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上海市英语口译资格证书第一阶段考试高级口译全真试题(2003年3月-2009年3月) 2010年7月26日 目录TOC\o2-3\h\z\t标题112003年3月1真题1SECTION1:LISTENINGTEST1SECTION2:READINGTEST3SECTION3:TRANSLATIONTEST9SECTION4:LISTENINGTEST9SECTION5:READINGTEST11SECTION6:TRANSLATIONTEST14参考答案15SECTION1:LISTENINGTEST15SECTION2:READINGTEST15SECTION3:TRANSLATIONTEST15SECTION4:LISTENINGTEST15SECTION5:READINGTEST16SECTION6:TRANSLATIONTEST172003年9月18真题18SECTION1:LISTENINGTEST18SECTION2:READINGTEST20SECTION3:TRANSLATIONTEST26SECTION4:LISTENINGTEST26SECTION5:READINGTEST27SECTION6:TRANSLATIONTEST31参考答案32SECTION1:LISTENINGTEST32SECTION2:READINGTEST32SECTION3:TRANSLATIONTEST32SECTION4:LISTENINGTEST32SECTION5:READINGTEST33SECTION6:TRANSLATIONTEST342004年3月35真题35SECTION1:LISTENINGTEST35SECTION2:READINGTEST37SECTION3:TRANSLATIONTEST43SECTION4:LISTENINGTEST44SECTION5:READINGTEST45SECTION6:TRANSLATIONTEST48参考答案49SECTION1:LISTENINGTEST49SECTION2:READINGTEST49SECTION3:TRANSLATIONTEST49SECTION4:LISTENINGTEST49SECTION5:READINGTEST50SECTION6:TRANSLATIONTEST512004年9月53真题53SECTION1:LISTENINGTEST53SECTION2:READINGTEST55SECTION3:TRANSLATIONTEST61SECTION4:LISTENINGTEST62SECTION5:READINGTEST63SECTION6:TRANSLATIONTEST66参考答案67SECTION1:LISTENINGTEST67SECTION2:READINGTEST67SECTION3:TRANSLATIONTEST67SECTION4:LISTENINGTEST67SECTION5:READINGTEST68SECTION6:TRANSLATIONTEST692005年3月71真题71SECTION1:LISTENINGTEST71SECTION2:READINGTEST73SECTION3:TRANSLATIONTEST79SECTION4:LISTENINGTEST79SECTION5:READINGTEST81SECTION6:TRANSLATIONTEST84参考答案85SECTION1:LISTENINGTEST85SECTION2:READINGTEST85SECTION3:TRANSLATIONTEST85SECTION4:LISTENINGTEST85SECTION5:READINGTEST86SECTION6:TRANSLATIONTEST882005年9月89真题89SECTION1:LISTENINGTEST89SECTION2:READINGTEST91SECTION3:TRANSLATIONTEST97SECTION4:LISTENINGTEST98SECTION5:READINGTEST99SECTION6:TRANSLATIONTEST102参考答案103SECTION1:LISTENINGTEST103SECTION2:READINGTEST103SECTION3:TRANSLATIONTEST103SECTION4:LISTENINGTEST103SECTION5:READINGTEST104SECTION6:TRANSLATIONTEST1052006年3月107真题107SECTION1:LISTENINGTEST107SECTION2:READINGTEST109SECTION3:TRANSLATIONTEST116SECTION4:LISTENINGTEST116SECTION5:READINGTEST117SECTION6:TRANSLATIONTEST121参考答案122SECTION1:LISTENINGTEST122SECTION2:READINGTEST122SECTION3:TRANSLATIONTEST122SECTION4:LISTENINGTEST122SECTION5:READINGTEST123SECTION6:TRANSLATIONTEST1252006年9月126真题126SECTION1:LISTENINGTEST126SECTION2:READINGTEST128SECTION3:TRANSLATIONTEST135SECTION4:LISTENINGTEST135SECTION5:READINGTEST136SECTION6:TRANSLATIONTEST140参考答案141SECTION1:LISTENINGTEST141SECTION2:READINGTEST141SECTION3:TRANSLATIONTEST141SECTION4:LISTENINGTEST141SECTION5:READINGTEST142SECTION6:TRANSLATIONTEST1432007年3月144真题144SECTION1:LISTENINGTEST30minutes144SECTION2:READINGTEST30minutes146SECTION3:TRANSLATIONTEST30minutes152SECTION4:LISTENINGTEST30minutes153SECTION5:READINGTEST30minutes154SECTION6:TRANSLATIONTEST30minutes157参考答案1582007年9月161真题161SECTION1:LISTENINGTEST30minutes161SECTION2:READINGTEST30minutes163SECTION3:TRANSLATIONTEST30minutes169SECTION4:LISTENINGTEST30minutes170SECTION5:READINGTEST30minutes171SECTION6:TRANSLATIONTEST30minutes174参考答案1752008年3月178真题178SECTION1:LISTENINGTEST30minutes178SECTION2:READINGTEST30miniutes180SECTION3:TRANSLATIONTEST30minutes186SECTION4:LISTENINGTEST30minutes187SECTION5:READINGTEST30minutes188SECTION6:TRANSLATIONTEST30minutes191参考答案1922008年9月195真题195SECTION1:LISTENINGTEST45minutes195SECTION2:READINGTEST30minutes197SECTION3:TRANSLATIONTEST30minutes204SECTION4:LISTENINGTEST30minutes204SECTION5:READINGTEST30minutes205SECTION6:TRANSLATIONTEST30minutes209参考答案2102009年3月214真题214SECTION1:LISTENINGTEST30minutes214SECTION2:READINGTEST30minutes216SECTION3:TRANSLATIONTEST30minutes222SECTION4:LISTENINGTEST30minutes223SECTION5:READINGTEST30minutes224SECTION6:TRANSLATIONTEST30minutes227参考答案2282003年3月真题SECTION1:LISTENINGTESTPartA:SpotDictationDirections:Inthispartofthetestyouwillhearapassageandreadthesamepassagewithblanksinit.Fillineachoftheblankswiththewordorwordsyouhaveheardonthetape.WriteyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.RememberyouwillhearthepassageONLYONCE.ImsogratefulforthehospitalityandhonoredforthereceptionatoneofChinasandtheworldsgreatuniversities.Iwanttothankthestudentsfor________1tomeetwithyouthechancetotalkalittlebitaboutmycountryandanswersomeofyourquestions.________2ofthisuniversityareknownaroundtheworldandIknowwhatanachievementitistobehere.Socongratulations.MyvisittoChinacomes________
3.ThirtyyearsagothisweekanAmericanpresidentarrivedinChina________4designedtoenddecadesofestrangementandto________
5.PresidentRichardNixonshowedtheworldthattwo________6couldmeetongroundsofcommoninterestinthespiritof________
7.DuringthethirtyyearssinceAmericaandChinahave________8offriendshipandcommerce.Andaswehavehadmorecontactofeachotherthe________9havegraduallylearnedabouteachother.Andthatsimportant.OnceAmericaknewChinaonlybyitshistoryas________
10.TodayweseeaChinathatisstilldefinedbynobletraditionsoffamily________
11.AndweseeaChinathatisbecomingoneofthemost________12societiesintheworldasdemonstratedbytheknowledgeandpotentialrighthereinthisroom.Chinais________13andAmericawelcomestheemergenceofastrongand________14China.AsAmericalearnsmoreaboutChinaImconcernedthattheChinesepeopledonotalways________15ofmycountry.Thishappensformanyreasonsandsomeofthemareof________
16.OurmoviesandtelevisionshowsoftendonotportraythevaluesoftherealAmericaIknow.Oursuccessfulbusinessesshow________17butourspiritcommunityspiritandcontributionstoeachotherarenotalwaysvisibleas________
18.Mycountrycertainlyhasitsshareofproblemsnoquestionaboutthat.Andwe________
19.Likemostnationswereonalongjourneytowardachievingourown________
20.PartB:ListeningComprehensionDirections:Inthispartofthetesttherewillbesomeshorttalksandconversations.Aftereachoneyouwillbeaskedsomequestions.ThetalksconversationsandquestionswillbespokenONLYONCE.NowlistencarefullyandchoosetherightanswertoeachquestionyouhaveheardandwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions1-
51.ATeachinggrammar.BGoingtoadultclasses.CLearningItalian.DStartingarestaurant.
2.ABecauseItaliandoesnothaveaverylargevocabulary.BBecauseinItalianonewordmeansalotofthings.CBecausetheItaliangrammarissimplecomparedwithothergrammars.DBecausetheItaliangrammarissimilartothatofEnglish.
3.AShegoestoItalyquitealotrecently.BShehadforgottenalotofItalian.CSheusedtoteachItaliantoforeigners.DSheisgoodatcookingItalianmeals.
4.AItwasonetoonewhenshelearnedItalian.BShelearnedItalianmainlybywayoftranslation.CShelearnedItalianinabigclass.DSheoftenwentintoshopstopracticeItalian.
5.AThefreemealofferedbetweenclasses.BTheteachingofgrammar.CThecompetenceoftheteachers.DThefunctionalteachingapproach.Questions6-
106.A
1900.B
10000.C
50755.D
265000.
7.AGermanywillreduceitsmilitaryoutlays.BGermanywillmanufactureitsownmilitaryaircraft.CGermanywilldevelopanewgenerationofmilitarymissiles.DGermanywillincreaseitsmilitarypurchases.
8.AAround100homesarebeingaffected.BAtleast20peoplehavebeenkilledinthebushfires.CItwillprobablybetheworstbushfireseasoninAustralia.DExceptionallyhightemperaturesareresponsibleforthebushfires.
9.ATopressforpaydemands.BTolendsupporttothestrikinghospitalstaff.CToprotestagainstincreasinggasprices.DTocutovertimeforemergencyflights.
10.AOneblastoccurringatarestaurantkilledtwopeople.BWarningsforpossibleexplosionscamebytelephone.CSomeMcDonaldsrestaurantsreceivedexplosionthreats.DAcarshowroomhadtobeshutbecauseofblastwarnings.Questions11-
1511.AItsasurveyofsometownsandcities.BItsareportofinvestmentinEnglandandWales.CItsadiscussionofpossibleconsequencesofurbanization.DItsastudyofhousingproblemsinsuburbanareas.
12.AItsexclusivelyexpertstalking.BItsbasedontalkingtolocalpeople.CItssponsoredbylocalbusinesses.DItsmainlyagovernmentsurvey.
13.ACarownership.BRingroads.CTrafficlights.DPublictransport.
14.AStaggeredworkinghours.BImprovedpublictransportfacilities.CConstructingringroads.DReducingcarownership.
15.ATheyhavecosttoomuchgovernmentmoney.BTheyhavecreatedpsychologicalbarrierstowalkingandcycling.CTheyhavemadeithardtoturncitycentersintopedestrianprecincts.DTheyhavemadesomepeopleafraidofdrivingtheirowncars.Questions16-
2016.AGiottoDonatello.BDomenicoGhirlandajo.CLeonardoDavinci.DTheGreekandRomansculptors.
17.ABecausehewantedtobecomeasculptornotapainter.BBecausehewasnotcontentwithlearninganatomysecond-hand.CBecausehehadverydifferentideasaboutart.DBecausehelikedtodrawfromlivingmodels.
18.AThesculptureofDavid.BTheceilingoftheSistineChapel.CTheCreationofAdam.DAportraitofPopeJuliusII.
19.AThirteenmonths.BTwenty-threemonths.CForty-fivemonths.DForty-eightmonths.
20.ABecauseitisaveryoldworkofart.BBecausepeoplecanrarelyseeitnow.CBecauseitconveysancientideasaboutart.DBecauseitcanbeseenonmanyprintedmatters.SECTION2:READINGTESTDirections:Inthissectionyouwillreadseveralpassages.Eachoneisfollowedbyseveralquestionsaboutit.YouaretochooseONEbestanswerABCorDtoeachquestion.AnswerallthequestionsfollowingeachpassageonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimpliedinthatpassageandwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions1-5Audiencesfromminorityethnicgroupscomplainedabouttokenismnegativestereotypingandsimplisticportrayaloftheircommunitiesontelevisionisareportpublishedyesterday.ButprogrammessuchasthecomedyshowsGoodnessGraciousMeandAliGandthelong-runningsoapCoronationStreetwerepraisedasbeingstepsinthefightdirection.ThereportMulticulturalBroadcasting:ConceptandRealitywasreleasedbytheBBCtheBroadcastingStandardsCommissiontheIndependentTelevisionCommissionandtheRadioAuthority.Itexploresattitudestowardsmulticulturalbroadcastingfromtheperspectiveoftheaudienceandfromwithinthetelevisionradioandadvertisingindustries.Allthosequestionedfromminorityethnicgroupssaidtheircountryoforiginwasnotrepresentedatallorwasnegativelyportrayedontelevision.Therewasalsoasenseofinsufficientcoverageofeventsconcerningtheircountriesoforigin.Theperspectivesofethnicandracialminoritieswerenotfeaturedsufficientlyonterrestrialtelevisionaccordingto69%ofthoseworkingintelevision.Oftheradiosample45%agreed.Therewasconcernaboutstereotypicalportrayalofcertainissues.GroupsfromtheAsiansubcontinentspokeofthewayinwhicharrangedmarriageswerepresentedontelevision.Theyfelttreatmentoftheissuewasneitheraccuratenorreflectiveofthewayinwhichthesystemhadchanged.Theissueoftokenismwasalsosignificant—somepeoplefeltcharactersfromminorityethnicgroupswereincludedinprogrammesbecauseitwasexpectedtheyshouldberesultingincharacterswhowereill-drawnandunimportant.Audiencesfeltbroadcastershadasocialdutytoincludeauthenticandfairrepresentationsofminoritiesasitwouldfosterunderstandingofdifferentculturesandallowchildrentoseethemselvesrepresentedpositively.Itwasseenasimportantthatminoritygroupsshouldbeincludedinsoapoperasorgameshowsastheyhavehighviewingfigures.Theyshouldalsobemorerepresentedaspresentersinnewsanddocumentaryprogramming.AudiencesfromthesubcontinentsaidtheydidnotwanttobelabelledAsianandcalledfortheirdistinctiveculturalidentitiestobeacknowledged.Similarlythosewithinmixed-raceblackgroupssaidtheirissueswererarelyrepresented.ThroughouttheaudienceresearchwasanunderlyingfeelingthatasallpeoplepaidalicencefeefortheBBCithadagreaterobligationtocatertominoritytastes.Youngerwhiteparticipantstendedtofinditdivisivetohaveprogrammesaimedatparticulargroupsandthoughtitbettertoconcentrateonachievingfairerrepresentationinthemainstream.Bothaudienceandindustrygroupsagreedthatalthoughprogresshadbeenmadeinthepastfiveyearstherestillneededtobebetterrepresentationofminoritiesonscreenandbehindthescenes.Itisapparentinthereportthatethnicminoritygroupsarestillunder-representedinemployment.Only32%ofpeopleinradioand22%ofthoseinTVagreedthatnumbersofpeoplefromminoritiesindecision-makingroleshadincreasedinthelastfiveyears.Buttheoverwhelmingfeelingamongthoseworkingintheadvertisingindustrywasthatcommercialobjectivesshouldtakepriority.PaulBoltdirectoroftheBSCsaid:Thereportshowswherethingscanbedoneindevelopingfuturepolicies.WeaknessinnumbersThenumberofpeoplefromminorityethnicgroupsonairhasincreased.Only32%oftheTVindustrysamplethoughttherehadbeenagrowthinprogrammingrelevanttothegroups.Inradiothefigurewas63%.Only32%ofthoseworkinginradioand22%intelevisionagreedthenumberofethnicminoritystaffindecision-makingroleshadincreasedinthelastfiveyears.TheperspectiveofethnicandracialminoritieswerenotfeaturedsufficientlyonterrestrialTVaccordingto69%ofthoseintelevision.Oftheradiosample45%agreedthiswastrue.
1.TheprogrammesofGoodnessGraciousMeAliGandCoronationStreetcitedinthepassage______.AarethebestexamplesofnegativestereotypesBserveastheevidencetosupporttheconclusionofthereportCshowthesignificanceoftokenisminmassmediaDdisplaythepositiveattitudetowardsmulticulturalissues
2.AccordingtothepassagetheportrayalofAsiansarrangedmarriagesontelevision______.AdoesnotreflectchangedmarriagesystemBaccuratelydescribesthechangeofmarriagesystemCdoesnotshowtheromanticsideofsuchmarriagesystemDcriticizesstronglythetraditionoftheAsiancommunity
3.Thewordtokenismusedinthepassagecanbestbeparaphrasedas______.AutterdistortionBfancifulportrayalCaccuratecharacterizationDsuperficialrepresentation
4.WhichofthefollowingCANNOTbetrueaccordingtothepassageATheissueoftokenismontelevisionimpliestheprejudiceagainstethnicminorities.BThereportisbasedonlyontheinvestigationoftheaudiencefromminoritygroups.CPeopleworkingintelevisionradioandadvertisingindustriesareallinvestigated.DPeopleworkingintheadvertisingindustryaremoreconcernedwithcommercialtargets.
5.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat______.AthereportonmulticulturalbroadcastingismadeandreleasedbyBBCBfairrepresentationofminoritiesshouldbebasedonunderstandingofdifferentculturesCthesituationoftokenismintelevisionradioandadvertisingindustriesvariesgreatlyfromoneanotherDemploymentofethnicminoritiesiswellrepresentedonterrestrialtelevisionQuestions6-10MartinMills25keepsalowprofileinordertostaysafeinhistoughneighborhood.Hecleanshotelsfor$250aweekandthengoesstraighthometoathree-bedroomhouseinapredominantlyAfrican-AmericanareaonthenorthsideofWilmingtonDel.Heliveswithfiveofhissixchildrenandhisgirlfriend.Hisyoungerbrotherwasrobbedatgunpointandshotintheheadafewyearsago.Idontbotheranybodyhesays.Itrytodofightkeepacoolhead.HeneededoneonSept.3whensevenoreightcopsdescendedonhimashewasleavingthecornerdeli.TheyjumpedoutofanunmarkedvanandaccordingtoMillsknockedoverhis1-year-oldsonintheirhastetocollarMills.Theyfriskedhimthenshovedacamerainhisface.HesaysheheardanofficersayWearetakingyourpicturenowforanythingyoumightdointhefuture.Theythenlethimgowithoutcharginghimwithanycrime.WilmingtonpolicesaytheyhavenorecordofMillscase.ButtheirchiefMichaelSzczerbamakesnoapologiesforhisdepartmentslatestefforttocrackdownondrugs.Thissummerunitsofasmanyas18agentsknowntolocalsasjump-outsquadsbeganstoppingindividualsusuallyAfricanAmericanslikeMillsatdrug-infestedstreetcornersinsearchofgunscrackandheroin.ThepolicewouldthentakeadigitalphotoevenwithnoevidenceofmalfeasancetofileinadatabasethatSzczerbasayscanbeaccessedifweseeasubsequentviolation.ThedepartmentplanstocontinueindefinitelywhatitcallsOperationBoldEagle.ThenotionofcollectingmugshotsofpotentialcriminalshassparkedcomparisonstothefuturisticthrillerMinorityReportinwhichafictionalhigh-techpoliceunitidentifiescriminalsbeforetheycommitcrimesananalogythatSzczerbasaysislaughable.Headdsthatitishighlyimprobablethatinnocentpeoplewerecaughtupinthesweeps.Butpolicestatisticsshowthatnearly20%ofthemorethan600peopledetainedthusfarwerenotchargedwithanyoffense.Accordingtothe1968SupremeCourtdecisionTerryv.Ohiopolicecanconductstop-and-frisksiftheyhaveareasonableparticularizedsuspicionthatcriminalactivityisafootandasuspectisdangerous.Buttheycannotusethesestopstogofishingforcriminalsinhigh-crimeareas.Copsoftenfudgethatdistinction.Policestopgenerallyyoungmalesinhigh-drug-trafficareasbasedonverylittlesuspicionallthetimesaysBillStuntzaHarvardLawSchoolprofessor.Therealityonthestreetsissomedistancefromwhatthelawsays.InWilmingtonthepoliceinsistthattheyabidebythelawbyengaginginsurveillancebeforetheysendoutthejump-outsquads.ButwhatespeciallybotherstheWilmingtonMostexpertsbelievethataslongastheinitialstopislegalthepolicecantakewhateverphotostheywant.TheSupremeCourthasheldthatpeoplecanhavenoexpectationofprivacywhentheyareinpublic.ThatswhythegovernmentwasabletoscanthefacesoffansatlastyearsSuperBowlandwhyitcanvideotapedriverstomakesuretheydontrunaredlight.PolicecantakephotosofpeopleinpublicplacessaysStanfordlawprofessorRobertWeisberg.Itcanbeuglyimmoralauthoritarianbutitsnotunconstitutional.ManyWilmingtonresidentsappreciatetheeffortsoftheirpolice.AnnMcGrellis33asalesassistantindowntownWilmingtonsaysThebottomlineisifyourenotdoinganythingwrongyoudonthavetoworryaboutthejump-outsquads.Millswhobelieveshewastargetedbecauseofhisraceandaddressmightbegtodisagree.
6.AccordingtothepassageMinorityReport______.AiswrittenbyWilmingtonpoliceaboutitsactionplanBtellstheuseofhigh-techindetectingcriminalsinstoryformCismainlyaboutthe1968caseTerryv.OhioDillustratesthetargetsandprocessesoftheOperationBoldEagle
7.Thepolicestatisticsthatnearly20%ofthemorethan600peopledetainedthusfarwerenotchargedwithanyoffensepara.3showsthat______.AfewinnocentpeoplewerecaughtinthesweepsoperationBpolicechiefSzczerbaiscorrectinhisanalysisoftheiractionC20%ofthepeopledetainedwerewaitingfortheirsentenceDthepoliceactiontocrackdowncrimescannotbefullyjustified
8.InthesentenceCopsoftenfudgethatdistinction.para.4thewordfudgecanbestbeparaphrasedas______.AtakenonoticeofBgivefreeinterpretationofCdonotunderstandDfeelpuzzledabout
9.WhichofthefollowingcannotbeinferredfromthepassageAProfessorBillStuntzandProfessorRobertWeisbergdifferintheirviews.BWilmingtonpoliceisnotapologizingfortakingpicturesofinnocentpeople.CTheauthorreacheshisownconclusionovertheissue.DTheSupremeCourthasexpresseditssupporttoWilmingtonpolice.
