday-by-daytacticalmaneuverstheseseniorexecutivesrelyonwhatisvaguelytermedintuitiontomanageanetworkofinterrelatedproblemsthatrequirethemtodealwithambiguityinconsistencynoveltyandsurprise;andtointegrateactionintotheprocessofthinking. Generationsofwritersonmanagementhaverecognizedthatsomepracticingmanagersrelyheavilyonintuition.Ingeneralhoweversuchwritersdisplayapoorgraspofwhatintuitionis.Someseeitastheoppositeofrationality;othersviewitasanexcuseforcapriciousness. Isenbergsrecentresearchonthecognitiveprocessesofseniormanagersrevealsthatmanagersintuitionisneitherofthese.Ratherseniormanagersuseintuitioninatleastfivedistinctways.Firsttheyintuitivelysensewhenaproblemexists.Secondmanagersrelyonintuitiontoperformwell-learnedbehaviorpatternsrapidly.Thisintuitionisnotarbitraryorirrationalbutisbasedonyearsofpainstakingpracticeandhands-onexperiencethatbuildskills.AthirdfunctionofintuitionistosynthesizeisolatedbitsofdataandpracticeintoanintegratedpictureofteninanAha!experience.Fourthsomemanagersuseintuitionasacheckontheresultsofmorerationalanalysis.Mostseniorexecutivesarefamiliarwiththeformaldecisionanalysismodelsandtoolsandthosewhousesuchsystematicmethodsforreachingdecisionsareoccasionallyleeryofsolutionssuggestedbythesemethodswhichruncountertotheirsenseofthecorrectcourseofaction.Finallymanagerscanuseintuitiontobypassin-depthanalysisandmoverapidlytoengenderaplausiblesolution.Usedinthiswayintuitionisanalmostinstantaneouscognitiveprocessinwhichamanagerrecognizesfamiliarpatterns. Oneoftheimplicationsoftheintuitivestyleofexecutivemanagementisthatthinkingisinseparablefromacting.Sincemanagersoftenknowwhatisrightbeforetheycananalyzeandexplainittheyfrequentlyactfirstandexplainlater.Analysisisinextricablytiedtoactioninthinking/actingcyclesinwhichmanagersdevelopthoughtsabouttheircompaniesandorganizationsnotbyanalyzingaproblematicsituationandthenactingbutbyactingandanalyzingincloseconcert. Giventhegreatuncertaintyofmanyofthemanagementissuesthattheyfaceseniormanagersofteninstigateacourseofactionsimplytolearnmoreaboutanissue.Theythenusetheresultsoftheactiontodevelopamorecompleteunderstandingoftheissue.Oneimplicationofthinking/actingcyclesisthatactionisoftenpartofdefiningtheproblemnotjustofimplementingthesolution.
1.AccordingtothetextseniormanagersuseintuitioninallofthefollowingwaysEXCEPTto [A]Speedupofthecreationofasolutiontoaproblem. [B]Identifyaproblem. [C]Bringtogetherdisparatefacts. [D]Stipulatecleargoals.
2.Thetextsuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutthewritersonmanagementmentionedinline1paragraph2? [A]Theyhavecriticizedmanagersfornotfollowingtheclassicalrationalmodelofdecisionanalysis. [B]Theyhavenotbasedtheiranalysesonasufficientlylargesampleofactualmanagers. [C]Theyhavereliedindrawingtheirconclusionsonwhatmanagerssayratherthanonwhatmanagersdo. [D]Theyhavemisunderstoodhowmanagersuseintuitioninmakingbusinessdecisions.
3.ItcanbeinferredfromthetextthatwhichofthefollowingwouldmostprobablybeonemajordifferenceinbehaviorbetweenManagerXwhousesintuitiontoreachdecisionsandManagerYwhousesonlyformaldecisionanalysis? [A]ManagerXanalyzesfirstandthenacts;ManagerYdoesnot. [B]ManagerXcheckspossiblesolutionstoaproblembysystematicanalysis;ManagerYdoesnot. [C]ManagerXtakesactioninordertoarriveatthesolutiontoaproblem;ManagerYdoesnot. [D]ManagerYdrawsonyearsofhands-onexperienceincreatingasolutiontoaproblem;ManagerXdoesnot.
4.Thetextprovidessupportforwhichofthefollowingstatements? [A]Managerswhorelyonintuitionaremoresuccessfulthanthosewhorelyonformaldecisionanalysis. [B]Managerscannotjustifytheirintuitivedecisions. [C]Managersintuitionworkscontrarytotheirrationalandanalyticalskills. [D]Intuitionenablesmanagerstoemploytheirpracticalexperiencemoreefficiently.
5.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthefirstparagraphofthetext? [A]Anassertionismadeandaspecificsupportingexampleisgiven. [B]Aconventionalmodelisdismissedandanalternativeintroduced. [C]Theresultsofrecentresearchareintroducedandsummarized. [D]Twoopposingpointsofviewarepresentedandevaluated. 英语八级阅读理解模拟试题及解析二RogerRosenblatt’sbookBlackFictioninattemptingtoapplyliteraryratherthansociopoliticalcriteriatoitssubjectsuccessfullyalterstheapproachtakenbymostpreviousstudies.AsRosenblattnotescriticismofBlackwritinghasoftenservedasapretextforexpoundingonBlackhistory.AddisonGayle’srecentworkforexamplejudgesthevalueofBlackfictionbyovertlypoliticalstandardsratingeachworkaccordingtothenotionsofBlackidentitywhichitpropounds. Althoughfictionassuredlyspringsfrompoliticalcircumstances,itsauthorsreacttothosecircumstancesinwaysotherthanideologicalandtalkingaboutnovelsandstoriesprimarilyasinstrumentsofideologycircumventsmuchofthefictionalenterprise.Rosenblatt’sliteraryanalysisdisclosesaffinitiesandconnectionsamongworksofBlackfictionwhichsolelypoliticalstudieshaveoverlookedorignored. WritingacceptablecriticismofBlackfictionhoweverpresupposesgivingsatisfactoryanswerstoanumberofquestions.FirstofallisthereasufficientreasonotherthanthefacialidentityoftheauthorstogrouptogetherworksbyBlackauthors?SecondhowdoesBlackfictionmakeitselfdistinctfromothermodernfictionwithwhichitislargelycontemporaneous?RosenblattshowsthatBlackfictionconstitutesadistinctbodyofwritingthathasanidentifiable,coherentliterarytradition.LookingatnovelswrittenbyBlackoverthelasteightyyearshediscoversrecurringconcernsanddesignsindependentofchronology.ThesestructuresarethematicandtheyspringnotsurprisinglyfromthecentralfactthattheBlackcharactersinthesenovelsexistinapredominantlywhiteculturewhethertheytrytoconformtothatcultureorrebelagainstit. BlackFictiondoesleavesomeaestheticquestionsopen.Rosenblatt’sthematicanalysispermitsconsiderableobjectivity;heevenexplicitlystatesthatitisnothisintentiontojudgethemeritofthevariousworksDyethisreluctanceseemsmisplacedespeciallysinceanattempttoappraisemighthaveledtointerestingresults.Forinstancesomeofthenovelsappeartobestructurallydiffuse.IsthisadefectoraretheauthorsworkingoutofortryingtoforgeadifferentkindofaestheticInadditionthestyleofsomeBlacknovelslikeJeanToomey’sCanevergesonexpressionismorsurrealism;doesthistechniqueprovideacounterpointtotheprevalentthemethatportraysthefateagainstwhichBlackheroesarepittedathemeusuallyconveyedbymorenaturalisticmodesofexpression? InspiteofsuchomissionswhatRosenblattdoesincludeinhisdiscussionmakesforanastuteandworthwhilestudy.BlackFictionsurveysawidevarietyofnovelsbringingtoourattentionintheprocesssomefascinatingandlittle-knownworkslikeJamesWeldonJohnson’sAutobiographyofanEx-ColoredMan.Itsargumentistightlyconstructedanditsforthrightlucidstyleexemplifieslevelheadedandpenetratingcriticism.
1.Theauthorofthetextisprimarilyconcernedwith__________. [A]Evaluatingthesoundnessofaworkofcriticism. [B]Comparingvariouscriticalapproachestoasubject. [C]Discussingthelimitationsofaparticularkindofcriticism. [D]Summarizingthemajorpointsmadeinaworkofcriticism.
2.TheauthorofthetextbelievesthatBlackFictionwouldhavebeenimprovedhadRosenblatt__________. [A]EvaluatedmorecarefullytheideologicalandhistoricalaspectsofBlackfiction. [B]AttemptedtobemoreobjectiveinhisapproachtonovelsandstoriesbyBlackauthors. [C]ExploredingreaterdetailtherecurrentthematicconcernsofBlackfictionthroughoutitshistory. [D]Assessedtherelativeliterarymeritofthenovelsheanalyzesthematically.
3.Theauthor’sdiscussionofBlackFictioncanbebestdescribedas__________. [A]Pedanticandcontentious. [B]Criticalbutadmiring. [C]Ironicanddeprecating. [D]Argumentativebutunfocused.
4.TheauthorofthetextemploysallofthefollowinginthediscussionofRosenblatt’sbookEXCEPT__________. [A]Rhetoricalquestions. [B]Specificexamples. [C]Comparisonandcontrast.[D]Definitionofterms.
5.TheauthorofthetextreferstoJamesWeldonJohnson’sAutobiographyofanEx-ColoredManmostprobablyinorderto__________. [A]pointoutaffinitiesbetweenRosenblatt’smethodofthematicanalysisandearliercriticism. [B]Clarifythepointaboutexpressionisticstylemadeearlierinthepassage. [C]QualifytheassessmentofRosenblatt’sbookmadeinthefirstparagraphofthepassage. [D]giveaspecificexampleofoneoftheaccomplishmentsofRosenblatt’swork. 英语八级阅读理解模拟试题及解析三BernardBailynhasrecentlyreinterpretedtheearlyhistoryoftheUnitedStatesbyapplyingnewsocialresearchfindingsontheexperiencesofEuropeanmigrants.InhisreinterpretationmigrationbecomestheorganizingprincipleforrewritingthehistoryofpreindustrialNorthAmerica.Hisapproachrestsonfourseparatepropositions. ThefirstoftheseassertsthatresidentsofearlymodernEnglandmovedregularlyabouttheircountryside;migratingtotheNewWorldwassimplyanaturalspillover.AlthoughatfirstthecoloniesheldlittlepositiveattractionfortheEnglishtheywouldratherhavestayedhomebytheeighteenthcenturypeopleincreasinglymigratedtoAmericabecausetheyregardeditasthelandofopportunity.SecondlyBailynholdsthatcontrarytothenotionthatusedtoflourishinAmericahistorytextbookstherewasneveratypicalNewWorldcommunity.ForexampletheeconomicanddemographiccharacterofearlyNewEnglandtownsvariedconsiderably. Bailynsthirdpropositionsuggesttwogeneralpatternsprevailingamongthemanythousandsofmigrants:onegroupcameasindenturedservantsanothercametoacquireland.SurprisinglyBailynsuggeststhatthosewhorecruitedindenturedservantswerethedrivingforcesoftransatlanticmigration.ThesecolonialentrepreneurshelpeddeterminethesocialcharacterofpeoplewhocametopreindustrialNorthAmerica.Atfirstthousandsofunskilledlaborerswererecruited;bythe1730showeverAmericanemployersdemandedskilledartisans. FinallyBailynarguesthatthecolonieswereahalf-civilizedhinterlandoftheEuropeanculturesystem.HeisundoubtedlycorrecttoinsistthatthecolonieswerepartofanAnglo-Americanempire.ButtodividetheempireintoEnglishcoreandcolonialperipheryasBailyndoesdevaluestheachievementsofcolonialculture.ItistrueasBailynclaimsthathighcultureinthecoloniesnevermatchedthatinEngland.Butwhatofseventeenth-centuryNewEnglandwherethesettlerscreatedeffectivelawsbuiltadistinguisheduniversityandpublishedbooks?BailynmightrespondthatNewEnglandwasexceptional.HowevertheideasandinstitutionsdevelopedbyNewEnglandPuritanshadpowerfuleffectsonNorthAmericanculture. AlthoughBailyngoesontoapplyhisapproachtosomethousandsofindenturedservantswhomigratedjustpriortotherevolutionhefailstolinktheirexperiencewiththepoliticaldevelopmentoftheUnitedStates.Evidencepresentedinhisworksuggestshowwemightmakesuchaconnection.TheseindenturedservantsweretreatedasslavesfortheperiodduringwhichtheyhadsoldtheirtimetoAmericanemployers.Itisnotsurprisingthatassoonastheyservedtheirtimetheypassedupgoodwagesinthecitiesandheadedwesttoensuretheirpersonalindependencebyacquiringland.ThusitisinthewestthatapeculiarlyAmericanpoliticalculturebeganamongcolonistswhoweresuspiciousofauthorityandintenselyanti-aristocratic.1WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutmigrantstocolonialNorthAmericaissupportedbyinformationinthetext?[A]AlargerpercentageofmigrantstocolonialNorthAmericacameasindenturedservantsthanasfreeagentsinterestedinacquiringland.[B]Migrantswhocametothecoloniesasindenturedservantsweremoresuccessfulatmakingalivelihoodthanwerefarmersandartisans.[C]MigrantstocolonialNorthAmericaweremoresuccessfulatacquiringtheirownlandduringtheeighteenthcenturythanduringtheseventeenthcentury.[D]Bythe1730smigrantsalreadyskilledinatradewereinmoredemandbyAmericanemployersthanwereunskilledlaborers.2TheauthorofthetextstatesthatBailynfailedto[A]GivesufficientemphasistotheculturalandpoliticalinterdependenceofthecoloniesandEngland.[B]DescribecarefullyhowmigrantsofdifferentethnicbackgroundspreservedtheircultureintheUnitedStates.[C]TakeadvantageofsocialresearchontheexperiencesofcolonistswhomigratedtocolonialNorthAmericaspecificallytoacquireland.[D]RelatetheexperienceofthemigrantstothepoliticalvaluesthateventuallyshapedthecharacteroftheUnitedStates.3WhichofthefollowingbestsummarizestheauthorsevaluationofBailynsfourthproposition?[A]Itistotallyimplausible.[B]Itispartiallyacceptable.[C]Itishighlyadmirable.[D]Itiscontroversialthoughpersuasive.4AccordingtothetextBailynandtheauthoragreeonwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthecultureofcolonialNewEngland?[A]HighcultureinNewEnglandneverequaledthehighcultureofEngland.[B]TheculturalachievementsofcolonialNewEnglandhavegenerallybeenunrecognizedbyhistorians.[C]ThecolonistsimitatedthehighcultureofEngland,anddidnotdevelopaculturethatwasuniquelytheirown.[D]ThesoutherncoloniesweregreatlyinfluencedbythehighcultureofNewEngland.5TheauthorofthetextwouldbemostlikelytoagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutBailynswork?[A]BailynunderestimatestheeffectsofPuritanthoughtonNorthAmericanculture.[B]BailynoveremphasizestheeconomicdependenceofthecoloniesonGreatBritain.[C]BailynsdescriptionofthecoloniesaspartofanAnglo-Americanempireismisleadingandincorrect.[D]BailynfailedtotesthispropositionsonaspecificgroupofmigrantstocolonialNorthAmerica. 英语八级阅读理解模拟试题及解析四AsGilbertWhite,Darwin,andothersobservedlongago,allspeciesappeartohavetheinnatecapacitytoincreasetheirnumbersfromgenerationtogeneration.Thetaskforecologistsistountangletheenvironmentalandbiologicalfactorsthatholdthisintrinsiccapacityforpopulationgrowthincheckoverthelongrun.Thegreatvarietyofdynamicbehaviorsexhibitedbydifferentpopulationmakesthistaskmoredifficult somepopulationsremainroughlyconstantfromyeartoyear;othersexhibitregularcyclesofabundanceandscarcity;stillothersvarywildly,withoutbreaksandcrashesthatareinsomecasesplainlycorrelatedwiththeweather,andinothercasesnot. Toimposesomeorderonthiskaleidoscopeofpatterns,oneschoolofthoughtproposesdividingpopulationsintotwogroups.Theseecologistspositthattherelativelysteadypopulationshavedensity-dependentgrowthparameters;thatis,ratesofbirth,death,andmigrationwhichdependstronglyonpopulationdensity.Thehighlyvaryingpopulationshavedensity-independentgrowthparameters,withvitalratesbuffetedbyenvironmentalevents;theseratesfluctuateinawaythatiswhollyindependentofpopulationdensity. Thisdichotomyhasitsuses,butitcancauseproblemsiftakentooliterally.Foronething,nopopulationcanbedrivenentirelybydensity-independentfactorsallthetime.Nomatterhowseverelyorunpredictablybirth,death,andmigrationratesmaybefluctuatingaroundtheirlong-termaveragesiftherewerenodensity-dependenteffects,thepopulationwould,inthelongrun,eitherincreaseordecreasewithoutbound(barringamiraclebywhichgainsandlossescanceledexactly)Putanotherway,itmaybethatonaverage99percentofalldeathsinapopulationarisefromdensity-independentcauses,andonlyonepercentfromfactorsvaryingwithdensity.Thefactorsmakinguptheonepercentmayseemunimportant,andtheircausemaybecorrespondinglyhardtodetermine.Yet,whetherrecognizedornot,theywillusuallydeterminethelong-termaveragepopulationdensity. Inordertounderstandthenatureoftheecologist’sinvestigation,wemaythinkofthedensity-dependenteffectsongrowthparametersasthesignalecologistsaretryingtoisolateandinterpret,onethattendstomakethepopulationincreasefromrelativelylowvaluesordecreasefromrelativelyhighones,whilethedensity-independenteffectsacttoproducenoiseinthepopulationdynamics.Forpopulationsthatremainrelativelyconstant,orthatoscillatearoundrepeatedcycles,thesignalcanbefairlyeasilycharacterizedanditseffectsdescribed,eventhoughthecausativebiologicalmechanismmayremainunknown.Forirregularlyfluctuatingpopulations,wearelikelytohavetoofewobservationstohaveanyhopeofextractingthesignalfromtheoverwhelmingnoise.Butitnowseemsclearthatallpopulationsareregulatedbyamixtureofdensity-dependentanddensity-independenteffectsinvaryingproportions.
1.Theauthorofthetextisprimarilyconcernedwith[A]Discussingtwocategoriesoffactorsthatcontrolpopulationgrowthandassessingtheirrelativeimportance.[B]Describinghowgrowthratesinnaturalpopulationsfluctuateovertimeandexplainingwhythesechangesoccur.[C]Proposingahypothesisconcerningpopulationsizeandsuggestingwaystotestit.[D]Posingafundamentalquestionaboutenvironmentalfactorsinpopulationgrowthandpresentingsomecurrentlyacceptedanswer.
2.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheauthorconsidersthedichotomydiscussedtobe[A]Applicableonlytoerraticallyfluctuatingpopulations.[B]instrumental,butonlyifitslimitationsarerecognized.[C]Dangerouslymisleadinginmostcircumstances.[D]Acompleteandsufficientwaytoaccountforobservedphenomena.
3.Accordingtothetext,allofthefollowingbehaviorshavebeenexhibitedbydifferentpopulationsEXCEPT[A]Roughlyconstantpopulationlevelsfromyeartoyear.[B]Regularcyclesofincreasesanddecreasesinnumbers.[C]Erraticincreasesinnumberscorrelatedwiththeweather.[D]Uncheckedincreasesinnumbersovermanygenerations.
4.Thediscussionconcerningpopulationinthethirdparagraphservesprimarilyto[A]Demonstratethedifficultiesecologistsfaceinstudyingdensity-dependentfactorslimitingpopulationgrowth.[B]Advocatemorerigorousstudyofdensity-dependentfactorsinpopulationgrowth.[C]Provethatthedeathratesofanypopulationareneverentirelydensity-independent.[D]Underlinetheimportanceofevensmalldensity-dependentfactorsinregulatinglong-termpopulationdensities.
5.Inthetext,theauthordoesallofthefollowingEXCEPT[A]Citetheviewsofotherbiologists.[B]Defineabasicproblemthatthetextaddresses.[C]Presentconceptualcategoriesusedbyotherbiologists.[D]Describetheresultsofaparticularstudy. 英语八级阅读理解模拟试题及解析五ManyobjectsindailyusehaveclearlybeeninfluencedbysciencebuttheirformandfunctiontheirdimensionsandappearanceweredeterminedbytechnologistsartisansdesignersinventorsandengineersDusingnonscientificmodesofthought.Manyfeaturesandqualitiesoftheobjectsthatatechnologistthinksaboutcannotbereducedtounambiguousverbaldescriptions;theyaredealtwithinthemindbyavisualnonverbalprocess.InthedevelopmentofWesterntechnologyithasbeennonverbalthinkingbyandlargethathasfixedtheoutlinesandfilledinthedetailsofourmaterialsurroundings.Pyramidscathedralsandrocketsexistnotbecauseofgeometryorthermodynamicsbutbecausetheywerefirstapictureinthemindsofthosewhobuiltthem. Thecreativeshapingprocessofatechnologist’smindcanbeseeninnearlyeveryartifactthatexists.Forexampleindesigningadieselengineatechnologistmightimpressindividualwaysofnonverbalthinkingonthemachinebycontinuallyusinganintuitivesenseofrightnessandfitness.Whatwouldbetheshapeofthecombustionchamber?Whereshouldbevalvesbeplaced?Shouldithavealongorshortpiston?Suchquestionshavearangeofanswersthataresuppliedbyexperiencebyphysicalrequirementsbylimitationsofavailablespaceandnotleastbyasenseofform.Somedecisionssuchaswallthicknessandpindiametermaydependonscientificcalculationsbutthenonscientificcomponentofdesignremainsprimary. Designcoursesthenshouldbeanessentialelementinengineeringcurricula.Nonverbalthinkingacentralmechanisminengineeringdesigninvolvesperceptionsthestock-in-tradeoftheartistnotthescientist.Becauseperceptiveprocessesarenotassumedtoentailhardthinking,nonverbalthoughtissometimesseenasaprimitivestageinthedevelopmentofcognitiveprocessesandinferiortoverbalormathematicalthought.ButitisparadoxicalthatwhenthestaffoftheHistoricAmericanEngineeringRecordwishedtohavedrawingsmadeofmachinesandisometricviewsofindustrialprocessesforitshistoricalrecordofAmericanengineeringtheonlycollegestudentswiththerequisiteabilitieswerenotengineeringstudentsbutratherstudentsattendingarchitecturalschools. Ifcoursesindesignwhichinastronglyanalyticalengineeringcurriculumprovidethebackgroundrequiredforpracticalproblem-solvingarenotprovidedwecanexpecttoencountersillybutcostlyerrorsoccurringinadvancedengineeringsystems.Forexampleearlymodelsofhigh-speedrailroadcarsloadedwithsophisticatedcontrolswereunabletooperateinasnowstormbecauseafansuckedsnowintotheelectricalsystem.Absurdrandomfailuresthatplagueautomaticcontrolsystemsarenotmerelytrivialaberrations;theyareareflectionofthechaosthatresultswhendesignisassumedtobeprimarilyaprobleminmathematics.
1.Inthetexttheauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith [A]Identifyingthekindsofthinkingthatisusedbytechnologists. [B]Stressingtheimportanceofnonverbalthinkinginengineeringdesign. [C]Proposinganewrolefornonscientificthinkinginthedevelopmentoftechnology. [D]Contrastingthegoalsofengineerswiththoseoftechnologists.
2.Itcanbeinferredthattheauthorthinksengineeringcurriculaare [A]Strengthenedwhentheyincludecoursesindesign. [B]Weakenedbythesubstitutionofphysicalsciencecoursesforcoursesdesignedtodevelopmathematicalskills. [C]Strongbecausenonverbalthinkingisstillemphasizedbymostofthecourses. [D]Strongdespitetheerrorsthosegraduatesofsuchcurriculahavemadeinthedevelopmentofautomaticcontrolsystems.
3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestillustratesthemainpointofthefirsttwoparagraphsofthetext? [A]Whenamachinelikearotaryenginemalfunctionsitisthetechnologistwhoisbestequippedtorepairit. [B]EachcomponentofanautomobileDforexampletheengineorthefueltankDhasashapethathasbeenscientificallydeterminedtobebestsuitedtothatcomponent’sfunction. [C]Atelephoneisacomplexinstrumentdesignedbytechnologistsusingonlynonverbalthought. [D]Thedistinctivefeaturesofasuspensionbridgereflectitsdesignersconceptualizationaswellasthephysicalrequirementsofitssite.
4.Whichofthefollowingstatementswouldbestserveasanintroductiontothetext? [A]Theassumptionthattheknowledgeincorporatedintechnologicaldevelopmentsmustbederivedfromscienceignoresthemanynonscientificdecisionsmadebytechnologists. [B]Analyticalthoughtisnolongeravitalcomponentinthesuccessoftechnologicaldevelopment. [C]Asknowledgeoftechnologyhasincreasedthetendencyhasbeentolosesightoftheimportantroleplayedbyscientificthoughtinmakingdecisionsaboutformarrangementandtexture. [D]Amovementinengineeringcollegestowardatechnician’sdegreereflectsademandforgraduateswhohavethenonverbalreasoningabilitythatwasoncecommonamongengineers.
