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完形填空题材突破与训练
一、记叙文
(一)命题探究完形填空考查考生在阅读理解的基础上对词汇知识的掌握情况要求考生通读全文,掌握文章大意,运用词汇、语法等知识,选择最佳答案,使文章意思畅通,结构完整记叙型完形填空是高考和备考的重点研读记叙型完形填空,可看出以下趋势
1、首句完整,线索清楚一般作者在第一句就交代了人物的姓名、身份、业绩或事件发生的时间、地点,然后再介绍时间的发生、发展,最后得出结果
2、叙述灵活,侧重语境文章以叙述为主,人物间对话较少,绝大部分篇章是作者在描述事件,较少加入作者的观点或评论因此,常会出现态度与观点的跳跃变换,或语气的差异这增加了情景的迷惑性和干扰性,从而突出了对语境的依赖,实现了在理解上下文的基础上,通过语境,辨析词语,作出选择
3、实词为主,虚词为辅高考记叙型完形填空,篇章不长,一般在200-260个词左右,始终紧扣话题中心,形成一个主题连续体选项一般为同一词类或同一范畴重点集中于动词、名词、形容词或副词等实词上,介词、连词、冠词等虚词的考查相对较少实词为主,虚词为辅,更能体现在语境中考查英语运用能力这一思路
(二)技巧点拨
1、重视首句,开篇明义从历年的试题可以看出,完形填空首句一般不设题这为我们理解文章的内在联系提供了一个“窗口”,它的句意往往为全文提供中心信息所以应充分重视首句的指示作用,利用它为解题找到一个突破口,据此拓展思维,争取开局胜利
2、利用语境,猜摩心态高考完形填空题逐渐屏弃语法分析,朝着深层化和语境化的方面挖掘,因此考生只有借助上下文乃至全文语境启示或限定,猜摩作者的心情,以及他对各个角色、各个事件的态度在答题过程中,除了对关联用语的把握外,还要把握语气、动作等描写
3、理清线索,把握方向
4、记叙文一般按事件发展顺序叙述,有时用倒叙答题时,通过理清人物间的关系,把握人物各自所做的事情,从而把握细节,找准作者的记叙方向,正确理解文章
(三)巩固练习
1、05全国卷OneafternoonIwassittingatmyfavoritetableinarestaurantwaitingforthefoodIhadorderedtoarrive.Suddenly1thatamansittingatatablenearthewindowkeptglancinginmydirection2heknewme.Themanhadanewspaper3infrontofhimwhichhewas4toreadbutIcould5thathewaskeepinganeyeonme.whenthewaiterbroughtmy6themanwasclearlypuzzledbythe7wayinwhichthewaiterandI8eachother.Heseemedevenmorepuzzledas9wentonanditbecame10thatallthewaitersintherestaurantknewme.Finallyhegotupandwentintothe11Whenhecameouthepaidhisbilland12withoutanotherglanceinmydirection.Icalledtheowneroftherestaurantandaskedwhatthemanhad
13.“Well”hesaid“thatmanwasadetective.He14youherebecausehethoughyouwerethemanhe
15.”“What”Isaidshowingmy
16.Theownercontinued“Hecameintothekitchenandshowedmeaphotoofthewantedman.I17sayhelookedverymuchlikeyou!Ofcoursesinceweknowyouwetoldhimthathehadmadea
18.”“Wellit’sreally19IcametoarestaurantwhereI’mknown”Isaid.“20Imighthavebeenintrouble.”1.A.knewB.understoodCnoticedD.recognized2.A.sinceB.evenifC.thoughD.asif3.A.flatB.openC.cutD.fixed4.A.hopingB.thinkingC.pretendingD.continuing5.A.seeB.findC.guessD.learn6.A.menuB.billC.paperD.food7.A.directB.familiarC.strangeD.funny8.A.chattedwithB.lookedatC.laughedatD.talkedabout9.A.thewaiterB.timeC.ID.thedinner10.A.trueB.hopefulC.clearD.possible11.A.restaurantB.washroomC.officeD.kitchen12.A.leftB.actedC.satdownD.calmeddown13.A.wantedB.triedC.orderedD.wished14.A.metB.caughtC.followedD.discovered15.A.wastobeatB.wasdealingwithC.wastomeetD.waslookingfor16.A.careB.surpriseC.worryD.regret17.A.mustB.canC.needD.may18.A.discoveryB.mistakeC.decisionD.fortune19.A.apityB.naturalC.achanceD.lucky20.A.ThusB.HoweverC.OtherwiseD.Thereforekey:1-5CDBCA6-10DBABC11-15DAACD16-20BABDC