10.WhichofthefollowingexpressesthemainideaofthepassageAThecaseofMartinMillsisanexceptioninWilmingtonpoliceaction.BMostWilmingtonresidentswelcometherecentpoliceaction.CTakingpicturesofinnocentpeopleonthestreetisacontroversialissue.DTakingphotosofpeopleinpublicbypoliceislegalandconstitutional.Questions11-15EversinceitsdiscoveryPlutohasneverreallyfittedin.AfterthepaleandglowinggiantNeptuneitislittlemorethanacosmicdustmitesweptthroughthefarthestreachesofthesolarsystemonaplanewildlytiltedrelativetotherestoftheplanets.ItissmallerthanNeptuneslargestmoonandtheareaofitsorbitissoovalthatitoccasionallycrossesitsmassiveblueneighborspath.Foryearsithasbeenseenasoursolarsystemsoddestplanet.YesterdayhoweverscientistsreleasedperhapsthemostconvincingevidenceyetthatPlutoinfactisnotaplanetatall.ForthefirsttimeastronomershavepeeredintoabeltofrocksbeyondPluto—unknownuntil10yearsagoandfoundaworldthatrivalsPlutoinsize.ThescientistspositthatlargerrocksmustbeoutthereperhapsevenlargerthanPlutomeaningPlutoismorelikelythekingofthisdistantrealmofspacedetritusthanthetiniestofthenineplanets.Whendiscoveredin1930Plutoatthatpointwastheonlything[thatfar]outtheresotherewasnothingelsetocallitbutaplanetsaysMikeBrownanastronomerattheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyinPasadena.Nowitjustdoesntfit.InonesensethequestionofPlutosplanetarystatusisarcanetheprovinceofpocket-protectedscientistsandsun-deprivedpenpushersdeterminedtodecidesomeofficialdesignationforaballofdustandice3billionmilesaway.Yetitisalsounquestionablysomethingmore.FromsciencefairdioramastogovernmentfundingplanetsholdaspecialplaceinthepublicimaginationandhowPlutoiseventuallyseen-bykidsandCongressalike-couldshapewhatfuturegenerationslearnaboutthismysteriousoutpostontheedgeofthesolarsystem.Thedebatehassplittheastronomicalcommunityfordecades.EvenbeforethedistantbandofrocksknownastheKuiperBeltwasfoundPlutosunusualbehaviormadeitsuspicious.Elsewherethesolarsystemfitintonearfamilies:therockyinnerplanetstheasteroidbeltthehugeandgaseousouterplanets.Plutothoughwaspeculiar.WiththediscoveryoftheKuiperBelt-countlessbitsofrockandiceleftunusedwhenthewheelofthesolarsystemfirstformed-Plutosuddenlyseemedtohavecousins.Yetuntilyesterdayitheldtoitsplanetarydistinctionbecauseitwasfarlargerthananythinglocatedthere.TherubnowisQuaoarpronouncedKWAH-oar1billionmilesbeyondPlutoandroughlyhalfaslarge.NamedafterthecreationforceofthetribethatoriginallyinhabitedtheLosAngelesbasinQuaoarforecastsproblemsfortheerstwhileninthplanetsaysdiscovererDr.Brown:ThecaseisgoingtogetalothardertodefendthedaysomebodyfindssomethinglargerthanPlutoTosometheproblemisnotwithPlutobutthedefinitionofplanet.Inshortthereisnone.TotheGreekswhocoinedthetermitmeantwandererdescribingthewaythattheplanetsmovedacrossthenightskydifferentlyfromthestarsbehindthem.Todaywithourmorenuancedunderstandingoftheuniversethewordnolongerhasmuchscientificmeaning.NewYorksHaydenPlanetariumcausedacommotiontwoyearsagobysupposedlydemotingPlutolumpingitwiththeKuiperBeltobjectsinitshugemobileofthesolarsystem.InrealityhowevertheplanetariumwasmakingamuchbroaderstatementsaysNellDegrasseTysonanastrophysicistthere.Thetextbooksofthefutureshouldfocusmoreonfamiliesoflikeobjectsthanplanets.ThediscoveryofQuaoarstrengthensthisidea:Everyoneneedstorethinkthestructureofoursolarsystemhesays.Wevejuststoppedcountingplanets.StillmanyareloathtopartwiththeplanetPluto.TheynotethatPlutoinfactisdistinctfrommanyKuiperBeltobjects.Ithasathinatmosphereforone.ItreflectsagreatdealoflightwhilemostKuiperBeltobjectsareverydark.AndunlikeallbutahandfulofknownKuiperBeltobjectsithasamoon.MaybePlutothenshouldberepresentativeofanewclassofplanetssaysMarkSykesanastronomerattheUniversityofArizonainTucson.Itsthefirstexampleandwearejustbeginningtofindthiscategory.
11.WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassageARockslargerthanPlutohavebeenfoundintheKuiperBelt.BTheKuiperBeltdidnotexistwhenPlutowasfirstdiscovered.CTheastronomersaredividedwithregardtothestatusofPluto.DThereisalmostnodifferencebetweenPlutoandotherKuiperBeltobjects.
12.FromwhenwasPlutoseriouslyquestionedaboutitsplanetarystatusAAsearlyas
1930.BMorethanadecadeago.CWhentheKuiperBeltwasdiscovered.DWhenQuaoarwasdiscovered.
13.ThesentenceInshortthereisnone.para.7canbeparaphrasedaswhichofthefollowingAThereisnoproblemwithPlutosplanetarystatus.BThereisnotmuchdifferencebetweenPlutoandotherplanets.CThereisyetnoscientificdefinitionofthetermplanet.DThereisnocleardistinctionbetweenplanetsandstars.
14.WhichofthefollowingdoesnotsupportthestatementthatPlutoisoursolarsystemsoddestplanetAItisfarthestfromthesun.BItisunusuallysmall.CItsorbitistoooval.DItmainlyconsistsofdustandice.
15.ThewordcommotionintheexpressionNewYorksHaydenPlanetariumcausedacommotiontwoyearsagopara.8canbereplacedby________.AexchangeofopinionsBthoroughinvestigationCwildimaginationDagitatedconfusionQuestions16-20The100AkerWoodmaylooklikeadarkforbiddingplacethesedaysforMichaelD.Eisner.ThatswhereWinniethePoohPigletandEeyoreliveandthecartooncharacters—whichrepresentatleast$1billionayearinrevenuesforEisnersWaltDisneyCo.—areinfullrevolt.A12-years-oldlawsuitsealedinaLosAngelescourtuntilJanuaryhascometolightandaseriesofcourtrulingsthreatenthemediagiantwithhundredsofmillionsinoverduelicensepaymentsandpossiblythelossofoneofitsmostlucrativeproperties.HowlargeahitDisneywilltakeisstillindispute.Disneyisappealingtworulingsincludingoneallegingthatcompanyexecutivesknowinglydestroyedimportantpapersrelatedtoitslicensingdeals.ThePoohaffairmayseemminoratatimewhenEisnerisunderattackforDisneyschronicallyweakstockpriceandABCsanemicratingsbuttheDisneychairmanhardlyneedsmorejostlingfromaSillyOldBear.Whatsmoretheimpactcouldbesignificant.AfteracknowledgingtotheSecuritiesExchangeCommissiononAug.9thatdamagescouldtotalasmuchasseveralhundredmilliondollarsorthelossofthelicensingagreementDisneywashitwithnewshareholderlawsuits.Disneywantstokeepitsgriponthatbearandhishoneyjar.PoohisDisneyssinglelargestpropertysaysMartinBrocksteinexecutiveeditorofTheLicensingLetter.Thataddsuptoabout$100millioninoperatingearningsbornroyaltiesonPoohT-shirtsbackpacksandothermerchandisefiguresGerardKlauerMathesonCo.analystJeffreyLogsdon.LastyearDisneypaid$352milliontoonepairofheirsofWinnie-the-PoohauthorA.A.Milne.ButthefamilyofStephenA.SlesingeraNewYorkliteraryagentwhoboughttheU.S.rightsin1930saysDisneyowesthem$200milliononlicensesforT-shirtsandothermerchandiseandhascutthementirelyoutofthelucrativevideocassetteandDVDarena.HeadedbyShirleySlesingerLasswellan80-year-oldwidowwhotravelswithaWinnie-the-Poohbeareverywherethefamilycontendsitisowedcloseto$1billionsayitslawyers.DisneywhichsaysitpaystheSlesingers$12millionayearinsiststhe$1billionfigureisapublicitystunt.The1930contractsaystheygetroyaltiesonmerchandisealonenotallexploitationsaysDisneyattorneyDanielJ.Petrocelli.TheSlesingersalsochargethatDisneylostdocumentsrelatedtomerchandisesalesanddestroyedothersthatextendedtheaccordtoDVDsandvideotapes.OnJune18LosAngelesSuperiorCourtJudgeErnestM.HiroshigerejectedtheauditbyaforensicaccountanthethoughtundulyfavoredDisneyandfoundthatDisneymisusedthediscoveryprocessbyhidingthefactthatitdestroyeddocumentsthatmighthaveexpandedthelicensingagreementtotapesandDVDs.Absentthosedocuments—whichincludethepapersofthelateDisneyConsumerProductschiefVincentJefferds—thecasemayhingeonthemommymemo.Thatmemowrittenin1983bySlesingerdaughterPatriciatohermotherShirleydescribesameetingwithJefferdsattheBeverlyHillsHotelatwhichJefferdsallegedlytoldPatriciathatvideosandallthesenewthingswerecoveredandtoshutupaboutitaccordingtocourtdocuments.BecauseDisneydestroyedJefferdslettersJudgeHiroshigeruledthatDisneyisbarredfromintroducingevidencedisputingthefamilyscontentionthattheywereentitledtoroyaltiesonvideocassettes.Disneyisappealingtheruling.Settlementseemsunlikelyamongtheparties.Oneobstacle:thestill-simmeringanimositytowardSlesingerlawyerBertramFieldswhowona$250millionsettlementforformerDisneystudiochiefJeffreyKatzenberginahyper-charged1999case.Thistimethecharactermaybesoftandfuzzybutthepayoutcouldbebigger.ForEisnerPoohisbecomingoneVeryBigBother.
16.TheexpressioninfullrevoltinthesentenceThatswhereWinniethePoohPigletandEeyoreliveandthecartooncharacters...areinfullrevolt.para.1impliesthat______.AthecartooncharactersarenolongerpopularBDisneyisseriouslyinvolvedinlawsuitsCtheyshowthesignofdefeatofDisneyinlawsuitsDthecartooncharactersnolongerplaypositiveroles
17.ThewordanemicintheexpressionEisnerisunderattackfor...ABCsanemicratingspara.2canbeparaphrasedas______.AflexibleBchangingCsteadyDdeclining
18.ThesentenceDisneywantstokeepitsgriponthatbearandhishoneyjar.para.3canbestbeexplainedaswhichofthefollowingADisneywantstotakebackthebearsoastomakemorehoney.BDisneywantstotakecontrolofitscartooncharacters.CDisneywantstokeepthemostprofitablepropertyWinniethePooh.DDisneywantstowinthe12-year-oldlawsuit.
19.WhydoestheauthorsaythatDisneyscasemayhingeonthemommymemoABecauseDisneyhasbeenbarredfromintroducingfurtherevidence.BBecausethedocumentsrelatedtoDisneysmerchandisesalescannotbefound.CBecausethismightbetheonlydocumentrevealingDisneysoriginalattitude.DBecauseSlesingerdaughterfaithfullyrecordedJefferdswords.
20.WhichofthefollowingCANNOTbeconcludedfromthepassageADisneyhasintroducedconvincingevidencetodefenditself.BDisneyhasdestroyedsomeimportantpapersonpurpose.CDisneyhaslostinthe1999casewithJeffreyKatzenberg.DThestockpriceofDisneyhasbeengoingdownforaperiodoftime.SECTION3:TRANSLATIONTESTDirections:TranslateofthefollowingpassageintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.BringingtheWorldCuptoAsiawassupposedtoexpandthereachoftheglobalgameinahappyconfluenceofgoodwillandgoodbusiness.Theactiononthepitchhascertainlybeendramaticandmostfanswerethrilled.Butlessthanhalfwaythroughthemonth-longtournamentthegoodwillisalreadywearingthin—andbusinessseemsrelativelyslowwithfewervisitorsandCup-relatedsalesthanexpected.Deeplyembarrassedbytheimageofpart-emptystadiumsbesiegedbyangrytickethuntersJapaneseprimeministerorderedanofficialinvestigationintotheticketfiasco.Claiminglossesofmorethan$800000pergameKoreassoccerfederationeventhreatenedtosueByromtheofficialticketagentforfailingtoprintanddeliverticketsontime.JapanandKoreabothhopedtoscorebigpoints—athomeandabroad—withtheWorldCup.Perhapsitwasthememoriesofthe1964TokyoOlympicsandthe1988SeoulOlympicswhichwereconsideredturningpointsintheirnationsdevelopment.Miredinadecade-longslumpJapanlongsforanythingthatmightshockitseconomybacktolife.KoreameanwhilehopestheCupwillsteadyitshaltingrecoveryfromthe1997Asianfinancialcrisis—andhelpbranditasAsiasmostwirednation.Theirplan:injectbillionsofdollarsintonewfacilitieswelcomethrongsoftouristsandforonegloriousmonthshowcasetheircountriestothebiggesttelevisionaudienceinworldhistory.SECTION4:LISTENINGTESTPartA:Note-takingAndGap-fillingDirections:InthispartofthetestyouwillhearashorttalkYouwillhearthetalkONLYONCE.WhilelisteningtothetalkyoumaytakenotesontheimportantpointssothatyoucanhaveenoughinformationtocompleteagapfillingtaskonaseparateANSWERBOOKLET.YouwillnotgetyourANSWERBOOKLETuntilafteryouhavelistenedtothetalkStressisnowamajor________1issue.Evenholidayscanbeasourceof________2andactuallyunderminehealthandputpressureon________3relationships.Havingspentholidaysin________4placesorfeltthatotherpeoplearehavingamorewonderfultimeholiday-makerscomehomemorestressedthanbeforetheywentaway.Holiday________5involveaseriesofmini-stressesincludingtyinguplooseendsat________6andworryingaboutsecuringthehomeagainst________
7.Crowdedairportsdelayedflightsandpacked________8maybeotherstressfactors.Soexpertsrecommendthatweshouldtaketwoorthree________9holidaysayearinsteadofalong________10one.JulyandAugustcanbethemost________11monthsforholidaysbecauseholidaysshouldbeatimefor________12quietand________13space.Anotherstrainisthatholiday-makersarenotabletodowhattheywantonholidayandfeelletdown.So________14isverystressful.Itsnotgoingto________15youbutitwonthelpyoutorechargeyour________
16.Somepeoplebecomeover________17whentheyaregoingonholidayandfeelthattheirchosenholidayspotisnota________18place.Manycouplesandfamiliesaresimplynotusedto________19alongtimewitheachother.Theycannotcopewithitandfindit________20torelax.PartB:ListeningandTranslationI.SentenceTranslationDirections:Inthispartofthetestyouwillhear5Englishsentences.YouwillhearthesentencesONLYONCE.AfteryouhaveheardeachsentencetranslateitintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.12345II.PassageTranslationDirections:Inthispartofthetestyouwillhear2Englishpassages.YouwillhearthepassagesONLYONCE.AfteryouhaveheardeachpassagetranslateitintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Youmaytakenoteswhileyouarelistening.12SECTION5:READINGTESTDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagesandthenanswerINCOMPLETESENTENCESthequestionswhichfolloweachpassage.UseonlyinformationfromthepassageyouhavejustreadandwriteyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions1-3Twelve-year-oldClaireElliottowesherFrenchpenpaltwoletters.HerEnglishhomeworkisalwaysskimpyandlateandherfriendshavegivenupe-mailingherbecausesheneverreplies.YetaccordingtohermotherMeganClaireisavoraciousreader.Shejusthateswriting.AcopywriterherselfMeganElliotthadassumedthatallherchildrenwouldlearntowriteastheyhadlearnttoreadwithrelativeease.ButassoonasClairestartedschoolherwritingseemedtobeaproblem.Clairecouldneverworkouthowtoholdthepencil.EventuallysheendedupwiththisverytenseoddgripsaysMegan.EveryyearatparentseveningIdsayShestilldoesntseemtobeholdingherpencilverywellandtheteacherwouldsayNoshedoesntdoesn’tshe.WeallleftitandnowClaireiscapableofwritingthoughinaratherstiltedstyle.Butshehatesitwhichseemsaterribleshame.Goingbythelatestnationaltestresultsfor11-year-oldsClaireisnotalone.Almosthalfofallboysandfouroutof10girlsfailtoreachtheaveragestandardintheirwritingSATs-farmorethanthe20%orsoofpupilswhofailinreading.Parentswhohelptheirchildrenlearntoreadareoftenatalosstoknowhowtohelpthemwrite.ThatisnotsurprisingsaysthepsychologistDrRhoneStainthorpbecauseeventheexpertsdontfullyunderstandwhatworks.Theyjustknowthatwithitscombinationofhugelydifferentskills-structuringspellingphysicalco-ordinationuseofgrammarandsyntax-writingisprobablythehardestthingweaskourchildrentolearn.SohowcanparentshelpForchildrentolearntowritewelltheyneedrichstoresoflanguagesaysKateJoneswhoeditsthemagazineYoungWriterwww.young-writer.orgwhicheachyearreceives5000contributions.Whatcharacterizesthebestpiecesshesaysisthattheyusefreshwordsandsentencestructures-andthechildrenwhohavethesearetheoneswhoseparentstalktothemalotandcontinuetoreadaloudtothemlongaftertheycanreadtothemselves.IfchildrenseetheirparentsenjoywritinglettersormakinguppoemstheywillimitatethemsaysJones.Familiescanwritetogether-keepaholidayscrapbookorcorrespondwiththetoothfairy-andtheycanplaywritinggames.Theresagamewhereeverybodywritesthefirstsentenceofastoryontheirownpieceofpaperthenyoufoldthepapersandpassthemontothepersononyourleftwhowritesanending.ThenyoupassthemonagainandeachofyouwritesastorytojoinupthebeginningandendsaysJones.Itwontgodownwellthoughwiththemanyolderchildren—agedeight-plus–wholikeClaireElliotthavealreadybeenputoffbyastrugglewithwriting.Aschildrenapproach11saysStainthorpwritingscomponentskillsneedtobeautomatic.Ifbythenchildrenarestillconcentratingonjoininguplettersorspellingtheyarenotthinkingsufficientlyaboutwhattheyaretryingtosay.Atthisstageparentscanhelpbyboostingthosebasicskills.Thatmaymeanahandwritingcourse.Itmaymeantuitionfromaspellingspecialistorbuyingahand-heldspell-checkerforchildrenagednine-plustouse-notwhenlearningtospellbutwhenwriting.RhodriWilliams15andhisbrotherMartin13havebeenwritingstoriessincetheywereseven.TheirmotherKateencouragedthembymakingupentertainingcomicpoems.WemakeupalotofjokesandpunsroundthedinnertableandwhentheysayImboredIsayGowritesomethingdown.Theymaynotdoitthenbuttheydoitlatershesays.ThemorechildrenwritethebettertheygetatitsaysStainthorp.Thechildrenwhoinitiallysucceedatwritingbecausetheydontfindittoohardtendtogetbetterandbetter.Theydomorewritingsotheygetmorepractice.Thechildrenwhoinitiallyfinditverydifficultdolesswriting.Sotheydontgetthepracticeandtheygetfurtherandfurtheradrift.Onegroupspiralsupandtheothergroupspiralsdownanditbecomesdifficulttoclosethegap.ClaireandMeganElliottarepseudonyms
1.Whydoestheauthormentionthe12-year-oldgirlClaireElliottatthebeginningofthepassage
2.WhatisYoungWriterseditorKateJonesviewaboutimprovingchildrenswritingskill
3.WhatisthepsychologistDr.RhonaStainthorpspointofviewWhatishissuggestiononchildrenswritingproblemQuestions4-6GenghisKhanmassacredthepopulationofwholecitiesashebuilthisMongolempire.Butin1227whenhissonavengedhisdeathbyorderingtheslayingoftheCentralAsianTangutpeoplehedestroyedawholecultureasthelocalTangutlanguagewasneveragainspoken.Theworldnowlosesalanguageeverytwoweeksarateunprecedentedinhistory.Ofcoursenotallmeetsuchaviolentend.TwolivelyandaccessiblenewbooksAndrewDalbysLanguageinDangerandThePowerofBabelbyJohnMcWhortermaptheintricatecombinationofpoliticsgenocidegeographyandeconomicsthatmoretypicallyconspireintheirdemise—andaskwhetherwearelosingatestamenttohumancreativitythatrivalsgreatworksofart.Linguistsestimatethatin100yearsfewerthanhalftheworlds6000languageswillstillbeinuse.WillthismeanamorepeacefulcommunicativeworldoranaridlinguisticdesertsubjecttothetyrannyofthemonoglotyokeInansweringthisquestionDalbyandMcWhortertakeusonafascinatingandcolorfulspinthroughhistorychroniclingtheriseofempiresandcrisscrossingtheglobetotakeintheindigenoustribesofwestAfricaTasmaniaandtheAmazontrackingdownitineranthealersinBoliviawhalehuntersoffthecoastofGermanyRussianimmigrantsinNewYork-inshortanyonewhocancastlightontheuniquewayspeoplecommunicate.McWhorterlikenslinguisticchangetoDarwinstheoryofevolutionarguingthatlanguageslikeanimalsandplantsinevitablysplitintosubvarietiesalterinresponsetoenvironmentalpressuresandevolvenewformsanduselessfeatures.Inprosethatisboldandcompellinghewarnsagainstseeinggrammarasarepositoryofculturearguingthatitismoreoftenformedbychanceandconvenienceanddoesnotreflectitsspeakersworldviewanymorethanapatternofspilledmilkrevealsanythingspecificaboutthebottleitcamefrom.Histheoryisslightlyunderminedbycarelesserrors:aLatinsentencehehascomposedonwhichhisfirstchapterrestshasfourmistakesinninewords.Laterratheramazinglyhebunglesthemasculineandneuterformsofillathebasicwordforthat.RatherthandisassociatinglanguagesfromthepeoplewhospeakthemDalbytakesonthedifficultbutequallyrewardingchallengeofdrawingoutthedistinctconsciousnessexpressedbyeachtongue.AsBabelbecomeshomogenizedsurvivinglanguageshavefewernewwordsandideastodrawon.WithoutGreektherewouldbenowine-darksea.WewouldnotburythehatchetifAmericanIndianshadntdoneitalready.Despitethesedifferencesbothauthorsagreethatwitheachlanguagewelearnourabilitytocomprehendtheworldisgivenfreshnewscope.ThewordforworldinYupikanEskimo-AleutlanguageofAlaskaencompassesweatheroutdoorsawarenessandsenseascomparedwithitsEuropeanequivalentswhichtendtorefertopeopleacrowdinhabitantsasintheFrenchdumondealotofpeopleortheclassicalGreekheoikoumenemeaningthesettledzone.WhereasinEnglishwemaysimplysayheischoppingtreesTuyucaspeakersintheAmazonrainforestmustchangetheirsuffixestospecifywhetherthiswastoldtothemtheysawitthemselvestheyheardthesoundortheyresimplyguessing.WhyaretheselanguagesdisappearingGlobalizationisthemodernequivalentofGenghisKhanbothauthorsargue.Englishisnowcompetentlyspokenbyabout
1.8billionpeopleworldwide.Parentsconsideritthekeytoamoreprosperouslife.Fearingthatwithoutfluencyinthelanguagesoftheculturesoftallbuildingstheirchildrenwillbedeprivedofstandardizededucationandtheabilitytoreaptherewardsofinternationaltradetheyallowtheirowntonguestodieoffwiththeelderly.DalbyandMcWhorterrewritethescriptonlanguagechangefromnearlyoppositebutequallyintelligentperspectivesagreeingonthemostsignificantpoint:ifourrichlinguisticheritageisnotpreservedevenEnglishspeakersmayfindthemselvesuncomfortablylostforwords.