5.TheauthorcallsthepredicamentfacedbytheHistoricAmericanEngineeringRecordparadoxicalline6paragraph3mostprobablybecause [A]Thepublicationneededdrawingsthatitsownstaffcouldnotmake. [B]Architecturalschoolsofferedbutdidnotrequireengineeringdesigncoursesfortheirstudents. [C]Collegestudentswerequalifiedtomakethedrawingswhilepracticingengineerswerenot. [D]Engineeringstudentswerenottrainedtomakethetypeofdrawingsneededtorecordthedevelopmentoftheirowndiscipline. 英语八级阅读理解模拟试题及解析六Proponentsofdifferentjazzstyleshavealwaysarguedthattheirpredecessor’smusicalstyledidnotincludeessentialcharacteristicsthatdefinejazzasjazz.Thus1940sswingwasbelittledbybeboppersofthe1950swhowerethemselvesattackedbyfreejazzesofthe1960s.Theneoboppersofthe1980sand1990sattackedalmosteverybodyelse.ThetitanicfigureofBlacksaxophonistJohnColtranehascomplicatedtheargumentsmadebyproponentsofstylesfrombebopthroughneobopbecauseinhisownmusicaljourneyhedrewfromallthosestyles.Hisinfluenceonalltypesofjazzwasimmeasurable.AttheheightofhispopularityColtranelargelyabandonedplayingbebopthestylethathadbroughthimfametoexploretheouterreachesofjazz. Coltranehimselfprobablybelievedthattheonlyessentialcharacteristicofjazzwasimprovisationtheoneconstantinhisjourneyfrombeboptoopen-endedimprovisationsonmodalIndianandAfricanmelodies.Ontheotherhandthisdoggedstudentandprodigioustechnicianwhoinsistedonspendinghourseachdaypracticingscalesfromtheorybookswasneverabletojettisoncompletelytheinfluenceofbebopwithitsfastandelaboratechainsofnotesandornamentsonmelody. TwostylisticcharacteristicsshapedthewayColtraneplayedthetenorsaxophone:hefavoredplayingfastrunsofnotesbuiltonamelodyanddependedonheavyregularlyaccentedbeats.ThefirstledColtranetosheetsofsound”whereheracedfasterandfasterpile-drivingnotesintoeachothertosuggeststackedharmonies.Thesecondmeantthathissenseofrhythmwasalmostasclosetorockastobebop. ThreerecordingsillustrateColtrane’senergizingexplorations.RecordingKindofBluewithMilesDavisColtranefoundhimselfoutsidebopexploringmodalmelodies.Hereheplayedsurginglengthysolosbuiltlargelyaroundrepeatedmotifs;anorganizingprincipleunlikethatoffreejazzsaxophoneplayerOrnetteColemanwhomodulatedoralteredmelodiesinhissolos.OnGiantStepsColtranedebutedasleaderintroducinghisowncompositions.Herethesheetsofsounddownbeataccentsrepetitionsandgreatspeedarepartofeachsoloandthevarietyoftheshapesofhisphrasesisunique.Coltrane’ssearchingexplorationsproducedsolidachievement.MyFavoriteThingswasanotherkindofwatershed.HereColtraneplayedthesopranosaxophoneaninstrumentseldomusedbyjazzmusicians.Musicallytheresultswereastounding.Withthesoprano’spipingsoundideasthathadsoundeddarkandbroodingacquiredafeelingofgiddyfantasy. WhenColtranebeganrecordingfortheImpulse!Labelhewasstillsearching.Hismusicbecameraucousphysical.HisinfluenceonrockerswasenormousincludingJimiHendrixtherockguitaristwhofollowingColtraneraisedtheextendedguitarsolousingrepeatedmotifstoakindofrockartform.1Theprimarypurposeofthetextisto [A]DiscusstheplaceofColtraneintheworldofjazzanddescribehismusicalexplorations. [B]Examinethenatureofbebopandcontrastitwithimprovisationaljazz. [C]AnalyzethemusicalsourcesofColtrane’sstyleandtheirinfluenceonhiswork. [D]AcknowledgetheinfluenceofColtrane’smusiconrockmusicandrockmusicians.2Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthefourthparagraph? [A]Athesisreferredtoearlierinthetextismentionedandillustratedwiththreespecificexamples. [B]Athesisisstatedandthreeexamplesaregiveneachsuggestingthatacorrectionneedstobemadetoathesisreferredtoearlierinthetext. [C]Athesisreferredtoearlierinthetextismentionedandthreeexamplesarepresentedandrankedinorderoftheirsupportofthethesis. [D]Athesisisstatedthreeseeminglyopposingexamplesarepresentedandtheirunderlyingcorrespondenceisexplained.3AccordingtothetextJohnColtranedidallofthefollowingduringhiscareerEXCEPT [A]Improviseonmelodiesfromanumberofdifferentcultures. [B]Performasleaderaswellassoloist. [C]Spendtimeimprovinghistechnicalskills. [D]Eliminatetheinfluenceofbeboponhisownmusic.4AccordingtothetextamajordifferencebetweenColtraneandotherjazzmusicianswasthe [A]DegreetowhichColtrane’smusicencompassedallofjazz. [B]RepetitionofmotifsthatColtraneusedinhissolos. [C]NumberofhisowncompositionsthatColtranerecorded. [D]IndifferenceColtranemaintainedtomusicaltechnique.5Intermsofitstoneandformthetextcanbestbecharacterizedas [A]Dogmaticexplanation. [B]Indignantdenial. [C]Enthusiasticpraise. [D]Speculativestudy. 英语八级阅读理解模拟试题及解析七Text1 InNovember1965NewYorkwasblackedoutbyanelectricityfailure.Theauthoritiespromisedthatitwouldnothappenagain.Pessimistswerecertainthatitwouldoccuragainwithinfiveyearsatthelatest.InJuly1997therewasarepeatperformancewhichproducedvaryingdegreesofchaosthroughoutthecityofeightmillionpeople.In1965thefailureoccurredinthecoolautumnandatatimeofcomparativeprosperity.In1997thedisasterwasmuchmoreseriousbecauseitcamewhenunemploymentwashighandthecitywassufferingformoneofitsworstheatwaves.In1965therewaslittlecrimeorlootingduringthedarknessandfewerthanahundredpeoplewerearrested.In1997hundredsofstoreswerebrokenintoandlooted.Looterssmashedshopwindowsandhelpedthemselvestojewelryclothesortelevisionsets.Nearly4000peoplewerearrestedbutfarmoredisappearedintothedarknessofthenight.Thenumberofpolicemenavailablewasquiteinadequateandtheywiselyrefrainedfromusingtheirgunsagainstmobswhichfaroutnumberedthemandincludedarmedmen. Hospitalshadtotreathundredsofpeoplecutbyglassfromshopwindows.Banksandmostbusinessesremainedclosedthenextday.Theblackoutstartedat9:30p.m.whenlightninghitandknockedoutvitalcables.Manystoreswerethuscaughtbysurprise. ThevastmajorityofNewYorkershoweverwerenotinvolvedinlooting.Theyhelpedstrangersdistributedcandlesandbatteriesandtriedtosurviveinanightmareworldwithouttrafficlightsrefrigeratorelevatorswaterandelectricalpower.Fortwenty-fourhoursNewYorkrealizedhowhelplessitwaswithoutelectricity.
46.Fromthefirstparagraphweknowthat_____wereright. A.theauthorities B.thepessimists C.boththeauthoritiesandthepessimists D.neithertheauthoritiesnorthepessimists
47.Inwhatwaywastheblackoutof1997notreallyarepeatperformance A.Therewasmuchmoredisorder. B.Thistimetheelectricitysupplyfailed. C.Itwasquiteunexpected. D.Itdidnotoccurwithinfiveyearsof
1965.
48.Asfarasmaintainingthepeacewasconcernedconditionsin1997werecomparatively___________. A.morefavorableB.lessfavorable C.unchargedD.improved
49.WhatcausedtheblackoutinJuly1997 A.Excessiveheatprobablymadepeopleswitchontoomanyelectricalappliances. B.Becauseofunemploymentsomemachineswerenotinproperworkingorder. C.Duringastormlightningdamagedsupplycables. D.Thepassagedoesnotmentionthecause.
50.Whydidmanylootersmanagetoescape A.Thepolicecouldnotseetheminthedark. B.Manyofthelooterswerearmedwithguns. C.Therewerenotenoughpolicementocatchthemall. D.Theywerehiddeninsidebigbuildings.Test2 Thousandsofyearsagomanusedhandyrocksforhissurgicaloperations.Laterheusedsharpboneorhornmetalknivesandmorerecentlyrubberandplasticandthatwaswherewestuckinsurgicalinstrumenttermsformanyyears.Inthe1960sanewtoolwasdevelopedonewhichwasfirstofalltobeofgreatpracticalusetothearmedforcesandindustrybutwhichwasalsointimetorevolutionizetheartandscienceofsurgery. Thetoolisthelaseranditisbeingusedbymoreandmoresurgeonsallovertheworldforayearlargenumberofdifferentcomplaints.Theword“laser”means:lightamplificationbystimulatedemissionofradiation.Asweallknowlightishotanysourceoflight-------fromthesunitselfdowntoahumblematchburning------willgivewarmth.Butlightisusuallyspreadoutoverawidearea.Thelightinalaserbeamhoweverisconcentrated.Thismeansthatalightwithnomorepowerthanthatproducedbyanordinaryelectriclightbulbbecomesintenselystrongasitisconcentratedtoapinpoint-sizedbeam. Experimentswiththesepinpointbeamsshowedresearchersthatdifferentenergysourcesproducebeamsthathaveaparticulareffectoncertainlivingcells.Itisnowpossibleforeyesurgeonstooperateonthebackofhumaneyewithoutharmingthefrontoftheeyesimplybypassingalaserbeamrightthroughtheeye-ball.Noknivesnostitchesnounwanteddamage----atruesurgicalwonder.Operationswhichonceleftpatientsexhaustedandinneedoflongperiodofrecoverytimenowleavethemfeelingrelaxedandcomfortable.Somuchmoredifficultoperationscannowbetired. Therapiddevelopmentoflasertechniquesinthepasttenyearshasmadeitclearthatthefutureislikelytobeveryexciting.Perhapssomecancerswillbetreatedwithlaserinawaythatmakessurgerynotonlysaferbutalsomoreeffective.Altogethertomorrowmayseemoreandmoreinformationcomingtolightonthediseaseswhichcanbetreatedmedically.
51.Whichofthefollowingwouldbeappropriatetodescribetheinstrumentsofsurgicaloperationsupuntil1960sA.Traditional.B.ComplicatedC.RemarkableD.Revolutionary
52.Whatdowefindafterthedevelopmentofthelaserinthe1960s A.Industrialrevolutionbroughtsurgerychangedgreatly. B.Medicalhelpbecameavailableforindustrialworkers. C.Thestudyofartwentthroughacompleterevolution. D.Humanbeing’smethodsinsurgerychangedgreatly.
53.Thereasonwhythelaserbeamisverystrongisthat____________. A.itisartificiallyilluminated B.itismadeupofaconcentratedbeamoflight C.itsendsoutheatinalldirections. D.itsheatisincreasedbytheheatofthesun
54.Aftertheuseofthelaserbeamsurgeonscanperformoperationwhich__________. A.leavestheirpatientswithnegativeeffects B.cantreatonlyhumaneyediseases C.dolittledamagetotheirpatients D.maketheirpatientsneedalongtimetorecover
55.Therapiddevelopmentoflasertechniqueshasmeantthat__________. A.surgeryislikelytoimproveconsiderably B.inanothertenyearsweshallbeabletocurecancer C.infutureallthediseasescancertainlybecured D.operationswillbeperformedmorecomplicatedlyinthefutureText3 Urbanlifehasalwaysinvolvedabalancingofopportunitiesandrewardsagainstdangersandstress;itsmotivatingforceisinthebroadestsensemoney.Opportunitiestomakemoneymeancompetitionandcompetitionisstressful;itisoftenmostintenseinthelargescitieswhereopportunitiesaregreatest.Thepresenceofhugenumbersofpeopleinevitablyinvolvesmoreconflictmoretravelingtheoverloadingofpublicservicesandexposuretothosedeviantsandcriminalswhoaredrawntotherichpickingsofgreatcities.Crimehasalwaysflourishedintherelativeanonymityofurbanlifebuttoday’seaseofmovementmakesitscontrolmoredifficultthanever;thereismuchevidencethatisextenthasadirectrelationshiptothesizeofcommunities.Citydwellersmaybecometrappedintheirhomesbythefearofcrimearoundthem. Asadefenseagainstthesedevelopmentscitydwellerstendtousevariousstrategiestotryandreducethepressuresuponthemselves;contactswithotherpeoplearegenerallymadebriefandimpersonal;doorsarekeptlocked;telephonenumbersmaybeex-directory;journeysoutsidethehomeareusuallyhurriedratherthanasourceofpleasure.Thereareotherstrategiestoowhicharepositivelyharmfultotheindividualsforexamplereducingawarenessthroughdrugsoralcohol.Furthermoreallthesedefensiveformsofbehaviorareharmfultosocietyingeneral;theycausewidespreadlonelinessanddestroythecommunity’sconcernforitsmembers.Lackofinformalsocialcontactandindifferencetothemisfortunesofothersiftheyarenotpersonallyknowntooneselfareamongstthemajorcausesofurbancrime. Innerareasofcitiestendtobeabandonedbythemoresuccessfulandlefttothosewhohavedonebadlyinthecompetitivestruggleorwhobelongtominoritygroups;thesepeoplearethengeographicallytrappedbecausesomucheconomicactivityhasmigratedtothesuburbsandbeyond. Presentdayarchitectureandplanninghaveenormouslyworsenedthehumanproblemsofurbanlife.Oldestablishedneighborhoodshavebeenruthlesslysweptawaybybothpublicandprivateorganizationsusuallytobereplacedbyhugeuglyimpersonalstructures.Peoplehavebeenforcedtoleavetheirfamiliarhomesusuallytobere-housedintowerblockswhicharedrabinconvenientandfailtoprovideanysettingforhumaninteractionorsupport.Thisdestructionofestablishedsocialstructuresistheworstpossibleapproachtothedifficultiesoflivinginatownorcity.Insteadeveryeffortshouldbemadetoconservethehumanscaleoftheenvironmentandtoretainfamiliarlandmarks.
56.Accordingtotheauthorlivinginacitycausesstressbecausetherearesomanypeoplewhoare_______ A.inneedofhelp B.naturallyaggressive Clikelytocommitcrime D.anxioustosucceed
57.Theauthorthinksthatcrimeisincreasingincitiesbecause___________. A.criminalsaredifficulttotraceinlargespopulations B.peopledonotcommunicatedwiththeirneighbors C.peoplefeelanonymousthere D.thetrappingsofsuccessareattractivetocriminals
58.Accordingtothearticlewhatistheworstproblemfacingpeoplelivingincities A.Crime B.Findingsomewheretolive C.Socialisolation D.Drugsandalcoholism
59.Themajorityofpeoplewholiveininnercitiesdosobecausethey____________. A.dislikehavingtotravelfartowork B.don’tliketheideaoflivinginthesuburbs C.havebeenforcedbycircumstancestodoso D.haveturnedagainstsociety
60.Architecturalchangeshaveaffectedcitylifeby___________. A.givingtheindividualasayinplanning B.dispersinglong-establishedcommunities C.forcingpeopletoliveontopofeachother D.makingpeoplemovetothesuburbs 英语八级阅读理解模拟试题及解析八PartA Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET
1.(40points)Text1 It’splaincommonsenseDthemorehappinessyoufeelthelessunhappinessyouexperience.It’splaincommonsensebutit’snottrue.Recentresearchrevealsthathappinessandunhappinessarenotreallytwosidesofthesameemotion.Theyaretwodistinctfeelingsthatcoexistingriseandfallindependently. Peoplemightthinkthatthehigheraperson’slevelofunhappinessthelowertheirlevelofhappinessandviceversa.Butwhenresearchersmeasurepeople’saveragelevelsofhappinessandunhappinesstheyoftenfindlittlerelationshipbetweenthetwo. Therecognitionthatfeelingsofhappinessandunhappinesscanco-existmuchlikeloveandhateinacloserelationshipmayoffervaluablecluesonhowtoleadahappierlife.Itsuggestsforexamplethatchangingoravoidingthingsthatmakeyoumiserablemaywellmakeyoulessmiserablebutprobablywon’tmakeyouanyhappier.Thatadviceisbackedupbyanextraordinaryseriesofstudieswhichindicatethatageneticpredispositionforunhappinessmayrunincertainfamilies.Ontheotherhandresearchershavefoundhappinessdoesn’tappeartobeanyone’sheritage.Thecapacityforjoyisatalentyoudeveloplargelyforyourself. Psychologistshavesettledonaworkingdefinitionofthefeelingofhappinessisasenseofsubjectivewell-being.Theyhavealsobeguntofindoutwho’shappywhoisn’tandwhy.Todatetheresearchhasn’tfoundasimpleformulaforahappylifebutithasdiscoveredsomeoftheactionsandattitudesthatseemtobringpeopleclosertothatmostdesiredoffeelings. WhyisunhappinesslessinfluencedbyenvironmentWhenwearehappywearemoreresponsivetopeopleandkeepupconnectionsbetterthanwhenwearefeelingsad.Thisdoesn’tmeanhoweverthatsomepeopleareborntobesadandthat’sthat.Genesmaypredisposeonetounhappinessbutdispositioncanbeinfluencedbypersonalchoice.Youcanincreaseyourhappinessthroughyourownactions.
1.Accordingtothetextitistruethat[A]unhappinessismoreinheritedthanaffectedbyenvironment.[B]happinessandunhappinessaremutuallyconditional.[C]unhappinessissubjecttoexternalmorethaninternalfactors.[D]happinessisanuncontrollablesubjectivefeeling.
2.Theauthorarguesthatonecanachievehappinessby[A]maintainingitatanaveragelevel.[B]escapingmiserableoccurrencesinlife.[C]pursuingitwithone’spainstakingeffort.[D]realizingitscoexistencewithunhappiness.
3.Thephrase“Todate”Par.4canbebestreplacedby[A]Asaresult.[B]Inaddition.[C]Atpresent.[D]Untilnow.
4.Whatdoyouthinktheauthorbelievesabouthappinessandunhappiness[A]Onefeelsunhappyowingtohismiserableorigin.[B]Theyareindependentbutexistingconcurrently[C]Onefeelshappybyparticipatinginmoreactivities.[D]Theyareactionsandattitudestakenbyhumanbeings.
5.Thesentence“That’sthat”Par.5probablymeans:Somepeopleareborntobesad[A]andthesituationcannotbealtered.[B]andhappinessremainsinaccessible.[C]buttheydon’tthinkmuchaboutit.[D]buttheyremainunconsciousofit.Text2 Thelegallimitfordrivingafterdrinkingalcoholis80milligramsofalcoholin100millilitresofbloodwhentested.Butthereisnosurewayoftellinghowmuchyoucandrinkbeforeyoureachthislimit.Itvarieswitheachpersondependingonyourweightyoursexifyou’vejusteatenandwhatsortofdrinksyou’vehad.Somepeoplemightreachtheirlimitafteronlyaboutthreestandarddrinks. Infactyourdrivingabilitycanbeaffectedbyjustoneortwodrinks.Evenifyou’rebelowthelegallimityoucouldstillbetakentocourtifapoliceofficerthinksyourdrivinghasbeenaffectedbyalcohol. Ittakesaboutanhourforthebodytogetridofthealcoholinonestandarddrink.Soifyouhaveaheavydrinkingintheeveningyoumightfindthatyourdrivingabilityisstillaffectedthenextmorningoryoucouldevenfindthatyou’restilloverthelegallimit.Inadditionifyou’vehadafewdrinksatlunchtimeanotheroneortwodrinksintheearlyeveningmaywellputyouoverthelegallimit. Inatestwithprofessionaldriversthemorealcoholicdrinkstheyhadhadthemorecertaintheywerethattheycoulddriveatestcoursethroughasetofmovableposts...andthelessabletheyweretodoit!Sotheonlywaytobesureyou’resafeisnottodrinkatall. Alcoholisamajorcauseofroadtrafficaccidents.Oneinthreeofthedriverskilledinroadaccidentshavelevelsofalcoholwhichareoverthelegallimitandroadaccidentsafterdrinkingarethebiggestcauseofdeathamongyoungmen.Morethanhalfofthepeoplestoppedbythepolicetotakeabreathtesthaveabloodalcoholconcentrationofmorethantwicethelegallimit. Itisimportanttorememberthatdrivingafteryou’vebeendrinkingdoesn’tjustaffectyou.Ifyou’reinvolvedinanaccidentitaffectsalotofotherpeopleaswellnotleastthepersonyoumightkillorinjure.
6.Theamountofalcoholadrivercandrinkwithinthelegallimitis[A]about80mgofpurealcohol.[B]aboutthreestandarddrinks.[C]inproportiontohisweight.[D]varyingwithdifferentpeople.
7.Youmightbeaccusedofdrunkdrivingwhen[A]youdriveuponhavingsomedrinks.[B]youbecomeahelplessalcoholaddict.[C]yourdrivingisfoundabnormalfordrinking.[D]youralcoholpercentagefailsthetest.
8.Atestshowedthatdrunkenprofessionaldriverscould[A]havegreaterconfidencethansoberones.[B]moveawayasetofpostsonthetestground.[C]failinthetestdespitetheirself-affirmation.[D]serveasalarmingexamplestopotentialdrivers.
9.Alcoholisthemajorcauseoftrafficaccidentsbecause[A]morethan30%roadcasualtiesaredrinkdrivers.[B]drinkingaffectspeople’smindandemotion.[C]aboutone-thirddriversareusedtodrinking.[D]youngdriversarefamiliaramongtrafficvictims.
10.Aboutdrinkdrivingtheauthorwarnsyouofthefactthatyou[A]maybetakentocourtbythepolice.[B]areputtingyourselfindanger.[C]mayhurtorkillanotherdriver.[D]aresettingotherpeopleatrisk.Text3 Therearevariouswaysinwhichindividualeconomicunitscaninteractwithoneanother.Threebasicwaysmaybedescribedasthemarketsystemtheadministeredsystemandthetraditionalsystem. Inamarketsystemindividualeconomicunitsarefreetointeractamongeachotherinthemarketplace.Itispossibletobuycommoditiesfromothereconomicunitsorsellcommoditiestothem.Inamarkettransactionmaytakeplaceviabarterormoneyexchange.Inabartereconomyrealgoodssuchasautomobilesshoesandpizzasaretradedagainsteachother.Obviouslyfindingsomebodywhowantstotrademyoldcarinexchangeforasailboatmaynotalwaysbeaneasytask.Hencetheintroductionofmoneyasamediumofexchangeeasestransactionsconsiderably.Inthemodernmarketeconomygoodsandservicesareboughtorsoldformoney. Analternativeforthemarketsystemisadministrativecontrolbysomeagencyoveralltransactions.Thisagencywillissueedictsordersorcommandsastohowmuchofeachgoodandserviceshouldbeproducedexchangedandconsumedbyeacheconomicunit.Centralplanningmaybeonewayofadministeringsuchaneconomy.Thecentralplandrawnupbythegovernmentshowstheamountsofeachcommodityproducedbythevariousfirmsandallocatedtodifferenthouseholdsforconsumption.Thisisanexampleofcompleteplanningofproductionconsumptionandexchangeforthewholeeconomy. Inatraditionalsocietyproductionandconsumptionpatternsaregovernedbytradition;everyperson’splacewithintheeconomicsystemisfixedbyparentageoriginreligionandcustom.Transactionstakeplaceonthebasisoftraditiontoo.Peoplebelongingtoacertaingrouporcastesocialclassmayhaveanobligationtocareforotherpersonsprovidethemwithfoodandsheltercarefortheirhealthandprovidefortheireducation.Clearlyinasystemwhereeverydecisionismadeonthebasisoftraditionaloneprogressmaybedifficulttoachieve.Astagnantunchangingsocietymayresult.
11.Themainpurposeofthetextisto[A]interprettheessenceofgeneraleconomics.[B]comparebarterandcash-exchangemarkets.[C]outlinecontrastingtypesofeconomicsystems.[D]argueforthesuperiorityofacertaineconomy.
12.Theword“real”in“realgoods”Par.2couldbestbereplacedby[A]genuine.[B]concrete.[C]durable.[D]practical.
13.Accordingtothetextabartereconomymayleadto[A]unfairtransaction.[B]directconflicts.[C]gradualdeflation.[D]tradingtroubles.
14.Inanadministeredsystembusinessactivitiesareunderthedirectionof[A]majoreconomicorganizations.[B]generalpublicadvisorybody.[C]largecommercialcompanies.[D]certainofficialdepartments.
15.Allofthefollowingarementionedasfactorsdeterminingone’splaceinatraditionalsocietyEXCEPT[A]familybackground.[B]ageandeducation.[C]religiousbeliefs.[D]establishedexperience.Text4 It’spossiblethatwhileyouareatworkyoumaydreamaboutamonthofSundaysbutyourbosswishesforaweekofTuesday.That’sbecauseshe/heprobablyknowsthatproductivityisoneofthemainfactorsbolsteringsupportingacompany’sgrowth.AndarecentpollshowsthatworkersaremostproductiveonTuesdays! Accountempsanemploymentagencyconductedanationalsurveyofofficemanagerswhichshowsthatbythemiddleoftheweektheyseeadramaticproductivitydecrease.WhileMondayisconsideredsecondin“productivityvalue”onlyninepercentofofficemanagersthinkWednesdayisthepeakproductivityday.FivepercentbelieveitisThursday.AndFridaywellyoucanjustimagine!Howeverforty-eightpercentofthemanagerspolledsaidthatTuesdayisbyfarthemostproductivedayoftheweek. Acloseanalysisofworkweekrhythmswouldturnupsomeobviousreasonsforthosesurveyresults.FirstofallMondayisoverloadedwithmeetingsdesignedto“getthingsmoving”andeverybodyknowsmeetingsaren’tveryproductive.Wednesdayis“humpday”驼峰日getoveritaspainlesslyaspossibleaworkerthinksandtheweekismorethanhalfwayover.OnThursdaypeoplearerunningoutofsteam;andFridayeverybody’sthinkingabouttheweekend.Therearereasonswhytheotherdaysaren’tproductivebutwhatmakesTuesdayspecial Tuesdaysemployeeshitpeakperformancebecausetheyareveryfocusedonday-to-dayactivities.Alsoit’susuallythefirstdayoftheweekwhenthey’refocusedontheirowntask.They’renotinmeetingsthattakethemawayfromtheirprimaryresponsibilities.ActuallyTuesdayscanbequitehecticfullofexcitementandwithoutrest.Workersarearrivingatworkfairlyfranticwildlyexcited.Andsoin10hoursthey’redoing20-hourwork.That’sproductivebutit’salsotough. Thisdoesnotmeanthatnothinghappensonthelastthreedaysoftheworkweek.Thingsdonotgetsolaxthatpeoplearesittingwiththeirfeetondeskssippingcoffeeandtalkingonthephonealldaybutthere’sadefinitelackoffocus.Thepacesoftensandtherhythmslowsdown.Andthisisnothealthy:itproducesfatigueandlowersproductivity.TopreventthismidweekslowdownsomemanagementconsultantssuggestthatemployersavoidjammingsomanymeetingsintoMondays.Workdeadlinescanberescheduledtostretchouttheworkflow.Variationsinproductivityareonlynaturalbutbothworkersandbosseswinwhenthepeaksandvalleysarelessdramaticthantheyarenow.
16.Accordingtothepollwhichofthefollowingdaysismostproductive[A]Thursday.[B]Friday.[C]Monday.[D]Wednesday.
17.Thepeakproductivitydayoftheweekismarkedby[A]violentexcitementandactivity.[B]dueenthusiasmandcreativity.[C]hurriedanddisorderedmovement.[D]fullconcentrationandefficiency.
18.Theword“lax”inthelastparagraphmeans[A]usuallynegligible.[B]lackingincontrol.[C]totallydistractive.[D]worthyofrelaxing.
19.Withrespecttothechangesinproductivitythetextsuggeststhat[A]workdeadlinescanbereadjusted.[B]theyarereasonableandexpectable.[C]Mondaymeetingsmaybecalledoff.[D]theirdifferencesaretobeminimized.
20.TheauthorhasexplainedallofthefollowingEXCEPT[A]thestepstakentoalterworkweekrhythms.[B]theproductivityonthe6thdayoftheweek.[C]thereasonwhymidweekslowdowntakesplace.[D]theconcernbosseshaveaboutlowproductivity.PartB Directions:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutmarketingstrategies.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistADFforeachnumberedparagraph21--
25.Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET
1.10points[A]Whichmarketingtacticmustanentitytake[B]Qualityfirstcompetitionsecond[C]Exemplifyoffensivemeasures[D]Complexfactorscauseduemarketanalysis[E]Themotiveforproceedsalsofunctions[F]StrategyvarieswithexternalconditionsTherearethreegeneralmarketingstrategiesthatanorganizationcanadopt.
21.Thefirstisanaggressivestrategycharacterizedbygeneratingagreatdealofpromotionvaryingpriceschangingthetimesandplacesatwhichtheproducts/servicesareoffereddifferentiatingtheproducts/servicesfromthoseofcompetingorganizationshiringcreativesalespersonstopromotetheproducts/servicesspendinglotsofmoneyonmarketingactivitiesandsoforth.