2、04重庆卷Alittleboyinvitedhismothertoattendhisschool’sfirstteacher-parentparentmeeting.Tothelittleboy’s1shesaidshewouldgo.This2bethefirsttimethathisclassmatesandteacher3hismotherandhefelt4ofherappearance.Althoughshewasabeautifulwomantherewasaseverescar疤痕that5nearlytheentirerightsideofherface.Theboyneverwantedto6whyorhowshegotthescar.Atthemeetingthepeoplewere7bythekindnessandnaturalbeautyofhismother8__thecarbutthelittleboywasstillembarrassedand9himselffromeveryone.Hedidhowevergetwithin10ofaconversationbetweenhismotherandhisteacher.Theteacherasked11“Howdidyougetthescaronyourface”Themotherreplied“12mysonwasababyhewasinaroomthatcaughtfire.Everyonewas13afraidtogoinbecausethefirewas14,soIwentin.AsIwasrunningtowardhisbedIsawaloingpieceofwoodcomingdownandIplacedmyselfoverhimtryingtoprotecthim.Iwasknocked15butfortunatelyafiremancameinandsavedbothofus.”She16theburnedsideofherface.“Thisscarwillbe17buttothisdayIhavenever18whatIdid.”Atthispointthelittleboycameoutrunningtowardhismotherwithtearsinhiseyes.Heheldherinhisarmsandfeltagreat19ofthesacrificethathismotherhadmadeforhim.Heheldherhand20fortherestoftheday.
1.A.enjoymentB.disappointmentC.surpriseD.excitement
2.A.wouldB.couldC.shouldD.must
3.A.noticedB.greetedC.acceptedD.met
4.A.sickB.ashamedC.afraidD.tired
5.A.includedB.passedC.coveredD.shaded
6.A.talkaboutB.thinkaboutC.careaboutD.hearabout
7.A.impressedB.surprisedC.excitedD.comforted
8.A.insightofB.bymeansofC.bywayofD.inspiteof
9.A.hidB.protectedC.separatedD.escaped
10.A.understandingB.remindingC.hearingD.learning
11.A.carefullyB.seriouslyC.nervouslyD.anxiously
12.A.AsB.WhenC.SinceD.While
13.A.soB.muchC.quiteD.too
14.A.outofcontrolB.undercontrolC.incontrolD.overcontrol
15.A.helplessB.hopelessC.senselessD.useless
16.A.pointedB.showedC.wipedD.touched
17.A.uglyB.lastingC.seriousD.frightening
18.A.forgotB.recognizedC.consideredD.regretted
19.A.honorB.senseC.happinessD.pride
20.A.quietlyB.slightlyC.tightlyD.suddenlyKey:1-5BADBC6-10AADAC11-15BBDAC16-20DBDBC
3、04全国卷Itwasthenightbeforethecompositionwasdue.AsIlookedatthelistoftopicsTheArtofEatingSpaghetti意大利面条caughtmyeye.Thewordspaghettibroughtbackthe__1ofaneveningatUncleAliensinBelleville2allofuswereseatedaroundthetableandAuntPat3spaghettiforsupper.Spaghettiwasanexotic外来的treatin4days.NeverhadIeatenspaghettiand5ofthegrown-upshadenoughexperiencetobe6it.Whatlaughing7wehadaboutthe8respectablemethodformovingspaghettifromplatetomouth.9IwantedtowriteaboutthatbutIwantedto10itdownsimplyformyown11notforMr.Fleaglemycompositionteacher.12Iwouldwritesomethingelse.WhenIfinisheditthenightwashalfgoneandtherewasno13lefttowriteapropercompositionforMr.Fleagle.Therewasnochoicenextmorningbutto14mywork.TwodayspassedbeforeMr.Fleaglereturnedthe15papers.HesaidNowclassIwanttoreadyouacomposition“TheArtofEatingSpaghetti.Mywords!Hewasreadingmywordsout16tothewholeclass.17laughedthenthewholeclasswaslaughingwithopen-heartedenjoyment.Ididmybestnottoshow18butwhatIwasfeelingwaspurehappiness19mywordshadthepowertomakepeople
20.