4.IntroducebrieflyDalbyandMcWhortersviewsaboutthedeathoflanguagesandtheirdifferences.
5.Whatcanbeconcludedfromthediscussionaboutthewordworldandtheexpressionheischoppingtreesindifferentlanguages
6.ExplainthesentenceGlobalizationisthemodernequivalentofGenghisKhan.fromthelastparagraph.Questions7-10Thegreatestdangertoourfutureisapathy.Wecannotexpectthoselivinginpovertyandignorancetoworryaboutsavingtheworld.Forthoseofusabletoreadthismagazineitisdifferent.Wecandosomethingtopreserveourplanet.Youmaybeovercomehoweverbyfeelingsofhelplessness.Youarejustonepersoninaworldof6billion.HowcanyouractionsmakeadifferenceBestyousaytoleaveittodecisionmakers.Andsoyoudonothing.CanweovercomeapathyYesbutonlyifwehavehope.Onereasonforhopeliesintheextraordinarynatureofhumanintellectualaccomplishment.Ahundredyearsagotheideaofa747ofamanonthemoonoftheInternetremainedintherealmofsciencefiction.Yetwehaveseenthosethingsandmuchmuchmore.Sonowthatwehavefinallyfaceduptotheterribledamagewehaveinflictedonourenvironmentouringenuityisworkingovertimetofindtechnologicalsolutions.Buttechnologyaloneisnotenough.Wemushengagewithourheartsalso.Anditshappeningaroundtheworld.Congotobuildasanctuaryfororphanedchimpanzees.IformedthispartnershipwhenIrealizedthatConocoduringitsexplorationusedstate-of-the-artpracticesdesignedtohavetheleastpossibleimpactontheenvironment.Manyothercompaniesareworkingoncleanformsofenergyorganicfarmingmethodslesswastefulirrigationandsoon.Anotherreasonforhopeistheresilienceofnature—ifitisgivenahelpinghand.FifteenyearsagotheforestsoutsideGombeNationalParkinTanzaniaWhilepollutionstillplaguesmuchoftheworldprogressisbeingmade.ThisMayinSudburyOnt.Isawnewforeststhatwererecolonizinghillsdestroyedby100yearsofnickelmining.Thecommunityraisedthemoneyandworkedformonthsspreadinglimeandplantingvegetationontheblackenedrock.Ireleasedthefirstbrooktroutintoaoncepoisonedcreekthere.Animalspeciesonthebrinkofextinctioncanbegivenasecondchancethroughprotectionandcaptivebreeding—evenifpreservingahabitatconflictswitheconomicinterests.AcompanyinTaiwanplannedtobuildarapid-transitlinerightthroughtheonlymajorremainingbreedinggroundoftherarepheasant-tailedjacana.Therewasanoutcrybutitwastheonlyeconomicallyviableroute.Environmentalistsworkedwiththecompanytocomeupwithasolution—movingthebreedingground.Waterwasdivertedbackintonearbywetlandsthathadbeendrainedbyfarmersandsuitablevegetationwasreplanted.In2000fivebirdshatchedintheirnewhomeandwhenIvisitedtherethenextyearevenmorebirdshadmovedtothesite.Wehavehugepowerweoftheaffluentsocietieswewhoarecausingthemostenvironmentaldamage.Forwearetheconsumers.Wedonothavetobuyproductsfromcompanieswithbadenvironmentalpolicies.TohelpustheInternetislinkingsmallgrassrootsmovementssothatpeoplewhooncefelttheywereontheirowncancontactotherswiththesameconcerns.IfeeldeepshamewhenIlookintotheeyesofmygrandchildrenandthinkhowmuchdamagehasbeendonetoPlanetEarthsinceIwastheirage.Eachofusmustworkashardaswecannowtohealthehurtsandsavewhatisleft.
7.Whydoestheauthormention747amanonthemoonandtheInternetinthepassage
8.WhatdoestheauthorwanttoexplainwhenshereferstotheenergycompanyConocopara.
49.Theauthorstatesthatonereasonforhopeistheresilienceofnaturepara.
5.WhatdoesitmeanWhatexamplesdoestheauthorgivetosupportthisstatement
10.WhatisRootsShootsWhydoestheauthorsaythatthenameissymbolicpara.8SECTION6:TRANSLATIONTESTDirections:TranslatethefollowingpassageintoEnglishandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.有了房子,就想车子,老百姓想法和银行不谋而合银行在巩固了自己的住房贷款之后,又将目光瞄上了汽车市场昨天,建行上海分行推出了十大优惠举措,欲在外资非金融机构染指汽车贷款之前,做大自己的汽车贷款此前,银行界人士纷纷预测,外资非金融机构进入汽贷市场后,很有可能会在手续简便和贷款利率上做文章,以吸引购车族因此,建行的十大举措也同样是为了简化手续和提供优惠利率,希望此举能使该行的汽车贷款占个人消费信贷的比重从原来的三成提升至五成以上参考答案SECTION1:LISTENINGTESTPartA:SpotDictation
1.givingmethechance
11.scholarshipandhonor
2.standardsandreputationsofthisuniversity
12.mostdynamicandcreative
3.importantanniversary
13.onarisingpath
4.onatrip
14.strongpeacefulandprosperous
5.confrontcenturiesofsuspicion
15.seeaclearpicture
6.vastlydifferentgovernments
16.ourownmaking
7.mutualrespect
17.strengthofAmericancommerce
8.exchangedmanyhandshakes
18.monetarysuccess
9.citizensofbothcountries
19.haveourfaults
10.greatandenduringcivilization
20.idealsofequalityandjusticePartB:ListeningComprehension
1.C
2.B
3.B
4.C
5.D
6.B
7.A
8.C
9.A
10.A
11.A
12.B
13.D
14.A
15.B
16.C
17.C
18.B
19.D
20.DSECTION2:READINGTESTQuestions1-
301.D
2.A
3.D
4.B
5.B
6.B
7.D
8.A
9.C
10.C
11.C
12.D
13.C
14.A
15.D
16.B
17.D
18.C
19.C
20.ASECTION3:TRANSLATIONTEST【参考译文】原本以为,在亚洲举办世界杯,借着世界杯的东风,一可满足人们的良好愿望;二可推动经济的快速发展赛事当然激烈精彩,球迷们也大多过足了球瘾然而,为期一个月的赛程尚未过半,良好的愿望就已经落了空----拉动经济发展的效果微乎其微,游客不多,世界杯赛相关产品的销售也不畅确实让人大跌眼镜在日本,绿茵场内,观众寥寥;绿茵场外,一票难求这下引起了众怒此情此景,令日本首相尴尬不已,随即下令官方介入,调查票务丑闻韩国足协宣布,每场比赛亏损超过80万美元,进而扬言起诉票务代理拜伦,没能及时印制发送球票日韩两国双双希望,搭世界杯之舟,谋海内外之利曾记否?1964年东京奥运会和1988年汉城奥运会当年都成为两国发展的转折点然而,十年来,日本经济陷入泥潭,一蹶不振,迫切希望借助外力,重振往日之雄风与此同时,自1997年亚洲金融危机以来,韩国经济停滞不前,因此期望通过举办世界杯,稳定经济复苏进程,以重塑亚洲强国之地位他们打得是这样一付如意算盘投数十亿巨资,建一流设施,迎八方来客,并且在这充满光荣与梦想的一月赛期中,向有史以来全球最大的电视观众群体,一展日韩两国之风采SECTION4:LISTENINGTEST
1.health
11.disastrous
2.stress
12.peace
3.family
13.personal
4.strange
14.disappointment
5.preparation
15.kill
6.work
16.batteries
7.burglars
17.anxious
8.hotels
18.secure
9.short
19.spending
10.midsummer
20.difficultPartB:ListeningandTranslationI.SentenceTranslation1大学并不只是单纯地打造专家精英,它们是在塑造未来的公民这些公民并非是国家事务的旁观者,他们应是未来的缔造者2加拿大经济以持续稳定的增长态势进入2003年,其失业率从5%调整至
3.5%,通货膨涨率在控制范围中3我们国家的确有人生活在贫困中但正如我所提到的,我们政府在扶贫上的表现是慷慨的,我们要帮助穷人自救仅今年政府的此项支出就达到260亿美元4我们刚刚结束了真诚友好的谈话我确实邀请主席于明年秋天访美而且他确实接受了我的邀请5作为世界贸易组织的一名正式成员,中国将成为国际贸易体系中的一分子中国将有权利并有义务参与制定并贯彻实施自由贸易的准则II.PassageTranslation1现在,美国高校学生在考虑未来时,必须面对一个严峻的问题他们是否能够在毕业后谋求到工作?答案当然并不简单让我们看一下现今在美国人才市场中的几个变化最大的变化莫过于从生产制造业向服务业的转型了服务业是指大多从业人员将提供诸如汽车加油类的服务服务业的公司涉及的领域包括运输及公用事业公司、批发零售业、金融保险和房地产公司以及为个人提供服务的公司2在过去五年里,美国每年死于车祸的人数骤增至55000以上大多数车祸归咎于三种常见原因机械故障,尤其是刹车不灵和爆胎是引发这类致命性交通事故的主要原因之一另外,环境因素如狭窄的街道,大雾,连续下雨或下雪造成路面打滑也会造成交通事故但最常见的车祸原因是人为因素造成的,例如超速,酒后驾车,换道时未打灯指示等司机本身往往是自己在开车时最大的敌人SECTION5:READINGTESTQuestion1:ClaireElliottisagirlwholikesreadingbuthateswriting.Shehasgreatdifficultyinholdingpencilandisnotcapableofwritinginareasonableway.Herparentsdon’tknowhowtohelpher.Herproblemisalreadyveryseriousinthiscountryandresearchofitsoriginandpossiblesolutionisneeded.Question2:KateJonesholdsthatchildrenneedrichstoresoflanguagesothattheycanusefreshwordsandsentencestoproducegoodwritings.Iftheirparentsenjoywritingchildrenwillimitatethem.Familiescanalsowritetogetherandplaywritinggamessothatchildrenwillhavemoreenthusiasminwriting.Question3:Dr.RhonaStainthorpmaintainsthatitisnormalforparentstobefrustratedathowtohelpchildrenwritebecausewritinginvolvesthecombinationofmanyskillsandmaybethehardestthingforchildrentolearn.Hesuggeststhatconstantpracticeofwritingcanbeveryhelpfultochildrenandthosewhoinitiallysucceedcandoitbetterandbetterwhilewhosefinditverydifficultwillwritelessandthegapcanbeincreasinglylarge.Question4:DalbyandMcWhorterbothholdthatwitheachlanguagewelearnourabilitytocomprehendtheworldisgivenfreshnewscope.Thereforeitwillbeagreatpityifwedon’tpreserveourrichresourcesoflanguages.McWhortercompareslinguisticchangetoDarwin’stheoryofevolution.Hebelievesthatgrammaroflanguageismoreoftenformedbychanceandconvenienceanditsreflectionofthespeakers’worldviewisratherlimited.OntheotherhandDalbybelievesthatthereisastrongassociationbetweenalanguageanditsspeakersandthedistinctconsciousnessexpressedbyeachlanguageshouldbetakenintoaccount.Question5:Thediscussabouttheword“world”andtheexpression“heischoppingtrees”invariouslanguagestellsusthateverylanguagehasitsownculturalcontextandoffersuniqueperspectivetohelpuscomprehendtheworldwithfreshnewscope.Thereforeitisimportantforhumanstopreservetherichheritageoflanguages.Question6:JustlikethemassacreofpopulationbyGenghisKhanmadealocallanguageextinctglobalizationisalsocausingthelossofmanylanguages.Parentsbelievethatit’smuchmoreimportantfortheirchildrentolearnthedominantlanguageofEnglishthantopreservetheirownmothertongue.Suchattitudesformedinthecontextofglobalizationmayacceleratethedemiseofmanylanguages.Question7:Exampleslike747moonexplorationandtheInternetwereonlyboldideasofsciencefictionahundredyearsago.Butnowtheyhavebecomeapartofhumanlife.Suchaccomplishmentsprovethathumanbeingsaretalentedinmakingchangesaslongasthereishope.Question8:TheenergycompanyConocousedtobeknownonlyforprofitsandpollutionwithlittlecarefortheenvironment.Butlateritrealizedthesignificanceofenvironmentalprotectionandbegantoworkwithscientiststohelppreservewildanimalsandprotecttheenvironment.Itservesasatypicalexamplethatcompaniesarealsochangingtheirattitudestowardsenvironmentandwehaveeveryreasontobelievethereishopeforhumanbeings.Question9:“Theresilienceofnature”referstotheabilityofnaturetorecoverfrompollutionanddamagesinflictedbyhumanbeingsandwithproperhelpofferedbymankindthatabilitycanbebetterdemonstrated.ExamplesgivenbytheauthortosupportthisstatementincludestherecoveryofforestsoutsideGombeNationalParkinTanzaniatheprogressmadeinhandlingenvironmentalpollutioninSudburyOnt.andthebetterprotectionofanimalspeciesinTaiwan.Question10:“RootsShoots”’sprogramdesignedforyoungpeopletoenhancetheirawarenessofandparticipationinactivitiestobetterprotectourplanetsuchascleaningcreeksrestoringprairiesandwetlandsplantingtreesclearingtrashrecyclingandsoon.ThenameissymbolicbecausecitizensofEarthhavethepowertoovercomeourproblemsjustlikerootsandshootstogethercanbreakupbrickwalls.SECTION6:TRANSLATIONTEST【参考译文】Aftergettingahousepeopleswitchtheirattentiontotheprivatecars.ThatisjustwhatthevariousChinesebankswant.Withitsroleconsolidatedinthepartofhousingloansthesebanksnowfocustheirattentiononthepromisingprivatecarloans.YesterdaytheConstructionBankofChinaCBCShanghaiBranchintroduced10preferentialpoliciessoastowinapartintheprivatecarloansbeforetheforeignnon-financialorganizationstakeanyaction.Ithasbeenpredictedbythosefromthebanksthattheforeignnon-financialorganizationswillprobablyconcentrateontheirconvenientapplicationproceduresandpreferentialinterestratesaftertheysucceedingettingintothemarketoftheprivatecarloans.ThereforetheCBCistakingthe10preferentialpoliciessomethingdevelopedtosharpenitsedgeovertheforeignopponentsinanefforttoraiseitsshareintheprivatecarloansfrom30%to50%andevenmore.2003年9月真题SECTION1:LISTENINGTESTPartA:SpotDictationDirections:Inthispartofthetestyouwillhearapassageandreadthesamepassagewithblanksinit.Fillineachoftheblankswiththewordorwordsyouhaveheardonthetape.WriteyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.RememberyouwillhearthepassageONLYONCE.Goodmorningclass!Asyourememberlastweekwetalkedaboutthe________
1.Todayweregoingtostarttalkingabouthowradioadvertisers________2togetustobuytheproductstheyreselling.Therearesomanyemotionsthatadvertisements________
3.Toaffectaparticularemotionadvertisersmakewhatwecallanemotionalappeal.TodayImgoingto________4thatareoftenusedtoinfluenceustobuy.IthinkyoullfinditinterestingbecauseIvebroughtwithmesome________5toplayforyouasexamples.OKletsgetstarted.Oneofthemostpopularemotionalappealsthatadvertisersuseis________
6.Weallliketohearfunnystoriessoby________7theadvertisershopethatthatwellrememberitandwillthereforeremembertheproduct.But________8istheimportanceoffittingthefightemotionalappealwith________
9.Inthecaseofhumoritwouldntbeappropriatetomakeafunnyadforaseriousproduct.Likesayalawfirmthat________
10.Youwouldntwanttousehumortoadvertisethat.Nowletstalkaboutanotherappeal—the________
11.BythriftinessImtalkingabout________
12.Mostshoppersaremorelikelytobuysomethingifitsonshethanif________
13.Hereisanadvertisementforafurniturestorethats________
14.Noticehowtheadvertisementgetsthelistenerto________
15.Infacttheadtalksonlyaboutpricesandnotabout________16orwhatthestorespecializesin.Thelastkindofadistheadvertisementthat________
17.Ouregosmakeusdothingstolookgoodinfrontofothers.Forexamplewemight________18tolookrichorwemightjoinahealthclub________19allbecausewewanttolookgood.Thisdesireissostrongthatadvertisersoftencreateadsthatspeaktoouregos.Theyfocusonthisquestion:Howdoesthisproduct________20PartB:ListeningComprehensionDirections:Inthispartofthetesttherewillbesomeshorttalksandconversations.Aftereachoneyouwillbeaskedsomequestions.ThetalksconversationsandquestionswillbespokenONLYONCE.NowlistencarefullyandchoosetherightanswertoeachquestionyouhaveheardandwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions1-
51.ABecauseitcarriesonlygoodnews.BBecauseitisamainstreamnewspaper.CBecauseitrepresentsobjectivejournalism.DBecauseit-tellsbothsidesofastory.
2.AHeswritingfortheCommunityNews.BHesplanningtopublishanewnewspaper.CHesboredwiththebadnewshereadsallthetime.DHescomeupwithanalternativetomainstreamnewspapers.
3.AItdoesntreportallfacts.BItcontainstoomuchtabloidjournalism.CItfocusesontrulyobjectivereporting.DItgoesforthemostsensationalnews.
4.ABecausethereisthedailyincreaseofcrimeincidence.BBecausethereisatendencytogoforsensationalnews.CBecausethereisthewidespreadtendencytofavorobjectivereporting.DBecausethereisasuperficialelementinthepositivestories.
5.ABycoveringonlycertaintypesofeventsuchasafire.BBymakinggoodnewsoutofscandalsandmurder.CBynottellingthepositivesideofthings.DBygivingpeopleonlyusefulinformation.Questions6-
106.ATherewillbesevennationsaddedtothemilitaryalliance.BTheexpansionhasfailedtobeapprovedbytheUSSenate.CTheUSHouseofRepresentativeswillvoteontheprotocolsoon.DCanadaandNorwayhavealreadyratifiedtheexpansion.
7.AJapansstaunchdiplomaticsupportfortheUSinthewarinIraq.BAscheduledmeetingbetweenthetopleadersofJapanandtheUS.CAproposedsolutiontotheNorthKoreaissueDJapansparticipationinthereconstructionofIraq.
8.AAPalestinianmanwasshotdeadbyIsraelisoldiers.BAwomanwaskilledwhenharvestingcropswithherdaughter.CAnewsecurityzonewassetuptoprotectaJewishSettlement.DAbigfirebrokeoutaheadofaUSpushforMideastpeace.
9.AInquiryintothelandingoftheRussianSoyuzcraftwasunderway.BRussianswereinvolvedininvestigatingthecausesoftheColumbiashuttlecrash.CTheremightbegreatdifficultiesintheinquirywork.DNoUSexpertshadbeeninvitedtotakepartintheinquiry.
10.A
11.B
27.C
30.D
31.Questions11-
1511.AAmerican.BBritish.CRussian.DGerman.
12.AEngineering.BAstrology.CChemistry.DPhysics.
13.AAtechnologist.BAnengineer.CAuniversityprofessor.DAlaborotraryassistant.
14.ASwimming.BCycling.CRunning.DWeight-lifting.
15.A
30000.B
13000.C
3000.Dl
300.Questions16-
2016.A
1902.B
1938.C
1982.D
1985.
17.AItisimpoliteforthehosttoofferfoodfirst.BThehostdoesnotofferagainiftheguestrefusesfood.CItispoliteforgueststorefuseeveniftheywantmore.DThehostusuallydoesnotofferfoodtoguests.
18.AYoudontpouryourneighboraglassifyouareawoman.BYouthinktwiceaboutwhichhandtouseifyoupourthewine.CYoushouldpourthewinewithyourrighthand.DYoucanfilleveryoneelsesglassesbutnotyourown.
19.ATokeeponehandinyourlapwiththerighthandholdingthefork.BToputbothelbowsonthetableholdingtheknifeandforkinhands..CTorestyourwristsontheedgeofthetable.DItsnotmentionedinthetalk.
20.ATopositionyourknifeandforkclosetogetheronthesideoftheplateordiagonally.BTocrossyourknifeandforkontheplatewiththeforkfacingupunderneath.CTocrossyourknifeandforkontheplatewiththeforkfacingdownunderneath.DToputyourknifeandforkdownonoppositesidesoftheplate.SECTION2:READINGTESTDirections:Inthissectionyouwillreadseveralpassages.Eachoneisfollowedbyseveralquestionsaboutit.YouaretochooseONEbestanswerABCorDtoeachquestion.AnswerallthequestionsfollowingeachpassageonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimpliedinthatpassageandwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions1-5Heresatagyoudontseemuchbutshould:MadeinOuterSpace.ThankstothecommercialmindsinsideNASAmanyofEarthsconsumergoodshavedistantoriginsintheU.S.spaceprogram.TheresZenperfumefromShiseidoderivedfroma1998shuttleexperimentthatfoundthatarosesscentchangesoutsidetheatmosphere.Thereareshock-resistantshoes-madebyModellista—thatuseaspecialfoamofNASAorigin.AndBerleisShockAbsorbersportsbraclaimedaccuratelyinanadfeaturingtennisbombshellAnnaKournikovathatitwasmadewithNASAtechnology.Allgoodfun.ButintheaftermathoftheColumbiadisasterthevalueofcommercialresearchonmissionshascomeintoquestion.STS-107-thefinalflightoftheColumbia-had80experimentsonboardincludingfivethatwereconductedbytheastronautsforprivatecompaniesfundedalmostentirelybyNASA.OnewasforInternationalFlavorsFragrancesIFFwhichextractedthesmellofaroseinspaceandwasbackseekingnewscents.Theothercommercialexperimentsinvolvedstudiesofwaystofightfireusingfinewatermistgrowproteinswithgreaterresiliencetodiseasemanufacturecrystalsforsuchusesashydrogenfuelstorageandadvancecancer-cellresearch.IsallthisworthpursuinginspaceTheBushadministrationdoesntthinkso:evenbeforetheColumbiawentdownithadannouncedunspecifiedcutsinNASAsproduct-developmentprogramevenasitraisedtheagencysoverallbudgetto$
15.5billion.The2004proposaldeemedthecommercialprogrampurelypromotional.NASAcitesthesocietalbenefitsofcommercialspinoffswhenjustifyingthecostofmannedspaceflightnowabout$550millionpershuttlemission.TheideaofsearchingforprofitinspaceoriginallycamefromCongresswhichcreatedaprogramtotrarrsferNASAtechnologytotheprivatesectorbackin
1962.ThatevolvedintoNASAsSpaceProductDevelopmentProgramwhichnowworkswithmorethan160companiesincludingthelikesofFordandHewlett-Packard.Since1976NASAhasheraldedmorethan1300examplesofsuccessfullycommercializedtechnologyinanannualmagazinecalledSpinoff.SpaceenthusiastsclaimspinoffsearnasixfoldreturnonthecostofshuttleflightsaclaimevenaNASAspokespersonsayshecouldnotconfirm.Thetruthisthattheeconomicboostfromspinoffsisuntraceable.TheBerleibraforinstanceusesaDuPontmaterialcalledCoolMaxwhichwasderivedfromafabricdevelopedtoimprovethermalclothingbyOutlastTechnologiesincollaborationwithNASAsJohnsonSpaceCenter.TheproportionofBerleibrasalesaccuratelydescribedasaNASAspinoffisanyonesguessbutcriticssayreturnscantevencomeclosetocoveringthecostofashuttleflight.ItiseasyenoughtospoofmannedmissionsthatexplorespaceperfumeortheinsulationusedinracecarsontheNASCARcircuit.Itshardertodismissspace-basedinnovationsliketheMicroMedDeBakeyVADheartpumportheLifesavingLightanoveltreatmentforbraintumors.LanceBushNASAsInternationalSpaceStationcommercialdevelopmentmanagersaysthisisntaboutNASAorpromotingitsmissions-thepointissimplytomakeitsresourcesavailabletothebroadestpartofthepublic.Industrynowpays$50millionofthe$5billionannualcostofthemannedprogram.Lettheprivatesectorworryabouttheprofitshesays.TheproblemisthatcompaniesdontworryaboutprofitseitherifNASAfootsnearlyallthecosts.IFFdeclinestodiscussitscostsforthespaceroseexperiments.Micro-CoolgeneralmanagerMikeLemchesaysitsshareofthecoststostudyfirefightingmistontheColumbiawastoolittletocount.Andthisisa$2millioncompanythatisnteveninthefirefightingbusinessyet.Lemcheadmitsthelureofenteringthebillion-dollarfire-preventionindustrythroughNASA-fundedresearchwastoogoodtopassup.WhowouldnttakeafreerideinspaceThequestionforNASAiswhetherthesespaceventuresmakesenseiftheydontmakemoney.Theanswerisprobablynotwhentherearelivesatrisk.