22.Thesecondgeneralmarketingstrategyisaminimalonecharacterizedbydoingverylittlepromotionpricingbelowmarketofferingservicesattraditionalplacesandtimesspendingverylittlemoneyonpromotionandsalespersonsandsoforth.Thethirdisabalancedmarketingstrategyanin-betweenstrategythatdiffersfromanaggressivestrategyandaminimalstrategyonlyindegree.Thesethreestrategiesareappropriatealternativesforanyorganization.Howevernoteveryorganizationneedsanaggressivestrategynordoeseveryorganizationneedabalancedstrategyoraminimalone.Thesituationfacingeachentityisobviouslydifferentcallingforananalysisofthefactorsthatdictatewhichofthethreealternativestrategiesismostsuitableforeachorganization.
23.Thefirstmajorfactoristhenatureofthemarketcompetitionfacingtheorganization.Ifitisinamonopolypositionwithnodirectcompetitorsinitsmarketareathenaminimalmarketingstrategyissuitable.Howeveriftheorganizationisinanoligopolymarketpositionwithafewcompetitorsinitsmarketareathenabalancedmarketingstrategyiscalledfor.Ifthereisahighdegreeofcompetitionandseveralcompetingproducts/servicesinitsmarketareathiswouldsuggestanaggressivemarketingstrategy.Furtheriftherearemanyotherformsofindirectcompetitionthentheorganizationshouldpursueabalancedmarketingstrategy.
24.Thesecondmajorfactoristhequalityoftheproducts/servicesoffered.Iftheorganizationhashigh-qualityproducts/servicesaminimalmarketingstrategyiscalledforotherfactorsbeingequal.Ifitisinaweakmarketpositionwithlow-qualityproducts/servicesaminimalmarketingstrategyshouldbepursued.Iftheproducts/servicesareofmediumqualitythiswouldsuggestabalancedstrategy.
25.Thethirdmajorfactoristherevenuestrategiesthatthemanagersmaydesiretopursue.Forexampleifthemanagerswanttomaximizetheorganization’srevenuesfromitsproducts’servicesthentheorganizationshouldadoptanaggressivemarketingstrategy.Ifitwantstominimizerevenuesthenitshouldpursueaminimalstrategy.Howeverifitwantstobalanceitsrevenuesnotmaximizingandnotminimizingthenabalancedmarketingstrategyiscalledfor.Thesefactorsmaybesummarizedandputintodecisionmodelforanadministratortouseindecidingwhichgeneralmarketingstrategyhis/herorganizationshoulduse.Oncethestrengthsandweaknessesareweightedforeachfactoranoverallevaluationcanbecompletedallowingtheadministratortoarriveatanoveralldecision,thatiswhethertofollowanaggressivebalancedorminimalgeneralmarketingstrategy.英语八级阅读理解模拟试题及解析九Text1 WhenAlexandreGustaveEiffelcompletedthedesignandcommencedconstructionofthetowerinPariswhichwastobearhisnamealotofloudprotestswereheardfromnearlyeveryquarter.Artistswriterscomposersandotherspubliclycondemnedthestructureasmonstrosity.YettodaymorethanahundredyearslatervirtuallyeveryoneproclaimstheEiffelToweraworkofgeniusandgreatbeauty. Theideaofa1000-foottowerhadbeenproposedforthePhiladelphiaCentennialExpositionin
1876.ButitwastheFrenchwhofinallyauthorizedsuchastructurefortheirParisExpositionof
1889.WhenthedesigncompetitionwasconcludedthewinningentrywasonesubmittedbyEiffelabuilderofbridgeswhohadbeenamongthefirsttoemployprefabricatedandstandardizedstructuralpartstospeedandsimplifyconstruction.EarlierinhiscareerhehadsolvedtheproblemofhowtosupporttheStatueofLibertybyfasteningtheenvelopeofcoppersheetswithaninteriorframeworkofwroughtiron. Thusitwasthatheapproachedthebuildingofhistowerwithironalthoughherecognizedsteelas“themetalofthefuture.”Withinalittlemorethanayearafterthefirstgroundwasbrokenin1887thefourhugeinward-facingpillarswereinplaceoverthefour-acresiteandthetower’sfirstplatformsecured187feetaboveground.WhentheFrenchExpositionopenedinMayof1889thetowerwascompletereadyforthefirstofmillionsofpeoplewhowouldclimbher1710stairsorrideherelevators. Ownedsince1909bythecityofParistheEiffelTowerisnow1052feetinheightsincetheadditionofatelevisiontransmissionantenna.AlmosttwomillionvisitorstotheParisExpositionpaidtoclimbthetowerduringitsfirstyearandasimilarnumbercontinueeachyeartopaytoinspectitthusmakingtheEiffelTowerEurope’smostpopulartouristattraction.AlexandreGustaveEiffeldiedin1923attheageof91years.
1.Asisstatedinthetext [A]theirontowerwasnamedafteritsdesignerpriortoitsconstruction. [B]theconstructionofthetowerbeganinanunfavorableatmosphere. [C]thedesignofthetowerwasconsideredasaworkofgenius. [D]thenamingoftheirontowerencounteredwidespreadobjections.
2.Theconstructionofthetowergaverisetovigorousprotestsbecauseit [A]costatremendousamountoflaborandmoney. [B]didn’tfindfavorwiththehighestquarters. [C]wasconsideredasofextraordinarysizeandshape. [D]wasdisapprovedbypeoplefromallpartsoftheglobe.
3.AlexanderEiffelwasauthorizedtobuildsuchatowerbecause [A]heproposedtheideaofsuchatowerearlyin
1876. [B]hewasthefirstpersontopresenthisdesigntotheauthorities. [C]hehadsolvedtheproblemofconsolidatingtheStatueofLiberty. [D]hisdesignwassuperiortoanyotherstechnicallyandeconomically.
4.TheEiffelTowerwasconstructed [A]fortheopeningoftheFrenchExposition. [B]onanenormousplatformoffouracres. [C]ashighasonethousandandfifty-twofeet. [D]withthemetalofthefutureasbuildingmaterial.
5.Itisafactthat [A]theheightofthetowerproperiswelloverathousandfeet. [B]thegroundfloorofthetowerwasfixedinmorethanayear. [C]thetower’sessentialpartswereconstructedonbuildingsite. [D]thecompletionoftheironmonstertookonlytwoyears.Text2 Therearecertainpeoplewhobehaveinaquitepeculiarfashionduringtheworkofanalysis.Whenonespeakshopefullytothemorexpressessatisfactionwiththeprogressofthetreatmenttheyshowsignsofdiscontentandtheirconditioninvariablybecomesworse.Onebeginsbyregardingthisasdefianceandasanattempttoprovetheirsuperioritytothephysicianbutlateronecomestotakeadeeperandjusterview.Onebecomesconvincednotonlythatsuchpeoplecannotendureanypraiseorappreciationbutthattheyreactinverselytotheprogressofthetreatment.Everypartialsolutionthatoughttoresultandinotherpeopledoesresultinanimprovementoratemporarysuspensionofsymptomsproducesinthemforthetimebeinganintensificationoftheirillness;theygetworseduringthetreatmentinsteadofgettingbetter.Theyexhibitwhatisknownasa“negativetherapeuticreaction”. Thereisnodoubtthatthereissomethinginthesepeoplethatsetsitselfagainsttheirrecoveryanditsapproachisdreadedasthoughitwereadanger.Weareaccustomedtosaythattheneedforillnesshasgottheupperhandinthemoverthedesireforrecovery.IfweanalyzethisresistanceintheusualwayDthenevenafterfixationtothevariousformsofgainfromillnessthegreaterpartofitisstillleftover;andthisrevealsitselfasthemostpowerfulofallobstaclestorecoverymorepowerfulthanthefamiliaronesofnarcissisticadmiringone’sownselftoomuchinaccessibilityanegativeattitudetowardsthephysicianandclingingtothegainfromillness. Intheendwecometoseethatwearedealingwithwhatmaybecalleda“moral”factorasenseofguiltwhichisfindingsatisfactionintheillnessandrefusestogiveupthepunishmentofsuffering.Weshallberightinregardingthisdisencouragingexplanationasfinal.Butasfarasthepatientisconcernedthissenseofguiltisdumb;itdoesnottellhimheisguiltyhefeelsill.Thissenseofguiltexpressesitselfonlyasaresistancetorecoverywhichitisextremelydifficulttoovercome.Itisalsoparticularlydifficulttoconvincethepatientthatthismotiveliesbehindhiscontinuingtobeill;heholdsfasttothemoreobviousexplanationthattreatmentbyanalysisisnottherightremedyforhiscase.
6.Accordingtotheauthorsomeunusualpatientswould [A]openlyresistthetreatmentofthephysician. [B]intentionallyholdthephysicianincontempt. [C]respondagainstthephysician’sexpectation. [D]disregardtheappreciationbythephysician.
7.Forthepatientstheauthordescribes [A]ahopefultreatmentoftenleadstoareverseresult. [B]alocaltreatmentimprovestemporarilytheirsymptoms. [C]apartialsolutionbettersratherthanworsenstheirillness. [D]arightsolutioncuresthempartiallyoftheirillness.
8.Theauthor’sstudyofthissyndromeleadshimtothinkthat [A]patientsmustbeconvincedofthetreatmentbyanalysis. [B]patients’senseofguiltmayhinderthemfromgettingwell. [C]patientsneedtoknowthefinalexplanationsoftheirillness. [D]patientsshouldgiveupthepunishmentofsufferingfromtheirillness.
9.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat [A]certainpeoplebehaveinaparticularlyfashionableway. [B]theneedforillnesshasovercomethedesireforrecovery. [C]thepatientswhoarecontentwiththeirillnessareguilty. [D]thesyndromeofinversereactiontotherapyiscurious.
10.Therootcauseoftheresistancetorecoveryliesinthefactthatthepatients [A]areapttorefusetherecognizationofthephysician’sauthority. [B]canhardlyputupwithbeingpraisedorappreciatedbytheirdoctors. [C]clingtotheunconsciousbeliefintheirdeservedpenaltybysickness. [D]sufferfromachronicmentaldiseasethatoffersthemafeelingofguilt.Text3 Inexaminingtheculturalbackgroundsofsomelinguisticallydifferentchildrenwefoundthatthetheoryofa“cultureofpoverty”whichwasrathercommonlyacceptedintheearly1960shasbeenquestionedbyscholarsandleadersfromanumberoffields.Whiletheadverseeffectsofharshlivingconditionsoughtalwaystoberecognizedthevariabilityofhumannatureprecludestreatingeventhatunderstandinginstereotypedways.Weneedteacherswhowarmlybelievethatthechildcanlearnandwhowillbecleverindevelopingteaching-learningstrategiesthatcapitalizeonindividualstrengthsandinterests. Youshouldbeawareofthelinguisticdifferencesinthegroupyouareteachingwhethertheyareculturalsyntacticalorphonological.Don’tunderestimatethereadinglevelofastudentbecauseofdialectpronunciationsinoralreading. Language-experiencestoriesareidealteaching-learingtoolsforthelinguisticallydifferentstudentbecausetheybuildonwordsthatarewithinhismeaningvocabulary.Withthosewordsyoucanteachallofthemethodsofwordrecognititionsuchasbeginningendingandmedialinthemiddlepositionsoundsandphonogramphoneticsymbolpatterns.Throughthetranscriptioncopyingofhisownsentencesthechildseesthehelpofsyntaxrulesforsentence-buildingindecodingdiscoveringthemeaningofprintandbeginstoseewhatreadingisallabout.TransferfromthenaturallanguagetoStandardEnglishcanbemadegradually. Listeningexperiencewithliteraturemaybeofgreathelptochildreninlearninganewdialect.Besuretoavoidliteraturewhichpresentsminoritiesindebasingloweringinvaluequalityetc.circumstancesordepictsthemashavingculturesthatarealwaysoutsidethemainstreamofAmericanlife. Inadditiontoyourteachingapproachespeerscanalsohelpthebilingualusingtwolanguageschildfeelpartofastrangeandfrustratingenvironment.Theschoolcanworkwiththecommunityinprovidingpracticeinmasteryofthenewlanguage. Bilingualmulti-culturaleducationseemstobeapromisinghopeforimprovingopportunitiesforchildrenwhohavetroublewithEnglishsinceitisasecondlanguageaswellasameansofbroadeningthelivesofchildrenwhospeakEnglish.
11.Theimportanceoftheproblemdiscussedinthetextliesin [A]theurgentrenewaloftheeducationaltheory. [B]themulti-culturalfeaturesofU.S.education. [C]theassimilationofminoritiestoU.S.society. [D]thevitalreformoflanguageteachinginschools.
12.Accordingtothetextthetheoryofa“cultureofpoverty” [A]wasadmittedintheearlypartofthe20thcentury. [B]wasestablishedinagenerallyquestionablemanner. [C]hasbeendisprovedbyscholarsfromdifferentareas. [D]hasbeenreassessedbyexpertsinvariousfields.
13.Theauthorismostprobablyinfavoroftheopinionthat [A]roughconditionshavebadeffectsonlinguisticallydifferentchildren. [B]weshouldrealizetheunfavorableimpactofpovertyonbilingualpupils. [C]ournaturerulesoutthefixedrealizationofthenegativeeffectsofpoverty. [D]ourcharacterpreventsunderstandingthetheoryofa“cultureofpoverty”.
14.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisUNTRUEaccordingtothetext[A]Cleverteachersareneededtodevelopteachingstrategiestofinancelearners.[B]Teachersshouldbeconsciousofthelanguagedifferencesamongtheirstudents.[C]Studentsmayunderstandwhatreadingisallaboutbycopyingwhattheywrite.[D]Oneofthebestteachingapproachesistomakestoriesbasedonfamiliarwords.
15.Accordingtotheauthoritwouldbesafetosaythat[A]Americanminoritieslivinginhumbleconditionsfeelfrustrated.[B]bilingualkidsencircledbynativeEnglishspeakersmayfeeldismayed.[C]literaryworksaboutminorityculturesmaybeacceptabletobilingualchildren.[D]multi-culturaleducationalsoraisestheleveloftheU.S.nativestudents.Text4 Technologyisthecreationofnewproductsandprocessesintendedtoimproveourworkingefficiencyourchancesforsurvivalourcomfortlevelandourqualityoflife.Thegoalofscienceistodevelopwidelyacceptedknowledgeorideaswhichareintangible;bycontrasttechnologyisconcernedprimarilywiththedevelopmentofsubstantialthings. Inmanycasestechnologydevelopsfromknownscientificlawsandtheories.Scientistsinventedthelaserforexamplebyapplyingknowledgeabouttheinternalstructureofatoms.Appliedscientificknowledgeaboutchemistryandelectronicshasgivenusnylonpesticideswashingpowderintelligentcomputersmobilephonesdigitalcameraspollutioncontroldevicesandcountlessotherproducts.Applicationsoftheoriesinnuclearphysicsledtonuclearbombsandnuclearpowerplants. Manytechnologiesarisebywayoftrialanderrorbeforeanyoneunderstandstheunderlyingscientificprinciples.Forexampleaspirinextractedfromthebarkofatropicalwillowtreerelievedpainandfeverlongbeforeanyonefoundouthowitdidso.Similarlyphotographywasinventedbypeoplewhohadnoideaaboutitschemistryandfarmerscrossbrednewstrainsbreedsofcropsandlivestocklongbeforebiologistsunderstoodtheprinciplesofgenetics.Infactmuchofscienceisanattempttounderstandandexplainwhyvarioustechnologieswork. Althoughsomeformsoftechnologyusescientificknowledgenearlyallscienceneedstechnology.Scientistsusemachinesandinstrumentstocollectandanalyzedatatoperformexperimentsandtomakecomplexcomputations.Scientistswouldbehard-pressedtogetalongwithoutsuchthingsaspaperpencilsbookstesttubesmicroscopesrefrigeratorscomputerscopiersandtelephonesDallproductsoftechnology. Althoughattheircoresscienceandtechnologysharesimilarprocessesbothareessentiallytrialanderrorathearttheyusuallydifferinthewaytheideasandinformationtheyproduceareshared.Manyoftheresultsofscientificresearcharepublishedanddistributedfreelytobetestedchallengedverifiedormodified.Theprocessstrengthensthevalidityofscientificknowledgeandhelpsexposecheaters. Incontrastmanytechnologicaldiscoveriesarekeptsecretuntilthenewprocessorproductispatented.Informationconcerningmuchvaluabletechnologyisneverpublishedbutisinsteadlearned“onthejob”byindustrialworkersandpassedinformallyamongselectedindividualsonly.Thebasisofothertechnologygetspublishedinjournalsandenjoysthesamekindofpublicdistributionandpeerreviewasscience.
16.Theword“intangible”inPar.1mostprobablymeans[A]insensible.[B]inconceivable.[C]immaterial.[D]impractical.
17.Theadvancementofourlivinggenerallyresultsfrom[A]sheertechnologicalcreations[B]widelyapprovedknowledge.[C]constantscientificresearch.[D]pureandappliedsciences.
18.ItcanbeinferredfromPar.3thatmanytechnologies[A]underliescientificdefinitions.[B]precedescientificprinciples[C]conformtoscientificinterpretations.[D]confirmscientificunderstandings.
19.Oneofthejointfeaturesofscienceandtechnologyliesin[A]theirmutualindependence.[B]theiroriginatingprocesses.[C]theirstrengthenedvalidity.[D]theircommonapproaches.
20.Scienceandtechnologydifferfromeachotherin[A]themannerofproducingideas.[B]theprocessofdeliveringmessage.[C]thewayofhandlingkeyinformation.[D]themethodofpublicizingnewfindings.英语八级阅读理解真题及名师解析十Text1Everybodylovesafatpayrise.Yetpleasureatyourowncanvanishifyoulearnthatacolleaguehasbeengivenabiggerone.Indeedifhehasareputationforslackingyoumightevenbeoutraged.Suchbehaviorisregardedas“alltoohuman”,withtheunderlyingassumptionthatotheranimalswouldnotbecapableofthisfinelydevelopedsenseofgrievance.ButastudybySarahBrosnanandFransdeWaalofEmoryUniversityinAtlantaGeorgiawhichhasjustbeenpublishedinNaturesuggeststhatitisalltoomonkeyaswell Theresearchersstudiedthebehavioroffemalebrowncapuchinmonkeys.Theylookcute.Theyaregood-naturedco-cooperativecreaturesandtheysharetheirfoodreadily.Aboveallliketheirfemalehumancounterpartstheytendtopaymuchcloserattentiontothevalueof“goodandservices”thanmales SuchcharacteristicsmakethemperfectcandidatesforDr.Brosnan’sandDr.deWaal’sstudy.Theresearchersspenttwoyearsteachingtheirmonkeystoexchangetokensforfood.Normallythemonkeyswerehappyenoughtoexchangepiecesofrockforslicesofcucumber.Howeverwhentwomonkeyswereplacedinseparatebutadjoiningchamberssothateachcouldobservewhattheotherwasgettinginreturnforitsrocktheirbehaviorbecamemarkedlydifferent Intheworldofcapuchinsgrapesareluxurygoodsandmuchpreferabletocucumbers.Sowhenonemonkeywashandedagrapeinexchangeforhertokenthesecondwasreluctanttohandhersoverforamerepieceofcucumber.Andifonereceivedagrapewithouthavingtoprovidehertokeninexchangeatalltheothereithertossedherowntokenattheresearcheroroutofthechamberorrefusedtoacceptthesliceofcucumber.Indeedthemerepresenceofagrapeintheotherchamberwithoutanactualmonkeytoeatitwasenoughtoinduceresentmentinafemalecapuchin Theresearcherssuggestthatcapuchinmonkeyslikehumansareguidedbysocialemotions.Inthewildtheyareaco-operativegroup-livingspecies.Suchco-operationislikelytobestableonlywheneachanimalfeelsitisnotbeingcheated.Feelingsofrighteousindignationitseemsarenotthepreserveofpeoplealone.Refusingalesserrewardcompletelymakesthesefeelingsabundantlycleartoothermembersofthegroup.Howeverwhethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumansorwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsagoisasyetanunansweredquestion
21.Intheopeningparagraphtheauthorintroduceshistopicby [A]posingacontrast [B]justifyinganassumption [C]makingacomparison [D]explainingaphenomenon
22.Thestatement“itisalltoomonkey”Paragraph1impliesthat [A]monkeysarealsooutragedbyslackrivals [B]resentingunfairnessisalsomonkeys’nature [C]monkeyslikehumanstendtobejealousofeachother [D]noanimalsotherthanmonkeyscandevelopsuchemotions
23.Femalecapuchinmonkeyswerechosenfortheresearchmostprobablybecausetheyare [A]moreinclinedtoweighwhattheyget [B]attentivetoresearchers’instructions [C]niceinbothappearanceandtemperament [D]moregenerousthantheirmalecompanions
24.Dr.BrosnanandDr.deWaalhaveeventuallyfoundintheirstudythatthemonkeys [A]prefergrapestocucumbers [B]canbetaughttoexchangethings [C]willnotbeco-operativeiffeelingcheated [D]areunhappywhenseparatedfromothers
25.Whencanweinferfromthelastparagraph [A]Monkeyscanbetrainedtodevelopsocialemotions [B]Humanindignationevolvedfromanuncertainsource [C]Animalsusuallyshowtheirfeelingsopenlyashumando [D]CooperationamongmonkeysremainsstableonlyinthewildText2HuntingforajoblatelastyearlawyerGantRedmonstumbledacrossCareerBuilderajobdatabaseontheInternet.Hesearcheditwithnosuccessbutwasattractedbythesite’s“personalsearchagent”.It’saninteractivefeaturethatletsvisitorskeyinjobcriteriasuchaslocationtitleandsalarythenE-mailsthemwhenamatchingpositionispostedinthedatabase.RedmonchosethekeywordslegalintellectualpropertyandWashingtonD.C.Threeweekslaterhegothisfirstnotificationofanopening.“Istruckgold’saysRedmonwhoE-mailedhisresumetotheemployerandwonapositionasin-housecounselforacompany Withthousandsofcareer-relatedsitesontheInternetfindingpromisingopeningscanbetime-consumingandinefficient.Searchagentsreducetheneedforrepeatedvisitstothedatabases.ButalthoughasearchagentworkedforRedmoncareerexpertsseedrawbacks.Narrowingyourcriteriaforexamplemayworkagainstyou:“Everytimeyouansweraquestionyoueliminateapossibility”saysoneexpert ForanyjobsearchyoushouldstartwithanarrowconceptDwhatyouthinkyouwanttodoDthenbroadenit.“Noneoftheseprogramsdothat”saysanotherexpert.“There’snocareercounselingimplicitinallofthis”Insteadthebeststrategyistousetheagentasakindoftipservicetokeepabreastofjobsinaparticulardatabase;whenyougetE-mailconsideritaremindertocheckthedatabaseagain.“Iwouldnotrelyonagentsforfindingeverythingthatisaddedtoadatabasethatmightinterestme”saystheauthorofajob-searchingguide Somesitesdesigntheiragentstotemptjobhunterstoreturn.WhenCareerSite’sagentsendsoutmessagestothosewhohavesignedupforitsserviceforexampleitincludesonlythreepotentialjobs-thoseitconsidersthebestmatches.Theremaybemorematchesinthedatabase;jobhunterswillhavetovisitthesiteagaintofindthemandtheydo.“Onthedayafterwesendourmessagesweseeasharpincreaseinourtraffic”saysSethPeetsvicepresidentofmarketingforCareerSite Eventhosewhoaren’thuntingforjobsmayfindsearchagentsworthwhile.Someusethemtokeepaclosewatchonthedemandfortheirlineofworkorgatherinformationoncompensationtoarmthemselveswhennegotiatingforaraise.AlthoughhappilyemployedRedmonmaintainshisagentatCareerBuilder.“Youalwayskeepyoureyesopen”hesays.Workingwithapersonalsearchagentmeanshavinganothersetofeyeslookingoutforyou
26.HowdidRedmonfindhisjob [A]Bysearchingopeningsinajobdatabase. [B]Bypostingamatchingpositioninadatabase [C]Byusingaspecialserviceofadatabase [D]ByE-mailinghisresumetoadatabase
27.Whichofthefollowingcanbeadisadvantageofsearchagents [A]Lackofcounseling [B]Limitednumberofvisits [C]Lowerefficiency [D]Fewersuccessfulmatches28Theexpression“tipservice”Line3Paragraph3mostprobablymeans [A]advisory. [B]Compensation. [C]Interaction. [D]reminder
29.WhydoesCareerSite’sagentoffereachjobhunteronlythreejoboptions [A]Tofocusonbetterjobmatches. [B]Toattractmorereturningvisits [C]Toreservespaceformoremessages [D]Toincreasetherateofsuccess
30.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext [A]Personalsearchagentsareindispensabletojob-hunters [B]SomesiteskeepE-mailingjobseekerstotracetheirdemands [C]Personalsearchagentsarealsohelpfultothosealreadyemployed [D]SomeagentsstopsendinginformationtopeopleoncetheyareemployedText3Americanstodaydon’tplaceaveryhighvalueonintellect.Ourheroesareathletesentertainersandentrepreneursnotscholars.Evenourschoolsarewherewesendourchildrentogetapracticaleducationnottopursueknowledgeforthesakeofknowledge.Symptomsofpervasiveanti-intellectualisminourschoolsaren’tdifficulttofind “Schoolshavealwaysbeeninasocietywherepracticalismoreimportantthanintellectual”sayseducationwriterDianeRavitch.“Schoolscouldbeacounterbalance”Ravitch’slatestbockLeftBack:ACenturyofFailedSchoolReformstracestherootsofanti-intellectualisminourschoolsconcludingtheyareanythingbutacounterbalancetotheAmericandistasteforintellectualpursuits Buttheycouldandshouldbe.Encouragingkidstorejectthelifeofthemindleavesthemvulnerabletoexploitationandcontrol.Withouttheabilitytothinkcriticallytodefendtheirideasandunderstandtheideasofotherstheycannotfullyparticipateinourdemocracy.ContinuingalongthispathsayswriterEarlShorris“Wewillbecomeasecond-ratecountry.Wewillhavealesscivilsociety” “Intellectisresentedasaformofpowerorprivilege”writeshistorianandProfessorRichardHofstadterinAnti-IntellectualisminAmericanLifeaPulitzerPrizewinningbookontherootsofanti-intellectualisminUSpoliticsreligionandeducation.FromthebeginningofourhistorysaysHofstadterourdemocraticandpopulisturgeshavedrivenustorejectanythingthatsmellsofelitism.Practicalitycommonsenseandnativeintelligencehavebeenconsideredmorenoblequalitiesthananythingyoucouldlearnfromabook RalphWaldoEmersonandotherTranscendentalistphilosophersthoughtschoolingandrigorousbooklearningputunnaturalrestraintsonchildren:“Weareshutupinschoolsandcollegerecitationroomsfor10or15yearsandcomeoutatlastwithabellyfulofwordsanddonotknowathing”MarkTwain’sHuckleberryFinnexemplifiedAmericananti-intellectualism.Itsheroavoidsbeingcivilized:goingtoschoolandlearningtoread;sohecanpreservehisinnategoodness IntellectaccordingtoHofstadterisdifferentfromnativeintelligenceaqualitywereluctantlyadmire.Intellectisthecriticalcreativeandcontemplativesideofthemind.Intelligenceseekstograspmanipulatere-orderandadjustwhileintellectexaminesponderswonderstheorizescriticizesandimagines Schoolremainsaplacewhereintellectismistrusted.Hofstadtersaysourcountry’seducationalsystemisinthegripsofpeoplewho“joyfullyandmilitantlyproclaimtheirhostilitytointellectandtheireagernesstoidentifywithchildrenwhoshowtheleastintellectualpromise”