1.A.memoryB.thoughtC.knowledgeD.experience
2.A.whenB.whereC.sinceD.after
3.A.cookedB.servedC.gotD.made
4.A.theirB.pastC.lastD.those
5.A.noneB.oneC.earnsD.neither
6.A.carefulaboutB.goodatC.fondofD.interestedin
7.A.speechesB.lessonsC.sayingsD.arguments
8.A.nearlyB.naturallyC.officiallyDsocially
9.A.EspeciallyB.ProbablyC.SuddenlyD.Fortunately
10.A.settleB.putC.BiteD.let
11.A.workB.storyC.luckD.joy
12.A.HoweverB.ThereforeC.AsforhimD.Exceptforthat
13.A.timeB.excuseC.wayD.idea
14.A.giveupB.continueC.handinD.delay
15.A.writtenB.gradedC.collectedD.calmly
16.A.laidB.fastC.publiclyD.calmly
17.A.PeopleB.NobodyC.SomebodyD.I
18.A.shockB.wonderC.worryD.pleasure
19.A.ifB.forC.whileD.although
20.A.excitedB.satisfiedC.thinkD.laughkey:1-5AABDA6-10BDDCB11-15DCACB16-20ACDBD
二、说明文
(一)命题探究说明型完型填空选材难度一般低于试卷中的阅读理解大题在设空与选项设计方面设计方面充分体现了语言知识运用题的要求以实词为主,名,动,形,副等词类占全部小题数的90%,绝大多数小题都要从全文角度进行判断这一命题思路体现了“语篇意识”说明型完型填空一般用言简意赅的文字,按照一定的方法介绍事物,解释事理最显著的特点是
1、开头点题做说明型完型填空时,要明确说明的对象是什么,是具体实物还是理论性概念因此,明确说明的对象是掌握说明细节的前提在近年的说明型填空中,作者一般在文章的首句直接提出说明的对象
2、结构清晰把握语篇特征对理解文章与答题极为有利说明文的写作一般按时间顺序(指先后顺序),空间顺序(从局部到整体,从上到下,从内到外),逻辑顺序(前因后果,先果后因,先主后次),认识顺序(由此及彼,由浅入深,由具体到抽象,由现象到本质)
(二)技巧点拨
1、通过短文抓主旨一般情况下,完型填空短文都不给标题,不容易把握文章的主题和大意但短文首句通常不设空格,这就为我们窥视文章全貌提供了一个窗口,而尾句往往是文章的总结,结论和点睛之笔,所以抓住开篇启示作用的首句和总结概括性的尾句是必要的
2、精读短文析文章应逐句精读短文,逐题分析选项,对特定的语境作深入的理解,克服“思维定势”,根据全文大意和词不离句,句不离文的原则,逐项填空,要吃透文章,理解到位,应作到以下几点第一点从上下文的角度考虑,注意其内在的联系点第二点从词汇意义及用法,惯用方式和搭配角度去考虑,准确判断第三点从逻辑推理,常识等角度,挖掘文章的寓意及隐含的意义第四点从英汉两种语言的差异角度去考虑,避免错误
3、复读全文再检查在做完一篇完型填空后,文章完整了,应从头到尾读一遍,根据复读的语感和对整篇的理解,再次将较明显的错误改正,个别需要推敲的再做调整,尽可能少出错
(三)巩固练习
1、04北京卷Don’tTaketheFunOutofYouthSportsWhenIjoinedaprivatefootballleagueafewyearsagothesportmeanteverythingtome.MycoachsaidthatIhadlotsofpotentialandIbecamecaptainofmy
1.Thatwasbeforeallthefunwastakenoutof
2.Atfirsteveryoneontheteamgot3playingtime.Thentheteammoveduptothetopdivisionafterwinningallitsgamesandthe4started.Someparentswhohadpaidthecoachextrasotheirdaughterscouldhave5one-on-onetraininggotangrywhenshedidn’tgivethemmoreplayingtimeinour
6.Thecoachwasreplaced.Thenewcoachhowevertookallthefunoutofthegame:Allwedidduringpracticewas
7.IalwayswishedtoGodthatitwouldrainsowewouldnothavethe
8.Ofcourseallteamsrundrills;theyare
9.Butweransomuchthatafterwardswehadtrouble
10.Youngerpeopleshouldn’tbedoingexercises11for18-year-olds.Iwasverythin12IstartedfootballbutasamemberofthisteamIwouldn’teatmuchbecauseIwasafraidofbeingtoo13torun.Ifearedmakingmistakesandtheaddedpressurecausedmetomakemorethanmyusual
14.IsallthispressurenecessaryI15upleavingthefootballteam.Fourothergirlsdidthesameandtwoofthemstoppedplayingfootballcompletely.That’s16becausetheyhadsomuchpotential.Theywerejustburned-outwithallthepressurethey17fromthecoachortheirparents.Icontinuedplayingfootballatschooland18myloveforit.Ijoinedaprivateteamcoachedbymyschoolcoach.WhenIstartedplaying19himhetoldmeIneededtorelaxbecauseIlookednervous.AfterI20downIplayedbetter.Whenyouenjoysomethingit’saloteasiertodoitwell.