1.TheauthorinventedthetagMadeinOuterSpaceironicallysoas________.AtointroducethethemeofthearticleBtoexplainthevalueofcommercialresearchinNASAspracticeCtocriticizeNASAsproductdevelopmentprogramDtodisplaytheachievementsofNASAscommercialdevelopment
2.AccordingtothepassageaftertheColumbiadisasterNASAsproduct-developmentprogram________.AhasbeengivennewmomentumBhasbeenunderheavyfireChasbeenproducingmoresocietalbenefitsDhasbeenputaside
3.Whentheauthormentions80experimentsonboardthefinalflightoftheColumbiaheimpliesthat________.AcommercialexperimentsaremostsuccessfulonspacemissionsBtheresourcesofspacemissionsshouldbemadeavailabletothepublicCtheseexperimentsareofgreatsignificancetotechnologicalprogressDthevalueofsuchexperimentscannotbecomparedwiththatoftheastronautslives
4.Itcanbeconcludedthatthetoneofthepassageis________.AcomplimentaryBencouragingCcriticalDpessimistic
5.WhichofthefollowingcanNOTbetrueaccordingtothepassageAOpinionsdifferoverthereturnsonthecostofshuttleflights.BEconomicpromotionfromspace-basedinnovationsisnotconfirmed.CNeitherNASAnorcompaniesworryaboutprofitsfromshuttleexperiments.DTheexperimentsonspacemissionswerelargelyfundedbycompanies.Questions6-10DavidBlunketttheHomeSecretaryhasbeenaccusedofconfusingthepublicovercrimebyscrappingpoliceleaguetablesinfavourofaseriesofcomplicatedspidergramsmeasuringperformance.Theindicatorsareintendedtoprovideaclearerpictureoftheachievementsofchiefconstablesbygroupingandcomparingpoliceforcesofsimilarsizeandpopulation.Butthenewapproachwasimmediatelydenouncedforbeingselectiveinitsuseofperformanceindicatorsandforfurthercloudingthedebateoncrime.SimonHughestheLiberalDemocrathomeaffairsspokesmansaidthesystemhadbeenbuiltbybureaucratsforbureaucrats.Hesaid:Theydontdomuchforthepublicsunderstandingofpolicing.OliverLetwintheshadowHomeSecretarydescribedtheapproachasconfusing.Hesaid:Thiswillnotaidthefightagainstcrimeitwillmerelymultiplybureaucracy.ThePoliceFederationsaidthefivekeypolicingareasinthespidergramsgaveanincompletepicture.JanBerrywhochairsthefederationsaid:Thereisawholerangeofactivitythathasnotbeenmeasuredbutwhichwillimpactonoperationalpolicing.OtherthantheHomeOfficetheonlygroupofpeoplethatappearedhappywiththenewarrangementswerethe43chiefconstablesofEnglandandWaleswhohadpreviouslybeenconcernedattheproposalstoanalysetheirperformance.Mr.BlunkettcreatedanxietyamongseniorofficerswhenshortlyafterhebecameHomeSecretaryheannouncedatapolicesummitinJuly2001thathewassettingupastandardsunittoidentifyfailingforcesandsweepawayarcanepractices.ButtheAssociationofChiefPoliceOfficersAcpoappearedrelaxedyesterdaywhenJohnDenhamtheministerresponsibleforcrimereductionunveiledthenewPolicingPerformanceAssessmentFrameworkasdrawnupbytheHomeOfficespolicingstandardsunit.BackingtheperformancemonitorsDenisOConnorAcposvice-presidentsaidtheywereyetanothermethodofkeepingthepublicmoreinformedonmattersoflocalforceperformance.Thecrystal-shapedspidergramsaredesignedtogivecitizensavisibleindicatorofhowwellthepoliceforceintheirareaisperforming.Inalmostallcasestheyshowedthatforcesinsimilarareasdidhavesimilarrecords.Chiefconstableshaddisapprovedoftheuseofleaguetables.Theycomplainedthattheyprovokedunfaircriticismbecausetheydidnotcomparelikewithlike.Mr.Denhamsaidthegraphswereeasiertocomprehendthantables.Aspeoplegetfamiliarwiththistypeofgraphicalpresentationtheywillrealiseitcontainsalotofdatathatcanbeunderstoodafteraninitialglance.Thespidergramsarebasedonfiveindicators:reducingcrimeinvestigatingcrimepublicsafetydeploymentofresourcesandtheviewofafocusgroupoflocalcitizens.WestYorkshirehadthehighestrateofburglarieswith39per1000householdsandtheMetropolitanPolicehadtheworstclear-uprateat12percentofoffences.TheMetandtheCityofLondonPolicebothhadlowlevelsofpublicsafetywith32percentofresidentsconcernedoverdisorderandGwentpolicehadthepoorestuseofresources-
15.6dayslostperofficereachyear.Clevelandhadtheworstpublicrating.Only39percentoftheregionscitizensthoughttheirforcewasdoingagoodjob.TheWelshforcesinDyfed-PowysandGwentbothhadimpressivelyshapedspidergramsthankstocomparativelygoodrecordsonreducingandinvestigatingcrime.TheforcewiththemostdamninggraphwasAvonandSomersetwhichwasonceregardedasametropolitanforcebuthadbeengroupedunderthenewschemewithareasincludingNorthamptonshireandWestMerciawhichhavemuchlowercrimelevels.AvonandSomersetwhichincludesBristolpointedoutthatthegraphreflectedthefactthattheforcehadsufferedfromawaveofstreetcrimethathadsubsequentlybeengreatlyreduced.
6.WhichofthefollowingcanserveasthebesttitleofthepassageAHomeSecretarydefendshisstandardpolicespidergrams.BBlunkettspolicespidergramsleavewebofconfusion.CThefivekeypolicingareascomposethespidergrams.DThepolicingstandardsunitproposesspidergramsformeasuringperformances.
7.WhichofthefollowinginNOTtrueaboutthepolicespidergramsaccordingtothepassageAItisagraphicalpresentationofpoliceperformance.BItistoreplacetheoriginalpoliceleaguetables.CItistodisplayperformanceofdifferentpoliceforcesintheUK.DItisbasedonthefiveareasofpolicingperformance.
8.AllofthefollowingareagainsttheproposalofpolicespidergramsEXCEPT________.AtheLiberalDemocratPartyBtheHomeSecretaryoftheshadowcabinetCthePoliceFederationDtheAssociationofChiefPoliceOfficers
9.Theauthorintroducestheperformanceofsomelocalpoliceforcesattheendofthepassage________.AtodemonstratethedifferencesinperformancewhichcanbeshownwiththespidergramsBtoshowwhythefiveperformanceindicatorshavebeenchosenCtorevealdifferencesinfunctionbetweenleaguetablesandspidergramsDtoillustratethewiderdifferencesbetweenlocalforcesandtheirpossiblecauses
10.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthepassageAtopicintroduction—listingofopposingviews—illustrationBnarration—backgroundintroduction—illustrationCintroduction—definition—conclusionDdescription—exemplification—conclusionQuestions11-15WhoisDaredevilAsakidhewasblindedbybiomedicalwaste.Helaterdiscoveredthathisothersenseswereheightenedandbegandevelopingthemintosuperhumanabilities.Hesbeenasecond-tierherofordecadesbutonFridayBenAffieckinDaredevilscrimsonoutfitwilltrytoputtheherointhebigleagues.AsithappensDaredevilisalsoahandymetaphorforMarvelEnterprisesthepubliccompanythatownsDaredeviland4700othercomic-bookcharacters.Inthe90sMarvelwasblindedbyexplosivesalesofitscomicbookstospeculatorswhobelievedtheywereacant-missinvestment.WhenthatbubbleburstMarvelwasforcedtodevelopitsotherabilities-winningbackreadersandreachingouttonewfansthroughthebigscreen.ItpaidoffandnowMarvelseemsontopoftheworldleapingbetweenrooftopslikethemysteriousDaredevil.Theresmoretocometoowithtwootherbig-budgetMarvelmovieshittingtheatersbysummer.X-Men2thesequeltothesurprise2000hitarrivesinMayfollowedbyTheHulkinJune.BothfilmsareexpectedtobuildonthesuccessofSpider-Manwhichgrossed$822millionandsparkedsalesofnearly2millionSpideyvideogames.ThingsarefantasticcrowsMarvelEnterprisesCEOAllenLipson.Idontthinktheycouldgetmuchbetter.LipsoncanbeforgivenforsoundinglikePeterParkerafterahotdatewithMaryJane.Marvelsmid-90scollapsewassospectacularyoudthinkitsrivalsatDCComicshadslippeditsomekryptonite.UnderRonPerelmanwhoboughtthecompanyin1989Marveltriedtobecomeahulkingcorporatetitanexpandingintobusinessesliketradingcardstoysandstickers.Itevenexploredfundingitsownmovies.Foratimethestrategyworked.Butafterthecomic-bookcrazeendedthecompanybledredink.Itsbestcreatorsleftindrovesandloyalfanswerefuriousthattheirbelovediconswereslidingintolamesoap-operastorylines.AfteraprotractedbattlebetweenPerelmanandcorporateriderCarlIcahnToyBizownerIkePerlmuttermanagedtotakeMarveloutofbankruptcyin
1998.AndPerlmutterassembledhisownFantasticFourtorunMarvel:thethenCEOPeterCuneo58chiefoperatingofficerBillJemas45MarvelComicsEditorinChiefJoeQuesada41andAviArad55whowouldheadthefilmandTVdivisionMarvelStudios.Theirfirstjobwastofixthecorepublishingdivision.Marvelcutthenumberoftitlesinhalftofocusonquality.AnditluredbacktopwritersandartiststomodernizecharacterslikeSpider-Manmakinghimateenageroncemoreandratchetinguptheemotionalrealism.Withsignificantadvancesinvisualeffectsand3-Dgraphicsmoviemakingandvideogametechnologywereabletodorealjusticetothesuperheroesabilitiestoo.In1998BladestarringWesleySnipesgrossed$70million.TwoyearslaterX-Menhauledin$157millionattheboxofficeprovingthesuccessofBlade;wasntafluke.AsX-MenarrivedintheatersvideogamepublisherActivisionreleaseditsfirst3-DX-MenandSpider-MangamesfortheoriginalPlayStationandbothwerehitserasingastringofsuperherovideogamesthatfailedbecauseoflackluster2-Dgraphics.Wediscoveredthathard-coregarnerswerealsocomic-bookfanssaysKathyVrabeckanexecutiveVPatActivision.TheDaredevilcharacterisknownasTheManWithoutFearandMarvelisalsoplungingaheadseeminglyfearlessofsuperherosaturation.ButX-MenproducerLaurenShulerDonnersayssheisconcernedthatthesheernumberofMarvelprojects-12newmoviefranchisesandTVshowshavebeenannounced-mightbetoomuchforeventhebiggestcomicgeeks.AndGaleAnneHurdaproducerofTheHulkpointstotheBatmanfranchiseasanexampleofhowacoupleofbadmoviescanhurtagenre.Whenacoupleofthemfailtheysaythatthegenredoesntworkanymoreshesays.ButMarvelStudioschiefAradseeshisdeepbenchofcharactersasaninexhaustibleresourcewithactionhorrorespionagesci-fiandothergenresreadytobetapped.TheworldisrealizingthatcomicsaregoodliteraturesaysArad.WeatMarvelhavecharactersthathaveendured60years.Thatshardtodo.Truebutonethingfasterthanasuperheroisthelifecycleofmoviefad.
11.TheauthorintroducesDaredevilatthebeginningofthepassage________Atoshowitsrelationwithothercomic-bookcharactersBtoexplainhowcomic-bookcrazestartedandendedCtoillustrateMarvelEnterpriseseffortstowinmorereadersDtogiveavividcomparisonofMarvelstortuousroadtosuccess
12.TheexpressionbledredinkinthesentenceButafterthecomic-bookcrazeendedthecompanybledredink.para.3mostprobablymeans________AwentbankruptBsolditsstocksClostalotofmoneyDowedalargedebt
13.Theexpressiontodorealjusticetointhestatementmoviemakingandvideogametechnologywereabletodorealjusticetothesuperheroesabilitiestoopara.6canbeparaphrasedas________.AtobringjusticetoBtobringintofullplayCtogivemuchhelptoDtotakeadvantageof
14.WhichofthefollowinggivesthecorrecttimeorderofthefilmsreleasedABladeX-MenX-Men2andtheHulkBX-MenX-Men2BladeandtheHulkCTheHulkBladeX-MenandX-Men2DTheHulkX-MenX-Men2andBlade
15.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutMarvelEnterprisesaccordingtothepassageAItchangedhandsforanumberoftimesinthe1990s.BItachievedgreatsuccessinpublishingcomicbooksinearly1990s.CItmetenormoussetbacksinmid-1990sowingtomarketchanges.DItoweditssuccesstochangesinbusinessstrategies.Questions16-20Congresscanpasslawsregulatorscanbeefupenforcementandshareholderscandemandmoreaccountability.Butwhenitcomesrightdowntoitmakingsureacompanyisoperatingwellisreallyaninsidejob.Thatswhereinternalauditingcomesin.Itdoesntsoundglamorousbutitsanexpandingfieldbeckoningtopeoplewithalotofpentupwe-can-do-betterenergy.Internalauditorskeepaneyeonacompanyscontrols-notjustfinancialsystemsbutallsortsoffunctionsdesignedtomakethebusinessrunsmoothlyandprotecttheinterestsofshareholders.Therecentstringofcorporatescandalsprovidedarudeawakeningtotheimportanceoftheseinternalchecks.InthecaseofWorldComitwasinternalauditorCynthiaCooperwhoblewthewhistleonthecompanyforinflatingprofitsby$
3.8billion.ShedidntintendtobeaheroshesaidtoTimemagazinewhenitnamedheroneofitsPersonsoftheYear.Shewasjustdoingherjob.AlotmoreofthosejobsareopeningupascompaniesturntointernalauditorsforhelpincomplyingwiththeSarbanes-OxleyActof
2002.Topexecutivesofpubliclyheldcompaniesnowhavetosignoffontheirfinancialstatementsandvouchfortheeffectivenessofinternalcontrols.UpuntilnowCEOsandCFOshavebeengoingtobedandsleepingwellatnightknowingthattheyvegotgoodcontrolsorfinancialreportingbecausetheyvegotgoodpeople—ButwhatsmissingisthedocumentationthatreallysupportsthatgutfeelsaysTrentGazzawaythenationaldirectorofcorporategovernanceadvisoryservicesforGrantThorntonanaccountingandbusinessconsultancyfirm.Icannotthinkofatimeinhistorywhentheresbeenagreateropportunitytoentertheinternal-auditfieldheadds.JobpostingsonthewebsiteoftheInstituteofInternalAuditorsIIAinAltamonteSpringsFla.havemorethandoubledinthepastyearsaysIIApresidentWilliamBishopIII.Andintheorganizationssurveyfor2002halftheinternal-auditdirectorssaidtheyplannedtomakeoneormorenewhiresthatyear.Peoplewhocanassesscomputerizedsystemsareespeciallyindemand.Privatelyheldcompaniesarevoluntarilyaddingmorescrutinyaswell.Inarecentsurveythatdrewresponsesfrom1400CFOsinsuchbusinesses58percentsaidtheyarerespondingtonewcorporate-governancestandards.Ofthose36percentarecreatingorexpandinginternalauditingaccordingtoRobertHalfManagementResources.AnAmericancompanywith$3billionto$4billioninrevenuetypicallyhasabout16internalauditors.Thejobisoftenatraininggroundforfuturemanagementpositionsbutthosewhostayinthefieldandbecomedirectorsearnanaverageofjustunder$
100000.TheIIAofferscertificationforinternalauditorsbutmanyfirmsdonotrequireit.Assessingthetoneatthetop—thecultureandtheethicalenvironmentofacompanyisoneofthekeychargesforinternalauditorsMr.Bishopsays.Buttheireffectivenessdependsontheresourcesandindependenceseniormanagersgivethem.Asauditorshaveaperspectivethatencompasseseveryaspectofthecompanyexecutivessometimeswanttoheartheirrecommendationsforimprovingsystems.Buttheirmaingoalistomakesurethesystemsalreadyinplaceareworkingproperly.Thebalancingactcanbetricky.IfImakearecommendation...andthenIcomeandevaluateitImnotgoingtobecriticizingitsaysParveenGuptawhoteachescorporategovernanceandaccountingatLehighUniversity.Ideallytheinternalauditorshouldbeanextrasetofeyesaconsultantwhoknowsthecompanywellbuthasenoughindependencetogivehonestfeedback.Regulationsarepushinginternalauditorstobecomeabitmorepoliceman-orientedhesaysbutifemployeesperceiveitassomeonesecond-guessingthemthatisverydangerous.Onetooldesignedtoavoidthatadversarialfeelingiscontrolself-assessment.Theauditorsetsupdiscussionsamongemployeestofindoutforinstanceifawrittenethicspolicyisbeingimplementedorifworkersarefeelingsuchintensepressuresthattheymightbepromptedtopushethicalboundaries.Thepowerofthenewlawscangoonlysofar.Thisentireissueofcorporategovernance-tryingtorunthecompanyasifyouweremanagingyourownmoney—isamatterofheartandsoulDr.Guptasays.Andguts.Anyoneconsideringacareerininternalauditinghesaysshouldhavethegutstospeakouttotellthetruth.
16.Accordingtothepassagethemaingoalofinternalauditingis________.AtomakerecommendationforimprovingenterprisesorganizationalsystemsBtohelpbuildaprofit-makingsysteminacompanyCtomakesurethesystemofanenterpriseisoperatingwellDtohelpestablishanenterpriseculture
17.WhenParveenGuptasaysIfImakearecommendation...andthenIcomeandevaluateitImnotgoingtobecriticizingitpara.7heimpliesthat________.Athebalancingbetweenrecommendationandcriticismismostimportant:Bnoonewilltakeanegativeattitudetowardshis/herownsuggestionCcorporategovernanceshouldbecombinedwithaccountingDtheinternalauditorshouldplaytheroleofanindependentconsultant
18.Theexpressiontopushethicalboundariesinthesentenceorifworkersarefeelingsuchintensepressuresthattheymightbepromptedtopushethicalboundariespara.8canbeparaphrasedas________.AtofollowethicalnormsBtoreviseethicaldefinitionsCtobreakethicalrestrictionsDtopromoteethicalstandards
19.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassageASarbanes-OxleyActwaspassedaftertheexposureofcorporatescandals.BThedemandforinternalauditinghasbeenrisingrapidlysincelastyear.CNotmanycompaniesrequirecertificationforinternalauditors.DTheoperationoffinancialsystemistheonlyconcernofinternalauditors.