31.WhatdoAmericanparentsexpecttheirchildrentoacquireinschool [A]Thehabitofthinkingindependently [B]Profoundknowledgeoftheworld [C]Practicalabilitiesforfuturecareer [D]Theconfidenceinintellectualpursuits
32.WecanlearnfromthetextthatAmericanshaveahistoryof [A]undervaluingintellect [B]favoringintellectualism [C]supportingschoolreform [D]suppressingnativeintelligence
33.TheviewsofRavishandEmersononschoolingare [A]identical. [B]similar. [C]complementary. [D]opposite
34.Emersonaccordingtothetextisprobably [A]apioneerofeducationreform. [B]anopponentofintellectualism [C]ascholarinfavorofintellect. [D]anadvocateofregularschooling
35.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofintellect [A]Itissecondtointelligence. [B]Itevolvesfromcommonsense [C]Itistobepursued. [D]ItunderliespowerText4Inspiteof“endlesstalkofdifference”Americansocietyisanamazingmachineforhomogenizingpeople.Thereis“thedemocratizinguniformityofdressanddiscourseandthecasualnessandabsenceofdifference”characteristicofpopularculture.Peopleareabsorbedinto“acultureofconsumption”launchedbythe19th-centurydepartmentstoresthatoffered“vastarraysofgoodsinanelegantatmosphere.Insteadofintimateshopscateringtoaknowledgeableelite”Thesewerestores“anyonecouldenterregardlessofclassorbackground.Thisturnedshoppingintoapublicanddemocraticact”Themassmediaadvertisingandsportsareotherforcesforhomogenization Immigrantsarequicklyfittingintothiscommonculturewhichmaynotbealtogetherelevatingbutishardlypoisonous.WritingfortheNationalImmigrationForumGregoryRodriguezreportsthattoday’simmigrationisneitheratunprecedentedlevelnorresistanttoassimilation.In1998immigrantswere
9.8percentofpopulation;in
190013.6percent.Inthe10yearspriorto
19903.1immigrantsarrivedforevery1000residents;inthe10yearspriorto
18909.2forevery
1000.Nowconsiderthreeindicesofassimilation-languagehomeownershipandintermarriage The1990Censusrevealedthat“amajorityofimmigrantsfromeachofthefifteenmostcommoncountriesoforiginspokeEnglish‘well’or‘verywell’aftertenyearsofresidence”ThechildrenofimmigrantstendtobebilingualandproficientinEnglish.“Bythethirdgenerationtheoriginallanguageislostinthemajorityofimmigrantfamilies”HencethedescriptionofAmericaasa“graveyard”forlanguages.By1996foreign-bornimmigrantswhohadarrivedbefore1970hadahomeownershiprateof
75.6percenthigherthanthe
69.8percentrateamongnative-bornAmericans Foreign-bornAsiansandHispanics“havehigherratesofintermarriagethandoU.S.-bornwhitesandblacks”BythethirdgenerationonethirdofHispanicwomenaremarriedtonon-Hispanicsand41percentofAsian--Americanwomenaremarriedtonon-Asians RodrigueznotesthatchildreninremotevillagesaroundtheworldarefansofsuperstarslikeArnoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooksyet“someAmericansfearthatimmigrantslivingwithintheUnitedStatesremainsomehowimmunetothenation’sassimilativepower” AretheredivisiveissuesandpocketsofseethingangerinAmericaIndeed.Itisbigenoughtohaveabitofeverything.ButparticularlywhenviewedagainstAmerica’sturbulentpasttoday’ssocialindiceshardlysuggestadarkanddeterioratingsocialenvironment
36.Theword“homogenizing”Line2Paragraph1mostprobablymeans [A]identifying. [B]associating. [C]assimilating. [D]monopolizing
37.Accordingtotheauthorthedepartmentstoresofthe19thcentury [A]playedaroleinthespreadofpopularculture [B]becameintimateshopsforcommonconsumers [C]satisfiedtheneedsofaknowledgeableelite [D]oweditsemergencetothecultureofconsumption
38.ThetextsuggeststhatimmigrantsnowintheU.S [A]areresistanttohomogenization [B]exertagreatinfluenceonAmericanculture [C]arehardlyathreattothecommonculture[D]constitutethemajorityofthepopulation
39.WhyareArnoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooksmentionedinParagraph5 [A]Toprovetheirpopularityaroundtheworld [B]Torevealthepublic’sfearofimmigrants [C]Togiveexamplesofsuccessfulimmigrants [D]ToshowthepowerfulinfluenceofAmericanculture
40.Intheauthor’sopiniontheabsorptionofimmigrantsintoAmericansocietyis [A]rewarding. [B]successful. [C].fruitless. [D].harmfulText5Ofallthecomponentsofagoodnight’ssleepdreamsseemtobeleastwithinourcontrol.Indreamsawindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissuspendedanddeadpeoplespeak.AcenturyagoFreudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears;bythelate1970sneurologistshadswitchedtothinkingofthemasjust“mentalnoise”Dtherandombyproductsoftheneural-repairworkthatgoesonduringsleep.Nowresearcherssuspectthatdreamsarepartofthemind’semotionalthermostatregulatingmoodswhilethebrainis“off-line”Andoneleadingauthoritysaysthattheseintenselypowerfulmentaleventscanbenotonlyharnessedbutactuallybroughtunderconsciouscontroltohelpussleepandfeelbetter.“It’syourdream”saysRosalindCartwrightchairofpsychologyatChicago’sMedicalCenter.“Ifyoudon’tlikeitchangeit” Evidencefrombrainimagingsupportsthisview.ThebrainisasactiveduringREMrapideyemovementsleep--whenmostvividdreamsoccur--asitiswhenfullyawakesaysDr.EricNofzingerattheUniversityofPittsburgh.Butnotallpartsofthebrainareequallyinvolved;thelimbicsystemthe“emotionalbrain”isespeciallyactivewhiletheprefrontalcortexthecenterofintellectandreasoningisrelativelyquiet.“Wewakeupfromdreamshappyordepressedandthosefeelingscanstaywithusallday”,saysStanfordsleepresearcherDr.WilliamDement ThelinkbetweendreamsandemotionsshowsupamongthepatientsinCartwright’sclinic.Mostpeopleseemtohavemorebaddreamsearlyinthenightprogressingtowardhappieronesbeforeawakeningsuggestingthattheyareworkingthroughnegativefeelingsgeneratedduringtheday.Becauseourconsciousmindisoccupiedwithdailylifewedon’talwaysthinkabouttheemotionalsignificanceoftheday’sevents--untilitappearswebegintodream Andthisprocessneednotbelefttotheunconscious.Cartwrightbelievesonecanexerciseconsciouscontroloverrecurringbaddreams.Assoonasyouawakenidentifywhatisupsettingaboutthedream.Visualizehowyouwouldlikeittoendinstead;thenexttimeitoccurstrytowakeupjustenoughtocontrolitscourse.Withmuchpracticepeoplecanlearntoliterallydoitintheirsleep Attheendofthedaythere’sprobablylittlereasontopayattentiontoourdreamsatallunlesstheykeepusfromsleepingor“wewakeupinapanic”Cartwrightsays.Terrorismeconomicuncertaintiesandgeneralfeelingsofinsecurityhaveincreasedpeople’sanxiety.Thosesufferingfrompersistentnightmaresshouldseekhelpfromatherapist.Fortherestofusthebrainhasitswaysofworkingthroughbadfeelings.Sleep--orratherdream--onitandyou’llfeelbetterinthemorning
41.Researchershavecometobelievethatdreams [A]canbemodifiedintheircourses [B]aresusceptibletoemotionalchanges [C]reflectourinnermostdesiresandfears [D]arearandomoutcomeofneuralrepairs
42.Byreferringtothelimbicsystemtheauthorintendstoshow [A]itsfunctioninourdreams [B]themechanismofREMsleep [C]therelationofdreamstoemotions [D]itsdifferencefromtheprefrontalcortex
43.Thenegativefeelingsgeneratedduringthedaytendto [A]aggravateinourunconsciousmind [B]developintohappydreams [C]persisttillthetimewefallasleep [D]showupindreamsearlyatnight
44.Cartwrightseemstosuggestthat [A]wakingupintimeisessentialtotheriddingofbaddreams [B]visualizingbaddreamshelpsbringthemundercontrol [C]dreamsshouldbelefttotheirnaturalprogression [D]dreamsmaynotentirelybelongtotheunconscious
45.WhatadvicemightCartwrightgivetothosewhosometimeshavebaddreams [A]Leadyourlifeasusual [B]Seekprofessionalhelp [C]Exerciseconsciouscontrol [D]AvoidanxietyinthedaytimeText6AmericansnolongerexpectpublicfigureswhetherinspeechorinwritingtocommandtheEnglishlanguagewithskillandgift.Nordotheyaspiretosuchcommandthemselves.InhislatestbookDoingOurOwnThing:TheDegradationofLanguageandWhyWeShouldLikeCareJohnMcWhorteralinguistandcontroversialistofmixedliberalandconservativeviewsseesthetriumphof1960scounter-cultureasresponsibleforthedeclineofformalEnglish Blamingthepermissive1960sisnothingnewbutthisisnotyetanothercriticismagainstthedeclineineducation.Mr.McWhorter’sacademicspecialtyislanguagehistoryandchangeandheseesthegradualdisappearanceof“whom”,forexampletobenaturalandnomoreregrettablethanthelossofthecase-endingsofOldEnglish Butthecultoftheauthenticandthepersonal“doingourownthing”,hasspeltthedeathofformalspeechwritingpoetryandmusic.Whileeventhemodestlyeducatedsoughtanelevatedtonewhentheyputpentopaperbeforethe1960seventhemostwellregardedwritingsincethenhassoughttocapturespokenEnglishonthepage.Equallyinpoetrythehighlypersonalperformativegenreistheonlyformthatcouldclaimrealliveliness.InbothoralandwrittenEnglishtalkingistriumphingoverspeakingspontaneityovercraft IllustratedwithanentertainingarrayofexamplesfrombothhighandlowculturethetrendthatMr.McWhorterdocumentsisunmistakable.Butitislessclear;totakethequestionofhissubtitlewhyweshouldlikecare.Asalinguistheacknowledgesthatallvarietiesofhumanlanguageincludingnon-standardoneslikeBlackEnglishcanbepowerfullyexpressive--thereexistsnolanguageordialectintheworldthatcannotconveycomplexideas.Heisnotarguingasmanydothatwecannolongerthinkstraightbecausewedonottalkproper RussianshaveadeeplovefortheirownlanguageandcarrylargechunksofmemorizedpoetryintheirheadswhileItalianpoliticianstendtoelaboratespeechthatwouldseemold-fashionedtomostEnglishspeakers.Mr.McWhorteracknowledgesthatformallanguageisnotstrictlynecessaryandproposesnoradicaleducationreforms--heisreallygrievingoverthelossofsomethingbeautifulmorethanuseful.WenowtakeourEnglish“onpaperplatesinsteadofchina”.Ashameperhapsbutprobablyaninevitableone
46.AccordingtoMcWhorterthedeclineofformalEnglish [A]isinevitableinradicaleducationreforms [B]isbutalltoonaturalinlanguagedevelopment [C]hascausedthecontroversyoverthecounter-culture [D]broughtaboutchangesinpublicattitudesinthe1960s
47.Theword“talking”Line5Paragraph3denotes [A]modesty. [B]personality. [C]liveliness. [D]informality
48.TowhichofthefollowingstatementswouldMcWhortermostlikelyagree [A]Logicalthinkingisnotnecessarilyrelatedtothewaywetalk [B]BlackEnglishcanbemoreexpressivethanstandardEnglish [C]Non-standardvarietiesofhumanlanguagearejustasentertaining [D]OfallthevarietiesstandardEnglishcanbestconveycomplexideas
49.ThedescriptionofRussians’loveofmemorizingpoetryshowstheauthor’s [A]interestintheirlanguage. [B]appreciationoftheirefforts [C]admirationfortheirmemory. [D]contemptfortheirold-fashionedness
50.Accordingtothelastparagraph“paperplates”isto“china”as [A]“temporary”isto“permanent” [B]“radical”isto“conservative” [C]“functional”isto“artistic” [D]“humble”isto“noble”考研英语阅读理解模拟试题及解析十一Text1SOMETHINGABOUTNAPLESjustseemsmadeforcomedy.Thenamealoneconjuresuppizzaandlovableincorrigibleinnocentswarbling0SoleMio;anuttylittlecorneroftheworldwheretheidrunswildandtheonlyanswertothequestionWhyappearstobeWhynotNaples:thebutter-side-downofItaliancitieswhereeventhetruthhasastrangelyfictitioustinge.Onedayacarrear-endedoneofthecitysminibuses.Thebusdrivergotouttoinvestigate.Whilehestoodtheretalkinghisonlypassengertookthewheelanddroveoff.Neitherpassengernorbuswaseverseenagain.Thentherewasthatbusylunchhourinthecentralpostofficewhenacrackintheceilingopenedandpostalworkerswereoverwhelmedbyanavalancheofstalecroissants.Asthecleanershauledawaygarbagebagsofmoldybreakfastrollsthequestionsremained:WhoWhyAndwhatelsecouldstillbeupthereButNaplesactuallyisntsofunny.Italysthirdlargestcitywithi.Imillionpeople.hasamuchdarkerside.wherechaosreigns:bagsnatchingandmuggingcloggedstreetsofstupefyingconfusionwheretrafficmovestomysteriouslawsofitsownthroughmultipleintersectionswhosetrafficlightshaventfunctionedformonthsmaybeyears-iftheyhavelightsatall.Packsofwilddogsroamthecitysmainpark.Nineteenpolicemenontheanti-narcoticssquadarearrestedforacceptingpayoffsfromtheCamorrathelocalMafia.TomanyItaliansparticularlythoseinthewealthyindustrializednorthnoneofthisissurprising.TothemNaplesmeanspoliticalcorruptionwastedfederalsubsidiesrampantorganizedcrimeappallinglylargefamiliesandcunninglazypeoplewhoprefertodosomethingshadyratherthanhonestwork.Nepolitansknowtheirreputation.Peoplethinknothingevergetsdoneheresaidayoungprofessionalwoman.Sometimestheysay`SurelyyoucomefromMilan.YoucomefromNaplesNaplesGiovanniDelFornoaninsuranceexecutivetoldmeabouthisflighthomefromanorthernItaliancitytheplanewaitedonthetarmacforhalfanhourforagatetobecomeavailable.AndIbegantohearthecommentsaroundme:`WellhereweareinNapleshesaidwithawince.Thesecommentsmakemesuffer.Neapolitansmaycomplainbutmostcantconceiveoflivinganywhereelse.Thecityhastheintimacytensionandcrazinessofalargebutintenselydevotedfamily.ThepeoplehavethesameperverseprideasNewYorkers.TheyloveeventhethingsthatdontworkandtheylovebeingNeapolitans.Theyknowoutsidersdontgetitandtheydontcare.Evenifyougoawayonewomansaidyouremainaprisonerofthiscity.MycityhasmanyproblemsbutawayfromitIfeelbad.Thisisacityinwhichlivingonthebrinkofcollapseisnormal.NapleshassurvivedwarsrevolutionsfloodsearthquakesanderuptionsofnearbyVesuvius.FirstawealthycolonyfoundedbytheGreekswhocalleditNeapolisornewcitythenaflourishingRomanresortitlivedthroughvariousincarnationsunderdynastiesofNormansSwabiansAustriansSpanishandFrenchnottomentionagloriousperiodastheresplendentcapitaloftheKingdomoftheTwoSicilies.ItwasabrilliantcultivatedcitythatoncerankedwithLondonandParis.TheNunziatellatheoldestmilitaryschoolinItalystillbasksinitstwocenturiesofhistoricglory;theTeatroSanCarloremainsoneofthegreatestoperahousesintheworld.ThetreasuresofPompeiigracetheNationalMuseum.StretchedluxuriantlybetweenmountainsandseaalongthecurvingcoastoftheBayofNaplesfullofornatepalacesgardenschurchesandworksofartwithitsmildclimateandrichfolkloreNaplesinthelastcenturywasbelovedbyartistsandwriters.ThemostfamousresponsetothismagnificencewasthecommentbyanunknownadmirerSeeNaplesanddie.Todaythatremarkcarrieslesspoeticconnotations.ThebombardmentsofWorldWar11werefollowedbythedepredationsofprofiteersandpoliticians-for-rentwhoreducedthecitytoademoralizedshadowofitselfsurvivingongovernmenthandoutsUntilfiveyearsagocitygovernmentswerecobbledtogetherbywarringpoliticalfactions;somemayorslastedonlyafewmonths.Acholeraoutbreakin1973wasfollowedin1980byamajorearthquake.ItsfamousporthaswitheredthoughtheU.S.SixthFleetcommandisstillbasedjustupthecoastindustrieshavefailedtouristshaveflednativeshavemovedout-itseemsthatonlydrugtraffickingisbooming.UnlivabletheNeapolitanssay.Incomprehensible.Martyred
1.ThetwoexamplesinthesecondandthirdparagraphsintendtoshowthatANapleshasahighincidenceoftrafficaccidents.BanythingextraordinarycanhappeninNaples.Cpeopletherelovetostorefoodforyears.Deverythingappearstobeonthewrongside.
2.ThefollowingwordsareappropriatetodescribetrafficconditionsinNaplesEXCEPTAdisorder.Bovercrowding.Cinsecurity.Dinefficiency.
3.ItcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethattheNorthernersAarecriticalofwhatNaplesrepresents.BsympathizewithNeopolitans.CsharemanythingswithNeopolitans.DmakeeveryefforttoshunNeopolitans.
4.TheauthorimpliesthatNeopolitansaffectionforthecityAwasunrealistic.Bwentabittoofar.Cwasextraordinary.Dgaverisetoconcern.
5.WhentheauthorsaysTodaythatremarkcarrieslesspoeticconnotationsheactuallymeansthatAthecitycannowboastveryfewpoets.BartistsandwritershaveleftforLondonandParis.CthecityunderwentheavybombingduringtheWar.DThecityspresentproblemsobscureditsgloriouspast.Text2OncefoundalmostentirelyinthewesternUnitedStatesandinAsiadinosaurfossilsarenowbeingdiscoveredonallsevencontinents.Ahostofnewrevelationsemergedin1998thatpromisetoreshapescientistsviewsofdinosaursincludingwhattheylookedlikeandwhenandwheretheylived.ItisdoubtfulthatTyrannosaurusRexhadlipsorthatTriceratopshadcheekssaysLawrenceWitmeranassistantprofessorofanatomyatOhioUniversityinAthensOhio.WitmerwasaleadingresearcherforastudyondinosauranatomythatwaspresentedattheannualmeetingoftheSocietyforVertebratePaleontologywhichconcludedonOctober3inSnowbirdUtah.Witmersstudyreacheditsconclusionsbyusinghigh-techcomputerizedaxialtomography.CTorCATscansalongwithcomparativeanatomystudies.ForexamplethetheorythatTriceratopsandsimilardinosaurspecieshadcheekswasbasedonpastcomparisonswithmammalssuchassheep.ButWitmerscarefulanalysisfoundthestructureofthetriceratopsjawandskullmadeitmorelikelythatTriceratopshadabeaklikethatofaneagle.Witmersaidthatscientistsshouldusebirdsandcrocodilesasmodelswhenresearchingtheappearanceofdinosaurs.InearlyOctoberscientistsannouncedthattheyhadconfirmedthediscoveryofanewtypeofceratopsiandinosaur.ThedinosaursbonesfoundinNewMexicoin1996areforcingpaleontologiststorethinktheirtheoriesaboutwhenceratopsiansmigratedtowhatisnowNorthAmerica.Scientistspreviouslythoughtthatceratopsiansthegroupthatincludedthewell-knownTriceratopsarrivedinNorthAmericafromAsiabetween70millionand80millionyearsago.DuringthistimethelateCretaceousPeriodtheearthstwosupercontinents--LaurasiainthenorthandGondwanalandinthesouth--wereintheprocessofpullingapartcuttingdinosaurpopulationsofffromeachotherandinterruptingmigratorypatterns.Thefossilizedbonesfoundbyeight-year-oldChristopherWolfeandhisfatherpaleontologistDougWolfeoftheMesaSouthwestMuseuminArizonadatetoabout90millionyearsago.ThiscouldmeanthatceratopsiansoriginatedinNorthAmericaandmigratedtoAsiaratherthanthereversepaleontologistssaid.DougWolfenamedtheimportantnewspeciesofdinosaurZuniceratopschristopheriafterhisson.AnexpeditionfromtheUniversitiesofAlaskainAnchorageandFairbankshasdiscoveredaregioninremotenorthernAlaskasorichinfossilizeddinosaurtracksthatteammembersdubbeditthedinoexpressway.Thetrampledareawasfoundduringthesummerof1998onAlaskasNorthSlopeneartheBrooksRange.Theteamfound13newtracksitesandmadecastsfromtheprintsoffivedifferenttypesofdinosaurs.Therockinwhichtheprintswerefounddatestomorethan100millionyearsagoorabout25millionyearsolderthanthepreviouslydiscoveredsignsofdinosaursintheArcticregion.PaleontologistssaidthatthenewfindingsprovideimportantevidencethatdinosaursmigratedbetweenAsiaandNorthAmericaduringtheearlyandmid-CretaceousPeriodbeforeAsiasplitoffintoitsowncontinent.TworichfossilsitesinthehillsofBoliviahavebeenrecentlydiscoveredexcitingpaleontologistsanddinosaurbuffs.Thisdiscoveryincludesoneofthemostspectaculardinosaurtrackwayseverfound.ThediscoveryofalargesiteinthemountainregionofVilaKilainsouthernBoliviawasannouncedinearlyOctober.Herescientistsfoundthetracksofatleasttwounknownspeciesofdinosaur.Theseincludedalargequadrupedfour-footeddinosaurthatwasprobablyabout20mabout70ftlong.TheothersitelocatednotfarfromtheBoliviancityofSucrewasuncoveredinacementquarrybyworkersseveralyearsagobutwasnotbroughttopaleontologistsattentionuntilthemiddle.of
1998.Thesitefeaturesaverticalwallcoveredwiththousandsofdinosaurprintsrepresentingmorethan100differentspecies.Thetracksdatebacktobetween65millionand70millionyearsago.Sincedinosaursarebelievedtohavediedoutaround65millionyearsagotheprintswerelikelymadebysomeofthelastdinosaursonearth.Scientistsspeculatedthatthetracksweremadeattheedgeofalakeorswampandwerethenhardenedandpreserved.Therockcontainingthetrackswasthenpushedintoaverticalpositionovermillionsofyearsofgeologicactivity.Dinosaureggshavealsobeenfoundatthesitewhichpaleontologistsareworkingtopreservebeforeitfallsvictimtoerosion.Paleontologistshopetostudythesiteandlearnaboutthedietandphysicalcharacteristicsofthedinosaursthatarerepresentedthere.
6.WitmersresearchleadspeopletobelieveATyrannosaurusRexhadlipsandTriceratopshadcheeks.Bdinosaursmighthavelookedlikemammalssuchassheep.Cdinosaursmightnothavelookedlikewhatwethought.Ddinosaursmusthavelookedlikebirdsorcrocodiles.
7.ThediscoveryofanewtypeofceratopsiandinosaursuggestsceratopsiansAmigratedtoNorthAmericaaround70-80millionyearsago.BarrivedinAsiafromNorthAmericaabout90millionyearsago.CoriginatedinAsiaandlatermigratedtoNorthAmerica.DcouldhavemovedtoAsiafromNorthAmericalongago.
8.Newly-foundfossilizedtracksinAlaskaprovedthatdinosaursmigrationbetweenAsiaandNorthAmericatookplaceAmuchearlierthanexpertspreviouslythought.Bmuchlaterthanexpertspreviouslythought.CafterAsiabecameanindependentcontinent.Dsometimearound25millionyearsago.
9.ThediscoveryofdinosaurfossilsitesinBoliviaisexcitingbecauseofthefollowingreasonsEXCEPTthatAtheyarefoundinacontinentotherthanAsiaandNorthContinent.Bthelargestdinosaursintheworldarefoundinthisdiscovery.Ctherearesomeunknownspeciesofdinosaursfoundthistime.Dthedinosaurswerebelievedtobesomeofthelastonesonearth.
10.ThepassagefocusesonAdinosaursgeographicallocation.Bshiftingviewsofdinosaurs.Cmigrationpatternsofdinosaurs.DgeologicactivityofEarth.Text3Insixteenth-centuryItalyandeighteenth-centuryFrancewaningprosperityandincreasingsocialunrestledtherulingfamiliestotrytopreservetheirsuperioritybywithdrawingfromthelowerandmiddleclassesbehindbarriersofetiquette.InaprosperouscommunityontheotherhandpolitesocietysoonabsorbsthenewlyrichandinEnglandtherehasneverbeenanyshortageofbooksonetiquetteforteachingthemthemannersappropriatetotheirnewwayoflife.Everycodeofetiquettehascontainedthreeelements;basicmoralduties;practicalruleswhichpromoteefficiency;andartificialoptionalgracessuchasformalcomplimentstosaywomenontheirbeautyorsuperiorsontheirgenerosityandimportance.Inthefirstcategoryareconsiderationsfortheweakandrespectforage.AmongtheancientEgyptianstheyoungalwaysstoodinthepresenceofolderpeople.AmongtheMongooseofTanzaniatheyoungmenbowastheypassthehutsoftheelders.InEnglanduntilaboutacenturyagoyoungchildrendidnotsitintheirparentspresencewithoutaskingpermission.Practicalrulesarehelpfulinsuchordinaryoccurrencesofsociallifeasmakingproperintroductionsatpartiesorotherfunctionssothatpeoplecanbebroughttoknoweachother.Beforetheinventionoftheforketiquettedirectedthatthefingersshouldbekeptascleanaspossible;beforethehandkerchiefcameintocommonuseetiquettesuggestedthatafterspittingapersonshouldrubthespitinconspicuouslyunderfoot.Extremelyrefinedbehaviorhowevercultivatedasanartofgraciouslivinghasbeencharacteristiconlyofsocietieswithwealthandleisurewhichadmittedwomenasthesocialequalsofmen.AfterthefallofRomethefirstEuropeansocietytoregulatebehaviorinprivatelifeinaccordancewithacomplicatedcodeofetiquettewastwelfth-centuryProvenceinFrance.Provencehadbecomewealthy.Thelordshadreturnedtotheircastlefromthecrusadesandtheretheidealsofchivalrygrewupwhichemphasizedthevirtueandgentlenessofwomenanddemandedthataknightshouldprofessapureand;dedicatedlovetoaladywhowouldbehisinspirationandtowhomhewoulddedicatehisvaliantdeedsthoughhewouldnevercomephysicallyclosetoher.Thiswastheintroductionoftheconceptofromanticlovewhichwastoinfluenceliteratureformanyhundredsofyearsandwhichstilllivesoninadebasedforminsimplepopularsongsandcheapnovelstoday.InRenaissanceItalytoointhefourteenthandfifteenthcenturiesawealthyandleisuredsocietydevelopedanextremelycomplexcodeofmannersbuttherulesofbehaviouroffashionablesocietyhadlittleinfluenceonthedailylifeofthelowerclasses.Indeedmanyoftherulessuchashowtoenterabanquetroomorhowtouseaswordorhandkerchiefforceremonialpurposeswereirrelevanttothewayoflifeoftheaverageworkingmanwhospentmostofhislifeoutdoorsorinhisownpoorhutandmostprobablydidnothaveahandkerchiefcertainlynotaswordtohisname.Yettheessentialbasisofallgoodmannersdoesnotvary.Considerationfortheoldandweakandtheavoidanceofharmingorgivingunnecessaryoffencetoothersisafeatureofallsocietieseverywhereandatalllevelsfromthehighesttothelowest.Answerthefollowingquestionsbriefly.PleasewriteyouranswersontheAnswerSheet.