1.A.classB.clubC.teamD.board
2.A.playingB.livingC.learningD.working
3.A.greatB.equalC.rightD.extra
4.A.businessB.struggleC.attemptD.pressure
5.A.freeB.privateC.goodD.basic
6.A.matchesB.coursesC.lessonsD.programs
7.A.jumpB.playC.runD.shoot
8.A.dutyB.meetingC.operationD.training
9.A.necessaryB.boringC.scientificD.practical
10.A.speakingB.movingC.sleepingD.breathing
11.A.usedB.intendedC.madeD.described
12.A.tillB.sinceC.beforeD.because
13.A.fullB.tiredC.lazyD.big
14.A.sizeB.shareC.spaceD.state15A.gaveB.keptC.endedD.picked
16.A.sadB.shamefulC.sillyD.serious
17.A.receivedB.sufferedC.broughtD.felt
18.A.reconsideredB.rediscoveredC.re-formedD.replaced
19.A.atB.byC.forD.around
20.A.fellB.steppedC.slowedD.calmedKey:1-5CABDB6-10ACDAD11-15BCABC16-20ADBCD
三、议论文
(一)命题探究议论文是一种通过剖析事物,论述事理,提出主张,发表见解的文体议论型完型填空分为两种,一种是夹叙夹议型的完型填空,另一种是纯议论型的完型填空第一种的基本模式是叙述事件,提出感情,做出结论第二种的基本模式是提出论点,列举论据,提出看法这种完型填空都有以下特点
1、首句制胜,论点明确议论型完型填空绝大多数都把文章主旨句作为首句作者一般在这句话中提出论点,然后在各段的首句提出分论点
2、结构清晰,脉络有序议论型完型填空的三要素论点,论据和论证它们一般有序地安排在引子、正文、结论这一议论文的一般结构中能说明论据主要内容的答案,可以在论点里得到印证,而论点的答案也可以与论据结合起来,这样论点、论据形成一体,相互引证有时作者为了使文章脉络清楚,逻辑流畅,会使用一些连接词如onthecontraryallinallinshortgenerallyworsestillontheotherhandinconclusionasaconsequencehencealsopersonallyfurthermoredefinitelysurelyundoubtedlyobviouslyadditionallybesideslikewiseforthesakeoffirstly等
3、按一定的方法论证议论型完型填空都是按一定的论证方法来论证的常用的论证方法有归纳法(分析个别事物,达到共同点,得出结论);推理法(从原理出发,个别分析说明,得出结论);对照法(正反对照,分析说明,得出结论);驳论法(阐述错误观点,逐条批驳,阐明观点)
4、从命题的角度看,呈现以下趋势
①纯语法题和同义词辨析减少第一小题的四个选项都是词性相同的词汇,而且时态,语态也相同,因此不必考虑词性,时态,语态等语法功能虽然选项词性相同,但意义却基本上有着较大的区别这样就避免了考生把大量的时间和精力花费在同义词的辨析上了,而把时间和精力花在对文章意思的理解上,突出了应用的能力
②词汇重复率减少,词眼互相呼应
③综合考查学生的经验、推理、判断能力不只单纯考查语法,词汇知识,而是以考查这些知识的运用为核心,综合考查学生的生活经验,推理,判断能力
(二)技巧点拨
1、多掌握一些固定搭配,包括固定短语和习惯语法等
2、词语辨析,表面上是语境中词语的语意选择,其实是考查词汇的运用能力
3、熟练的语法知识尽管近年来单纯考查语法知识的题目很少,但熟练的语法知识不但可以有助于快速理解文章的句子结构和大意,对解题也很有帮助
4、注意培养结合全文结构和中心思想,根据常识和上下文提供的信息进行理解,分析和推理能力
5、要加强对上下文逻辑关系的理解,如转折关系,让步关系,因果关系,递进关系,增补关系,比较关系,对比关系等,以及对转换词语的运用能力的培养
6、要学会根据上下文的同义词线索,环境线索,对比线索,因果线索,顺序线索等进行分析判断
(三)巩固练习
1、04江苏卷Wemaylookattheworldaroundusbutsomehowwemanagenottoseeituntilwhateverwevebecomeusedtosuddenlydisappears.1forexampletheneatly-dressedwomanI2tosee--orlookat--onmywaytoworkeachmorning.Forthreeyearsnomatter3theweatherwaslikeshewasalwayswaitingatthebusstoparound8:00am.On4dayssheworeheavyclothesandapairofwoolengloves.Summertime5outneatbeltedcottondressesandahatpulledlowoverhersunglasses.6shewasanordinaryworkingwoman.OfcourseI7allthisonlyaftershewasseennomore.ItwasthenthatIrealizedhow8Iexpectedtoseehereachmorning.YoumightsayI9her.“DidshehaveanaccidentSomething10”Ithoughttomyselfabouther