20.WhichofthefollowingbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassageAInternalauditorscanplayamajorroleineliminatingcorporatescandalsandcreatingcorporateculture.BInternalauditorscanhelptheirbossescomplywithregulationsandsupplyfeedbackonethicalissues.CRegulatorsandinternalauditorsshouldplayamajorroleincorporategovernance.DRegulatorsshareholdersandinternalauditorscanallcontributetothesoundoperationofacompany.SECTION3:TRANSLATIONTESTDirections:TranslateofthefollowingpassageintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Theeffectofgovernmentalexpendituresonthetotaleconomyvarieswithboththelevelofutilizationoflaborandcapitalintheeconomyatthetimeoftheexpenditureandthesegmentoftheeconomywhichreceivestheexpenditure.Iftheeconomyasawholeorthesegmentoftheeconomywhichisthefocusoftheexpenditureisoperatingatcapacityorclosetocapacitythentheexpendituresmajoreffectswilltendtobeinflationaryandwillnotgeneratemuchemploymentofcapitalandlabor.Iftheeconomyorsectorisoperatingatmuchlessthanfullemploymenttheexpenditurewillproduceagenuinenon-inflationaryriseintheGNP.Atruemeasureoftheeffectofgovernmentalincreaseintheamountofmoneymadeavailablethenisnotthesimpledollarvalueoftheinitialinjectionbutthecumulativeeffectofthisinjectionthroughspendingandre-spending.IntheoptimumcasetheinitialexpansionofincomeflowcouldbegreatenoughtoproducetaxrevenuesinexcessoftheoriginaldeficitspendingorthetaxcutsothatdeficitsarenotonlysmallerthantheincreasedGNPbutarerecouped.InKeynesianeconomicsthefundamentalpointofgovernmentpolicyclearlyisnotbudget-balancingbutspendingintheeventofunusedproductivecapacityandunemployment.Spendingincreasesproductivity.Thisproductivityresultingfromfederalspendinghasoverwhelmedtheoldereconomicmythsofthebalancedbudgetwheregovernmentisconceivedofasjustanotherbusinessfirm.SECTION4:LISTENINGTESTPartA:Note-takingAndGap-fillingDirections:Inthispartofthetestyouwillhearashorttalk.YouwillhearthetalkONLYONCE.Whilelisteningtothetalkyoumaytakenotesontheimportantpointssothatyoucanhaveenoughinformationtocompleteagap-fillingtaskonaseparateANSWERBOOKLET.YouwillnotgetyourANSWERBOOKLETuntilafteryouhavelistenedtothetalkFormanypeoplecarsareasourceofpassionand________1buttheycanalsobeasourceofmany________
2.Thecarhasbroughtpeoplemuchclosertoplacesofworkstudyand________
3.Manypeoplealsoworkin________4industries.Therearemorecarsthan________5intheUnitedStates.Butmanypeopleareunhappywithcartrafficand________6aswellaswiththeuseoflandforbuildingnew________
7.Some________8dreamofturningparkinglotsintoparksandreplacingcarswith________
9.Mostpeoplearoundtheworldhoweverstillbelievethatthecarisa________10partoflifeintodaysworld.Thequestionis:Whatkindof________11willweusewhen________12isnolongeravailableThe________13carisnotanewidea:ithadsuccesswithAmerican________14intheearly________
15.Nowthereisanewinterestintheelectriccar.SomeAmericanand________16carcompaniesarespendingmoneyonthedevelopmentofnewcar________
17.Manyengineersbelievethattheelectriccarwillleadtootherformsoftechnologybeingusedfor________
18.Carsmay________19buttheirimportancewillnot.Carsareimportanttonearlyeveryoneincludingengineersbusinesspeopleenvironmentalistsandeven________
20.PartB:ListeningandTranslationI.SentenceTranslationDirections:Inthispartofthetestyouwillhear5Englishsentences.YouwillhearthesentencesONLYONCE.AfteryouhaveheardeachsentencetranslateitintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.12345II.PassageTranslationDirections:Inthispartofthetestyouwillhear2Englishpassages.YouwillhearthepassagesONLYONCE.AfteryouhaveheardeachpassagetranslateitintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Youmaytakenoteswhileyouarelistening.12SECTION5:READINGTESTDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagesandthenanswerINCOMPLETESENTENCESthequestionswhichfolloweachpassage.UseonlyinformationfromthepassageyouhavejustreadandwriteyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions1-3Yourehardatworkattheofficewhenthephonerings.Itisastrangeranexecutiverecruiterwhosayssheisawareofyourexperienceinyourindustryandwantstoseeifyoudbeinterestedinajobopportunity.Youaretoldthatthejobisinyourfieldinsomefar-offcityperhaps.Youaregivenabroaddescriptionofjobdutiesatamajorconsultingfirm.Butthecompanysidentityiswithhelduntiltherecruiterhasmetyouandseenyourresume.Youhangupfeelingabitflattered-butunsureabouthowtoproceed.Thenextstepisimportant:Checktherecruiterscredentials.Ideallythisindividualshouldhaveatleasteightto10yearsofexperiencespecializinginyourfield.Alsotryaskingaboutsomeoftherecruitersrecentsuccessfulplacements.Atleastonerecruitersayshesalwaysopentonamingsomesatisfiedcustomers.Ifeverythingchecksoutyoucane-mailyourresumewhichtherecruiterwillthenenterintodatabasesitwillusetohelpitsclientsfillopenings.Iftherecruitermeetsandlikesyoushewillsendyoutothehiringcompany.Recruitersestimatethatonlyahalf-dozenfinalistsarepickedfromaninitialpoolofafewdozen.Recruiterscanhelpajobhunterprogressinsalaryandresponsibility.Somecontingencyrecruiters-paidonlyafterajobisfilled-startplacingcandidatesat$50000salaryorlower.Butmanymoreplacecandidatesinjobswithsalariesof$70000orhigher.Retainedrecruiterstypicallyworktofilljobswithsalariesbeginningat$100000orso.BeingrecruitedreallyhelpedmeoutofacareerslumpsaysJennyHerringofDesMoinesIowa.SheworkedwithrecruiterTomKellerhalsseniorpartnerwiththeWestminsterGroupinChesterS.C.togetajobatPrincipalGlobalInvestorsafinancial-servicesfirm.IhadappliedformanymanyjobsonmyownwithoutsuccessMs.Herringsays.[Mr.Kellerhalss]contactsopenedtherightdoorsformeandhelpedmegetagreatjob.Healsohelpednegotiateanattractivesalaryandrelocationpackage.Decadesagorecruiters-orheadhunters-focusedprimarilyontopofficialssuchaschiefexecutiveorchieffinancialofficers.Manyplacementfirmsstillspecializeinfillingcorneroffices.Butrecruiterstoday-some5000suchfirmsoperateintheUS-alsocombtheranksofmidlevelmanagersandspecializedworkers.Inadditiontoreviewingtheresumestheyhaveinhandrecruiterssaytheyalsoscannewsandindustrytradepublicationstolearnaboutpromisingemployeesandcompanyreorganizations.Suchpracticesaccountformanyofthecoldcallsreceivedbyemployeeswhohavenotmadeanymovestowardchangingjobs.Between1992and2000theoverallrecruitmentindustrygrewbydouble-digitpercentageseachyearsaysJosephMc-Cooleditor-in-chiefofExecutiveRecruiterNewsinPeterboroughN.H.Industrygrowthhassincecooledhesaysbutheexpectsa5to6percentuptickthisyear.Despitebeingbombardedwithtalentinatightjobmarketfirmsoftenemployrecruitersinordertokeepjobsearchessecretortolocatecandidateswithspecifichard-to-findcredentials.Inmanycaseshuman-resourcesdepartmentsarestretchedtoothintoconducttheirownspecializedsearches.Somerecruitersbycontrastkeepcontinuouslyupdateddatabasesof50000to100000names.Shouldyoubecomeoneofthosenamesexpertssayfindawaytobecomeastandout.Listentotherecruitersstory[aboutagivenjob]saystheWestminsterGroupsKellerhals.Trytoestablisharelationshipwitharecruiterthatwouldallowtherecruitertoeasilyrememberyou.Agreatwaytodothatistobehelpful.Trytohelptherecruiteridentifyothercandidatesifyouveexpressednointerestinajob.JobhunterscanalsocontactrecruitersthemselvesusingsuchresourcesasKennedyInformationsDirectoryofExecutiveRecruiters.Thebookcitesrecruitersbyindustryspecialtyregionandmostcommonsalarylevels.IwouldntbeoverlyaggressivesaysMr.McCool.Itmightbeperceivedasbeingdesperate.Keepinmindthattherecruitersloyaltyistothehiringfirms.YouwillonlyhearfromthemiftheyredoingasearchinwhichthejobtitlejobobjectiveandexperiencematchwhatisonyourresumesaysMarilynMoatsKennedymanagingpartneratCareerStrategiesinWilmetteIII.Theydontworkforyou.Theyworkforthepersonwhopaysthem.Andcompaniescanbeveryexacting.InthiseconomytheclientsaremorespecificsaysRitaKohnseniorvicepresidentintheWestportConn.officeofexecutive-searchfirmDawnTaylorAssociatesinNewYork.Itrequiresalotofflexibilityonthepartofevenqualifiedcandidates.
1.Whatisthepossibledifferencebetweencontingencyrecruiterandretainedrecruiter
2.Whatarethechangesinthejobofrecruitersoverthepastdecades
3.WhatadviceisgiveninthepassagetojobhuntersintheircontactwithrecruitersQuestions4-6Room101theinfamoustorturechamberinGeorgeOrwellsnovel1984istobepreservedasaworkofartbytheBBC.OrwellwhoserealnamewasEricBlairworkedfortheBBCsEasternServiceduringthesecondworldwar.HelaterdescribedhistimethereasfutileandlikenedtheBBCtoamixtureofawhorehouseandalunaticasylum.Room101ofBroadcastingHousethoughttohaveheldbadmemoriesforOrwellfeaturedin1984astheplacewheredisloyalcitizensfacetheirinnermostfears.Thethingthatisinroom101istheworstthingintheworldOrwellsheroWinstonSmithistoldbyhisinterrogatorasacagefullofhungryratsisplacedoverhishead.WhenIpressthis...leverthedoorofthecagewillslideup.Thesestarvingbruteswillshootoutofitlikebullets...Theywillleapontoyourfaceandborestraightthroughit.Room101attheendofafirst-floorcorridorinBroadcastingHouseisduetobedemolishedinthesummeraspartofamassiverefurbishment.TheBBChasaskedRachelWhitereadwhoisbestknownforproducingcastsofobjectssuchastheunusedfourthplinthinTrafalgarSquaretotackletheroomwhichisnowpackedwithpipesshaftsandboilers.IvebeentoseeitsaidWhitereadlastweek.Idliketodosomething.TheBBCplanstodisplayWhitereadsreplicaofroom101inoneofseveralnewpublicspacesinthenew-lookBroadcastingHouse.Ithasalreadybeguntoguttheinsideofthebuildingaspartofa£400mplantoturnitintoahugeradioandtelevisionnewsroomandanewhomefortheBBCWorldService.About£5mhasbeensetasidebyJohnSmiththeBBCsfinancedirectortospendonartanddesignAlanYentobcoordinatorofthepublicartprojectsaid:Wevebeenscandalousoverthepast40yearsinnotconcerningourselveswithartanddesigninourownbuildings.OtherleadingartistsdesignersandphotographersincludeAnishKapoorFionaRaeCorneliaParkerNickDanzigerandthecomedianPaulMertonasksgueststoidentifyanddestroytheirpethates.TheBroadcastingHouserefurbishmentisduetobecompletedin2006:Whenitwasbuilt70yearsagothebuildingwithitsmanyartdecotoucheswashailedasamasterpieceofdesign.TwoEricGillsculptures–oneofProsperoandArieloutsideandanotherinandRichardWentworthhaveagreedtoproduceworkfortheartschemealthoughthereplicaofroom101islikelytocause:mostinterest.ItsoundsfunallthemoresobecauseOrwellhatedtheBBCsaidhisbiographerSirBernardCrick.ThisJuneisthe100thanniversaryofOrwellsbirthinIndia.OnceinEnglandtheformerpublic-schoolboyandpolicemantookupleft-wingcausesandwrotebookssuchascomingupforairAnimalFarmandDownandOutinParisandLondon.HoweversomeexpertsaskiftheBBChasgottherightroom.Room101wasatanotherBBCbuilding-55PortlandPlacesaidPeterDavisonwhohaspublishedtwovolumesofOrwellsworkslettersanddocuments.PortlandPlaceiswheretheyheldmeetingsoftheEasternServiceandthatImsureishowhecametonametheroomin
1984.Whateverthetruthofroom101theBBCplanstocontinuewithWhitereadscastreplicanotleastbecauseoftheintriguingshapesofitspipesandtubes.TheBBChasmadeotherusesofOrwellsroom
101.Itsnameisthetitleofthetelevisionprogrammeinwhichthefoyer-willbekeptbecausetheyliketheBBCsCouncilChamberarelisted.ThepublicartprojectwillbegininMaywithtemporaryworksonthescaffoldingandtarpaulinoutsideBroadcastingHouse.Thepermanentworkswillnotbereadyuntil
2006.I11beworkingonsomespaceprojecttogoinsidesaidKapoorwhoseenormouspet-likeMarsyassculptureisatTateModem.ParkerwhosereworkingofRodinsTheKissisatTateBritainplansaworkbasedonsoundorpictures.
4.Tellbrieflywhatyouknowaboutroom101andthenovelistGeorgeOrwell.
5.WhatdoesBBCplantodoinordertopreserveroom101asaworkofart
6.Whatdowelearnfromthepassageaboutthecontroversialissueofthelocationofroom101Questions7-10Ifyouwanttounderstandthefutureofpoliticalprotests-oranyothergrass-rootsgroupactivityforthatmatter-considerEliPariser
22.TheNewYorkerwasbarelyoldenoughtoholdcandlesathisparentsvigilsduringtheGulfWar.Nowhestheinternationalcoordinatorofmoveon.organantiwarmovementthathasfourpaidstaffmembersandnoofficebutwieldsenoughpowertosetamajormetropolisonhighalert.Usingnothingmorethane-mailandinstantmessagesParisercanaskanarmyof750000protesterstotaketothestreetswheneverhechooses—althoughthedatesaredecidedbyanevenlargerequallyadhocinternationalpeacenetwork.OnFeb.15ParisersarmyjoinedmillionsofpeoplewhodemonstratedincitiesaroundtheworldagainstthepossibilityofawarinIraq.OnMarch15theywilldoitagain.ParisersitsatthenexusofwhatHowardRheingoldwouldcallasmartmob.Rheingoldaveterantechnologywatcherandwell-publishedfuturistToolsforThought1985;VirtualReality1991;TheVirtualCommunity1993hasputhisfingeronyetanothertransformativetechnology.InSmartMobs:TheNextSocialRevolutionPerseus;288pageshedescribeshowlargegeographicallydispersedgroupsconnectedonlybythinthreadsofcommunicationstechnology-cellphonestextmessagingtwo-waypagerse-mailwebsites-canbedrawntogetheratamomentsnoticelikeschoolsoffishtoperformsomecollectiveaction.Politicaldemonstrationsaretheclassicexamplebuttheactiondoesnthavetobepoliticalorevertaketothestreets.Morethan400000antiwarprotesterslastWednesdayjammedswitchboardsintheWhiteHouseandCongresswithafloodofphonecallsfaxesande-mailsinwhatwasbilledasthefirstnationwidevirtualdemonstration.OnthesamedayinRiodeJaneiroaccordingtoBrazilianauthoritiesajailedBraziliandruglordknownasFernandinhoBeira-Marcoordinatedaroundofriotsbombsandbusburningsfromhisprisoncellusingasmuggledcellphone.TheoriginalsmartmobswereteenagethumbtribesinTokyoandHelsinkiwhopunchedoutshortcheaptextmessagesonprimitivecellphonestoorganizeimprompturavesortostalktheirfavoritecelebrities.InTokyocrowdsofteenagefanswouldappearasifbymagicatsubwaystopswherearockmusicianwasrumoredtobeheaded.TextingasthispracticeisknownspreadliketheHongKongfluespeciallyinthedevelopingworld.InthePhilippinestheblack-cladcrowdsthattoppledPresidentJosephEstradain2001weresummonedintobeingwithanowfamoussinglelineofcodedtextpassedfromphonetophone:Go2EDSA[anacronymforaManilastreet].Wearblack.InNigeriathesametechnologywasusedtosparkanti-MissWorldriotsthatkilledhundredsanddrovethebeautycontestoutofAfrica.TextinghasbeenslowtotakeoffintheU.S.largelybecausetheservicehasbeenrelativelyexpensiveandfarfromubiquitous.Butthatschangingrapidly:27millionAmericancell-phoneuserscannowsendtextmessages50%morethanlastyear.BesidesformostapplicationspersonalcomputerspluggedintotheInternet--especiallythosewithwirelessconnections-workjustfine.Indeedthecomputingpowersittingonthenodesoftheseimpromptunetworkscanbeharnessedtodoalotmorethancallouttroopsforarally.Rheingoldconsidersthescreensaversthatmillionsofcomputerownersusetodonatetheirsparecomputerpowertosearchforintelligentlifeintheuniverseormorerecentlytofindacureforsmallpoxseewww.girl.orgasfurtherexamplesofsmartmobsinaction.Hecallsthemsupercomputerswarms.SomeofthemostpowerfulsmartmobsRheingoldwouldarguecanbefoundonanarchiccomputerservicesliketheGnutellanetworkwhichreplacedNapsterasthefavoredvenueforswappingmusicontheInternet.Inthesesystemsgroupsofmusicenthusiastsgatheranddisperseinadynamicunpredictablewaythatmakesiteasyforkidstodownloadfreemusicbutdevilishlyhasalreadybeentransformed—ifnotmortallywounded—bymobsofmusicpirates.Governmentinstitutionsmayberelativelyimpervioustosmart-mobtechnologybuttheyareprobablynotimmune.
7.WhydoestheauthorintroduceEliPariseratthebeginningofthepassage
8.WhatdoyouknowaboutHowardRheingoldandhisresearchfromthepassage
9.WhoaresmartmobsWhatwastheoriginofsmartmobs
10.WhatisthepossibleimpactoftheemergenceofsmartmobsSECTION6:TRANSLATIONTESTDirections:TranslatethefollowingpassageintoEnglishandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.许多专家认为,教学改革的当务之急是要改变现在的课程设置和考试办法,不要让孩子只知道“头悬梁,锥刺股,死读书,读死书”他们指出,教育改革的关键在于使全社会认识到中、小学教育的目的不只是让学生掌握必要的知识,更应该提高学生整体素质,特别是他们对于人生意义和社会责任这些根本性的问题要有比较深入的思考学校要在这些方面深入研究,选择合适的内容和方式引导和帮助学生形成正确的观点如果学校只强调知识教育而忽视了人生课程的引导,那么培养出来的只是一批文字或者数字机器,而不是准备进入社会的预备人才参考答案SECTION1:LISTENINGTESTPartA:SpotDictation
1.historyofradioadvertising
11.appealtothriftiness
2.useouremotions
12.thedesiretosavemoney
3.trytoinfluence
13.it’sfullprice
4.talkaboutthreeappeals
14.havingabigsale
5.real-liferadioads
15.focusonthelowprices
6.theappealtohumor
16.theequalityofthefurniture
7.makinganadvertisementhumorous
17.appealstoourego
8.thekeypoint
18.buyaluxurycar
9.therightproduct
19.togetinshape
10.specializesindivorce
20.makeyoulookbetterPartB:ListeningComprehension
1.A
2.C
3.A
4.B
5.C
6.A
7.B
8.A
9.D
10.D
11.B
12.C
13.A
14.D
15.B
16.A
17.B
18.D
19.A
20.BSECTION2:READINGTEST
1.C
2.B
3.D
4.C
5.D
6.B
7.C
8.D
9.A
10.A
11.D
12.C
13.B
14.A
15.A
16.C
17.D
18.C
19.D
20.BSECTION3:TRANSLATIONTEST【参考译文】政府支出对于整个经济的影响作用,受到以下两个因素的制约第一,政府支出之时劳动力和资本的利用情况;第二,接受(政府)支出的经济部分如果整个经济或接受(政府)支出的经济领域充分地或接近充分地发挥效能,那么政府支出的效果不会很大,所以资本和劳动力也不会得到充分利用而如果经济潜能并未充分发挥,政府支出则会真正促进GNP的增长对于政府增加支出而产生的效果,真实的衡量标准并非在于最初的支出数额,而在于这一笔开支经过多次投入而产生的长期效果在理想的情况下,最初的收入增长产生的税收会超过最初的“负债投入”或“减免的税收”这样,赤字不仅小于GNP的增长,而且得到了补偿凯恩斯的经济学理论认为,政府决策的重点并非在于平衡预算,而在于生产能力没有得到充分发挥,失业率居高不下之时增加支出联邦支出可以促进生产能力这一理论使得传统的经济理论受到挑战这是因为后者认为政府应发挥类似公司的职能,尽力平衡预算SECTION4:LISTENINGTESTPartA:Note-takingAndGap-filling
1.pleasure
11.fuel
2.problems
12.gasoline
3.entertainment
13.electric
4.car-related
14.women
5.people
15.1900s
6.pollution
16.Japanese
7.roads
17.technology
8.environmentalists
18.transportation
9.bicycles
19.change
10.necessary
20.poetsPartB:ListeningandTranslationI.SentenceTranslation1如果你想在第三产业中获得一份收入颇丰的工作,适当的培训和教育可以为你今后进入人才市场做好最好的准备2距悉尼北部50英里的小镇发生地震,据报道经济损失惨重,死亡人数有可能会大幅上升3由于文化差异,逐字逐句地翻译广告是行不通的美国式的幽默翻成中文不一定就有效果4我原先打算在下周二,即5月26号搭乘BA117航班到达,但我不得不换成下周四的同一航班对此延误,我深感抱歉5道琼斯工业指数一夜之间狂跌53点会对对远东市场造成影响,后者今早晚些时候走势下跌II.PassageTranslation1尽管拥有大量的财富,婴儿潮当中出生的孩子与其父辈们消费方式不同主要由三个原因导致了这个结果首先婴儿潮始于二战以后,即通货膨胀的时期因此他们不愿存钱,喜欢花钱其次,这类人大量频繁使用信用卡这些人未曾经历19世纪30年代大萧条时期的艰难他们在安逸甚至奢侈的环境中长大最后一点,他们比起父辈来有更多的空闲时间2早安!很高兴在这个会议上见到你们我来为你们提供一些变化的国际市场的信息让我们从美国的名字看起,它的缩写也可以解释成美利坚广告王国你能说出还有哪个国家广告比美国多么?比如说,当你在电视上看电影时,你正在等待好人抓住坏蛋砰的一声,广告如期而至几分钟后,好人陷入困境又是一声巨响,另一个广告冒了出来广告一个接一个与之相比,其他国家如法国或西班加就不一样了,观众至少看上半个小时才有一些广告插播SECTION5:READINGTESTQuestion1:Thedifferencebetween“contingencyrecruiter”and“retainedrecruiter”mainlyliesinthesalarylevelofthejobcandidatestheyrespectivelyseek.Contingencyrecruitersarepaidonlyafterajobisfilledandstartplacingcandidateswithsalariesrangingfrom$50000to$70000orhigherwhileretainedrecruiterstypicallyworktofilljobswithsalariesbeginningataround$
100000.Question2:Decadesagothejobofrecruitersmainlyconcernedtopofficialsbutonthebasisofthatfocustheirservicehasexpandedintoabroaderrealmcoveringmidlevelmanagersandspecializedworkersaswell.Question3:Jobhuntersareadvisedtochecktherecruiter’scredentialsandinquireabouthisorherrecentsuccessfulplacement.Inordertostandoutofthecandidatestheyaresuggestedtoimpresstherecruiterbyestablishingrelationshipandothermethods.Jobhunterscanalsoutilizevariousresourcestocontactrecruitersdirectly.Theyshouldalsobearinmindthattherecruiterisalwaysloyalonlytothehiringfirmthatpaysandcandidatesneedtobeflexible.Question4:Room101currentlylocatedattheendofafirst-floorcorridorinBroadcastingHouseoftheBBCistheinfamous“torturechamber”wheredisloyalcitizensfacetheirinnermostfearinGeorgeOrwell’snovel
1984.AspartofamassiverefurbishmentitisduetobedestroyedandtheBBCplanstopreservestheroomasaworkofart.GeorgeOrwellwithEricBlairashisrealnamewasafamousnovelistwhousedtoworkfortheBBC’sEasternServiceduringtheSecondWorldWar.Helaterdescribedthatexperienceasmeaninglessandterrible.Question5:TheBBChasinvitedanexpertofbuildingpreservationandreplicationforhelpandplanstodisplaythereplicaofroom101elsewhere.Withenoughbudgetputintoplacetheroomwillbeconvertedintoahugeradioandtelevisionnewsroom.Question6:ItcanbelearnedfromthepassagethatthereiscontroversybetweensomeexpertsandtheBBCoverthelocationoftherealroom
101.PeterDavisonholdsthattherealroom101wasatanotherBBCbuildingwheremeetingsoftheEasternServicethatOrwellworkedforwereheld.ButtheBBCplanstocontinuewiththeongoingprogramofmakingcastreplicaofroom101currentlyacknowledgedbythepublic.Question7:EliPariserisintroducedatthebeginningofthepassagebecauseheleadsandcoordinatesaveryimportantsmartmobthathasthepowertoorganizelarge-scaleantiwarproteststypicaloftheactionstakenbysmartmobsdiscussedinthepassage.Question8:HowardRheingoldisanexperiencedtechnologywatcherandfuturistwhohaspublishedseveralbooksonmoderntransformativetechnology.Hedefinestheterm“smartmobs”andstudiesitscollectiveactionsandtheirpossibleimpact.Healsospecificallymentionsthemostpowerfulsmartmobsonanarchiccomputerservices.Question9:Smartmobsrefertothoselargegrass-rootgroupswhoaregeographicallydispersedandconnectedonlybycommunicationstechnologybutcanbedrawntogetheratshortnoticetoperformsomecollectiveactionsuchaspoliticaldemonstrationsanti-warprotestsandsoon.Theoriginofsmartmobsarethoseteenage“thumbtribes”inTokyoandHelsinkiwhousetextmessagesonprimitivecellphonestoorganizeimpromptupartiesortostalktheirfavoritecelebrities.Question10:Asanewbutpowerfulmeansofgrass-rootactionsmartmobsmayhaveprofoundimpactonmanyaspectsofthesocietyandpeople’slifewiththeirdynamicandunpredictableactions.Connectedbymoderncommunicationstechnologytheycanbeimmediatelydrawntogetherforsomespecificpurposeinaveryinfluentialway.Theirpowercanalsobeassembledforscientificresearchthatrequireshugecomputerresources.Theirpotentialinfluenceontothegovernmentinstitutionscannotbeignored.SECTION6:TRANSLATIONTEST【参考译文】Manyexpertsholdtheideathatthehighestpriorityinthereformofeducationsystemshouldbegiventotheimprovementandreformincurriculumandexaminationsysteminordertoavoidagenerationpayingundueattentiontotextbooks.Theypointedoutthatthekeyofthereformintheeducationsystemisawell-sharedawarenessthatthehighandprimaryeducationsarethereinsteadofsimplyofferingtheknowledgeimportanttothestudentstoimprovethestudentsinanall-roundwayandespeciallytoguidethemtoacarefulponderingoversuchfundamentalissuesaslifeitselfandsocialresponsibility.Astotheschoolstheytrytheirbesttogetabetterwaytograduallyguidethestudentstoanappropriateviewovertheworldaroundthem.Anundueemphasisonknowledge-educationandtheresultantignoranceovertheguidancetothestudentstoaproperunderstandingoflifewillbringusnothingbutalargenumberof“memorizingmachines”.Wecanneverexpectagroupofyoungpeoplewellpreparedfortherealsociallife.2004年3月真题SECTION1:LISTENINGTESTPartA:SpotDictationDirections:Inthispartofthetestyouwillhearapassageandreadthesamepassagewithblanksinit.Fillineachoftheblankswiththewordorwordsyouhaveheardonthetape.WriteyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.RememberyouwillhearthepassageONLYONCE.AUnitedNationsconferencehasadoptedmeasurestospeedupglobalactiontoprotectpeopleandtheenvironment_______
1.ThemeasureswereadoptedataconferenceinGenevacalledtostrengthentheBaselConventionaU.N.treatythatlaiddown_______2forthedisposalandmanagementofhazardouswastes.TheUnitedNationsestimatestheworldproducesaround_______3tonsofhazardouswasteeachyear.Themajorachievementoftheconferencewhich_______4wastheadoptionofastrategicplantodealwithallthiswaste.Overthenextsevenyearstheplanaimstoimplementconcretemeasuresto_______5fromhazardousstockpilesof_______6usedtoolstoxicsubstancesinshipsandsoon.TheBaselConventionwhichwas_______7outlawedthetransferofhazardousandtoxicwastefromdevelopedtodevelopingcountries.Sincethen_______8inthesetoxicsubstanceshasdecreased.Buttheillegaltradeinthesesubstances_______
9.Itiscommonknowledgethat_______10bringsmoney.Itisabusinessandthereisinterestinhaving_______11notpayingthepropercostoftreatment_______
12.Andifthereisopportunityfordisposingofsuchhazardouswastecheaplyinsomeoneelsesbackyard_______
13.Theconferencealsoapproved_______14onthedisposalandrecyclingofbatteriesplasticbottles_______
15.AccordingtoaU.N.environmentalofficialhazardouswastecomesinmanyformsallofthem_______
16.Alotofbiomedicalhealthcarewastecontainspathogensororganismsthatmaycausediseasestothepeople.Forthe_______17alotofshipsarecontaininghazardouschemicalssuchasoilandheavymetalswhichiftheyareallowedtobedisposedofintotheenvironment_______18theenvironmentwillbedamaged.Lastyearan_______19mobilephonesweresold.Oneoftheachievementsoftheconferencewas_______20thattheywillhelptoensurethesafedisposalofmobilephoneswhentheirlifeends.PartB:ListeningComprehensionDirections:Inthispartofthetesttherewillbesomeshorttalksandconversations.Aftereachoneyouwillbeaskedsomequestions.ThetalksconversationsandquestionswillbespokenONLYONCE.NowlistencarefullyandchoosetherightanswertoeachquestionyouhaveheardandwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions1-
51.ANine.BFifteen.CNineteen.DTwenty.