11.Onecharacteristicoftherichclassesofadecliningsocietyistheirtendency_________________________________.
2.CiteTWOelementsofthecodeofetiquette.__________________________________________.
13.Accordingtothewriterpartofchivalryisthat___________________________.
14.Etiquetteasanartofgraciouslivingisquotedasafeatureof_______________.
15.WhatdoesthewriteruseYetinthelastparagraphText4FredCookeofSalfordturned90twodaysagoandtheworldhasbeenbeatingapathtohisdoor.IfyouhaventnoticedthebackstreetboyeducatedatBlackpoolgrammarstyleshimselfmoregrandlyasAlastairCookebroadcasterextraordinaire.AnhonorableKBEhewouldbeSirAlastairifhehadnottakenAmericancitizenshipmorethanhalfacenturyago.IfitsoundssnobbishtodrawattentiontohishumbleoriginsitshouldbereflectedthattherealsnobisCookehimselfwhohasspentalifetimedisguisingthem.ButthefactthatheoptedtorenouncehisBritishpassportin1941-justwhenhiscountryneededallthewartimehelpitcouldget--ishardlyamatterforcongratulation.CookehasmadeafortuneoutofhisloveaffairwithAmericaentrancinglistenerswithaweeklymonologuethathaswonRadio4manydevotedadherents.Partofthepullisthedevelopeddrawl.Thisisthemanwhogavetheworldmid-Atlanticthelanguageofthediscjockeyandpublicrelationsman.HesoundsAmericantousandEnglishtothemwhileinrealityhehasfordecadesbelongedtoneither.CookesworldisanAmericathatexistslargelyintheimagination.HetookagestoacknowledgethedisasterthatwasVietnamandevenlongertowakeuptoWatergate.Hispoliticshavedriftedtotherightwithageandmostofhisopinionshavebeenacquiredonthegolfcoursewithfellowcelebrities.HechasedafterstarsonarrivalinAmericafixingupaninterviewwithCharlieChaplinandbrieflybecominghisfriend.HetoldCookehecouldturnhimintoafinelightcomedian;insteadheisanimpressionistsdream.Cookelikedthesoundofhisfirstwifesnamealmostasmuchasheadmiredhergoodlooks.Buthefoundbringingupbabydifficultandleftherforthewifeofhislandlord.Womenlistenerswereunimpressedwhenin1996hedeclaredonairthatthefactthat4%ofwomenintheAmericanarmedforceswererapedshowedremarkableself-restraintonthepartofUncleSamssoldiers.HisarroganceinnotallowingBBCeditorstoseehisscriptinadvanceworkednotforthefirsttimetohisdetriment.Hisdefenderssaidhecouldnothelplivingwiththe1930svalueshehadacquiredandsomewhatdubiouslywentontocitegallantryaschiefamongthem.CookesraconteurstyleencouragedawholegenerationofBBCmentothinkofthemselvesasmoreimportantthanthestory.HistreaclytoneswerethemodelfortheregularWorldServicereportsFromOurOwnCorrespondentknownasFOOCsinthebusiness.Theymayyetbehisepitaph.Answerthefollowingquestionsbriefly.PleasewriteyouranswersontheAnswerSheet
16.WhichfactaboutCookeisthewritermostcriticalof
17.HowwouldyoudescribeCooke
18.Whatdoesthewritermeanbysayingthat“...mostofhisopinionshavebeenacquiredonthegolfcoursewithfellowcelebrities”attheendofthefourthparagraph
19.Whatdoesthewordunimpressedsuggestinthelastparagraph
20.InwhatkindoftonedoesthewritercommentonCookeslifeandcareerinthepassage第一套题答案与考点解析
1.「答案」D 「考点解析」这是一道归纳推导题本题题干中的seniormanagers暗示本题的答案信息在第三段因为第三段首句包含题干中的seniormanagers通过仔细阅读和理解本段中所谈到的五点我们可推导出本题的正确选项是选项D.本题选项A、B、C所涉及的内容分别在本段的第五点、第一点和第三点提到考生在解题时一定要学会认真归纳和总结原文所表达的每一层含义
2.「答案」D 「考点解析」这是一道句间关系题题干已将本题的答案信息圈定在第二段本段中的第二句是本题答案信息的最主要来源通过阅读和理解此句我们可推导出本题的正确选项是D.考生在解题时一定要适当理解上下句之间的关系
3.「答案」C 「考点解析」本题是一道审题定位题题干中的whousesintuitiontoreachdecisions暗示本题的答案信息在第四段因为第四段首句含有和题干中whousesintuitiontoreachdecisions大致相同的theintuitivestyleofexecutivemanagement通过仔细阅读和理解第四段的每一句话我们可发现第四段的第一句话都在强调act(行动)可见本题的正确选项应该是强调行动的选项C.本题的答案信息来源是第四段的第二句话考生在解题时一定要首先准确地审题定位然后要善于归纳和理解原文中的中心主旨信息
4.「答案」D 「考点解析」本题是一道审题定位题题干中并没有明确指出本题答案信息在原文的准确位置在这种情况下考生往往迷失解题思路在考生迷失解题思路时一定要牢记全文中心主旨并且抓住各段的核心句本文的中心主旨句在第一段的尾句如果考生能够抓住第一段的尾句并结合第三段的第
四、五句就可以推导出本题的正确选项应该是D.考生在解题时尤其是在迷失解题思路时一定要首先抓全文的中心主旨句同时还要抓一些明确表示启承转合关系的句子结构
5.「答案」B「考点解析」本题是一道段落结构题第一句话中的donot和第二句句首的rather是破解本题的关键抓住这两个关键就可以推导出本题的正确选项应该是B.考生在解题时一定要注意表示否定的词语以及表示启承转合的词语更要注意句子之间的相互关系[参考译文]大部分成功的高层管理人员并不拘泥于传统的推理模式即首先确定目标然后估定问题摆出各种可能性估计成功率再做决定最后才付诸行动去实施相反在这些人的日常决策过程中他们靠一种定义模糊的直觉应付大量相关问题这些问题使他们必须在一堆含糊不清自相矛盾奇特无比或者令人惊异的事物中做抉择而且在考虑过程中就要有相应的行动 管理学作品的写作者早就注意到了实践当中一些管理者对直觉依赖很强不过总的来说这些写作者未曾表达出什么叫做直觉有些人将其视作理性的对立面还有人认为它是反复无常的(做法、性格)的一个借口 Isenberg最近对高层管理人员认知过程的研究揭示了管理者的直觉并不是上述的任何一种情况高层管理者是在五个不同的方面使用直觉首先他们直觉地感到有问题存在第二依靠直觉管理者们能很快表现出有教养的行为方式这种直觉并不是任意非理性的而是在多年实践磨练和亲身体验培养出的技能的基础上形成第三直觉把一些零散的数据和实际情况组合为一个完整画面这经常表现为一声Aha式的体验第四有些管理者也应用直觉来检验更理性化分析的结果大部分高层管理人员熟知传统的决策分析模式和工具那些使用这些正式的系统化方法做出决定的人经常会对一种情况保持警惕那就是有时此方法得出的结论和他们对正确行为的感觉不符最后管理者可通过直觉绕开深奥的分析而快速产生一个可能的解决办法这么使用时直觉几乎是一个瞬间的思维过程这一模式为管理者所熟悉 这些管理者用直觉方式的一个特点是思考和行动不能分开由于(在这种方式中)管理者在分析和解释问题之前就已经明白应该怎么去做他们经常是先行动后解释在思考D行动的循环中分析是必不可少的在这其中管理者们不是靠分析他们面对的形势来思考其公司、组织的情况而是行动和分析在高度一致地进行 由于管理者们经常面对许多不确定的情况他们鼓励采取各种行动来对问题作一番深入了解他们藉此对问题做出更深的体会这种思考行为循环的一个特点即行动是确定问题的一部分而不只是解决问题的步骤第二套题答案与考点解析1「答案」A 「考点解析」这是一道中心主旨题通过阅读本文各段尤其是首段第一句和尾段第一句,我们可以推断出本题的正确选项应该是突出“evaluating”(评价)一词的选项A.考生在解题时一定要注意段落的中心主旨句,以及每句话所表达的内含和作用2「答案」D 「考点解析」这是一道审题定位与反推题从本题题干中的“wouldhavebeenimproved”可推断出考生要在原文中寻找到谈论某一方面“不足”的地方尾段首句的“suchomissions”(这样的忽略)暗示本题的答案信息来源应该在倒数第二段通过仔细阅读和理解倒数第二段,可将本题的答案信息来源确定在倒数第二段的第二句根据倒数第二段第二句的内容进行反推,就可得出本题的正确选项是D.考生在解题时一定要具备利用上下段之间的关系迅速审题定位的能力,更要具备反推即逆向思维的能力3「答案」B 「考点解析」这是一道归纳推导题从本题的题干可以看出本题的答案信息来源不局限于某一段或某一句,而是涉及全文的从头至尾但是只要抓住全文的中心主旨句就可以得出本题的正确答案B.本文的中心主旨句是第一段的首句和尾段的首句考生在解题时一定要抓住中心主旨句,并且对它们所表达的内容要进行分析和归纳4「答案」D 「考点解析」这是一道写作手法题型本题型旨在考察考生的语言基本功这是一道较难的题目本题A、B、C所涉及的内容可分别在第三段的第
二、三句、第四段的第三句以及第一段的第三句里找到第一段的第三句涉及B和C两个选项选项D“definitionofterms”(给词语下定义)在原文中没有涉及,故本选项是正确答案考生在解题时一定要注意英文中常见的写作手段5「答案」D 「考点解析」这是一道例(举)证题通过题干中的“WeldonJohnsonsAutobiographyofanEx-ColoredMan”可将本题的答案信息来源迅速确定在尾段的第二句,本句中的“like”(例如)一词暗示本题的正确选项应该是含有“specificexample”的选项D.考生在解题时一定要注意原文中某些关键词的应用和理解 [参考译文] 罗杰罗森布莱特的着作《黑人小说》,试图运用文学的而不是社会政治的标准来研究黑人小说,这成功地改变了大多数早先研究的方法如罗森布莱特所注意到的,黑人着作的评论经常被充当为一种阐述黑人历史的借口例如,阿狄森?盖尔的最新着作,就用了公开的政治标准来判定黑人小说的价值,按照作品中所提出的黑人个体的各观念对每个作品进行评价 虽然小说确实是源于政治环境,但作者反映这些环境的方法是非意识形态的,如把小说和故事的讨论作为意识形态的工具,则会忽视了许多小说的成就罗森?布莱特对黑人文学的分析揭示了黑人小说着作间的密切关系和联系,而纯粹政治研究中忽视了这些联系 然而写出为人所接受的黑人小说评论的前提是要对许多问题做出令人满意的回答首先,除了这些作家的种族身份外,是否有充分的理由可将黑人作家的作品归于一类?其次,黑人小说如何将自己和其他现代小说分开?它们大半属于同一时代的作品罗森布莱特的研究阐明了黑人小说已构成了一个与众不同的作品群体,它们具有可识别的、连贯的文学传统着眼于最近八十年黑人创作的小说,罗森布莱特揭示了小说中与时代无关而反复出现的侧重点和布局这些结构与主题相关,并不让人感到惊奇的是,它们源于这样一个中心事实,即小说中的黑人生存在一个白人文化支配的环境中,不管他们试图迎合这一文化还是反叛这一文化 《黑人小说》确实对一些美学的问题没有给予回答,罗森布莱特的主题分析允许相当的客观性;他甚至直言,对各个作品的优劣判定不是他工作的意图DD然而他的犹豫看起来是不合时宜的,尤其是因为尝试评定可能会导致一些有趣的结果例如,一些小说所显示的结构散漫冗长这是否是一个缺陷,或者是作者这样做是出于一种美学考虑,还是作者试图创造一种不同类的美学?另外,象金?图莫的《手杖》那样的黑人小说风格,近于表现主义和超现实主义;难道这个技巧只是用更自然主义的表现方式为表达流行的黑人英勇反抗命运的主题提供一个对应物吗? 尽管存在这些遗漏,罗森布莱特所做的包括他的讨论,已包括了足以构成精明而有价值的研究内容《黑人小说》考察了广泛的小说,在此过程中我们的注意力被吸引到一些引人入胜但鲜为人知的作品上,如詹姆士?威尔顿?约翰逊的《一个曾是有色人的自传》这本书的主题结构紧密,直率、明晰的风格例示了一种冷静而敏锐的文学评论第三套题答案与考点解析1「答案」D 「考点解析」这是一道审题定位题题干中的“migrants”一词暗示本题的答案信息在第一段或第三段,因为这两段的首句都含有“migrants”一词又根据题干中的“supported”一词,我们可以推断出本题的答案信息来源应该在原文的第三段,因为作者应该在第三段提出相应证据来“支持”(supported)自己的观点通过仔细阅读和理解第三段,尤其是第三段的尾句,我们可以推导出本题的正确选项应该是D.考生在解题时一定要有审题定位的能力,更要具备善于理解原文中启承转合所传达的含义2「答案」D 「考点解析」这是一道细节理解题题干中的“failed”一词暗示本题的答案信息应该在尾段,因为尾段中含有“fails”一词根据阅读和理解首段尾句,我们可以推导出本题的正确选项是D.考生在解题时一定要善于理解原文中所传达的中心含义3「答案」B 「考点解析」本题是一道归纳推导题本题题干中的“Bailyn‘sfourthproposition”将本题的答案信息来源确定在原文的第四段通过仔细阅读和理解本段的每一句话,尤其是第
二、三句话和
四、五句话,我们可以推导出本题的正确选项应该是B.考生在解题时一定要善于归纳和推导原文的内容,更要善于体会上下句之间的语意关系4「答案」A 「考点解析」这是一道细节推导题题干中的“culture”一词暗示本题的答案信息来源在第四段,因为第四段首句包含“culture”一词通过仔细阅读和理解第四段的每一句话,尤其是第四句,我们可以推导出本题的正确选项应该是A.考生在解题时一定要注意原文中重点词语所表达的含义,以及重点词语在选项中的替换形式5「答案」A 「考点解析」这是一道审题定位题题干并没有明确指出本题答案信息在原文中的准确位置在这种情况下,考生一定要抓住全文的中心主旨,以及每段的核心句本题的答案信息来源在第四段的尾句,这是一个由转折词“however”引导的句子通过仔细阅读理解本句,我们可以推导出本题的正确选项是A.考生在解题时一定要重视原文中表达启承转合的词语,因为这往往是出题的重点[参考译文] BernardBailyn最近通过运用关于欧洲移民经历的新的社会研究成果重新解释了美国的早期历史在他的重新解释中,迁徙成了重写北美前工业化历史的重要依据其主张可分为四个独立的观点 第一点断言,近代早期的英国居民经常在乡下流动,因此后来他们迁移到新大陆仅仅是一种“自然外流”虽然最初时殖民地对英国人没有多少正面的诱惑力DD他们宁愿留在本土到18世纪时,移往美洲的人数却增加了,因为他们将那儿看作是充满机遇的地方第二,Bailyn认为,和以往美国历史教材中惯用的观念相反,从来就没有过一个典型的新大陆社会,例如,早期新英格兰城镇中的经济和人口特点就很不相同 Bailyn的第三个观点是,成千上万的移民中最常见的是两种普遍类型一组是签约的仆人,另一组是为土地而来令人惊异的是Bailyn认为那些征召签约仆人的人是这种跨越大西洋移民迁徙的推动力这些殖民地的企业主帮助那些来到前工业化北美社会的人确定其社会属性起初,成千上万未受过培训的劳动力被征召,然而到了18世纪30年代,美洲雇主开始需求技术熟练的技工 第四,Bailyn提出,殖民地是欧洲文化体系的半开化内地在坚持殖民地是盎格鲁D美利坚帝国的一部分这一点上,他无疑是正确的但是像Bailyn这样,把帝国划分为英国核心和殖民地外围,就贬低了殖民地文化的成就确实,如Bailyn所说,殖民地的高雅文化不能和英国本土的相比但是如何看待17世纪的新英格兰呢?移民者在这儿制定了有效的法律,创建了着名的大学,出版了书籍Bailyn可能会说,新英格兰是个特例不过,新英格兰清教徒的思想和组织机构对北美文化有着深远的影响尽管Bailyn不断关注着数万名刚好在革命前夕迁移过来的签约仆人,但他没能把这些人的经历与美国的政治发展结合起来他的书中有证据表明,我们本来可以建立这样一种联系在出卖给美洲雇主的时间里,这些签约仆人被看作是奴隶毫不奇怪,一旦他们服役期满,就会放弃城市里的高薪而走向西部,通过获得土地来保障个人独立因此,一种特殊的美国政治文化开始于西部,那些怀疑权威和强烈反对贵族统治的移民者之中第四套题答案及考点解析
1.「答案」A 「考点解析」这是一道中心主旨题本文的中心主旨句在第三段的首句如果考生能够抓住第三段的首句就等于抓住了整篇文章的论述结构该句中的“dichotomy”(两分法)就是正确选项A中的“twocategories”考生在解题时应首先抓住每篇文章的中心主旨句,因为这决定了对全文结构的认识以及对原文整体的把握
2.「答案」B 「考点解析」这是一道细节推导题根据题干中的“dichotomy”可将本题的答案信息来源迅速确定在第二段的首句如果考生能够正确理解该句中“but”一词前后的内容,就可以找出本题的正确选项B.考生在解题时一定要正确理解原文所传达的含义,即进行正确的细节推导
3.「答案」D 「考点解析」这是一道审题定位与中心主旨题根据本题题干中的“differentpopulations”可将本题的答案信息来源确定在首段的第一句,因为该句中的“allspecies”实际上指的就是题干中的“differentpopulations”从第一段的首句入手并且仔细阅读首段的第二句,就可以找出本题的正确选项D,因为该选项所传达的信息与原文第一段第
一、二句所传达的信息不一致考生在解题时一定要学会迅速审题定位的能力
4.「答案」D 「考点解析」本题是一道归纳推导题题干已明确指出该题的答案信息来源在第三段第三段主要陈述“density-dependentfactors”的作用,通过仔细阅读第三段,尤其是第三段的最后三句话,考生可以得知本文作者在第三段是在强调“density-dependentfactors”的作用可见D是本题的正确选项考生在理解原文时一定要注意掌握归纳推导的能力
5.「答案」D 「考点解析」本题是一道写作手法题这是一道比较难的题目,旨在考察考生的语言功底本文作者在论述自己的观点时运用了各种写作手段选项A、B、C中所涉及的内容分别在第一段、第三段和第二段中出现考生一定要提高对原文各种写作手段的认识[参考译文] 正如吉尔伯特?怀特、达尔文以及其它科学家很久以前观察的那样,所有的物种都具有一种天生的能力来一代一代地增加它们种群的数量生态学家的使命就是调查清楚环境和生态因素长期以来是如何控制这种致使种群增长的内在能力的由于不同种群所表现出来的动态行为是如此多样化,致使这项任务显得非常困难有些种群长期以来大致保持不变;有些表现出周期性的繁荣和稀少;而还有些变化非常大,时而暴增,时而锐减,这种增减有时显然与气候有关,而有时又与气候无关 为了赋予这些千变万化的模式一种规律,科学家中的一种流派提出将所有种群划分为两类这部分生态学家假设那些相对稳定的种群具有和“种群密度相关”的增长参数;也就是说,这些种群的出生率、死亡率以及迁徙规律都大大地依赖于种群的密度那些变化很大的种群具有“种群密度无关”的增长参数,其生存率随环境因素的变化而变化,并且以一种完全独立于种群密度的方式进行波动 这种二分法有它的用途,但如果死板地应用也会引发一些问题一方面,没有任何种群在所有的时间里完全只受“种群密度无关”因素的影响无论出生、死亡率以及迁徙规律相对于长期的平均值的变化是如何的剧烈和不可预测,如果没有种群密度无关因素,从长远来看,这个种群的数量将无限地增加或减少(从而阻碍了得失正好相消的奇迹的发生)换一句话讲,也许种群内平均99%的死亡都由“种群密度无关”因素导致的,只有1%由随种群密度变化而变化的因素所导致导致这1%的因素也许看起来并不重要,而且它们的影响也相应地很难确定但是,无论认识到或没有认识到,它们都将对该种群密度长期的平均值起决定作用为了能够理解生态学家们研究的性质,我们可以把种群密度相关对增长参数的影响视为一种“信号”,生态学家试图分离并解释这些“信号”,这种“信号”将使种群中个体数量从相对低的数值增长或从相对高的数值减少,同时,密度无关因素将作为一种“噪音”来影响种群的动态变化对于那些数量保持相对不变,或者以一种循环周期进行摆动的种群而言,这种“信号”将会相当容易提取特征并描述它的影响,即使我们仍不知道作为原因的生物机制对那些变化不规则的种群,我们可能因为观察太小而无法从繁多的“噪音”中提取那一信号但是,现在显得很清楚的是,所有种群都受“种群密度相关”和“种群密度无关”两类因素在不同程度上的共同制约第五套题考点解析
1.「答案」B 「考点解析」这是一道中心主旨题本题的正确答案信息点在原文第一段的倒数第二句,该句强调“nonverbalthinking”的重要性可见本题的正确选项应该是B.考生在破解中心主旨题时一定要首先找出原文的中心主旨句
2.「答案」A 「考点解析」这是一道反推题根据题干中的“engineeringcurricula”可将本题的正确答案信息来源确定在原文的第三段第一句该句中“should”一词的理解十分重要“should”是“应该做”而实际上确“没有做”根据“should”一词并且结合第三段第一句进行反推即逆向思维,可得出本题的正确选项是A.考生在解题时应该重视关键的语言信号词,更要加强反推的能力
3.「答案」D 「考点解析」本题是一道细节归纳推导题其实只要考生抓住第一段中的中心主旨句(倒数第二句)和第二段中的中心主旨句(倒数第一句),就不难寻找出本题的正确答案D.要想知道某一段的主要含义就要首先找出该段的中心主旨句另外考生在破解此类题型时还要善于根据中心主旨句进行合理的逻辑推导
4.「答案」A 「考点解析」这是一道中心主旨题如果考生抓住了全文的中心主旨句(第一段的倒数第二句)以及每段的中心主旨句(例如第二段的倒数第一句),就不难寻找出本题的正确选项A,因为该选项所强调的内容与这些中心主旨句所表达的内容是相互一致的考生在破解中心主旨题型时一定要具备寻找和理解中心主旨句的能力
5.「答案」D 「考点解析」本题是一道细节推导题题干已经将本题的答案信息确定在第三段的尾句,该句强调的是“engineeringstudents”在教育方面的缺陷,因此本题的正确选项应该是D.如果考生在理解此句时有困难,可借助于本段的主题句(第三段第一句)来破解本题第三段第一句强调的是“engineeringcurricula”缺乏“designcourses”这句话同样是表明“engineeringstudents”在教育方面的缺失考生在破解此类题型时一定要善于总结和归纳原文的信息[参考译文] 许多日常使用的事物明显受到了科学的影响,但它们的形状和功能,它们的大小和外观,是由工艺人员、工匠、设计师、发明家和工程师运用非科学思维模式来设计的工艺人员所考虑物体的很多性质和特点不能归结到毫不模糊的字面描述;在思维中,它们以一种视觉上的、非言语的方式被加以处理在西方科技的发展过程中,大体上是由非言语思维刻画了我们物质环境的轮廓并充实了其中的细节金字塔、大教堂、火箭之所以存在,不是因为几何学或热力学的原因,而是因为在它们的制造者的头脑中事先存在了这样一幅画面 在几乎每一件现存的人造制品身上都能看出工艺人员思维创造性的制作过程比如说,在柴油发动机的设计中,通过不断使用关于合适感和适当感的直观体会,一个工艺人员得以用他个人的非语言思维来影响到机器本身燃烧室的形状应怎样?阀门应该放在哪里?它应该有个长的活塞还是应该有个短的?这样的问题有着由经验、物理需要、可用空间的局限以及并非微不足道的形状感等因素提供的一系列答案某一些决定,比如壁厚和销钉直径,可能需要由科学的计算来定夺,但设计中的非科学成分仍然是主要的 因此设计课程应该成为工程课程中的基本成份非语言思维,这一工程设计的核心机制,包括了感受这一属于艺术家的而非科学家的惯用手段因为人们认为感受的过程不需要“硬思维”,非语言思维被视为认知过程发展的一个原始阶段而且比语言和数学思维差但令人感到自相矛盾的是,当《美国工程历史名录》的工作人员希望得到为其美国工程历史记录而绘制的机器图和等比例图时,唯一具有所需技能的大学生不是工程学大学生,而是就读于建筑学院的大学生 如果不能开设设计课程(它能在一个高度分析性工程学课程体系中提供解决实际问题的背景知识),我们就会在先进的工程系统中遇到愚蠢而同时会导致极大损失的错误比如,装载了精密控制设备的早期高速铁路车辆模型不能在暴风雪中正常运行,原因是一个风扇将雪吸入到电子系统中干扰着自动控制系统的荒唐的随机故障不是轻微的失常;它们是一种混乱的反映,人们认为这种混乱主要在设计数学方面的问题时就会产生第六套题答案及考点解析1「答案」A 「考点解析」本题是一道中心主旨题第一段的倒数第
一、二句是全文的中心主旨句,全文就是根据这两句话展开论述的抓住这两句话就可以找出本题的正确选项A.考生在解题时,尤其是破解中心主旨题时,一定要先找出全文的中心主旨句2「答案」C 「考点解析」这是一道例(举)证与细节理解题第四段第一句明确指出“三张唱片为科尔特兰尼富有活力的探索提供了证明”这说明第四段将讲述三个例子用来说明在前一段即第三段所提出的论点另外这三个例子是按着先后顺序给出的,因此本题的正确选项是C.考生在解题时要注意段落之间的相互关系,更要注意句子之间的相互关系3「答案」D 「考点解析」这是一道细节理解题型本题属于比较难的题型,因为本题的涉及面比较广本题A、B、C选项的内容分别在第二段第一句、第四段第三四句和第二段第二句提到过故本题的正确选项应该是D.其实这道题表面上非常难,但是对于善于捕捉全文中心主旨句的同学来讲确比较容易,因为从第一段第四句的原因状语从句中就可以推导出本题的正确答案D.考生在解题时应时时牢记全文的中心主旨句4「答案」A 「考点解析」本题是一道审题定位题型根据本题题干中的“otherjazzmusicians”可将本题的答案信息来源定位在第一段的第一至四句,因为在这四句话中提到了其它的爵士音乐家第一段第四句的状语从句明确指出了“Coltrane”与其它音乐家的不同在于他吸收了各种风格的爵士音乐故本题的正确答案应该是A.考生在解题时应重视审题定位5「答案」C 「考点解析」本题是一道归纳推导题型细心的同学可从本文作者在论述时使用的词语中推导出本题的正确答案C.例如作者在第一段第四句的主语上使用了“titanicfigure”;在第五句使用了“hisinfluence…wasimmeasurable”;在最后一段的第三句使用了“hisinfluence…wasenormous”,这都反映了作者的“enthusiasticpraise”考生在解题时要重视原文作者在表达观点时的遣词造句[参考译文] 不同的爵士乐风格的支持者一贯认为他们前辈的音乐风格没有包括那些使爵士乐之所以成为爵士乐的本质特征这样,二十世纪五十年代的比波普派轻视二十世纪四十年代的摇摆音乐派,而他们自己又受到二十世纪六十年代的自由爵士派的抨击二十世纪八十至九十年代的新比波普派几乎对任何其他人都进行抨击而黑人萨克斯管巨匠约翰?科尔特兰尼使这些从比波普派到新比波普派的支持者所提出的主张更加复杂化,因为在他自己的音乐例程中,他经历了所有这些风格他对所有爵士音乐的风格的影响是不可估量的在他最受欢迎的时期,科尔特兰尼基本上放弃了比波普风格的演奏以便探索爵士乐更深的处延,然而正是比波普风格的演奏使得他成名 科尔特兰尼自己可能认为爵士乐的唯一本质特征就是即兴创作,这是他从比波普风格到对形式音乐、印度音乐、非洲音乐的自由即兴演奏的历程中一直没有改变的另一方面,这个顽强的学生和异常的技巧家每天花几个小时用以练习理论书籍上的曲谱,从未能完全抛弃比波普的影响,在他的旋律中可以找到带有比波普特点的快速和精细的音符以及修饰效果 有两种风格特征影响了科尔特兰尼演奏男高音萨克斯管的方式他喜欢对建立于一种旋律上的音符进行快速的演奏,同时也依赖于强有力的、有规律的重音节奏前者引导科尔特兰尼走向“片状声响”的境界,在那里科尔特兰尼的演奏越来越快,将音符成堆互相累放起来以表达一种堆叠起来的和谐感而后者意味着,他的节奏感之接近于摇滚乐几乎就像其接近于比波普风格一样 三张唱片为科尔特兰尼富有活力的探索提供了证明和马尔斯?戴维斯合作录制《有几分忧伤》时,科尔特兰尼发现他已离开了波普风格,对形式音乐进行探索在这中间,他演奏那些跌宕起伏的冗长的独奏,而这些独奏基本上是围绕着一个重复主题展开的该种主题是用以组织其音乐的原则,它和自由派爵士乐萨克斯管演奏家奥尼迪?科尔曼采用的组织方式不同后面这位音乐家在他的独奏中会对其旋律进行调节改变在《大踏步》中,科尔特兰尼初次以领导者角色出现,对他自己的作品进行了介绍在这中间,“片状声响”、强拍重音、重复回旋和极快的速度组成了每一段独奏的各个部分,各乐章的形式的多样性是独一无二的科尔特兰尼深刻的探索获得了稳固的成就《我的钟爱之物》是另一种意义上的分水岭在这里,科尔特兰尼演奏了爵士乐演奏家很少使用的女高音萨克斯管,所产生的音乐上的效果是惊人的伴随着女高音萨克斯管的尖音,那些显得昏暗及带有沉思意味的主题获得了一种令人眼花缭乱的梦幻感觉当科尔特兰尼开始为冲动唱片公司进行音乐录制时,他仍然在探索他的音乐变得沙哑而感性摇滚乐手受到他的巨大影响,其中包括吉米?亨德瑞克斯这位吉它手后者仿效科尔特兰尼,使基于重复主题的大段吉他独奏上升成为一种摇滚艺术形式第七套题目答案46D47A48B49C50C 51A52D53B54C55A 56D57A58C59C60B第八套题目参考答案PartAText1:
1.A
2.C
3.D
4.B
5.AText2:
6.D
7.C
8.C
9.B
10.DText3:
11.C
12.B
13.D
14.D
15.BText4:
16.C
17.D
18.B
19.D
20.APartB
21.C
22.A
23.F
24.B
25.E答案解析PartA Text
1.【文章大意与结构】 本文讨论了幸福感与不幸福感话题作者第
一、二段指出幸福与不幸福实际上并非同一情感的两个方面,它们互为共存,各自增减,两者之间没有多少关系;第三至五段提到,不幸福的遗传禀性可能存在于某些家庭,而幸福感则主要靠后天培养,幸福感是一种主观感受,天生感到不幸福的人也可通过自己的努力增加幸福感 本文在结构上的显著特点是各段中间均使用转折词“but”或“however”,前半段的叙述作为铺垫,后半段引出作者要表述的观点【试题解析】
1.判断题本题可定位于第3段第3句研究表明不幸福的遗传禀性可能存在于某些家庭再参考第4句幸福似乎与遗传无关由此可以判断[A]“不幸福与其是受环境影响,不如说是遗传的”正确[B]“幸福与不幸福互为条件”,与第1段最后1句相悖;[C]“不幸福受外部因素而不是内部因素影响”,与A项相反,错误;[D]“幸福是一种不可控的主观感受”错误,幸福是主观感受(第4段第1句),但并非“uncontrollable”,它可以培养(第3段最后一句)
2.细节题本题题干中的要点是“onecanachievehappinessby...”,在原文中有两处对此进行了回答,一是3段最后一句“获得快乐的能力主要是自己培养的”,另一处是第5段最后一句“你可以通过自己的行为增加幸福”由此判断C项正确[A]“保持一般的幸福程度”、[B]“逃避生活中恼人的事情”、[D]“认识到它与不幸福共存”均不正确
3.词义题该题可从两方面着手,一是看前后句意,前一句“他们也开始发现谁幸福谁不幸福及其原因”、后一句“研究尚未找到幸福生活的简单定律,但业已发现某些行为和态度似乎会使人们更接近最渴望的那种情感”;另一是注意下文使用的是现在完成时D项“迄今为止”,符合语境需要,也正是原文“todate”的意义[A]“结果”、[B]“此外”、[C]“目前”不对
4.态度题题干的主要信息是作者对幸福和不幸福的看法做题依据在第1段最后一句“他们是两种不同的情感,互为共存,各自增减”,[B]“他们各自独立又同时存在”正确[A]“人们因为出身贫寒而感到不幸福”,不符合原文;[C]“人们参加更多的活动而感到幸福”曲解了人们后天如何获得幸福;[D]“它们是人类采取的行为和态度”,该项有一定的干扰性,文中第4段最后一句是说“某些行为和态度似乎会使人们更接近最渴望的那种情感”,行为和态度本身并非幸福或不幸福
5.句义题该句的理解需依托前半句“然而,这并不意味着有些人生来就忧伤”,“andthatsthat”是对前文在语气上的进一步肯定,因此可理解为“就是这样、就这么回事”,对应四个选项,只有[A]“情况难以改变”最符合该意思[B]“幸福难以获得”、[C]“但他们对此考虑不多”、[D]“但他们对此没有意识”【词汇提示】
①commonsense常识,(根据经验的)判断力
②viceversa反之亦然
③backup支持;后退;(使)拥塞
④predisposition倾向,禀性
⑤heritage继承物;遗产;传统【难句分析】1Therecognitionthatfeelingsofhappinessandunhappinesscanco-existmuchlikeloveandhateinacloserelationshipmayoffervaluablecluesonhowtoleadahappierlife.幸福和不幸福好比爱和恨一样可以亲密相处,这种认识可能对如何过一种较幸福的生活提供有益的启示本句中“thatfeelingsof...inacloserelationship”是同位语从句,修饰先行词“therecognition”;“offervaluableclueson”解释为“对……提供有价值的线索”2Thatadviceisbackedupbyanextraordinaryseriesofstudieswhichindicatethatageneticpredispositionforunhappinessmayrunincertainfamilies.那种看法得到了大量系列研究的佐证,这些研究表明不幸福的遗传禀性可能存在于某些家庭本句“which...incertainfamilies”作定语从句,在定语从句中又有“that...incertainfamilies”宾语从句3Whenwearehappywearemoreresponsivetopeopleandkeepupconnectionsbetterthanwhenwearefeelingsad.我们在幸福时比在忧伤时对他人更敏感并保持更好的关系本句是比较结构句型,比较对象是两个分别由“when”引导的时间状语从句Text
2.【文章大意与结构】 本文讨论了酒后驾车问题第一段提到,酒后驾车的法律限制是测试时每100毫升血液中80毫克酒精,但是喝多少酒会达到这种限制因人而异第
二、三段进一步阐述驾驶能力会受到酒精的影响第四至七段作者引用事例进一步说明以上观点,并指出,酒后驾车不但影响驾驶者本人,还会影响他人本文句子结构相对简单,没有超纲生词【试题解析】
6.细节题题干的意思是“在法律限制内驾驶员可以喝多少酒”,该话题在第1段提到,依据第3句,可以判断答案为[D]“因人而异”[A]“大约80毫克纯酒精”,本选项具有干扰性,可以定位到第1段第1句,原文说“每100毫升血液中80毫克酒精”,A项表述不对;[B]“大约三标准杯”,第1段最后一句提到,但说的是“有些人”;[C]“与体重成正比”,可查读第1段第3句,该句只是说体重是考虑的一个因素
7.细节题题干信息“你可能会被指控醉酒驾驶”是对第2段第2句中“youcouldstillbetakentocourt”的同义改写,做题依据应该是该句的后半部分“ifapoliceofficerthinksyourdrivinghasbeenaffectedbyalcohol”(如果警官认为酒精已对你的驾驶产生影响),由此判断[C]“你被发现酒后不正常驾驶”正确[A]“你喝酒后驾车”错误,因为并非喝酒就驾车不正常;[B]“你成为一个不可救药的酒鬼”、[D]“你的酒精测试不过关”与原文不符
8.句义题本题顺着题干关键词“professionaldrivers”,较容易在文章第4段定位答题点正确理解了本句也就找到了本题的答案(本句译文参见[难句分析]),[C]“尽管自信也不能通过测试”正确[A]“比清醒者有更多的自信”、[B]“移除了考场的一组桩柱”、[D]“对潜在醉酒驾驶者起着警示作用”均不符合该句句义
9.细节题本题问“为什么酒精是交通事故的主要原因”文中多处提到喝酒会影响“drivingability”,显然本题应该选[B]“饮酒影响人们的思想和感情”[A]“超过30%的道路事故死伤者是酒后驾驶者”并不是题目所问的原因;[C]“大约三分之一驾驶员酗酒”,不能得出该结论;[D]“道路事故受害者中常见年轻驾驶员”不能作为原因来解释题干的前半部分
10.判断题题干的意思是关于酒后驾车,作者告诫了什么本题可定位于文章最后一段该段大意酒后驾车不单单影响你本人,如果发生事故还会影响其他许多人,尤其是你可能撞死或撞伤的那个人根据一般语法知识,我们知道作者的强调点在后半句由此判断[D]“使别人处于危险之中”正确[A]“可能受到警察的起诉”、[B]“使自己处于危险中”、[C]“可能使另一名驾驶员受伤或丧命”均不符合最后一段的意思【词汇提示】
①breathtest呼气测醉试验
②concentration浓度;集中
③notleast尤其,特别;部分地;相当重要地【难句分析】1Itvarieswitheachpersondependingonyourweightyoursexifyou’vejusteatenandwhatsortofdrinksyou’vehad.这因人而异,取决于你的体重、性别、你是否刚吃过东西以及你喝了什么样的酒本句主句是“Itvarieswitheachperson”,“dependingon...you’vehad”为分词词组作状语,在该词组中,包含有四个并列的介词宾语或宾语从句2Inatestwithprofessionaldriversthemorealcoholicdrinkstheyhadhadthemorecertaintheywerethattheycoulddriveatestcoursethroughasetofmoveableposts...andthelessabletheyweretodoit!在一次对专职驾驶员的测试中,他们酒喝得越多,就越肯定自己能开过一组移动的桩柱,在测试课程中过关……但通过的可能性越小本句虽长,但结构并不复杂,把握住“themore...themore...andtheless...”句型,也就把握了整句的框架3Oneinthreeofthedriverskilledinroadaccidentshavelevelsofalcoholwhichareoverthelegallimitandroadaccidentsafterdrinkingarethebiggestcauseofdeathamongyoungmen.丧命于道路事故的驾驶员中,三分之一酒精含量超过法律限制,酒后道路事故是年轻人死亡的最大原因“oneinthree”解释为“三分之一”;“killedinroadaccidents”为过去分词词组作“drivers”的后置定语;“overthelegallimit”意为“超过法律限制”Text
3.【文章大意与结构】 本文介绍了三种基本的经济形态,即市场体制、管理体制和传统体制作者在第二至四段分别简述了三种经济体制在市场体制下单个经济单位可以在市场上相互间自由地发挥作用;管理体制则是由某一机构对所有交易实行管控;在传统体制下,生产和消费模式由传统控制本文结构比较清晰,第一段是概述,二至四段为分述,词汇难易适中【试题解析】
11.主旨题要求确定这篇文章的目的本文第1段交代了全文的主旨,就是介绍三种基本的经济形态市场体制、管理体制和传统体制再参考第
2、
3、4各段的首句,可确定答案应该是[C]“概述不同的经济体制”[A]“解释经济学的本质”、[B]“比较以货易货和货币交换市场”、[D]“主张某种经济的优势”均不能概括本文大意
12.词汇题对该类题目必须结合语境加以判断该词所在句子的大体意思在以货易货的经济体制中,像汽车、鞋子、比萨这样的货物互相交换结合四个选项[A]“真正的”、[B]“具体的”、[C]“耐用的,耐久的”、[D]“实用的,实际的”,B项最符合逻辑C项和D项不能同时与举例中的三类货物搭配使用;A项在此也不妥另外,从常见技巧判断,词汇题中最基本词义一般不会是答案
13.细节题题干中的关键词是“bartereconomy”,查读原文后,可以定位于第2段第4句和第5句,原文中“maynotalwaysbeaneasytask(可能并不总是一件容易的事情)”,在四个选项中对应[D]“(可能导致)交换麻烦”[A]“不公平交易”、[B]“直接冲突”、[C]“逐渐通货紧缩”,原文未提及
14.细节题题干中的关键词是“administeredsystem”,在原文中较容易定位于第3段第1句,其主要部分是“administrativecontrolbysomeagencyoveralltransactions(某一机构对所有交易的管控)”,这里的“某一机构”,在本段第4句具体为“thegovernment”,由此判断[D]“某些官方部门”正确[A]“主要经济组织”、[B]“一般公共咨询机构”、[C]“大型商业公司”均不正确
15.判断题本题要求在四个选项中排除一个错误内容这类题一般需反着做,即判断哪三个选项是正确的,并找到依据题干中的关键词“onesplaceinatraditionalsociety”对应于最后一段第1句“everypersonsplacewithintheeconomicsystem”,其后的“isfixedbyparentageoriginreligionandcustom.”就是本题的定位点“parentage(出身)”对应[A]“家庭背景”、“religion”对应[C]“religiousbeliefs(宗教信仰)”、“custom”对应[D]“establishedexperience(习俗)”,只有[B]“年龄和教育”未提及,是答案【词汇提示】
①barter以货易货
②edicts法令;命令
③allocate分配;分派
④parentage出身;起源
⑤caste社会阶层;等级
⑥stagnant停滞的;不流动的【难句分析】1Thisagencywillissueedictsordersorcommandsastohowmuchofeachgoodandserviceshouldbeproducedexchangedandconsumedbyeacheconomicunit.对每一种商品和服务每个经济单位应该生产多少、交换多少、消费多少,这个机构将颁布法令或命令本句主要部分是“Thisagencywillissueedictsordersorcommands”,“asto”与后面的介词宾语从句一起作后置定语,修饰“edictsordersorcommands”2Thecentralplandrawnupbythegovernmentshowstheamountsofeachcommodityproducedbythevariousfirmsandallocatedtodifferenthouseholdsforconsumption.政府制订的中央计划标明每种商品不同企业生产多少以及不同家庭分配多少用于消费“drawnupbythegovernment”是过去分词词组作定语,修饰“centralplan”;“producedby...”与“allocatedto...”一起作后置定语,修饰“theamountsofeachcommodity”3Peoplebelongingtoacertaingrouporcastesocialclassmayhaveanobligationtocareforotherpersonsprovidethemwithfoodandsheltercarefortheirhealthandprovidefortheireducation.属于某一团体或社会阶层的人可能有义务关照他人、为他们提供食宿、照料他们的健康并给他们提供教育本句虽然较长,但结构并不复杂,“belongingtoacertaingrouporcastesocialclass”现在分词词组作后置定语修饰“people”;“have...provide...care...provide...”为四个并列谓语Text
4.【文章大意与结构】 本文讨论了一周中员工工作效率的问题文章第一段指出,调查表明,周二效率最高,其次是周一,从一周的中段开始,效率显著下降作者在第二段分析了各工作日效率差异的原因文章在第三段提出了解决这一问题的措施 本文在内容结构上,先提出问题,然后分析原因,最后给出解决问题的方法,层次清楚【试题解析】
16.判断题要求判断哪一天最有效率本题可定位于第1段,该段第3句说周二最有效率;第5句又说其次是周一题目四个选项中没有周二这一时间,当然只有[C]“星期一”在四个选项中是最有效率的,C项正确
17.细节题本题定位于第2段后半部分,文章在此讨论了为什么星期二员工的工作表现会达到顶峰(employeeshitpeakperformance)该段第
6、7句作者分别使用了“focus”一词解释了部分原因,在本段倒数第2句作者写道“in10hoursthey’redoing20hourswork”,说明了员工的工作效率由此可判断[D]“全神贯注和效率”符合文章意思[A]“极度兴奋和忙碌”在第2段倒数第4句似乎也可找到对应词“hectic”,但它不是高效率的典型特征;[B]“适当的热情和创造性”,文章并未强调创造性;[C]“匆忙无序的活动”,显然不正确
18.词汇题“lax”一词必须结合语境作出判断,该句大意事情并未如此,员工们整天闲坐着,脚跷办公桌,品抿咖啡,煲电话粥,但的的确确缺乏专注由此推测,[B]“失去控制”符合语境[A]“通常无关紧要的”、[C]“完全使人分散精力的”、[D]“值得放松的”均不正确
19.句义题本题实际是对文章最后一句的句义理解题干的关键词“changesinproductivity”是对最后一句“variationsinproductivity”的改写,该句后半句“bothworkersandbosseswinwhenthepeaksandvalleysarelessdramaticthantheyarenow当高峰和低谷不像现在这样强烈时,员工和老板就会双赢”正是文章提出的办法综观四个选项,[D]“它们的差别应该被减小”符合本句意思[A]“工作最后期限可以重新调整”、[B]“它们是合理的可以预期的”、[C]“周一的会议可以取消”均非本句之意
20.判断题题目问“作者没有解释哪一项”这类题有一定难度,需要研判所有选项并且在文中找到相关依据[A]“改变工作节奏采取的措施”,虽然在文章最后一项第3句提到,但那是“somemanagementconsultants”的话,所以是答案[B]“一周第六天的工作效率”,即星期五的工作效率,文章多处有提及或有暗示;[C]“一星期的中段工作效率减慢的原因”,文章第2段第
3、4句有叙述;[D]“老板对低工作效率的关注”,第1段最后几句引用了对经理的调查数据,可充分说明老板对这个问题的关注【词汇提示】
①bolster支持,支撑
②poll对……进行民意测验
③hectic忙乱的,忙碌不停的
④frantic(因痛苦、悲哀或快乐等)发狂似的
⑤sip抿,小口地喝【难句分析】 1It’spossiblethatwhileyouareatworkyoumaydreamaboutamonthofSundaysbutyourbosswishesforaweekofTuesday.在你上班时,你可能梦想着每个月都是星期天,可你的老板则希望每周都是星期二 本句由that引导主语从句,在主语从句中,包含but连接的两个并列句,其中第1个并列句中又含有“whileyouareatwork”作时间状语 2Howeverforty-eightpercentofthemanagerspolledsaidthatTuesdayisbyfarthemostproductivedayoftheweek.然而,百分之四十八的接受调查的经理说星期二是一周中最有效率的一天 “polled”作后置定语修饰“managers”;“byfar”解释为“……得多,远远地,大大地”,修饰形容词的比较级或最高级 3FirstofallMondayisoverloadedwithmeetingsdesignedto“getthingsmoving”andeverybodyknowsmeetingsaren’tveryproductive.首先,星期一有过多的会议,目的在于“让事情动起来”,大家都知道会议并不富有成效 “overload”意为“使超载,装填……过满”;“designedto‘getthingsmoving’”过去分词词组作定语,修饰“meetings” 4TopreventthismidweekslowdownsomemanagementconsultantssuggestthatemployersavoidjammingsomanymeetingsintoMondays.为防止这种周中开始的松弛,有些管理顾问建议雇主应避免把这么多的会议塞进星期一 动词不定式表示目的状语,that引导宾语从句,avoid后接动名词作宾语PartB【文章大意与结构】 本文讨论了三种常见的营销策略第一段是概述,第
二、三段作者分别介绍了积极主动策略(aggressivestrategy)、最低限度营销策略(minimalstrategy)和平衡营销策略(balancedmarketingstrategy),但各组织机构采用哪种营销策略需具体情况具体分析文章第四至六段分析了影响营销策略决策的三种主要因素 本文各段开头的序数词有助于理解文章结构【试题解析】
21.答案[C]本题需要将文章第1段和本段第1句联系起来判断,在第1段中作者概述了三种常见的营销策略,本段第1句实际是对上文的具体展开,因此[C]“举例说明进攻策略”符合本段大意
22.答案[A]本题所在的第3段在第2段的基础上讨论了另外两种营销策略本段最后一句说各机构实体情况明显不同,采用哪种策略需要分析各种因素在几个选项中,只有[A]“某个实体该采用什么样的策略?”最合适
23.答案[F]该段主题句显然是第1句第一个重要因素是机构实体所面临的市场竞争的性质本段指出,机构实体面对不同的市场竞争应采取不同的策略,“市场竞争”应该理解为机构实体所处的外部条件本题[F]“策略随着外部条件的变化而变化”正确
24.答案[B]本段主题句是第1句第二个重要因素是所提供的产品或服务的质量作者阐述了什么样质量的产品或服务该采用什么样的营销策略由此可以判断,应该坚持以质量为先的决策原则[B]“质量第一,竞争第二”符合段意
25.答案[E]本题也只需抓住本段第1句主题句第三个重要因素是经理希望施行的收益策略该句与[E]“收益动机也起着作用”意思相似,在该选项中,“motive”对应主题句的“desire”,“proceeds”与“revenue”相一致【词汇提示】
①differentiate使有差别;区别
②in-between中间性的
③entity实体,统一体
④dictate支配,强制规定;命令
⑤monopoly垄断,专卖
⑥oligopoly寡头卖主垄断【难句分析】 1Thefirstisanaggressivestrategycharacterizedbygeneratingagreatdealofpromotionvaryingpriceschangingthetimesandplacesatwhichtheproducts/servicesareoffereddifferentiatingtheproducts/servicesfromthoseofcompetingorganizationshiringcreativesalespersonstopromotetheproducts/servicesspendinglotsofmoneyonmarketingactivitiesandsoforth.第一种是积极进取策略,其特点是大量促销、变更价格、改变所供产品或服务的时间和地点、使产品或服务有别于竞争对手、雇佣有创新意识的销售人员推销产品或服务、花巨资进行营销活动,等等 本句主干部分是“Thefirstisanaggressivestrategy”;“characterizedby...”是过去分词词组作后置定语;“generating...varying...changing...differentiating...hiring...spending...”是并列的动名词作介词by的宾语;“atwhichtheproducts/servicesareoffered”是定语从句,修饰“thetimesandplaces” 2Thethirdisabalancedmarketingstrategyanin-betweenstrategythatdiffersfromanaggressivestrategyandaminimalstrategyonlyindegree.第三种是平衡营销策略,也是中庸策略,它只是在程度上有别于积极进取策略和最低限度营销策略 本句中“inbetweenstrategy”与前面的“balancedmarketingstrategy”是同位关系;“thatdiffers...onlyindegree”是定语从句,修饰“strategy” 3OncethestrengthsandweaknessesareweightedforeachfactoranoverallevaluationcanbecompletedallowingtheadministratortoarriveatanoveralldecisionThatiswhethertofollowanaggressivebalancedorminimalgeneralmarketingstrategy.一旦权衡了每个因素的优缺点,就可完成全面评估,使管理者作出总的决策DD即,是采用积极进取策略、平衡策略还是最低限度的一般营销策略 本句主从复合句,主句是“anoverallevaluationcanbecompleted”,状语从句是“Once...foreachfactor”,“allowing...anoveralldecision”为现在分词词组作状语,破折号之后的内容是同位语,补充说明“anoveralldecision” 第九套题目答案及考点解析Text1:
1.B
2.C
3.D
4.A
5.DText2:
6.C
7.A
8.B
9.D
10.CText3:
11.B
12.D
13.C
14.A
15.BText4:
16.C
17.D
18.B
19.B
20.CPartText1【文章大意与结构】 本文讲述了巴黎埃菲尔铁塔的由来文章第一段说,当A.G.埃菲尔完成该塔的设计并开始建造时,他遭遇了来自方方面面的抗议,人们把他设计的铁塔称为巨型怪物作者在第二段解释了为什么要建造该塔,在第
三、四段介绍了建塔过程,指出埃菲尔铁塔已成为欧洲最受欢迎的旅游景点 本文为记叙类文体,阅读时注意抓住事情的来龙去脉【试题解析】
1.判断题本题要求对有关事实细节进行判断,一般来说,这类题各选项都需在文中找到相应依据正确答案为[B]“这座铁塔是在不利条件下开始建造的”,依据文章第1段第1句,注意其中关键词“commencedconstruction...alotofloudprotestswereheardfromnearlyeveryquarter译文参见[难句分析]” [A]“铁塔在建造之前是按照设计者的名字命名的”,错误,依据第1段第1句“whichwastobearhisname”,表示过去将来概念;[C]“塔的设计当时被认为是天才作品”,本选项使用的是一般过去时,当时该设计被认为是“monstrosity巨型怪物”(第1段第2句);[D]“铁塔的命名遭遇了广泛的反对”,文中未提及
2.细节题题干前半段的信息是“塔的建造引起了激烈的抗议”,可对应第1段第1句“alotofloudprotestswereheardfromnearlyeveryquarter”,至于原因应该是紧接着的第2句“Artists...condemnedthestructureasmonstrosity把该建筑指责为巨型怪物.”,由此可判断[C]“被认为体积和形状巨大”正确 [A]“花费巨额人力财力”、[B]“未获得最高层人士的赞同”、[D]“未得到世界各国人民的同意”均与文章不符
3.细节题问的是为什么埃菲尔会被授权建造铁塔,依据第2段第3句,其中关键信息是“amongthefirsttoemployprefabricatedandstandardizedstructuralpartstospeedandsimplifyconstruction译文参见[难句分析]”,由此判断[D]“他的设计在技术和经济上优于他人”正确 [A]“他于1876年初提出了建塔的想法”,不对,由第2段第1句可知,该主意最初是为费城百年庆祝博览会而提出的;[B]“他是第一个将设计提交给当局的人”,文中无此信息;[C]“他解决了加固自由女神像的问题”,第2段最后一句说“solvedtheproblemofhowtosupporttheStatueofLiberty解决了如何支撑自由女神像的问题”,也不正确
4.细节题本题在文中有两处依据,一是第2段第2句“authorizedsuchastructurefortheirParisExpositionof1889”,另一处是第3段最后一句“WhentheFrenchExpositionopenedinMayof1889thetowerwascomplete”,[A]“为法国博览会的开幕”正确 [B]“在四英亩的巨型平台上”,文章第3段第2句说的是“thefour-acresite四英亩地基”,而非“platform”;[C]“高达1052英尺”,第4段第1句提到,但包括电视发射天线;[D]“使用未来的金属作为建筑材料”,不对,因为第3段第1句说“buildingofhistowerwithiron”
5.判断题[D]“该铁制怪物的完工只花了两年时间”,正确依据第3段第
2、3句1887年破土动工,1889年完工 [A]“铁塔本身的高度大大超过1000英尺”,第4段第1句,包括电视发射天线,总高是1,054英尺,可以推断铁塔本身并非大大超过1000英尺;[B]“铁塔的底楼安装了一年多时间”,文中未提及;[C]“铁塔的主要部件是在建筑工地制作的”,错误,第2段第3句说“employprefabricatedandstandardizedstructuralparts”,并非在现场制作【词汇提示】
①monstrosity巨型怪物
②prefabricated预先制作的
③wroughtiron锻铁,熟铁【难句分析】1WhenAlexandreGustaveEiffelcompletedthedesignandcommencedconstructionofthetowerinPariswhichwastobearhisnamealotofloudprotestswereheardfromnearlyeveryquarter.当亚列山大古斯塔夫埃菲尔完成了设计并开始在巴黎建造将以其名字命名的铁塔时,人们听到了几乎来自各方的大声抗议本句是主从复合句,其中“whichwastobearhisname”为定语从句,修饰“thetower”2WhenthedesigncompetitionwasconcludedthewinningentrywasonesubmittedbyEiffelabuilderofbridgeswhohadbeenamongthefirsttoemployprefabricatedandstandardizedstructuralpartstospeedandsimplifyconstruction.当设计比赛结束时,获胜的是埃菲尔提交的一件作品埃菲尔是桥梁建筑师,他是首先使用预制的标准化建筑部件加快和简化建设进度的人之一本句中“submittedbyEiffel”是过去分词词组作后置定语;“abuilderofbridges”作Eiffel的同位语;“who...construction”是定语从句,修饰“abuilderofbridges”3Withinalittlemorethanayearafterthefirstgroundwasbrokenin1887thefourhugeinward-facingpillarswereinplaceoverthefour-acresiteandthetower’sfirstplatformsecured187feetaboveground.1887年破土动工后一年多一点时间里,四根内向式巨型柱就在四英亩的地基上就位,铁塔的第一个平台稳固在地上187英尺处注意前半句中“时间词+after”结构,再如Threemonthsafterhegraduatedfromcollegehegotajob.大学毕业后三个月,他找到了一份工作Text2【文章大意与结构】 本文讨论了精神分析治疗法对某些病人的负面治疗反应(negativetherapeuticreaction)作者在第一段说,当医生告知某些病人病情好转时,他们反而会表现得不满意,病情会更糟在第