11.NowthatshewasgoneIfeltIhad12her.Ibegantorealizethatpartofour13lifeprobablyincludessuchchancemeetingswithfamiliar14:themilkmanyouseeatdawnthewomanwho15walksherdogalongthestreeteverymorningthetwinbrothersyouseeatthelibrary.Suchpeopleare16markersinourlives.Theyaddweighttoour17ofplaceandbelonging.Thinkaboutit.18whilewalkingtoworkwemarkwhereweareby19acertainbuildingwhyshouldwenotmarkwherewearewhenwepassafamiliarthough20person
1.A.MakeB.TakeC.GiveD.Have
2.A.happenedB.wantedC.usedD.tried
3.A.whatB.howC.whichD.when
4.A.sunnyB.rainyC.cloudyD.snowy
5.A.tookB.broughtC.carriedD.turned
6.A.ClearlyB.ParticularlyC.LuckilyD.Especially
7.A.believedB.expressedC.rememberedD.wondered
8.A.longB.oftenC.soonD.much
9.A.respectedB.missedC.praisedD.admired
10.A.betterB.worseC.moreD.less
11.A.disappearanceB.appearanceC.misfortuneD.fortune
12.A.forgottenB.lostC.knownD.hurt
13.A.happyB.enjoyableC.frequentD.daily
14.A.friendsB.strangersC.touristsD.guests
15.A.regularlyB.actuallyC.hardlyD.probably
16.A.commonB.pleasantC.importantD.faithful
17.A.choiceB.knowledgeC.decisionD.sense
18.A.BecauseB.IfC.AlthoughD.However
19.A.keepingB.changingC.passingD.mentioning
20.A.unnamedB.unforgettableC.unbelievableD.unrealkey1-5BCADB6-10ACDBB11-15ACDBA16-20CDBCA
2、03上海卷TheBritishlovetothinkofthemselvesaspoliteandeveryoneknowshowfondtheyareoftheir“pleases”and“thankyous”.Eventhesimplestbusinesssuchasbuyingatrainticketrequires1sevenoreightofthese.Another2ofourgoodmannersisthequeue.New-comerstoBritaincouldbeforgivenforthinkingthatqueuingratherthanfootballwasthe3nationalsport.Finallyofcoursemotoristsgenerallystopatcrossings.ButdoesallthismeanthattheBritishshouldconsiderthemselvesmorepolitethantheirEuropeanneighboursIthinknot.Takeformsofaddress(称呼)forexample.TheaverageEnglishperson—4hehappenstoworkinahotelordepartmentstore—wouldratherdiethancallastranger“Sir”or“Madam”.YetinsomeEuropeancountriesthisisthemostbasicofcommonaddress.Our5“you”foreveryonemayappearmoredemocraticbutitmeansthatweareforcedtoseekoutcomplicatedwaystoexpress
6.Iamallforreturningtotheuseof“thee”and“thou”Theeandthouareold-fashionedpoeticwordsfor“you”;“you”wouldbe7forstrangersandprofessionalrelationships.AndofcoursetheEnglishfindtouchingandothershowsoffriendshiptrulyterrifying.HaveyounoticedhowtheBritish8evertouchPersonallyIfindtheLatinhabitofshakinghandsorafriendlykissquitecharming.TrykissingtheaverageEnglishpersonandtheywilleithertaketwostepsbackwardsinhorror;oriftheirescapeis9youwillfindyourlipstouchingthebackoftheirhead.Nowwhatcouldbe10thanthat65.A.atleastB.atmostC.lessthanD.notmorethan66.A.signalB.sceneC.signD.sight67.A.trueB.originalC.superiorD.advanced68.A.ifB.whetherC.whenD.unless69.A.universalB.uniqueC.regularD.normal70.A.politenessB.gratitudeC.democracyD.consideration71.A.orderedB.reservedC.offeredD.stocked72.A.highlyB.mostlyC.hardlyD.nearly73.A.confirmedB.assuredC.jammedD.blocked74.A.betterB.ruderC.morepoliteD.morefrighteningKey:1-5ACADA6-10ABCDB。