2.ATheymostlyemphasizemilitarydrill.BTheyuseonlyphysicalexertionsanddiscipline.CTheyhaveseveralcomponents.DTheychargefeesfromthecampers.
3.APrepareyoungoffendersforthemilitary.BChangethewayyoungoffendersthink.CGiveyoungoffendersalotofexercise.DTeachyoungoffendershowtomakealiving.
4.ABecausetheyorganizemilitarytraining.BBecausetheygivedrugcounseling.CBecausetheyofferquickretribution.DBecausetheyreducevandalism.
5.AThepolice.BLocalcommunities.CJudges.DPoliticians.Questions6-
106.AHeisnotconcernedaboutthemassiveproteststobeheldinLondon.BHewillmeetwithBritishPrimeMinisterTonyBlain.CHewilltalktosomeanti-warprotesters.DHewillstayatBuckinghamPalace.
7.AThegovernmenthasgotinvolvedinapoliticalcrisis.BThenationspoliticalsituationisunstable.CSeveralkeymembersofthecabinetthreatentoresign.DEconomicreformsareatrisk.
8.ABecausetheoppositionadoptedanultra-nationalisticpolicy.BBecausethecongresswasdeeplydividedonsomemajorissues.CBecausemanyvotersthoughtthattheelectionwasagiantstepback.DBecausevotertumoutwasbelowtheminimumrequiredbythelaw.
9.AIranhasnotcompliedwiththerelevantnucleartreaty.BIranhasbeenhonestaboutitsnuclearprograms.CIranisgoingtoreachanagreementwiththreeEUmembers.DIranisplanningtoopenallitsnuclearfacilitiestochecksbyUNinspectors.
10.AItrejectedacallfornationalunitycoalition.BItresumedpeacetalkswithTamilTigerrebels.CItsackedthedefenceinteriorandmediaministers.DItannouncedamajoreconomicreform.Questions11-
1511.ABecauseshewasunusualanddidthingsthatmostwomendidntdo.BBecauseshewasPresidentRooseveltswife.CBecauseshewasalreadypopularwhenherhusbandbecamepresidentin
1933.DBecauseshewassympathetictowardwomenandpoorpeople.
12.ABecauseshewantedtohelpherhusbandrunforpresident.BBecausesheworkedinpolitics.CBecauseshewantedverymuchtobecomepopular.DBecauseherhusbandbecamesickandcouldntwalk.
13.AEleanorwasunhappyallherlife.BEleanorthoughtmarriagewastheonlyimportantthing.CEleanorwasangryatherhusbandforafewyears.DEleanorslifewashappyonlybecauseshedidimportantwork.
14.ATeachinghertohaveanindependentlife.BPreparingpoliticalspeechesforher.CTellinghertosleepmoreandeathealthyfood.DTravelingtogetherwithher.
15.ABecauseshewantedtomakeastirinthemediaworld.BBecauseshewantedtoentertainthegeneralreadingpublic.CBecauseshethoughtmostwritersdidntreallyunderstandEleanorslife.DBecauseshethoughtEleanorRooseveltneededtobereevaluated.Questions16-
2016.AExpenditureoncomputerizingclassroomshadbeenincreasingrapidly.BThedebateovercomputerizingclassroomshadbeensuppressed.CNewsoftwarehadbeencreatedtointroduce7-month-oldbabiestocomputers.DComputershadbeenintroducedintoAmericanschoolswithlittleplanning.
17.ADebatingskills.BClassroomteachingmethods.CSpiritofindependence.DAmericanmistakes.
18.AItisawasteoftaxpayersmoney.BItcheckschildrensmentaldevelopment.CItisacademicallynothelpful.DItaffectsmanyothercoursesintheschool.
19.A10times.B20times.C25times.D30times.
20.AComputerusevariesfromplacetoplace.BThedifferencebetweenEuropeanandAmericaneducationisquitesmall.CArtificialelectronicstimulationwillnothelpyoungkids.DClassroomcomputerusagepromisesarosyfutureforchildren.SECTION2:READINGTESTDirections:Inthissectionyouwillreadseveralpassages.Eachoneisfollowedbyseveralquestionsaboutit.YouaretochooseONEbestanswerABCorDtoeachquestion.AnswerallthequestionsfollowingeachpassageonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimpliedinthatpassageandwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions1-5FortheteenagerswhocastofftheirdailylivesandheadoffforSouthAmericaAfricaandAsiaitmayofferthetimeoftheiryounglives.Butresearchpublishedyesterdayshowsthattheso-calledgapyearbetweenschoolanduniversityisnotasbeneficialashasbeensuggested.Infiveyearsthegapyearhasmetamorphosedfromaradicalactivityofarebelliousstudentgenerationintoanobligationthatmustbefulfilledbyambitiousfutureprofessionals.Ithasspawnedintheprocessalucrativecommercialmarketprovidingtouriststyletrips.PrinceWilliamsgapyearventuretoChilein2000createdinstitutionalacceptabilityandabout200000peopleayearbetween18and25nowtake12monthsoutofstudy.Nolongerweregapyearsforrebelsanddropoutsandpeoplewithnothingbettertodo;nowtheywereforhopefulprofessionalsandfuturekingssaidKateSimpsonfromtheschoolofgeographyattheUniversityofNewcastlewhobasedherresearchonprojectsinSouthAmericaandtalkedtohundredsofstudentsontheirreturn.Agapyearhasbecomearequirementforsuccess.ItisnowpartofyourprogressiontoemployabilityasnecessaryasyourA-levelsandasinevitableasyourdegree.AsthegapyearhasbeenprofessionalisedSoithasincreasinglybeenmarketedatfutureprofessionalswithanassumptionthatfurthereducationandsuccessfulemploymentaretofollow.MsSimpsonsaidthatwithoutexplaininghowvaluessuchasbroadhorizonsandcharacterbuildingaresupposedtobeachievedbygapyearstheyhavebeenpromotedbypeoplesuchastheforeignsecretaryJackStrawandtheUniversityCollegeAdmissionServiceUcas.Mr.Strawsaid:Oursocietycanonlybenefitfromtravelwhichpromotescharacterconfidence[and]decision-makingskills.AccordingtoUcas:Thebenefitsofawell-structuredyearoutarenowwidelyrecognisedbyuniversitiesandcollegesandcannotfailtostandyouingoodsteadinlaterlife.Howeverthesestatementsdidnotalwaysreflectthereality.Manyofthe50organisationsprovidingpackagetripsforgapyearstudentsthisyeardesignedthemtobeacceptabletoparentsandfutureemployersandhadlittleconcernforthecommunitiesthestudentswerevolunteeringtohelp.OneexamplewasinEcuadorwherestudentshadbeensenttohelpthelocalcommunity.Thevillagesreturnedhomefromworktodiscovertheirhouseshadbeenpaintedbythevolunteerswithoutpriorconsultation.Groupsof18-year-oldsarrivesomewherewithnoskillsandsetaboutbuildingabridgeorschooloftenwithoutproperconsultationwiththelocalcommunityandwhattheymightwantorneed.Theygetalevelofexperienceanddecision-makingwhichtheywouldnotgetathomebutalsodoingthingsinotherpeopleshospitalsandschoolstheywouldneverbeallowedathome.Gapstudentshadbeeninvolvedindeliveringbabiesconstructionprojectsandteachingwithoutpriortraining-somethingbannedinBritain.Atypicalprovideradvertised:Areyoulookingforatraveladventurewithapurposeonethatgivesyouexperiencebeyondtourismandprovidespracticalhelptolocalcommunities.Itssloganwas:Developpeople.Sharecultures.Buildfutures.ForMsSimpsontheindustryappearsamateurishandoutdated.Theideaseemedtobethatancienthighlycivilisedculturescouldbenefitfromtheintroductionoflargenumbersofunskilled18-year-olds.Whilesuchanapproachmayproducesomevaluablecontributionstherisksarehigh.Thegapyearindustrycannotrelyonitsgoodintentionstoassurethequalityofitswork.Theprojectsareoftenusedtothebenefitofthevisitingstudentsasopposedtotheresidents.Inmanyprojectsthestudentspracticebeingadultsandprofessionalsusinglocalpeopleasguineapigs.Projectsdidnothavetobebasedontheexploitativeanddehumanisingrelationships.Iamsurethatmanystudentslearnagreatdealfromtheirgapyearsbuttheycouldgainsomuchmoreiftheyexperimentwithlocalpeople.Thebestprojectswerethoseresidentsknowinadvanceinwhichthelocalpeopleparticipateandaskforwhattheywant.IfthestudentsandlocalsworktogethertoformfriendshipsthenthetruepotentialofthegapyearcouldberealisedMsSimpsonadded.
1.ThewordmetamorphosedinthesentenceInfiveyearsthegapyearhasmetamorphosedfromaradicalactivityofarebelliousstudentgenerationintoanobligationthatmustbefulfilledbyambitiousfutureprofessionals.para.1canbestbereplacedby_______.AorientatedBreversedCchangedDdowngraded
2.AccordingtothepassagewhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutthegapyearAIthasbeendevelopedintoagrowingindustry.BIthasbeenofficiallyacceptedbymoreuniversities.CIthasbeenlinkedwithstudentsacademicstudyandfutureemployment.DIthasmetstrongprotestfromlocalcommunitiesoutsideBritain.
3.TheexpressionguineapigsinthesentenceInmanyprojectsthestudentspracticebeingadultsandprofessionalsusinglocalpeopleasguineapigs.para.8canbeparaphrasedas_______.AbeastsandbrutesBsubjectsforexperimentsCcontrolgroupsinastudyDdirtyanimalssuchaspigs
4.ItcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethataccordingtoMsSimpson_______.AgapyearactivityshouldshowmoreconcernforlocalsaswellBtheactivitiesofgapstudentsarehatedbymostlocalpeopleCthegapyearindustrywillundergoagreaterdevelopmentDgapstudentshavemadegreatcontributiontothelocalcommunities
5.WhichofthefollowingcanserveasthebesttitleofthepassageABroadhorizonsandcharacterbuilding:targetsforuniversitystudentsBMindthegap:whystudentyearoutmaydomoreharmthangoodCTheboominggapyearindustry:goodintentionsprovidenoguaranteeDRequirementforsuccess:gapyearequalsA-levelsandacademicdegreeQuestions6-10towinthe£50000ManBookerprizethemostimportanthonourintheBritishliteraryworld.VernonGodLittlebyDBCPierrethenomdeplumeof42-year-oldMexican-AustralianPeterFinlaywastheunanimouschoiceoftheBookerjudgeschairedbyJohnCareywhotooklessthananhourtodecide.ThenoveltellsthestoryofVernonGregoryaTexanteenagerwhoisputontrialaccusedofamassacreathishighschool.AttheawardsceremonyattheBritishMuseuminLondonlastnightProfessorCareydescribeditasacoruscatingblackcomedyreflectingouralarmbutalsoourfascinationwithmodernAmerica.Acceptingtheprizethenovelistsaid:Mymumisintheaudience.IwanttosaysheandtherestofmyfamilyplantedtheideathatIcoulddoanythingandIwouldjustliketoapologisefortakingitliterally.ItbeatashortlistincludingBrickLanethefirstnovelbyMonicaAliwhichwasthebookmakersfavouriteandhasbeenthebiggestsellerintheshopsandOryxandCrakebyMargaretAtwoodtheonlyestablishedauthortomakeittothefinalroundofjudging.MartynGoffthedirectoroftheManBookerprizesaidhewasabsolutelyamazedattheswiftnessofthedecisionwhichwasmadeafterthesecondshortestdebateintheprizes35-yearhistory.Fourofthemjumpedasoneandthefifth[memberofthejury]wasnotunhappyhesaid.ThejudgeswereparticularlyconvincedbythewaytheauthorwasabletocreatesuchastrongsenseofAmerica.TherewasafeelingthatitcouldonlyhavebeenwrittenbyanAmericanwhereasweallknowitwasnthesaid.DBCPierre-theinitialsstandforDirtyButClean—isareformeddrugaddictandgamblerwhowasbornintoawealthyfamilybutlostvirtuallyeverythingwhenthebankswerenationalisedinMexicoin
1982.WithouthisfamilymoneytofallbackonFinlayhasadmittedsellinghisbestfriendshomeandkeepingtheproceedsaswellasworkinguphundredsofthousandsofdollarsofdebtsinaschemetofindgoldinMexico.Revealinghowhislifewasoftenstrangerthanfictionhesaidinarecentinterview:FornineyearsIwasinadrughazeonarampageofcocaineheroinanyshitIcouldget.IamnotproudofwhatIhavedoneandInowwanttoputitright.Apublishingdeal:forthebookwassealedjustonehourbeforethefirstplanehitNewYorksWorldTradeCentreon11September
2001.EversinceIfeelliketheressomedarkdestinyswirlingaroundthebookhesaid.Hisfinancialproblemsarelikelytobecomeathingofthepast.Afilmmakerhasboughtanoptiontomakeamovieofthebookandaswellasthe£50000prizechequethewriterwhocurrentlylivesinIrelandisguaranteedasignificantincreaseinsales.SalesoflastyearswinnerYannMartelsLifeOfPihaveexceeded1millioncopies.MartinHiggsliteraryeditorofWaterstonessaid:Thestorylineforthisbookisonethatyouwouldasmuchseeplayedouttodayonthesixoclocknewsasreadinanovelandhasforthisreasonstruckachordwithbooklovers.FinlaywassecondfavouritetowinbehindMonicaAli35whocreatedaflurryofinterestevenbeforeherdebutnovelwaspublishedwhenshewasnamedoneofGrantasbestyoungBristishnovelists.TheothershortlistedbookswereTheGoodDoctorbyDamonGalgutAstonishingSplashesofColourbyClareMorrallandNotesonaScandalbytheformerIndependentonSundayjournalistZoeHeller
38.
6.ThenovelistPeterFinlaysaidthatwhenacceptingtheprizehewouldjustliketoapologisefortakingitliterally.para.2Theworditreferstotheideaof_______.Asellinghisfriend’shomeandusingupthemoneyBpublishingthenovelVernonGodLittleCowinghugeamountsofdebtstoothersDdoingwhateverheliked
7.WecanlearnfromtheshortlistedbooksofthisyearsManBookerprizethat_______.AmostofthemarefromestablishedauthorsBsomeofthemarefromfirst-timenovelistsCallofthemarebiggestsellersintheshopsDhalfofthemwerewrittenbyformerjournalists
8.AccordingtothepassagethedirectoroftheManBookerprizewasabsolutelyamazedbecause_______.AthedebateovertheprizewinnerwassohotandfierceBtheplotofVernonGodLittlewassofascinatingCtheBookerjudgeswerealmostunanimousintheirdecisionDthefifthmemberofthejuryrefusedtochangehismind
9.TheauthormentionsinthepassagethesalesoflastyearswinnerYannMartelsLifeOfPitoimplythat_______.AthesuccessofVernonGodLittlewillbringtheauthoralotofmoneyBPeterFinlaywillbecomeasrichasaworldfamousmoviestarCthesalesofVernonGodLittlewillexceedthatofLifeOfPiDtheBookerprizewinningnovelswillbecomeworldclassics
10.WhichofthefollowingCANNOTbeconcludedfromthepassageaboutthenovelistPeterFinlayAHehadoncebeenadrugaddictandgambler.BHealmostlosteverythingbecauseofthenationalizationofbanksinMexico.CHewasquitewordedbeforethepublicationofhisfirstnovel.DHeknewhisbestsellingbookwouldwinthenationalliteraryprize.Questions11-15Americancompaniesaregivingtheirpeopleagoodtalkingto.Forqualifiedtalkersthatcanmakeforacareeropportunity.Thesameworkadaychallengesthatarethebaneofthemoderncorporation-issuessuchasstrugglingsalesforcesspottyleadershipintenseglobalcompetitionandflaggingmorale-areaboonforthousandsofprofessionalspeakersnationwide.Usingtheirgiftofgabtheyimpartknowledgehopemotivationbig-picturethinkingandoccasionallyafewlaughstoaudiencesatconventionscompanypowwowstradeshowsandassociationmeetings.EricWahlisonesuchbeneficiaryofcorporateAmericashand-wringing.ForthepastthreeyearstheSanDiego-basedlecturerandartisthastotedpaintsandaneaselaroundthecountryforapresentationtitledTheArtofVision.AteachstopheliterallydrawsparallelsbetweenthecreativitythatdrivesgreatartistsandthatwhichfuelstheworldsmostsuccessfulentrepreneursunderscoringhismostmemorablepointsandexamplesbypaintingquickportraitsofvisionariessuchasEinsteinorLincoln.Mr.Wahlsthinkoutsidetheboxmessageandhigh-energydeliveryhavebroughthimasteadystreamoflucrativeappearances.Hesaysthatbyyearsendhellhavelogged100speakingappearancesathisgoingrateofbetween$6500and$9500apiece.Wahlssuccessstorybyhisownadmissionissomethingofanaberration.Stillinhislate20shehasntpublishedabest-sellingmanagementbook.Heisntahouseholdnameoracomer-officeveteranwithatroveofgreatwarstories.Andhehasntreboundedfrompersonaltragedytoleadalast-placeteamtoaworldchampionship.WahlwhomajoredinartandbusinessattheUniversityofSanDiegotookajobatSpeakInc.aSanDiegocompanythatbooksspeakingtalentforcorporateclients.WhatWahldoeshavesaysRichGibbonsthefirmspresidentarethethreeelementsasuccessfulspeakerneedsintodaysmarketplace:relevanceuniquenessandmostofallpassion.AnaudiencecantellwhenaspeakeristrulycommittedversussomeonewhosdoingsomethingbyroteandrecitingprofessionalplatitudesMr.Gibbonssays.ItsvirtuallyimpossibletopinpointtheexactnumberofspeakersworkingthelecturecircuitintheUnitedStatestodayanditsequallydifficulttogeneralizeaboutthefeesthosespeakerscommand.WhiletheNationalSpeakersAssociationincludesroughly3500speakingprofessionalstheNSAsmembershipdoesntincludemostofthecelebritieshigh-profilepunditsathletesauthorsCEOspoliticiansandex-politicianswhooftenmakethesceneaskeynotespeakersatmajorsocialandbusinessfunctions.Andwhilemorethan60percentofrespondentswhoparticipatedinarecentNSAmembersurveyreportedearningfrom$2000to$5000foramajorengagementitcostsagreatdealmoretobagabignameevenforonlyashortwhile.CharlesMoosetheformerMontgomeryCountyMd.policechiefwhoheadedlastfallsWashingtonD.C.snipermanhuntnowasksupto$30000perappearance.FrankAbagnaletheconmanwhowasthesubjectoflastyearsStevenSpielberghitCatchMeifYouCanisinthesamerange.After-dinneraddressesfromthelikesofformerPresidentClintonorformerNewYorkCityMayorGiulianihavebeenreportedtofetch$100000ormore.JohnTrurandirectorofmarketingforKepplerAssociateswhichrepresentsMr.MoosesaystheformerchiefsdefectiontothegreenerpasturesofthelecturecircuitwasalogicalbyproductofthecasesdramaandMoosesinstant-herostatus.Thisisacelebrityculture.Moosewastheleadguyintheinvestigation:hesAfrican-American.whichmakeshimagreatdiversityspeaker;andhewasamemorablefigureinthemediaTruransays.ItsstillpossibleforpeoplewholackMoosestrackrecordtomakeitbiginpublicspeakingbutthosewhosereputationdoesntprecedethemhavetobeabletowowprospectiveclientswithadynamicdemonstrationtapethatdoesthetalkingforthem.OfcourseputtingthatvideotogetherdemandsthatthespeakergetcaughtduringaterrificperformanceatthepodiumandthereinliestheCatch-22saysMarkSanbornNSAspresidentandaspeakerwhoaddressescorporateaudiencesontopicssuchasleadershipteam-buildingandcustomerservice.AspeakercantbehearduntilheorsheishiredMr.Sanbornnotesbutyoucantgethiredwithoutfirstbeingheard.Byfarthemostpopularmisconceptionaboutpublicspeakingisthatitseasy.WellifImdoingmyjobrightitshouldlookeasy.ThecostofentryinthisbusinessiswhateverKinkoschargesforabusinesscardbutitsmuchharderthanitlookstomakealivingatit.