二、三段,作者分析了这种情况的原因,指出可以从内疚感(asenseofguilt)的角度找到答案 本文句子结构比较复杂,文章有较大难度【试题解析】
6.态度题题目大意在作者看来,一些不寻常的病人会……根据第1段第2句当医生对病人的治疗进展充满希望或表达满意时,病人就会表现出不满意的症状,他们的身体状况总是更糟糕由此判断,[C]“对医生的期望作出相反的反应”正确 [A]“公开抵制医生的治疗”、[B]“有意瞧不起医生”、[D]“漠视医生的欣赏”,在文中无相关依据
7.细节题做题依据是第1段第4句,从该句中“butthattheyreactinverselytotheprogressofthetreatment但他们对治疗的进展作出相反的反应”可以判断,[A]“一个本来给人以希望的治疗常常导致相反的结果”正确 [B]“局部治疗暂时改善了他们的症状”不正确,依据第1段倒数第2句“Everypartialsolution...produces...anintensificationoftheirillness”;[C]“局部治疗缓解而不是加剧他们的病情”,错误,依据第1段倒数第2句“theygetworseduringthetreatmentinsteadofgettingbetter”;[D]“正确的治疗方法部分治愈他们的疾病”,不对,仍然依据第1段倒数第2句
8.判断题作者在第1段和第2段介绍了某些病人对精神分析治疗法没有效果,在第3段作者从道德层面进行分析“asenseofguiltwhichisfindingsatisfactionintheillnessandrefusestogiveupthepunishmentofsuffering一种内疚感,在疾病中获得慰藉,拒绝放弃受罪惩罚”,由此判断[B]“病人的内疚感阻碍了他们康复”正确 [A]“必须使病人相信精神分析治疗法”、[C]“病人需要知道对他们疾病的最终解释”、[D]“病人应该放弃患病惩罚”均与文章不符
9.推理题题干意思是从文章中可以推断出……本题可以从第1段第1句的用词进行判断“behaveinaquitepeculiarfashion表现为一种相当奇特的方式”,[D]“对治疗的反向反应综合症是不可思议的”正确 [A]“某些人的表现特别时髦”是对文章第1句的曲解;[B]“对疾病的需要胜过了对康复的渴望”,不对,因为第2段第2句说“Weareaccustomedtosaythat...我们习惯于说”,但第3句又对该说法进行了更正[C]“甘愿得病的病人是内疚的”,关于内疚话题应查找第3段,但从该段中并不能得出这个结论
10.判断题问的是“抵制康复的病例,其根源在于病人……”,按照题目关键词“resistancetorecovery”可定位于最后1段第4句,该句提到其原因是“senseofguilt”,而“内疚感”的表现形式则可在本段第1句找到答案“findingsatisfactionintheillnessandrefusestogiveupthepunishmentofsuffering”,因此[C]“潜意识地认为他们该受疾病惩罚”正确 [A]“往往拒绝承认医生的权威”、[B]“很难受得起医生的表扬或赞赏”均不正确;[D]“患慢性心理疾病,使他们有内疚感”有一定的干扰性,从文章最后1段“thissenseofguiltisdumb;itdoesnottellhimheisguiltyhefeelsill.”可以看出,该选项错误【词汇提示】
①defiance蔑视,违抗
②inversely相反地
③suspension中止
④upperhand优势,有利地位
⑤narcissistic自我陶醉的,自恋的
⑥inaccessibility难以接近,难以理解【难句分析】 1Onebeginsbyregardingthisadefianceandasanattempttoprovetheirsuperioritytothephysicianbutlateronecomestotakeadeeperandjusterview.人们一开始把它看作一种蔑视,试图证明他们比医生更胜一筹,但后来人们的看法逐渐变得更深刻更公正 本句是由but引导的并列句“superiorityto”比……更优越;“cometo...”解释为“逐渐;渐渐开始” 2Everypartialsolutionthatoughttoresultandinotherpeopledoesresultinanimprovementoratemporarysuspensionofsymptomsproducesinthemforthetimebeinganintensificationoftheirillness;theygetworseduringthetreatmentinsteadofgettingbetter.每一种局部的治疗方法应该产生症状的改善或暂停,在其他人身上的确如此,但在他们身上会暂时加剧疾病,他们在治疗过程中会变得更糟而不是好转 本句是并列句,第1个分句的主干部分是“Everypartialsolution...produces...anintensificationoftheirillness”,“thatoughtto...symptoms”是定语从句修饰“everypartialsolution” 3Ifweanalyzethisresistanceintheusualwaythenevenafterfixationtothevariousformsofgainfromillnessthegreaterpartofitisstillleftover;andthisrevealsitselfasthemostpowerfulofallobstaclestorecoverymorepowerfulthanthefamiliaronesofnarcissisticadmiringone’sownselftoomuchinaccessibilityanegativeattitudetowardsthephysicianandclingingtothegainfromillness.如果我们以通常的方式分析这种抵制DD那么,即使注意了疾病中各种形式的获益外,还是遗留了更主要的东西;这表现为对康复的最强大的障碍,它比常见的自我陶醉式的难以接近还要厉害,对医生持有消极态度,坚持从疾病中得益 本句以and连接两个复杂的并列句第1个句子中的主句是“thegreaterpartofitisstillleftover”;第2个句子主干部分是“thisrevealsitselfasthemostpowerfulofallobstaclestorecovery”,“morepowerful...inaccessibility”作同位语,修饰前一句;“anegativeattitude...fromillness”也是同位语,补充说明“narcissisticinaccessibility” 4Itisalsoparticularlydifficulttoconvincethepatientthatthismotiveliesbehindhiscontinuingtobeill;heholdsfasttothemoreobviousexplanationthattreatmentbyanalysisisnottherightremedyforhiscase.也特别难让病人相信,他的这种动机是他继续患病的原因;他坚持那种比较明显的解释,即精神分析治疗法不是他病症的良药 “liebehind”解释为“是……的理由”;“holdfastto”意为“对……坚持”;“thattreatmentbyanalysisisnottherightremedyforhiscase”是同位语从句修饰“explanation”Text3【文章大意与结构】 本文探讨了不同语言文化的儿童教育问题作者在第一段指出,20世纪60年代初被广泛接受的“贫穷文化理论”(thetheoryofa“cultureofpoverty”)已受到专家的质疑;第二段提醒教师注意儿童语言的差异性,不要因为方言发音而低估学生的阅读水平;第三至五段讨论了阅读、听力等教学方法问题;最后一段作者指出,双语多文化教育不仅有益于把英语作为第二语言的儿童,而且也可丰富母语为英语的儿童的生活文章中包含有较多的复杂句,有一定难度【试题解析】
11.推理题问的是本文所讨论的问题的重要性在于什么综观全文,讨论的是儿童语言教育问题,依据第1段第1句,我们发现儿童语言的差异性在于其文化背景(culturalbackgrounds),因此,[B]“美国教育的多种文化特性”正确 [A]“迫切需要更新教育理论”、[C]“少数民族融入美国社会”、[D]“学校语言教学的重大改革”均不符合文章主题
12.细节题题干的关键词是“cultureofpoverty”,可定位于文章第1段第1句,该句中“hasbeenquestionedbyscholarsandleadersfromanumberoffields已受到许多领域学者和领军人物的质疑”,对应四个选项,显然只有[D]“已受到许多领域专家的重新评估”正确 [A]“在20世纪初得到认可”,与第1段第1句中的“acceptedintheearly1960s”不符;[B]“以一种受到普遍怀疑的方式建立起来”不正确;[C]“已被不同领域的学者证明为错误”,注意第1句使用的是“question质疑”,而非“disprove”
13.态度题本题可定位于第1段第2句(译文参见[难句分析]),实际是一道句义题,C项正确选项中“ruleout”对应文中“preclude”、“fixed”对应“instereotypedways”、“realizationofthenegativeeffectsofpoverty”对应“thatunderstanding” [A]“严酷的条件对语言不同的孩子有负面影响”有一定干扰性,第1段第2句前半部分有提及,但它出现在让步状语从句中,并非作者要表达的主要看法,作者的观点应该在后半句;[B]“我们应该认识到贫穷对双语儿童的不利影响”、[D]“我们的性格妨碍了对贫穷文化理论的理解”与文章不符
14.判断题本题可通过排除法进行判断[B]“老师应该意识到学生的语言差异”,符合第2段第1句“Youshouldbeawareofthelinguisticdifferencesinthegroupyouareteaching”;[C]“学生完全可以通过抄写他们所写的东西来理解什么是阅读”,对应第3段第3句“Throughthetranscriptionofhisownsentencesthechild...beginstoseewhatreadingisallabout”;[D]“最好的教学方法之一就是用熟悉的词汇编造故事”,依据第3段第1句“Language-experiencestoriesareidealteaching-learningtoolsforthelinguisticallydifferentstudentbecausetheybuildonwordsthatarewithinhismeaningvocabulary”;只有[A]“需要聪明的老师制订教学方法为学生筹集资金”与文章不符,是本题答案
15.推理题依据第5段第1句进行推断“peerscanalsohelpthebilingualchildfeelpartofastrangeandfrustratingenvironment”,对双语儿童来说,他们所处的环境是“陌生和令人沮丧的”,由此判断[B]“被说英语的本地人包围的双语儿童可能会感到灰心”正确 [A]“生活在简陋条件下的美国少数民族感到沮丧”和[C]“关于少数民族文化的文学作品可能受双语儿童的欢迎”在文章中没有相关依据;[D]“多种文化教育也会提高当地美国学生的水平”是对文章最后一句的曲解,该句说“broadeningthelivesofchildrenwhospeakEnglish丰富说英语的儿童的生活”,而不是“提高水平” 【词汇提示】
①preclude妨碍,阻止;排除,杜绝
②stereotyped老一套的,已成陈规的
③capitalizeon利用
④syntactical句法的
⑤phonological音系学的;(一种语音的)语音体系的
⑥phonogram音符,音符组
⑦transcription抄写,誊写
⑧decode解码
⑨debase降低,贬低 ⑩depict描绘,描述【难句分析】 1Whiletheadverseeffectsofharshlivingconditionsoughtalwaystoberecognizedthevariabilityofhumannatureprecludestreatingeventhatunderstandinginstereotypedways.虽然严酷的生活环境的不利影响总该被承认,但人的天性的易变性也不会使得那种看法一成不变 本句“while”引导让步状语从句;“treating...instereotypedways以固定不变的方式对待”作“preclude妨碍,阻止”的宾语 2Language-experiencestoriesareidealteaching-learningtoolsforthelinguisticallydifferentstudentbecausetheybuildonwordsthatarewithinhismeaningvocabulary.对语言不同的学生来说,语言体验故事是理想的教学方法,因为这些故事的用词没有超出他的有效词汇 这是一个主从复合句,“because...”引导原因状语从句,“thatarewith...vocabulary”是定语从句“language-experience”意为“语言经验;语言体验” 3BesuretoavoidliteraturewhichpresentsminoritiesindebasingcircumstancesordepictsthemashavingculturesthatarealwaysoutsidethemainstreamofAmericanlife.千万避免使用有损少数民族形象或者把他们的文化描述成总是脱离美国主流生活的文学材料 本句的主句是“Besuretoavoidliterature”;“which...ofAmericanlife”是一个复杂的定语从句,修饰“literature”;“thatarealwaysoutsidethemainstreamofAmericanlife”是包含在定语从句中的另一个定语从句,修饰“cultures” 4Bilingualmulti-culturaleducationseemstobeapromisinghopeforimprovingopportunitiesforchildrenwhohavetroublewithEnglishsinceitisasecondlanguageaswellasameansofbroadeningthelivesofchildrenwhospeakEnglish.双语多文化教育不仅为说英语的儿童提供了丰富生活的手段,而且,对英语是第二语言、学习起来有困难的儿童来说,似乎大有希望增加机会 句中的“aswellas”连接两个并列成分“apromisinghopefor...”和“ameansof...”;“whohavetroublewithEnglishsinceitisasecondlanguage”是一个包含有原因状语从句的复杂定语从句,修饰“children”;“whospeakEnglish”也是定语从句,修饰“children”Text4【文章大意与结构】 本文介绍了科学和技术的不同内涵作者在第一段指出,科学的目标是阐述知识或思想,是无形的,而技术则主要关注实际存在的事物的开发第二至四段举例说明,许多情况下技术源自于已知的科学,但不少技术构成了科学原理的基础,几乎所有的科学都需要技术文章最后两段比较了科学和技术在对待关键信息的方法上存在差别 文章层次结构比较清晰,语言难度一般【试题解析】
16.词义题该词位于第1段第2句(译文参见[难句分析]),对词义题必须结合语境该句说明了科学和技术之间的差异,技术是开发实际存在的事物(thedevelopmentofsubstantialthings),而科学的特点是“intangible”,前后对照可以判断,该词应该是“非物质的;无形的”,C项正确 [A]“无感觉的,无意识的”、[B]“不能想象的,不可思议的”、[D]“不切实际的”与语境不符
17.判断题技术是创造新产品提高生活质量(第1段第1句),技术在许多情况下产生于已知的科学定律和理论(第2段第1句),对科学知识的应用使我们的生活中出现了无数的产品(第2段第2句),由此判断我们生活水平的提高根本上源自于科学,[D]“纯科学和应用科学”正确 [A]“纯粹的技术创新”,表述片面,否定了科学的作用;[B]“广泛接受的知识”和[C]“不断的科学研究”均不正确
18.推理题第3段的主题句是第1句通过不断摸索,许多技术问世,然后人们才弄清其基本的科学原理本题在A项和B项之间作出选择,A项强调的是因果关系技术构成了科学解释的基础;B项强调的是时间关系技术出现在科学原理之前结合本段最后一句“Infactmuchofscienceisanattempttounderstandandexplainwhyvarioustechnologieswork.事实上,许多科学试图理解和解释为什么各种技术起作用”,综合判断,B项正确 [C]“与科学解释一致”、[D]“证实科学理解”与本段不符
19.细节题题干大意科学和技术的一个共同特性是什么本题可定位于第5段第1句“Althoughattheircoresscienceandtechnologysharesimilarprocessesbothareessentiallytrialanderroratheart虽然本质上科学和技术的过程类似(两者实质上都是不断探索)”,也就是说它们的产生过程是相似的,符合B项意思 [A]“它们彼此独立”、[C]“它们强化的效力”、[D]“它们共同的方法”均与文章不符
20.细节题本题可定位于第5段第1句“...differinthewaytheideasandinformationtheyproduceareshared”另外,第5段说,科学研究的结果可以自由地发表、发送(publishedanddistributedfreely),以接受检验、质疑、证明或修正(tobetestedchallengedverifiedormodified);第6段说,技术发现在新工序或新产品取得专利之前保密(...discoveriesarekeptsecretuntilthenewprocessorproductispatented),[C]“对待关键信息的方法”正确 [A]“产生思想的方式”、[B]“发布信息的过程”、[D]“公开新发现的方式”均不正确【词汇提示】
①intangible无形的;模糊的
②trialanderror反复试验;不断摸索
③underlying根本的,基础的;放在下面的
④willowtree柳树
⑤crossbreed使杂交繁殖
⑥hard-pressed处于强大压力下的;经济严重困难的
⑦patent给予……专利权【难句分析】 1Thegoalofscienceistodevelopwidelyacceptedknowledgeorideaswhichareintangible;bycontrasttechnologyisconcernedprimarilywiththedevelopmentofsubstantialthings.科学的目标是阐述被广为接受的知识或思想,它是无形的;相对而言,技术则主要关注实际存在事物的开发 这是一个并列句第1个分句中,“whichareintangible”是非限制性定语从句 2Similarlyphotographywasinventedbypeoplewhohadnoideaaboutitschemistryandfarmerscrossbrednewstrainsbreedsofcropsandlivestocklongbeforebiologistsunderstoodtheprinciplesofgenetics同样,人们发明了摄影术,并不知道其化学原理;农民们杂交繁殖了新型作物和牲畜之后很久,生物学家们才弄清其遗传学原理 本句是由“and”连接的并列句在第1个分句中,“whohadnoideaaboutitschemistry”定语从句修饰“people”;第2个分句中“longbefore...”引导时间状语从句,注意其汉语翻译 3Informationconcerningmuchvaluabletechnologyisneverpublishedbutisinsteadlearned“onthejob”byindustrialworkersandpassedinformallyamongselectedindividualsonly.涉及非常宝贵技术的信息从不公开发布,而是由产业工人“在岗”学习,然后只非正式地传给经过挑选的人这是一个较为复杂的简单句主语是“information”,有三个并列谓语“isneverpublished、islearned、ispassed”;“concerningmuchvaluabletechnology”介词词组作后置定语,修饰“information”第十套题目答案及考点解析Text1解析
21.Intheopeningparagraphtheauthorintroduceshistopicby第一段,作者引入主题是通过 [A]posingacontrast.提出一个对照 [B]justifyinganassumption.证明假定是正确的 [C]makingacomparison.作出一个比较 [D]explainingaphenomenon解释一个现象 【答案】C 【考点】写作手法题 【分析】从题目入手可以节约时间,增强阅读目的性,有的放矢第一题的题目告诉我们需要先确定主题如前所述,一段文章的主题同样可能就隐藏在一句关键的话中从文章第一段讲人会因为不公平而愤怒,推导动物会不会呢有人认为不会,但是科学研究表明猴子同样会这就是关键句,这就是作者要讨论的主题[A]选项表示对比,相反或不同,可是文章说的是猴与人类似,所以不选[B]选项原文提出的假定原本是人与猴不一样,所以这个答案不对[D]选项解释现象,这个说法不能够将开头和主题的内在联系结合起来
22.Thestatement“itisalltoomonkey”LastlineParagraphlimpliesthat “太猴子化”第一段最后一行这一说法的言下之意是 [A]monkeysarealsooutragedbyslackrivals 猴子也会被懒散的竞争对手激怒 [B]resentingunfairnessisalsomonkeys’nature 痛恨不公平也是猴子的本性 [C]monkeyslikehumanstendtobejealousofeachother 猴子和人一样,也会彼此嫉妒 [D]noanimalsotherthanmonkeyscandevelopsuchemotions 除了猴子以外,没有动物能够产生出这样的感情 【答案】B 【考点】推断题 【分析】由于题目表面看上去是问一个词组的意思,所以很多人纠缠在字面意义上实际上,考生只有先理解“alltoohuman”然后才能够理解“alltoomonkey”[A]选项谈到“猴子也会被懒散的竞争对手激怒”文章中开篇的时候只是说人会被懒散的竞争对手激怒,没有说动物也会被懒散的竞争对手激怒,所以不选[C]选项说“猴子和人一样,也会彼此嫉妒”这个选项是最大的干扰项在对文章经过仔细的阅读后,考生可以发现,作者的主题就是要告诉大家“对不公平的痛恨猴子也会”这个选项在程度上超过了我们的需要[D]“除了猴子没有动物能够培养出这样的感情”这个说法如果断章取义也有可能会被错选,但是只有结合上文的逻辑顺序就能够去除这个干扰项
23.Femalecapuchinmonkeyswerechosenfortheresearchmostprobablybecausetheyare母卷尾猴最有可能被选为研究对象的原因是它们 [A]moreinclinedtoweighwhattheyget.更加倾向于权衡它们之所得 [B]attentivetoresearchers’instructions.关注研究人员的指导 [C]niceinbothappearanceandtemperament.有好的外表和脾气 [D]moregenerousthantheirmalecompanions.比公猴更加慷慨 【答案】A 【考点】事实细节题 【分析】第三段第一句“SuchcharacteristicsmakethemperfectcandidatesforDr.Brosnan’sandDr.dewaal’sstudy”正好回答了这个问题考生应该立即意识到“suchcharacteristics”指的是第二段中“Theylookcute可爱.Theyaregood-natured脾气好,co-operative合作creaturesandtheysharetheirfoodreadily共享食物.Aboveall最重要的是,liketheirfemalehumancounterpartstheytendtopaymuchcloserattentiontothevalueof‘goodsandservices’thanmales”如果考生对最后一句话仔细研究一下,就会发现这句话中的“密切关注它们获得的东西”其实就是“权衡它们获得的东西”的意思而且这是首要的,有“aboveall”为证明这里有一个阅读技巧,即注意“such”一词当“such”出现在某段某句中作定语时,表示的意思是“如此的,这样的”请考生务必到前文去寻找该词的实际指代内容切记![B]这个意思也不错,因为文中有“cooperative”,可惜这不是最重要的[C]文中也提到了,但是仍然不是最重要的[D]选项是出题人自己编的
24.Dr.BrosnanandDr.deWaalhaveeventuallyfoundintheirstudythatthemonkeys Dr.BrosnanandDr.deWaal最终在他们的研究中发现猴子 [A]prefergrapestocucumbers.喜欢葡萄胜过黄瓜 [B]canbetaughttoexchangethings.可以被训练来交换东西 [C]willnotbeco-operativeiffeelingcheated.如果感觉被欺骗,就不会合作 [D]areunhappywhenseparatedfromothers.与其他猴子分离时不开心 【答案】C 【考点】事实细节题 【分析】最后一段第二句“Suchco-operationislikelytobestableonlywheneachanimalfeelsitisnotbeingcheated”[A]、[B]两项是事实,但不是结论[D]选项是明显是错误的
25.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph从最后一段我们可以得出什么结论 [A]Monkeyscanbetrainedtodevelopsocialemotions 通过训练,猴子可以培养出社会情感 [B]Humanindignationevolvedfromanuncertainsource 人类的义愤起源不确定 [C]Animalsusuallyshowtheirfeelingsopenlyashumansdo 动物通常象人那样公开表达自己的情感 [D]Cooperationamongmonkeysremainsstableonlyinthewild 只有在野外时猴子间的合作才保持稳定 【答案】B 【考点】推断题 【分析】[A]选项中把“guide”的概念偷换成“train”,意思就不一样了前者表示“引导”,后者表示“训练”所以不选[C]这个说法超出了正确度很多,因为文中“Feelingsofrighteousindignationitseemsarenotthepreserveofpeoplealone”只表示“义愤非人类专有”[D]选项也对原文意思产生了曲解不是只有在野生状态下猴子的合作才稳定而是只有在猴子没有被骗的时候它们才有可能稳定[B]选项在原文中可以找到类似的说法“whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumansorwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsagoisasyetanunansweredquestion”与[B]意思一样Text2解析
26.HowdidRedmonfindhisjobRedmon是如何找到工作的 [A]Bysearchingopeningsinajobdatabase. 通过搜索工作数据库中的空缺职位 [B]Bypostingamatchingpositioninadatabase 通过在数据库里面张贴匹配职位 [C]Byusingaspecialserviceofadatabase. 通过使用某数据库的一项特别服务 [D]ByE-mailinghisresumetoadatabase 通过将他的简历以电子邮件的方式寄给某数据库 【答案】C 【考点】事实细节题 【分析】题干的关键信息就是“Redmon”,我们在第一段里面可以看见“Redmon”的内容要答对本题,考生必须仔细查看究竟“Redmon”是怎样利用该数据库来找到工作的在第一段里面,作者提到他使用了“个人搜索代理”,输入几个关键词,几个星期以后得到了职位空缺的通知,然后他又把他的履历寄给雇主,从而获得这份工作整个过程就是这样的[A]只反映了他整个求职过程的一部分[B]故意颠倒了“post”张贴这个动作的主语,张贴的人,要么是求职网,要么是寻人单位,却不是“Redmon”选项[D]同样颠倒了主语,因为是数据库发电子邮件给“Redmon”而不是反过来选项[C]“通过使用某数据库的特别服务”虽然泛了一点,却是正确的,因为“个人搜索代理”正是这样的一个特殊服务
27.Whichofthefollowingcanbeadisadvantageofsearchagents 下列哪项可能是搜索代理的缺点 [A]Lackofcounseling.缺少咨询 [B]Limitednumberofvisits.限制访问次数 [C]Lowerefficiency.效率更低下 [D]Fewersuccessfulmatches.匹配成功率更低 【答案】A 【考点】事实细节题 【分析】第二段中的“Searchagentsreducetheneedforrepeatedvisitstothedatabases.ButalthoughasearchagentworkedforRedmoncareerexpertsseedrawbacks”表明“搜索代理减少了重复访问数据库的需要,但是,职业专家也看到了缺点”随后,文章提到,“对求职者而言,每缩小一次搜索条件,每回答一个这样的问题,就缩小了一次求得职业的可能性”同时在第三段,作者还提到一个缺点,即“There’snocareercounselingimplicitinallofthis”这里的“this”指的就是“搜索代理”,也就是说,“搜索代理没有提供职业咨询”因此选项[A]是符合的[B]文章中没有提到,同时对网络公司而言也是不可能的,常识告诉我们,点击率是网站生存的基础[C]是搜索代理可以避免的事情[D]这一点文章中也没有提到
28.Theexpression“tipservice”Line3Paragraph3mostprobablymeans 短语“tipservice”第三段第三行最可能的含义是 [A]advisory.忠告 [B]compensation.补偿,报酬 [C]interaction.互动 [D]reminder.提示 【答案】D 【考点】词义题 【分析】本题属于典型的词义题此类题目的主要目的就是考查考生通过上下文来判断词义的能力看原文“Insteadthebeststrategyistousetheagentasakindoftipservicetokeepabreastofjobsinaparticulardatabase;whenyougetE-mailconsideritaremindertocheckthedatabaseagain”即“相反,最好的策略就是将这种搜索代理作为一种‘tipservice’来用,使自己能一直保持与某个特定数据库里面的工作的联系当你收到电子邮件的时候,把它当成一个提示,该再次查查数据库了”至此,考生应该能够理解“tipservice”其实就是指的一种“提示服务”,也就是“reminder”这道题目属于典型的可以从后文中找到解释的词义题
29.WhydoesCareerSite’sagentoffereachjobhunteronlythreejoboptions 为什么CarrerSite的搜索代理只为每一位求职者提供三项工作选择 [A]Tofocusonbetterjobmatches.为了侧重于更好的相匹配的工作 [B]Toattractmorereturningvisits.为了吸引更多的人回访 [C]Toreservespaceformoremessages.为了给更多的讯息留下空间 [D]Toincreasetherateofsuccess.为了提高成功的几率 【答案】B 【考点】事实细节题 【分析】第四段第一句“Somesitesdesigntheiragentstotemptjobhunterstoreturn”是本段的主题句,也可以说是本段的论点,后面的例子只是在证明这一点阅读原文“WhenCareerSite’sagentsendsoutmessagestothosewhohavesignedupforitsserviceforexampleitincludesonlythreepotentialjobsDthoseitconsidersthebestmatches.Theremaybemorematchesinthedatabase;jobhunterswillhavetovisitthesiteagaintofindthem”,我们就会发现,“tempt”诱惑、吸引这个单词,以及后面的“jobhunterswillhavetovisitthesiteagain”都说明这样做的目的就是为了吸引更多的人来访问网站,所以,正确答案是选项[B]
30.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext 根据本文,下面哪一项是正确的 [A]Personalsearchagentsareindispensabletojob-hunters 个人搜索代理对于求职者来说是不可缺少的 [B]SomesiteskeepE-mailingjobseekerstotracetheirdemands 一些网站不断给求职者发电子邮件以追踪它们的需求 [C]Personalsearchagentsarealsohelpfultothosealreadyemployed 个人搜索代理对于那些已经有工作的人来说也有用处 [D]Someagentsstopsendinginformationtopeopleoncetheyareemployed 一些代理在人们找到工作后就停止给他们发送信息了 【答案】C 【考点】事实细节题 【分析】第五段第一句“Eventhosewhoaren’thuntingforjobsmayfindsearchagentsworthwhile”的意思其实就和选项[C]“个人搜索代理对于那些已经有工作的人来说也有用处”一个意思选项[A]这种说法过于绝对,文中已经说过“个人搜索代理有其自己的缺点,最好只是把它当成一种提示服务”,这说明它不是不可或缺的选项[B]说法刚好相反,应该是求职者利用搜索代理密切关注行业需求情况选项[D]这种说法是和原文相反的,在找到工作后,人们仍然可以一直使用搜索代理Text3解析
31.WhatdoAmericanparentsexpecttheirchildrentoacquireinschool 美国的父母期望他们的孩子在学校里面学到什么 [A]Thehabitofthinkingindependently.独立思考的习惯 [B]Profoundknowledgeoftheworld.深厚的世界知识 [C]Practicalabilitiesforfuturecareer.从事未来职业的实用技能 [D]Theconfidenceinintellectualpursuits.追求学识的信心 【答案】C 【考点】事实细节题 【分析】父母对孩子的期望这一点可以从第一段中找到“即使是学校也只是我们送孩子去接受实用教育的地方,而不是让他们为了知识而去追求知识的地方”至此,答案选项[C]一目了然而选项[B]显然错误选项[A]这个干扰项是出题人故意拿出一个本身没有问题,但是不适合本处的说法来干扰考生考生一定要警惕先入为主的思维模式,在做阅读理解的时候,不能按照自己的直觉和知识瞎猜,一定要以原文为根据选项[D]显然也是不符合家长的期望的
32.WecanlearnfromthetextthatAmericanshaveahistoryof 从原文中我们可以得知美国的历史历来是 [A]undervaluingintellect.贬低学识 [B]favoringintellectualism.赞成学识至上论 [C]supportingschoolreform.支持学校改革 [D]suppressingnativeintelligence.压制天分 【答案】A 【考点】事实细节题 【分析】第四段“霍夫斯塔特说自我们的历史之初,我们对民主化和大众化的渴望就驱使我们排斥任何带有精英优越论味道的东西实用性、常识以及天分这些素质一直被视作比可以从书本里学得的任何东西都高贵”在这里,我们可以把精英优越论味道的东西以及书本里面学到的东西等同于学识,而实用性、常识以及天分这些素质要比学识来得“高贵”,也就是说,正确答案是选项[A]选项[B]是与原文意思相反,选项[C]“支持学校改革”在文中找不到出处,选项[D]与霍夫斯塔特的描述也截然相反
33.TheviewsofRavishandEmersononschoolingare RavitchandEmerson对学校的看法是 [A]identical.相同的 [B]similar.类似的 [C]complementary.互补的 [D]opposite.相反的 【答案】D 【考点】事实细节题 【分析】我们需要在寻找到“RavitchandEmerson”二人对学校的看法后再将二人的意见进行一番比较,然后得出二人意见的异同“Ravitch”的意见我们从第二段中可以找到,“DianeRavitch说‘学校始终处于实用重于学识的社会之中’”“学校本来可以是一种抵消的力量”“Ravitch”最新着作《落后失败的学校改革的一个世纪》探索学校里反学识至上论的根源,书中的结论是“美国学校绝对没有抵制美国人对学识追求的厌恶”从本段可以看出,“Ravitch”批评学校没有起到抵制美国人对学识追求的厌恶的作用,即认为学校应该追求学识而“Emerson”的意见可以在第五段中找到,他和其他一些先验主义哲学家认为学校教育和严格的书本学习限制了孩子们的天性“我们被关在中小学和大学的朗诵室里十年或十五年,最后出来满肚子墨水,却啥都不懂”本段说明爱默生认为学校压制人的天性,追求学识的学校是不正确的因此可以判定二人意见刚好相反
34.Emersonaccordingtothetextisprobably 根据本文,Emerson可能是一位 [A]apioneerofeducationreform.教育改革的先驱 [B]anopponentofintellectualism.学识主义的反对者 [C]ascholarinfavorofintellect.赞成学识的学者 [D]anadvocateofregularschooling.正规学校教育的倡导者 【答案】B 【考点】推断题 【分析】从某人的观点推断出某个人的立场是最常见的考题,上题中已经提到过爱默生的观点,即“学校教育和严格的书本学习限制了孩子们的天性”,也就是说,他是反对学识主义的,选择[B]也就否定了[C]一个反对学识教育的人,不可能是正规学校教育的倡导者,所以选项[D]也是不正确的而选项[A]教育改革的先驱这一点在文中都找不到依据
35.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofintellect 本文作者怎么看待才智 [A]Itissecondtointelligence.它没有智力重要 [B]Itevolvesfromcommonsense.它从常识发展而来 [C]Itistobepursued.它是必须被人们追求的东西 [D]Itunderliespower.它是权利的基础 【答案】C 【考点】作者观点题 【分析】作者观点题通常只有在通篇读完才能够得出第一段作者说今天的美国人不很看重“intellect”,第二段引用教育学作家“DianeRavitch”的观点来说明这一点,第三段作者表明自己的态度“鼓励孩子们排斥精神生活使得他们极易被利用和控制如果不能批判地思考、不能I卫自己的思想、不能理解他人的思想,他们就不能充分地参与我们的民主”而且引用作家“EarlShorris”的话来说明如果不这么做,国家将“沦为二流国家”至此,我们可以看出,作者是支持“intellect”的作者本人并没有比较“intellect”和“intelligence”谁优谁劣,所以[A]可以被排除至于常识和权利,文章中虽然提到了,但是并没有对它们进行探讨Text4解析
36.Theword“homogenizing”Line2Paragraph1mostprobablymeans “homogenizing”第一段第二行一词的大致意思是 [A]identifying.识别确认 [B]associating.联系,联合 [C]assimilating.吸收,同化 [D]monopolizing.独占,垄断 【答案】C 【考点】词义题 【分析】本题的答案直接可以定位到第一句话文章说“尽管人们不停地谈论差异”,用到了表示转折的“inspiteof”,后面显然就是与前面的意思相反了差异的反面自然是相同如果考生没有把握,只要继续读两句,就会发现作者描述的都是一个同化了的社会的特征而“homogenize”这个单词,如果从词根来分析,也不难判断“homo”表示相同的,比如同性恋就是“homosexual”,而“homogenize”的原意就是“使均匀,均质化”,所以只有[C]“assimilate”这个单词合适“assimilate”的本意是“吸收,消化”,后引申为“使相同、使相象”,以及“把移民或文化出色的群体同化到盛行的文化中”[A]“identify”一般表示对身份的“识别,确认”,不合题意[B]“associate”表示“联系,联合”,不合题意[D]“monopolize”独占,垄断,这个单词由“mono单一+pole极”构成,用在本处意思不符合
37.Accordingtotheauthorthedepartmentstoresofthe19th-century 在作者看来,19世纪的商场 [A]playedaroleinthespreadofpopularculture.在传播流行文化方面发挥了作用 [B]becameintimateshopsforcommonconsumers.成为了和普通消费者关系亲密的商店 [C]satisfiedtheneedsofaknowledgeableelite.满足了知识精英的需要 [D]oweditsemergencetothecultureofconsumption.其出现归功于消费文化 【答案】A 【考点】事实细节题 【分析】题干关键词“departmentstores”出现在第一段第三句,该句子的意思是“人们沉迷于一种始于19世纪的商场的消费文化”随后进一步解释说“商场和那些精品店不一样,是人人都可以去的,购物变成了一种民主和公众的活动”也就是说,商场对于流行文化的传播起到了推动的作用,故[A]为本题的正确答案[B]的错误在于它故意将那些迎合精英人士的精品店与其顾客的那种亲密的关系用在商场与普通消费者的关系上[C]的错误在于商场满足的是普通大众的需要,而不是那些知识精英的需要至于[D],它故意颠倒了因果关系,商场的出现推动了流行文化的发展,而并不是流行文化导致了商场的出现而且作者在这一段结束的时候,还提到,其它的一些推动流行文化发展的因素还有大众传媒、广告以及运动业
38.ThetextsuggeststhatimmigrantsnowintheU.S 本文暗示现在美国的移民[A]Areresistanttohomogenization.对于同化是抵制的[B]ExertagreatinfluenceonAmericanculture.对美国文化施加了很大的影响[C]Arehardlyathreattothecommonculture对大众文化几乎没有威胁[D]Constitutethemajorityofthepopulation.占人口大多数【答案】C 【考点】推断题 【分析】题干中出现了“immigrant”这个关键单词,就是告诉考生,本题解题的关键是和移民相关的内容只有阅读完相关的内容,才有可能正确答对本题“immigrant”可以定位到第二段文章说“移民正在快速适应这个大众文化”第二句就引用记者的话说“如今的移民既未达到前所未有的水平,而且也不抵制同化”这样一来,就可以排除[A]后面提到美国移民的人口比率只有百分之几,显然不可能是人口的大多数,因此[D]“移民占人口大多数”可以被我们排除不但人数不占优势,所占比率还在缩小,因此,可以说[C]“对大众文化几乎没有威胁”是合适的至于[B]项,文中没有提及但是考虑到人数这么少,对美国施加巨大的影响一说就不太现实了
39.WhyareArnoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooksmentionedinParagraph5第五段中为什么提到阿诺德施瓦辛格和葛斯布鲁克斯[A]Toprovetheirpopularityaroundtheworld.为了证明他们在全球都很受欢迎[B]Torevealthepublic’sfearofimmigrants.为了表明公众对移民的恐惧[C]Togiveexamplesofsuccessfulimmigrants.为了举出成功移民的范例[D]ToshowthepowerfulinfluenceofAmericanculture.为了展示美国文化的强大影响【答案】D【考点】推断题【分析】通常在议论文或者说明文中出现事例,引用他人的话等等都是为了说明某一点或者证明某一点通过引用来判断作者的目的和意图也是英语考试中最常见的命题方法通过关键词汇“阿诺德施瓦辛格和葛斯布鲁克斯”定位到第五段在第二段的时候,作者提到了“同化”的三个标志,即,“语言”,“房产所有权”和“异族通婚”,第三段讲“语言”和“房产拥有权”,第四段讲“异族通婚”,都是为了说明美国社会的“同化”能力很强大第五段提及两个名人的目的就是说连国外的偏僻的地方的小孩儿都是美国超级巨星的崇拜者,居然美国还有人担心那些生活在美国的移民对同化免疫也就是说,作者还是要证明美国文化的强大影响力,故[D]为本题的正确答案[A]只是描述了一个表面的事实,而不是作者的意图目的[B]的错误出在它曲解了作者引用罗德里格兹的话的意图,作者以上所提及的,都是为了证明美国文化的强大因为作者紧接着说美国实在太大了,什么问题都能沾上点边儿,存在意见分歧的问题,以及一些人很愤怒,都是事实存在,但是都是不必担心的言下之意就是,怎么还会有美国人担心那些生活在美国的移民对同化免疫根本不用担心,因为相比美国动乱的历史,这一切几乎不会有什么影响的[C]“为了举出成功移民的范例”与作者的写作意图则相差很远
40.Intheauthor’sopiniontheabsorptionofimmigrantsintoAmericansocietyis 在作者看来,移民融入到美国社会是 [A]rewarding.值得的,有回报的 [B]successful.成功的 [C]fruitless.没有成果的 [D]harmful.有害的【答案】B【考点】推理题【分析】该类型题往往需要通过关键词来寻找答案本题问的是作者对移民融入美国社会这样一件事的看法,关键词是“移民融入美国社会”,考查的是考生能否从大量的细节中判断出作者的观点是什么本文作者通篇讲述美国的文化是多么强大,同化的能力是多么强大,但是作者没有说同化给美国人带来了什么好处,只是说移民对美国不构成威胁因此排除[A]然后比较[B]和[C]选项[B]认为美国的移民同化很成功,[C]认为美国的移民同化没有成果,但是通读全文来看,从开始的移民不抵制同化,到适应大众文化,到住房比率比美国本土人士高,到与异族通婚等等此类的信息告诉我们,美国的移民同化是成功的,不是没有成果的故排除[C],[B]为本题的正确答案[D]项错误,因为作者在第二段说这种文化虽然不怎么高尚,但是却是无害的Text5解析
41.Researchershavecometobelievethatdreams研究人员已经逐步相信梦 [A]canbemodifiedintheircourses.可以在过程中被修改 [B]aresusceptibletoemotionalchanges.容易受到情感变化的影响 [C]reflectourinnermostdesiresandfears.反应我们内心的欲望与恐惧 [D]arearandomoutcomeofneuralrepairs.是神经修复的随机结果【答案】A【考点】事实细节题【分析】题干关键词“researcher”在第一段第四句出现,而在此之前,作者主要介绍了过去有关梦的定义,包括“Freud”弗洛伊德以及“20世纪70年代神经学家”的说法第四句开始,文章作者提到了当代的研究者的观点“梦可以调节人的情绪,梦不仅可以被驾驭,还可以有意识地对其进行控制,梦可以改变”通过这样的一个分析比较归纳,考生应该能够比较容易地得出[A]这个正确答案选项[B]属于干扰项,但是出题人故意偷梁换柱,将梦影响情绪说成情绪影响梦选项[C]是“Freud”的理论,选项[D]是70年代的理论
42.Byreferringtothelimbicsystemtheauthorintendstoshow 作者提及边缘系统是为了说明 [A]itsfunctioninourdreams.它在我们梦中的功能 [B]themechanismofREMsleep.快速眼睛运动睡眠的机制 [C]therelationofdreamstoemotions.梦和情绪的关系 [D]itsdifferencefromtheprefrontalcortex..它和前额皮层的区别【答案】C【考点】推断题【分析】在第二段第三句中可以找到边缘系统及其含义,然后根据上下文谈论的内容,如上文的“情感大脑”和下文的专家的话,从而判断出答案是选项[C]其他的三项,文中提到“边缘系统属于情感大脑”,但是并没有说它在梦中的功能,所以选项[A]不正确文中对快速眼睛运动睡眠只不过给了个简单的词汇解释,并没有对其机制进行任何的讲解,故选项[B]扩大了范围文中提到“前额皮层”,说它是智力和推理中心,但是没有讲解它和边缘系统的关系,所以选项[D]也属于典型的无中生有型干扰项
43.Thenegativefeelingsgeneratedduringthedaytendto 白天产生的负面的情绪趋于 [A]aggravateinourunconsciousmind.在潜意识里面加剧 [B]developintohappydreams.演变成快乐的梦 [C]persisttillthetimewefallasleep.一直持续到我们睡着 [D]showupindreamsearlyatnight.在夜间早些时候出现在梦里【答案】D【考点】事实细节题【分析】做此题时,要求考生能够根据上下文寻找到正确的事实,“负面情绪”这个词组出处在第三段,在此之前作者有一句非常关键的话“大多数人看上去会在夜间早些时候做噩梦,然后发展成为快乐的梦,表明他们正在力图消除白天产生的负面情绪”可见选项[A]加剧的说法正好相反,而[C]选项显然显得过早最大的干扰源于选项[B]和选项[D]之间的联系与区别,很多考生选择了[B],但是仔细阅读上文就会发现,负面的情绪会在恶梦里面出现,也就是在夜间早些时候出现,但是我们不能直接说负面的情绪直接演变成快乐的梦,而只能说,负面情绪通过恶梦向美梦转变的方式获得消除所以说这道题目的干扰项[B]是出题人利用偷换概念的方式来迷惑考生的
44.Cartwrightseemstosuggestthat卡特怀特似乎认为 [A]wakingupintimeisessentialtotheriddingofbaddreams 及时苏醒对于摆脱噩梦非常重要 [B]visualizingbaddreamshelpsbringthemundercontrol 想象噩梦有利于控制它们 [C]dreamsshouldbelefttotheirnaturalprogression 应该让梦自然发展 [D]dreamsmaynotentirelybelongtotheunconscious 做梦可能未必完全处于无意识状态【答案】D【考点】事实细节题【分析】通过阅读所有卡特怀特的内容,终于发现可以在第四段第二句卡特怀特所相信的这一部分内容中找到答案的线索这一段的主旨是“这一过程不一定是无意识的”,紧接着,“卡特怀特相信人能够对屡次出现的噩梦进行有意识的控制,比如确认你梦中令你不安的事情,想象一下你想如何结束它,以及在下次做同样的梦时醒过来”作者说这么多无非就是想证明该段主旨“这一过程不一定是无意识的”,也就是我们的[D]选项选项[A]利用原文的“visualize”大做文章,非常重要一说值得商榷选项[B]应该是想象它如何结束,而选项[C]的意思和本文要对梦进行控制正好相反
45.WhatadvicemightCartwrightgivetothosewhosometimeshavehaddreams 对那些有时做噩梦的人,卡特怀特可能会给怎样的建议 [A]Leadyourlifeasusual.向平常一样生活 [B]Seekprofessionalhelp.寻求专家帮助 [C]Exerciseconsciouscontrol.锻炼有意识控制 [D]Avoidanxietyinthedaytime.避免白天产生焦虑【答案】A【考点】事实细节题【分析】在第五段中,卡特怀特说“只要梦不使我们无法睡眠或从梦中惊醒,就没有理由太在意所做的梦恐怖主义、经济不确定及通常的不安全感都增加了人们的焦虑那些长期受到噩梦折磨的人应该寻求专家帮助,而对其他人来说,大脑有自动消除不良情绪的方法安心睡觉甚至做梦,早上醒来时你会感觉好多了”这段话的意思非常明确,长期受到噩梦折磨的人应该寻求专家帮助;而其他人,也就是那些偶尔做恶梦的人,“安心睡觉甚至做梦”,也就是象平常一样选项[B]适合长期受到噩梦折磨的人选项[C]是控制噩梦的方法,不是卡特怀特对有时做噩梦的人的建议选项[D]文中没有提及Text6解析
46.AccordingtoMcWhorterthedeclineofformalEnglish 根据麦克沃特所言,正式英语的衰退 [A]isinevitableinradicaleducationreforms.在激进的教育改革中是不可避免的 [B]isbutalltoonaturalinlanguagedevelopment.在语言的发展中实属自然 [C]hascausedthecontroversyoverthecounter-culture.造成了对反文化潮流的争议 [D]broughtaboutchangesinpublicattitudesinthe1960s.带来了20世纪60年代公众态度的变化【答案】B【考点】事实细节题【分析】第二段的第二句中作者提到麦克沃特,诸如“heseesgradualdisappearanceof‘whom’forexampletobenaturalandnomoreregrettablethanthelossofthecase-endingsofOldEnglish,”就是要求考生能够理解出正式英语在语言发展中衰退的自然性选项[A]中提到的激进的教育在文章的最后一段中可以找到“Mr.McWhorteracknowledgesthatformallanguageisnotstrictlynecessaryandproposesnoradicaleducationreformsDheisreallygrievingoverthelossofsomethingbeautifulmorethanuseful”这句话具有很强的干扰,主要是因为一些考生喜欢直接阅读,而不是先看题目,看到后面反而重点不够突出,似是而非出题人常用的一个方法就是将一些文章中出现但是实际上没有必然联系的内容揉杂在一起,起到很大的干扰其实文章中根本没有提到二者有什么关系,只是顺带说他没有提议用激进的教育来改变正式英语衰退的趋势选项[C]说对反文化有争议,从文中可以看出,将正式英语的衰退归咎于反文化并不会引起什么争议,没有人会认为反文化使得正式英语得到了发展选项[D]说正式英语的衰退导致公众态度的变化,这样的说法属于典型的因果倒置出题人意图利用考生临场考试时不稳定的心理状态来干扰考生,看其能否正确理解文章的大意如果考生不能够养成良好的考试习惯,往往会花费很多额外的时间,因为很多时候,我们只需要知道正确答案是什么,而无需知道也没有时间来分析其他选项错在哪里
47.Theword“talking”Line6Paragraph3denotes“talking”第三段第六行一词表示 [A]modesty.谦虚 [B]personality.个性 [C]liveliness.活泼 [D]informality.非正式【答案】D【考点】语义题【分析】考生必须利用上下文推测单词意思,在原文中首先找到这句话,然后仔细研读,最后才能够体会出这个单词的意思第三段首先提到“做我们自己的事情”的结果是规范的演讲、作品、诗歌和音乐的死亡然后提到在20世纪60年代以前那些受过一般教育的人在写作时都用比较高雅的语气,最后又说那些被认为是最重要的作品都试图表现出口语的特色,“talking”战胜了演讲,即兴战胜了技巧而口语化的特点就是非正式
48.TowhichofthefollowingstatementswouldMcWhortermostlikelyagree 下列哪一种说法麦克沃特最有可能会同意 [A]Logicalthinkingisnotnecessarilyrelatedtothewaywetalk 逻辑思维并不必然与我们说话的方式相关 [B]BlackEnglishcanbemoreexpressivethanstandardEnglish 黑人所使用的英语可能比正式英语更有表现力 [C]Non-standardvarietiesofhumanlanguagearejustasentertaining 人类的各种各样非标准的语言一样有趣 [D]OfallthevarietiesstandardEnglishcanbestconveycomplexideas 在英语的各种变体中,标准英语最能表达复杂的思想【答案】A【考点】推断题【分析】在第四段第四句话中,我们可以看到,麦克沃特认为所有人类语言,包括黑人的非标准英语,都具有很强的表现力[B]选项中提到黑人使用的英语,但是说这种英语比正式英语更具有表现力是显然夸大了范围[D]选项认为正式英语最能够表达复杂的思想,也犯了同样的错误紧接着作者提到麦克沃特不认为因为我们不能很好地说话我们就不能正确地进行思考这句话正好应了[A]选项,即正确的逻辑思维不一定与我们说话的方式有关因此选项[A]是正确的[C]的说法与原文完全不符合
49.ThedescriptionofRussians’loveofmemorizingpoetryshowstheauthor’s 就俄罗斯人喜欢记忆诗歌的描述显示出作者 [A]interestintheirlanguage.对他们的语言感兴趣 [B]appreciationoftheirefforts.欣赏他们的努力 [C]admirationfortheirmemory.对他们记忆力的仰慕 [D]contemptfortheirold-fashionedness.对他们的守旧表示蔑视【答案】B【考点】推断题【分析】文章最后一段第一句话提到“俄罗斯人对本国语言的热爱,能够记得很多诗歌,而意大利的政治家们常常发表在大多数英国人看来有点过时的经过精心准备的演讲麦克沃特认为正式语言并非不可或缺,也没有提出要进行激进的教育改革DD他其实只是为那些美好而不是实用品的消逝而感到遗憾”结合文章主题可以看出这几句话中作者的言下之意他欣赏俄罗斯人为保持自身语言的优美性所做的努力但是这并不能够说明他对俄罗斯语感兴趣,或者赞赏他们的记忆力,更不可能是轻视他们
50.Accordingtothelastparagraph“paperplates”isto“china”as 根据最后一段,将“纸盘子”和“瓷器”相比就相当于 [A]“temporary”isto”permanent””.“暂时的”与“永久的”相比 [B]“radical”isto”conservative”.“激进的”与“保守的”相比 [C]“functional”isto”artistic”.“功能的”与“艺术的”相比 [D]“humble”isto”noble”.“谦卑的”与“高贵的”相比【答案】C【考点】推断题【分析】纸盘子和瓷盘子的区别不止一个,但是最后一段中作者提到优美和实用这层意思,也就是说作者想要说明的不是暂时与永久,不是激进与保守,不是谦卑与高贵,而是能够反映纸盘子和瓷盘子背后的优美和实用这一对概念,也就是功能与艺术的比较第十一套题目答案Answers:1b2b3a4c5d6c7b8a9b10b
11.Topreservetheextremelyrefinedetiquette
12.Thebasicnormaldutiessuchasrespectforage;practicalrulessuchasmakingproperintroductionataparty.
13.Aknightheldplatoniclovetoaladyandwomenshouldbeofvirtueandgentleness
14.Wealthyandleisurelysociety15althoughcommonpeopledidn’thaveacomplicatedcodeofmannertheessenceofpolitenessofthecommonpeopledoesn’tvarymuchfromthatofhighsociety.
16.Hischaracterorhismoralqualityiswhatthewritermostcriticalof
17.Ascoundrelwhodidverywellasradiobroadcaster18fewofhispoliticalopinionwereoriginalandmostofthemwerecopiedfromcelebrities.
19.fromthesewordswecamguessthatthewomenlistenerdidn’tlikehim
20.inasarcastictonetheauthormakesthecomments.。