11.TheauthorcitestheexampleofEricWahltoshow_______.AhowfastthecareeropportunityisgrowingforqualifiedtalkersBwhatkindofchallengesAmericancompaniesarefacingChowmuchatalkercanbenefitfromcorporateAmericasdilemmaDwhatskillsareessentialforasuccessfulpublicspeaker
12.Thewordbaneintheexpressionsameworkadaychallengesthatarethebaneofthemodemcorporationpara.1canbeparaphrasedas_______.AcauseoftroubleBstructuralimprovementCresultofcompetitionDimpactofglobalization
13.WhichofthefollowingdoesnotsupportthestatementthatWahlssuccessstory...issomethingofanaberration.para.3AHehasnotyetpublishedabest-sellingmanagementbook.BHeisnotanexperiencedofficemanager.CHehashadnodirectexperienceinleadingaworldchampionship.DHeisinterestedinnothingbutartandbusinessattheuniversity.
14.WhichofthefollowingCANNOTbeconcludedfromTruranscommentpara.7ACharlesMooseisanexceptionofcelebrityculture.BMoosesAfrican-Americanbackgroundisaspecialadvantage.CThelecturecircuitisagrowingprofitablenewcareer.DMoosesquitofpolicechiefisonlynaturalashebecameaninstant-hero.
15.SanbornusestheCatch-22para.8todescribethepredicamentin_______.Adealingwithtopicssuchasleadershipteam-buildingandcustomerserviceBpreparingdynamicdemonstrationtapeCacquiringtechniquestoaddressexperiencedcorporateaudiencesDmeetingtherequirementforspeakingexperiencebeforebeinghiredQuestions16-20BobBarnesneverdreamedthatthelongarmofthemusicindustrywouldreachintohispersonalcomputer.SurethebusoperatorhadusedNapstertograbmusicfilesofftheInternet.Andwhenthatfile-swappingservicewasputoutofbusinessheswitchedtoitsmostpopularsuccessorKazaa.Buthewascarefulnottoleaveatracetransferringallhisdownloadedsongstoseparatediscs.AvisitingteenagegrandsonwasntsocarefulhoweverandlastweekBarnes50wasslappedwithasubpoenafromtheRecordingIndustryAssociationofAmericaRIAA.Itallegedthathehadpostedonline--fortheworldtostealdigitalcopiesofsongsbySavageGardenMarvinGayeandtheEagles.ThisislikeshockandawesaysBarnes.Blitzthemuntiltheysubmit.Barnesmaybeapiratebuthehasplentyofcompany.Anestimated60millionAmericansmorethanthenumberofBushvotersin2000areusingfile-sharingnetworksontheInternet.Untillastweekitseemedlikeasafelyanonymouspursuit.ButthenRIAAstartedsubpoenaingcollegesandInternet-serviceprovidersISPsforthenamesandaddressesofmorethan950computerowners--someofwhomlikeBarnesweretraffickinginstolenmusicwithoutknowingit.Alotofmusicdownloadersdontrealizethattheyarealsodistributors.OnKazaaforexamplethetunesyoustoreinthedesignateddownloadfolderareautomaticallybroadcastbacktootherusers.UnlessyouturnoffsharingormovethemusictoadifferentplaceonyourharddriveanybodycanreachintoyourcomputerandtakeacopyaslongasyouareonlineandrunningKazaa.HowmanysongsdoyouhavetohaveinthatfoldertocatchtheeyeofthemusicpoliceAthousandAdozenJustoneRIAAwhichistryingtoputthefearoflitigationintoasmanymusicpiratesasitcanisplayingcoy.Ithasdeclinedtosaywhomitistargetingorhowmanymoresubpoenasitplanstoissue.Sofarthoughmostofthefilesharersithasgoneafterweredealinginhundredsoftracksnotjustafew.WerefocusedonthesupplysideRIAApresidentCaryShermansays.Ifyoucangetatthe10%ofpeoplewhoareoffering90%ofthefilesthatmakesasignificantdent.Untilrecentlygettingeventhat10%wasimpossible.UserswerehiddenbehindthelongstringsofnumbersthatrepresentInternetaddresses.OnlynetworkadministratorsknewwhohadbeenassignedwhichInternetaddressandtheywerereluctanttoshare.AllthatchangedinFebruarywhenafederaljudgeorderedVerizontoturnovertoRIAAthenameofanallegedmusicpirate.Thatopenedthefloodgates.LastweektheFederalDistrictcourthousehadtohireextraclerksjusttodealwithmusic-industrylitigation.ThisisturningintoasubpoenamillsaysSarahDeutschassociategeneralcounselforVerizonafterreceivingmorethan200requestsforidentities.Werenotjustgoingtorolloverandallowthiskindofprocess.NoteveryISPfeelsthesame.Comcastthecable-TVcompanythatsellshigh-speedInternetaccessonthesidehasannounceditsintentiontocooperatewithRIAA.SohasChicagosLoyolaUniversity.TheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyandBostonUniversityHappilytheresanotheralternative:payingforyourmusicusingoneofseverallegaldownloadingservices.ThemostpopularApples99¢-a-songiTunesmusicstorehasrackedup5milliondownloadsinjusttwomonthsandisscheduledtolaunchaWindowsversioninDecember.Itwasjoinedlastweekbybuymusic.comwhichofferssomeofthesamesongsfor79apiece.NeitherhasanythinglikeKazaasselectionjustyet—butbothareguaranteedsubpoenafree.
16.TheauthorintroducesBobBarnesatthebeginningofthepassage_______.AtoshowhowcarefulhewaswhendownloadingmusicBtoserveasthebackgroundofhislifestoryCtoprovidereaderswithanexampleofmusicpiratesDtowarnthereadersnottofollowsuit
17.Theexpressionhehasplentyofcompanypara.2canbestbeparaphrasedas_______.AhehaswonlargenumbersofsupportersBhehashadalotoffollowersChehasdownloadednumeroussongsDhehasestablishedabigcompany
18.WhichofthefollowingisimpliedinthequestionHowmanysongsdoyouhavetohaveinthatfoldertocatchtheeyeofthemusicpolicepara.3AItisimportanttogiveadefinitefigureofsongsformusicpiracy.BRIAAhasnotyetdecidedwhethertoannouncethefigure.CRIAAonlyplanstothreatenmusicpiratestostoptheiraction.DThefigurefordeterminingmusicpiracywillbeannouncedsoonerorlater.
19.WhichofthefollowingbestexplainsthemetaphorThatopenedthefloodgates.para.3AMoreAmericansarefollowingBobBarnestodownloadmusic.BMoreclerksarehiredtodealwithmusicindustrylitigation.CMorecompaniesaresupportingtheactionofRIAAtostopmusicpiracy.DMorenamesofmusicpirateswereofferedtoRIAAunderfederaldecision.
20.Thedecisionfromfederaljudgesisnotsupportedby_______.ATheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyBRecordingIndustryAssociationofAmericaCThecable-TVcompanyCompactsDLoyolaUniversityofChicagoSECTION3:TRANSLATIONTESTDirections:TranslateofthefollowingpassageintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Atatimewhenthepublicisbeingassaultedwithunsolicitede-mailadsCalifomiaisabouttolaunchthetoughestcounterattackinthenation.AlawthatgoesintoeffectonJan.1allowscomputerusersinthestatetorefuseunwantedsolicitationsenmasseandsuespammerswhoviolatetheirwishesforasmuchas$1million.ThosepotentweaponsfordeflectingpitchesthatoffereverythingfrombiggerbodypartstolowermortgagerateshaveattractedtheireoftheU.S.ChamberofCommerceandmassmarketers.FearingthelawwillcurtailadvertisingontheInternettheyarepushingforafarweakernationalsolutionthatwouldundercutthetoughtacticsinCaliforniaandotherstatesthataregoingthesameroute.Butsuchself-interestishardlyenlightened.ThegrowingfloodofmessagesnotonlyannoysPCusersitalsoslowsthetransmissionofwantede-mailandforcesbusinessestospendbillionstocombatspam.InfactasurveyreleasedOct.22suggeststheproliferationofpitchescouldhurttheverye-commercethesebusinessgroupssaytheywanttopreserve.ThesurveyofcomputerusersfundedbythePewCharitableTrustsanon-profitgroupthatstudiespublicissuesfound25%usee-maillessbecauseofspam.And75%werereluctanttogiveoute-mailaddresseseventoonlineretailers.SECTION4:LISTENINGTESTPartA:Note-takingAndGap-fillingDirections:Inthispartofthetestyouwillhearashorttalk.YouwillhearthetalkONLYONCE.Whilelisteningtothetalkyoumaytakenotesontheimportantpointssothatyoucanhaveenoughinformationtocompleteagap-fillingtaskonaseparateANSWERBOOKLET.YouwillnotgetyourANSWERBOOKLETuntilafteryouhavelistenedtothetalkItisimportanttoconsidertheeffectsofproductsor_______1onfuturegenerations.Theproductswechoosemustbesafeforboth_______2andtheenvironment.Weshouldbecarefulaboutthemeaningofsometermsusedonproduct_______
3.Forexamplesomebiodegradableproductsmaytakehundredsofyearsto_______4andthephraseenvironmentallysafeonapackagemayrefertothe_______5ratherthanthe_______
6.Theenvironmentalissuestheworldfacesnowincludethe_______7useofnuclearpower;developmentwhichbringsjobsbutmayalso_______8affecttheenvironment;some_______9methodsthatmaydestroycroplandanduseharmful_______10;therapidgrowthinworld_______11;_______12atrisk;clean_______13supplythatisthreatenedbyindustrialwasteand_______14sewage;someresources_______15atanalarmingrate;andEarths_______16alsoatrisk.Wecanhelpprotecttheenvironmentbygetting_______
17.Becausetheenvironmentalproblemsinour_______18affectour_______19andwayoflifeitsuptoustotakeactionagainstlocal_______
20.PartB:ListeningandTranslationI.SentenceTranslationDirections:Inthispartofthetestyouwillhear5Englishsentences.YouwillhearthesentencesONLYONCE.AfteryouhaveheardeachsentencetranslateitintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.12345II.PassageTranslationDirections:Inthispartofthetestyouwillhear2Englishpassages.YouwillhearthepassagesONLYONCE.AfteryouhaveheardeachpassagetranslateitintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Youmaytakenoteswhileyouarelistening.12SECTION5:READINGTESTDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagesandthenanswerINCOMPLETESENTENCESthequestionswhichfolloweachpassage.UseonlyinformationfromthepassageyouhavejustreadandwriteyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions1-3Whenyounextbuyatubofpotatosaladthecontaineritcomesinmaybemadefromanothervegetable--corn.Anewlineofcorn-basedplasticscalledpolylactidesorPLAhasbeguntolandonsupermarketshelves.Itsstrongestsellingpointsarethatitfullydegradesin47daysdoesntemittoxicfumeswhenincineratedandrequires20to50percentlessfossilfueltomanufacturethanregularplastics.InMay11WildOatsMarketsontheWestCoastbecamethefirstgrocerystoresinNorthAmericatoswitchfromconventionalplasticstothenewcorn-basedproductwithplanstorollthemoutnationallyintoall90storeslaterthisyear.Aspartoftheroll-outWildOatshasinstalledin-storebinswherecustomerscanreturntheiremptycontainers.WethentakethemtoanindustrialcompostingfacilityandtheyturnthecontainersintocompostwhichwethensellinourstorestopeoplewhobuyitfortheirgardenssaysSonjaTuitelecommunicationsdirectorofWildOats.AEuropeanretailerhasalsobeensellingthenewplasticproducts.IPERa21-storechaininItalyhasbeenusingthepackagingforayearandhasexpandeditsusefromdelidepartmentstodairyandbakeryareas.Thenewplastichasafewquirkshowever.Thebiodegradablematerialswontbreakdowninregularlandfills;theyhavetobetakentospecialindustrialsitesandtreatedlikecompost.Norwilltheydecomposeinhomecompostbins:Temperaturestheredontreachtherequired284degreesF.Yetthecontainerswillmeltiffilledwithhotfoodorplacedinthedishwasherormicrowave.CargillaninternationalagriculturecorporationandDowChemicalhaveajointventuremakingonelineofPLA.Within10yearssaysCargillspokesmanMichaelOBrianthecompanyexpectstobemaking1billionpoundsofcorn-derivedplasticseachyear.Thatwouldmean10percentofthenationsannualcornsupplywouldbeconvertedintoplasticsandfiber.PLAcanalsobeusedasanalterativeformoldedfoamproductselectronicpackagingandcups.ForinstancetheCoca-ColaCompanyused500000cupsmadefromcornatthe2002OlympicWinterGamesinSaltLakeCity.Andinsteadofcreatingahugetrashproblemtheusedcupswerecompostedandturnedintodirt.Whatseparatesbiodegradableplasticsfromtheirmorelong-livedcousinsarepolymers.Plasticsbasedonnaturalplantpolymersderivedfromwheatorcornstarcheshavemoleculesthatareeasilybrokendownbymicrobes;traditionalplasticshavepolymermoleculestoolargeandtootightlybondedtogethertobebrokenapartbydecomposerorganisms.Mostbiodegradableplasticscurrentlyonthemarketarebetweentwoand10timesmoreexpensivethantraditionalplastics.Yetplasticsconstitute9percentofthe156milliontonsoftrashAmericansgenerateeachyearandmanyconsumerswouldbewillingtopaytheextracostsforareplacementproductthatbiodegrades.AccordingtoarecentsurveyfrommarketresearchfirmRoperASW51percentofrespondentswouldpayapremiumofupto10percentforenvironmentallysaferversionsofplasticpackaging.
1.Whatarethemajordifferencesbetweencorn-basedplasticsandregularplastics
2.Thenewplasticalsohassomeunusualfeatures.Whatarethey
3.Introducebrieflythemajorusesofcom-basedplasticsandthesignificanceofthisinvention.Questions4-6Trendsinpsychotherapyhaveshifteddramaticallyinthepasttwodecades.Mostpatientsandmedicalplanshavetakenapassonthelong-termcommitmenttoFreudiananalysisturninginsteadtoshorterapproaches.Onetherapythathastakenover--especiallyfordepression--isamethodcalledcognitivebehavioraltherapy.CBTisbasedontheideathatallmoods--andtheirdisorders--originateinthoughts.Thetherapyaimstoadjustattitudesbyrecognizingandrefutingnegativethoughtsastheyoccur.ForinstancesomepeoplereacttoamistakeormishapbygeneralizingtoImafailure.ACBTtherapistwouldhelpthepatientgettoamoreaccurateassessmentoftheeventlikeWhatabadday.Theeffectivenessofthishugelypopulartreatmenthasbeentoutedinanumberofacademicstudiesandgeneral-interestbooks.Proponentssaythatitoftenworksfasterandcanbemoreeffectivethantraditionalpsychotherapy-orevenantidepressants.Excepttheymaybewrong.GordonParkerheadoftheSchoolofPsychiatryattheUniversityofNewSouthWalesinSydneyAustraliaandtworesearcherswentovertheresultsofeveryavailableeffectivenessstudythatsbeendoneonCBT.TakentogetherParkerarguesinarecentissueoftheAmericanJournalofPsychiatrytheresultsreallydontsupporttheclaims.Theirconclusion:CBThasbeenoversoldsaysParker....Asfaraswecantellitdoesnthaveanysuperiorityoveranyotherpsychotherapy.CBThassnowballedinpopularitynotbecausethescientificevidenceiscompellingParkersaysbutbecauseitisimmenselyappealing[andsounds]soterriblylogical.Parkerwhoissomewhatdisappointedinhisownfindingshasrecommendedthetherapytomanyofhispatients.NowhespeculatesthatanypositiveoutcomesmighthavecomenotfromCBTitselfbutsimplyfromspendingtimewithanempathetictherapist.Thereviewdidcontainonecaveat:TheremaybeasubgroupofpeoplewhodoverywellwithCBT.Indeedpartofthedifficultywithevaluationisthatstudiestendtobedoneonheterogeneousgroupsinsteadofsubgroupsofpeoplewithspecificsymptomshesays.Soitsnotclearwhoisreallybenefiting.NotsurprisinglymanyfansdisagreewithParkersconclusion.AndrewButlerresearchcoordinatorfortheBeckInstituteforCognitiveTherapyandResearchinBalaCynwydPa.iscriticalofthemethodologyusedinParkersreview.TheinstituteisnamedafterAaronBeckthepsychiatristwhocameupwithCBTinthe1960s.Butlersaysthatwhilesomeresearchflawsdoexistnumerousstudieshaveshownthatclientswhoovercometheirdepressionusingcognitivetherapyaretwiceaslikelytoremaindepressionfreeayearlaterasclientswhogotbetterusingantidepressantmedication.OthersarguethatwhilethestudiesareimperfectthereisenoughsolidempiricalevidencetojustifyCBTsreputation.JacquelinePersonsdirectoroftheSanFranciscoBayAreaCenterforCognitiveTherapysaysthatthebottomlineisthatCBTdoeswork:Andthatistrueeventhoughwedonotknowasmuchaswewouldliketoaboutwhyorhowitworks.PsychiatristDavidBumsisthemostwell-knownpopularizerofCBT.HisbookFeelingGood:TheNewMoodTherapyhasmorethan4millioncopiesinprint.Hesays:ImnolessinlovewiththecognitivemodelthanIwas30yearsago.ButevenBumsagreesthatthestudiesareunderwhelmingandthattheresahugeneedtoimprovehowwedoresearch.Alongwithfaultymethodologyhesaysthereareseveralhumanvariablesthatmakevalidtestingdifficult.Forexamplemoststudieshavenowaytocontrolforapatientsmotivation.ExercisesandotherhomeworkareabigpartofthetherapeuticprocessinCBT.Somepatientsdotheworkandsomedontbotherandthatcouldaccountinpartforthemixedoutcomes.Nordothestudiestakeintoaccountanindividualtherapistsskillsandmanner.Asaconsequenceitshardtotellifapatientssuccessorfailureisduetothetherapeutictechniqueorthetherapist.WehaveseenmanytherapistswithbigreputationswhohavepoorempathyandgetterribleresultsandweveseentherapistswhoseemratherineptgetincredibleresultssaysBums.Despitethefactheaddsthatalltherapistsfancythemselvesempatheticandwarm.TheCBTdebateisguaranteedtocontinueasthestudieskeepcoming.OnepublishedlastweekintheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationshowedthatyounglow-incomeLatinandAfrican-AmericanwomenonCBTdidalmostaswellastheydidonantidepressants.
4.WhatisCBTWhatisthebasicideabehindthistherapy
5.WhatistheviewofGordonParkeroverCBTWhatisAndrewButlersreactiontoParkersreview
6.WhatcanbelearnedfromDavidBumsbookovertheissueQuestions7-10AlabamachiefjusticeRoyMoorehaslongdisplayedareverenceorobsessiondependingonyourpointofview--fortheTenCommandments.TheScripturehasbeenagoodcallingcardforMooregaininghimnotorietyfarbeyondtherealmofcircuit-courtjudgesafterhefirstdecoratedhiscourtroomin1995withahand-carvedrosewoodplaquebearingGodslaws.Heprevailedovercivillibertarianswhosuedforitsremovalandrodehisfameevenfurtherin2000whenhewaselectedchiefjusticeofAlabamassupremecourtonthesloganRoyMoore:StilltheTenCommandmentsJudge.Butwhileheearnedfolk-herostatusamongEvangelicalsandconservativeslastweekhefinallypushedthelegalestablishmenttoofarwhenheignoredafederalcourtordertoremovehislargestmonumenttotheCommandmentsa5280-1b.granitecarvingknownasRoysRock.Mooreandsomehelpershadinstalledthesculptureintherotundaofthestatesjudicialbuildingduringoff-hoursonenightin
2001.InastunningshowofdefiancebyajuristMooredisregardedtheurgingofalleightofhisfellowSupremeCourtjusticesandAlabamasattorneygeneraltocomplywiththefederalrulingthatthereligiousartifactisinappropriateinacourtoflaw.InsteadMooredeclaredtotheamensofsupportersgatheredonthebuildingsporticoIwillneverneverdenytheGoduponwhomourlawsandcountrydependsThehundredsofprotestershadflockedtoMooresmonumentlastweekasiftoarevivalcarryingBibleswoodencrossesandplacardswithphraseslikeKEEPTHECOMMANDMENTS.DUMPTHEFEDS.Butwithin24hoursofMooresspeechhisjudicialcolleaguessuspendedhimfromthebenchandorderedhimtofacetrialbeforetheAlabamaCourtoftheJudiciarywhichcanremovejudgesforethicalviolations.Thelegalcasebroughtbyseveralcivil-libertiesgroupsisvirtuallyopenandshut.MooreslawyershadarguedthatU.S.lawisfoundedontheTenCommandmentswhicharedisplayedmoresubtlyandoftensurroundedbysecularlegalsymbolsinothergovernmentbuildingsaroundthecountry.ButfederalDistrictJudgeMyronThompsonsaidinhisrulingthatRoysRockisnothinglessthananobtrusiveyear-roundreligiousdisplay...TheonlywaytomissthereligiousornonsecularappearanceofthemonumentwouldbetowalkthroughtheAlabamaStateJudicialBuildingwithoneseyesclosed.AfederalappealscourtagreedandtheU.S.SupremeCourtdeclinedtoissueastayinthecase.MoorehassaidheplanstofileanappealwiththeSupremeCourtbylateSeptemberbutlegalexpertsdontexpectthecourttotakeit.[Moore]doesnothaveanylawsofmantostandonsaysUniversityofAlabamalawprofessorBryanK.Fair.HesclaimingtostandonthelawsofGod.ApparentlyhehassomedifficultyrecognizingtheseparatespheresofhisowncreedandthelawsofthepeopleofAlabama.MooressupportershavecomparedhimtoMartinLutherKingtoDanielandeventoMoses.ThesonofaconstructionworkerMoore56grewupinnortheastAlabamaandworshippedataBaptistchurchnotanoverbearingchurchwheretheyshoutanddancearoundsayshisbrotherJerryjustanicelittlecountrychurch.MooregraduatedfromWestPointservedinVietnaminthemilitarypoliceandearnedhislawdegreeattheUniversityofAlabama.Afterlosingahard-foughtelectionforcircuitjudgein1982MooreturnedfromlawtomoreexoticbattlestrainingasakickboxerandwranglingcattleinAustralia.ItwasatthisstageinhislifethatMoorecarvedhisplaqueoftheTenCommandmentsandafterbeingappointedasacircuitjudgehungitinhiscourtroomandstartedmakingheadlines.Thefirstlawsuitseekingtoremoveitwasultimatelydismissedonatechnicality.Hisvictoriesinthecourtofpublicopinionhoweverhavebeenmoredecisive.Hewonhischief-justicepostwith54%ofthevoteandinaJulypollofAlabamaresidents77%saidtheyapproveofhisstonemonument.HispopularityhasledtospeculationthatMooreisanglingforhigherofficealthoughhisstaffdeniesthat.Inthemeantimehoweverhiscurrentjobdependslargelyonwhetherhedecidestoobeythecommandmentsofhislegalcolleagues.
7.WhoisRoyMooreWhyishecalledtheTenCommandmentsjudge
8.GiveabriefintroductiontotheargumentaroundRoysRock.
9.IllustratethepublicattitudetowardsRoyMooreandMooresmonument.
10.WhatcanbeinferredfromthelastsentenceofthepassageInthemeantimehoweverhiscurrentjobdependslargelyonwhetherhedecidestoobeythecommandmentsofhislegalcolleagues.SECTION6:TRANSLATIONTESTDirections:TranslatethefollowingpassageintoEnglishandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.中华民族的传统文化博大精深,源远流长早在2000多年前,就产生了以孔孟为代表的儒家学说和以老庄为代表的道家学说,以及其他许多也在中国思想史上有地位的学说和学派这就是有名的诸子百家从孔夫子到孙中山,中华民族的传统文化有它的许多珍品,许多人民性和民主性的好东西比如,强调仁爱、强调群体、强调天下为公,特别是“天下兴亡,匹夫有责”的爱国情操和吃苦耐劳、勤俭持家、尊师重教的传统美德所有这些,对家庭、对国家和社会都起到了巨大的维系和调节作用参考答案SECTION1:LISTENINGTESTPartA:SpotDictation
1.fromhazardouswastes
11.alucrativebusiness
2.environmentalstandards
12.thepropercostofrecycling
3.115million
13.thetemptationisthere
4.concludedFriday
14.aseriesofguidelines
5.minimizerisks
15.biomedicalandhealthcarewastes
6.obsoletepesticides
16.potentiallydangerous
7.approvedin
199517.dismantlingofships
8.thelegaltrade
18.withoutthepropercontainmentandcontrol
9.isthriving
19.estimated300million
10.wastemanagementandwastetraffic
20.apledgefrommajormanufacturersPartB:ListeningComprehension
1.B
2.C
3.B
4.C
5.D
6.C
7.D
8.D
9.B
10.A
11.A
12.D
13.C
14.A
15.C
16.C
17.D
18.C
19.D
20.CSECTION2:READINGTESTQuestions1-
301.C
2.D
3.B
4.A
5.B
6.D
7.B
8.C
9.A
10.D
11.C
12.A
13.D
14.A
15.D
16.C
17.B
18.C
19.D
20.ASECTION3:TRANSLATIONTEST【参考译文】鉴于公众不断收到垃圾电子邮件,加利福尼亚决定开展美国历史上最为严厉的打击行动一项法律将于1月1日生效,全加州计算机用户得以有权拒收垃圾邮件,并对发送邮件的人提出诉讼,要求获得最高达一百万美元的赔偿垃圾邮件内容五花八门,既包括人体器官广告,也包括优惠的按揭贷款广告加州的打击行动力度十足,但这也使得美国商会和占据庞大市场份额的公司感到不安他们担心这样的法律会阻碍在线广告的发展,所以就提出温和得多的措施,力图减弱加州和其他采取类似做法的各州的影响但这种做法只考虑个人利益,自然难以获得支持垃圾邮件潮水般涌来,不仅令电脑用户大为光火,也大大影响了正常邮件的传递速度,而且,商家还要花费巨资打击垃圾邮件事实上,10月22日的一项调查表明,垃圾邮件的泛滥使得商家苦心经营的电子商务严重受损据专门研究公共事务的非营利组织丕优慈善基金会PewCharitableTrusts资助的一项调查显示,有25%的人因为垃圾邮件的缘故而减少使用电子邮件,而75%的人则不愿把自己的邮件地址告诉别人,甚至不愿意告诉在线零售商SECTION4:LISTENINGTESTPartA:Note-takingAndGap-filling
1.technology
11.population
2.human
12.oceans
3.labels
13.water
4.decompose
14.untreated
5.packaging
15.disappearing
6.contents
16.atmosphere
7.unrestricted
17.involved
8.negatively
18.community
9.farming
19.health
10.chemicals
20.pollutersPartB:ListeningandTranslationI.SentenceTranslation1我想占用大家几分钟的时间对今年从三个方面进行一个回顾第一,财政;第二,人事;最后,科技2国内消费类市场竞争一直相当激烈,而且将来的竞争还将会是非常激烈的我们在该市场上的表现很令人失望,与去年相比仅上涨了一个百分比3英国一年中只有8个官方公共假日,没有一个假日的庆祝活动与国家相关,虽然五月的第一个星期日是英国用来向劳动人民表达敬意的一个节日4在财务方面,业绩结果相当令人高兴营业额上升14%成本下降3%,利润上升16%5我们通过培训及晋升机会来发展人力资源的政策取得巨大成功培训部已有相当规模的扩展,并开始涉足质量保证及销售培训等新领域II.PassageTranslation1在广告业中,最常用的直接媒体就是信件了信件的好处是广告可以直接传递到潜在客户的手中不过,很多人不屑于看这些广告我们其实将它们称为“垃圾邮件”,连信封也不拆就直接扔掉了另一种直接媒体就是广告牌,也就是你在开车时看到的巨大标志广告牌因为它色彩绚丽、清晰可见而相当有用,而且上面写的信息可长久保存然而,这些信息必须相当短小,这样司机们在路过时才会去看2全职工作的英国人一年基本上都有4个星期的假期,往往通过2或3次度假机会用完每周周一至周五上班,共工作35至40小时三班倒的人们会在非正常工作时间工作,他们的工资会更高一些以弥补由此带来的不便在英国,加班后拿加班工资的现象比其他西欧国家更普遍一些但“月光兼职”的现象相对比较少,所谓“月光兼职”就是利用业余时间再打一份工挣点钱另一个对这种现象的称呼是“黑色经济”,指私下为别人工作,用现金方式结算,没有官方记录也不上税SECTION5:READINGTESTQuestion1:Comparedwithregularplasticscorn-basedplasticswithvegetableasitsmainingredientfullydegradesin47daysdoesn’temittoxicfumeswhenincineratedandrequireslessfossilfueltomanufacture.It’sbasedonnaturalplantpolymersandhasmoleculesthatareeasilybrokendownbymicrobeswhiletraditionalplasticshavepolymermoleculestoolargeandtootightlybondedtogethertobebrokenapartbydecomposerorganisms.Withthesefeaturesitcanbeagoodchoiceinasocietythatisincreasinglyenvironment-conscious.Question2:Thebiodegradablematerialsofthenewplasticwon’tbreakdowninregularlandfills;theyhavetobetakentospecialindustrialsitesandtreatedlikecompost;theywon’tdecomposeinhomecompostbinsbecausethetemperaturethereisnothighenough;whenfilledwithhotfoodorplacedinthedishwasherormicrowavethecontainerswillmelt.IftheseunusualfeaturescanbeproperlyutilizedaconsiderableproportionofAmerica’sannualcornsupplycanbeconvertedintoplasticsandfiber.Question3:Apartfrombeingusedasconventionalcontainersorpackagingcorn-basedplasticscanalsoserveasanalternativeformoldedfoamproductselectronicpackagingandcups.Withtheimprovementoftechnologythecorn-basedplasticcanhaveasteadyandsufficientsupplyofrawmaterialsandbewidelyusedinlargequantities.Featuringbiodegradabilitylowemissionoftoxicfumesandlessconsumptionoffossilfuelformanufacturingitisenvironmentallysafer.Question4:CBTreferstocognitivebehavioraltherapyaboomingpsychotherapyinthelasttwodecades.CBTisbasedontheideathatallmoodsandtheirdisordersoriginateinthoughtssotheaimistoadjustattitudesbyrecognizingandrefutingnegativethoughtsastheyoccur.Question5:BasedonhisresearchGordonParkerchallengestheclaimthatCBTismoreeffectivethantraditionalpsychotherapy.HebelievesthattheeffectivenessofCBTisover-estimatedandthepositiveoutcomesofCBTcannotbesimplyattributedtothetherapyitselfthoughitmightbenefitsomecertainsubgroups.AndrewButlerdisagreeswithParker’sconclusionandiscriticalofthemethodologyusedbyParker.HeadmitsthedefectsofCBTbutarguesthattheeffectivenessofCBTcomparedwithothermedicationinhelpingclientsovercometheirdepressioniswellsupportedbyalotofstudies.Question6:AsthemostfamousadvocateofCBTDavidBumsadmitsthattheCBTstudiesarenotimpressiveandhavealottoimprove.Somemethodologiesusedarenotproperandseveralhumanvariablescanmakevalidtestingdifficulte.g.apatient’smotivationanindividualtherapist’sskillsandmannerandsoon.Question7:AstheChiefJusticeofAlabamaRoyMooreisacontroversialfigureforhisovertadvocateofanddevotiontotheTenCommandments.WithhishumblebackgroundfromanordinaryfamilyandrichexperiencesindifferentaspectsRoyMooreishighlyrespectedbyhissupporters.HeliterallydecoratedhiscourtroomwithaplaquebearingGod’slawsinstalledagranitecarvingoftheCommandmentsandhewasastaunchadvocatethattheCommandmentsbeobservedwhichbroughthimthename“TenCommandmentsjudge”.Question8:Roy’sRockreferstothe5280lb.granitesculpturewiththeinscriptionoftheTenCommandments.ItarousedstrongoppositionandorderofremovalfromthefederalcourtandjudiciaryworldaswellassuspensionofRoyMoore’sjobaschiefjusticeofAlabamaforhisfailuretoobeysincereligiousartifactissupposedtobeinappropriateinacourtoflawandRoy’sRockapparentlychallengesthatprinciple.RoyMooredeclaredthathewouldnevergiveupandhissupportersvoicedtheirsupportforMooreandprotestagainsttherulingforremovalofRoy’sRock.RoyMooreplannedtofileanappealwiththeSupremeCourtbutlegalexpertspredictedthatitmightnotbetaken.Question9:WithhishumblebackgroundfromanordinaryfamilyandrichexperiencesindifferentaspectssuchasWestPointgraduateserviceinVietnaminthemilitaryandsoonRoyMooreishighlyrespectedanddeemedlegendaryamonghissupporters.ThemajorityofAlabamaresidentsapproveofhisstonemonument.Question10:IfRoyMoorestillinsistsonhispracticesconcerningtheTenCommandmentsandtheso-calledRoy’sRockandremaindefianttothefederalrulinghemightbedismissedfromhispostasthechiefjusticeofAlabamaashisattitudecanberegardedasviolationagainsttheethicsofjudges.SECTION6:TRANSLATIONTEST【参考译文】ThetraditionalChineseculturebothextensiveandprofoundstartsfarbackandrunsalonglongcourse.Morethan2000yearsagothereemergedinChinaConfucianismrepresentedbyConfuciusandMenciusTaoismrepresentedbyLaoZiandZhuangZiandmanyothertheoriesanddoctrinesthatfiguredprominentlyinthehistoryoftheChinesethoughtallbeingcoveredbythefamoustermthemastershundredschools.FromConfuciustoDr.SunYat-senthetraditionalChineseculturepresentsmanypreciousideasandqualitieswhichareessentiallypopulistanddemocratic.Forexampletheylaystressontheimportanceofkindnessandloveinhumanrelationsontheinterestofthecommunityandontheideathattheworldisforallespeciallyonpatriotismasembodiedinthesayingeverybodyisresponsiblefortheriseorfallofthecountry;andlongsufferingandhardworkingdiligenceandfrugalityinhouseholdmanagementandrespectingteachersandvaluingeducation.Allthesehaveplayedagreatroleinbindingandregulatingthefamilythecountryandthesociety.2004年9月真题SECTION1:LISTENINGTESTPartA:SpotDictationDirections:Inthispartofthetestyouwillhearapassageandreadthesamepassagewithblanksinit.Fillineachoftheblankswiththewordorwordsyouhaveheardonthetape.WriteyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.RememberyouwillhearthepassageONLYONCE.Everynationandregionintheworldhasitsownsetoffolkheroes.Sometimestheheroesfrom_______1arestrikinglysimilar.Whenthisistruethestoriesconnectedwiththesefigurescan_______2betweentwoseeminglydifferentcultures.Oftenhoweverheroesfromonecultureorregionare_______
3.Whenthisisthecasetheheroicfiguredemonstratestheuniqueaspectsofaspecificpeoplenotmerely_______4tosimilarcircumstances.NowinthislecturewewilllookatanumberofAmericanfolkheroesinordertofocusonseveralaspectsof_______
5.Byfolkheroeswemeanfigureswhosestorieshaveevolvedovertimeandwhoselegendscannotbe_______
6.Insteadofbeingcreatedbyasinglewriterfolkheroesevolvethroughtimeandreflecttheeffortsandcreativityof_______
7.Ofcourseprofessionalwriterssometimes_______8folkheroesjustasthosewhocreatefolkheroesoftenincorporateaspectsof_______9intotheirstories.Nonethelessfolkheroesandthefolkloreconcerningthemare_______10bypeoplewhoperform_______11theiraudiences.OneexampleofthisprocessmightbethepoetHomerrecitinghisheroictalestoa_______12audienceofancientGreeks.Thiswasafavoriteformofentertainmentlongbefore_______
13.Americaisadiversecountryinwhichvariouspeopleandsub-culturesembracetheirownuniquehistoryandlore._______14underthesecircumstancesawidevarietyofheroeshavebecomeapartof_______
15.AnyyetmanyoftheseheroessharesimilaritiesthatmakethemdistinctivelyAmericaninspiteof_______
16.Byfocusingonthesesimilaritieswecan_______17ofAmericaanditspeople.ForhundredsofyearsAmericanshavestruggledtounderstandtheirplaceintheNewWorld.Therewere_______18intheNewWorld.Inadditionthesocialandeconomicpositionofpeoplewasnotas_______19asinEuropeAfricaandAsia.Asaresultstorytellerscreatedheroes_______20theuniqueopportunitiesandchallengesthatAmericaprovided.PartB:ListeningComprehensionDirections:Inthispartofthetesttherewillbesomeshorttalksandconversations.Aftereachoneyouwillbeaskedsomequestions.ThetalksconversationsandquestionswillbespokenONLYONCE.NowlistencarefullyandchoosetherightanswertoeachquestionyouhaveheardandwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions1-
51.AIntheprofessorshome.BIntheprofessorsoffice.CIntheclassroom.DIntheschoollibrary.
2.AChildrenalwayshavethesameaccentsastheirmothers.BMostadultlanguagelearnerscanlosetheiraccents.CStudentsdontusuallylearntheirclassmatesaccents.DTherewillbebigmisunderstandingsifyouspeakwithaccents.
3.AHeusedthewrongstress.BHeusedthewrongintonation.CHemisunderstoodtheword.DHespokethewordwithaverydifferentaccent.
4.AAustralian.BBritish.CIndian.DSouthAfrican.
5.ATodropthepronunciationclass.BTosignupforalistening/speakingclass.CTocheckinthelibrarythescheduleforthenewsemester.DTowaittomakeadecisionaboutthepronunciationclass.Questions6-
106.ABecauseoftheaccumulationoffundsintherealestatemarket.BBecauseoftherisinghousepricesandgovernmentbudgetdeficits.CBecauseoftheresignationoftheFinanceMinisterGordenBrown.DBecauseoftheincreaseinthenumberofthehousesbeingsold.
7.ABusinessconfidencewillprobablyremainunchangedforthenextyear.BBusinessconfidencewasthehighestinMaysinceApril
2001.CPublishedNationalindexesshowconfidenceunchangedinGermanyandItalyandfallinginFrance.DTheindexofconfidencemayhavestayedatplus5thehighestin3years.
8.ATheywilldeliversolidearningresultsthisyear.BTheywillbreakevenattheendofthisyear.CTheypostedanotheryearoflossesduetobadloanwrite-offs.DTheyreportedmixedresultsfortheyearendedMarch
31.
9.A
50.B
100.C
150.D
200.
10.AAKoreanpatrolboatoperatedillegallyinJapanesewaters.BAKoreanfishingvesseloverturnedandthecaptainwasfatallywounded.CAJapaneseCoastGuardpatrolboatfiredteargasgrenadesataKoreanfishingvessel.DAJapanesefishingvesselwasrepeatedlyorderedtostopoperatinginKoreanwaters.Questions11-
1511.ABecausetheusageoftheInternetiswidespreadnow.BBecauseInternetaddictionisgrowingoncollegecampuses.CBecausethecomputerisaccessibletoeveryoneoncollegecampuses.DBecauseInternetaddictionislessharmfulthanotheraddictions.
12.AShecannotgotosleepwithoutsurfingontheNetfirst.BSheandotherpeoplearesurfingontheNetinthemiddleofthenight.CShedoesntknowwhenherInternetcompulsivenessisturningintoanaddiction.DSheisntsuretheexactamountoftimeisreallytheissue.
13.APeoplesworkperformanceandschoolperformancemaybeaffected.BPeoplemaylosesocialskillsthatmakeface-to-facerelationshipssuccessful.CPeoplemaybecheatedbythosewithfalseidentities.DPeoplemayhavenotimefortakingwalksandotherleisureactivities.
14.AWorkperformance.BSchoolperformance.CRelationships.DMentalhealth.
15.APracticeself-discipline.BHavesomesortofbalanceinlife.CSetanalarmclock.DActuponyourfriendsadvice.Questions16-
2016.AInthelate1940s.BIntheearly1950s.CInthelate1950s.DIntheearly1960s.
17.AAbstractExpressionism.BTheartisticmovementthatimmediatelyprecededit.CTheinternalstrugglesoftheindividualartists.DMass-producedvisualmediaandthedesignofcommonhouseholdobjects.
18.AAbstractExpressionismwasaverypersonalart.BAbstractExpressionismwasmoreeasilyaccessibletothemassesthanPopArt.CAbstractExpressionismreflectedadirectrelationshiptotheactualworld.DAbstractExpressionismwasalittlebitinfluencedbyPopArt.
19.ATodirectartfromthepersonalitiesoftheindividualartiststowardstheworld.BToimposeaunifiedsymbolicmeaningonhiscollectionofmaterials.CToconcentratelessontheobjectsandmoreontheimageshefound.DTosetthestageforfurtherdevelopmentinPopArt.
20.ABecausetheiruseoffoundobjectsandimagesfromeverydaylifewasinnovative.BBecausetheybelievedthattheseimagesreflectedtheculturalvaluesofcontemporarysociety.CBecausetheyuseeverydayobjectsfoundonthestreetasthematerialfortheirart.DBecausetheycombinedandrepeatedimagesfromprintmediatomakeonesingleartwork.SECTION2:READINGTESTDirections:Inthissectionyouwillreadseveralpassages.Eachoneisfollowedbyseveralquestionsaboutit.YouaretochooseONEbestanswerABCorDtoeachquestion.AnswerallthequestionsfollowingeachpassageonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimpliedinthatpassageandwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions1-5ValentinesDayistomorrowandweareallthinkingabouttrueloveandheart-shapedchocolatecandy.Wellmaybenotallofus.Someofusactuallyareconsideringthequantifiableaspectsofdivorce.InAmericatodaysome50percentofmarriagesarepredictedtoendindivorce.AndattheUniversityofWashingtoninSeattletheysaytheycantellyouexactly—wellalmostexactly—whichonesthosewillbe.Apsychologistamathematicianandapathologisthavedevisedwhattheycallaprovenmathematicalformulafordetectingwhichrelationshipswillgosour—therebyholdingouthopethatsuchcouplescanovercometheirproblemsandavoiddivorce.Wehavebeenabletopredictthatdivorcewillhappenbefore[itdoes].ThatsoldnewssaysJohnGottmanemeritusprofessorofpsychology.Butwhatwehavenowisascientificmodelforunderstandingwhywecanpredictitwithsuchaccuracy.TheworkmarksthefirsttimeamathematicmodelisbeingusedtounderstandsuchdeeppersonalhumaninteractionsaddsJamesMurrayprofessorofappliedmathematics.Itistotallyobjective.Andourpredictionofwhichcoupleswoulddivorcewithinafour-yearperiodwas94percentaccurate.Thisishowitworks:Couplesfaceeachotheranddiscuss—eachspeakinginturn—asubjectoverwhichtheyhavedisagreedmorethanonceinthepast.Theyarewiredtodetectvariousphysiologicaldatasuchaspulseratesandtheyrealsovideotaped.Asessionlastsamere15minutes.Theresearchteamwatchesandanalyzesthetapesanddataawardingplusorminuspointsdependingonthetypeofinteractionsandaccordingtoastandardscoringsystem.EverythingisthentranslatedintoequationsandplottedonagraphwhichtheresearchershavedubbedtheDow-JonesIndustrialAverageformaritalconversation.Oncethisisdonedifferentsituationsaresimulatedandanalyzedfromtheequationsandgraphsandpredictionsaremade.Overthepast16yearsmorethan700couplesatdifferentstagesoftheirmarriagestookpartintheresearch.Butletsgobackamoment.Itallstartssaywithachataboutmothers-in-law—apparentlyoneofthehottopicsofcontentionamongcouplesalongwithmoneyandsexaccordingtoDr.Murray.ThehusbandmightsaytohiswifeYourmotherreallyisapainintheneck.Wellthatsaminustwopoints.Ashrugthatsano-no—sominusone.Androlledeyes—verynegative;thatsminustwo.IfhoweverthehusbandweretosayYourmotherisapainintheneck…butsheissometimesfunnythenaccordingtotheresearchersyouwouldtakeawaytwopointsandthengiveoneback.Ifthehusbandcrackedasmilehewouldgetanotherpoint.Attheendofalltheadditionsandsubtractionsastablemarriageisindicatedbyhavingfivemorepositivepointsthannegativeones.Otherwisewarnstheteamthemarriageisintrouble.Introuble—butnotdoomed.ThewholepointofthemodelsaysDr.Gottmanisthatitgivestherapistsnewunderstandingwithwhichtheycanhelpcouplesovercomepatternsofinteractionandpreventdivorce.WhatwearesuggestingsaysMurrayisthatcoupleswhotakethisexperimentthenbetoldthepredictionandrealizetheyaregoingtohavetobothchangetheirbehaviorandrepairwhatiswrong.Noteveryonebuysintothismodel.BonnieJacobsonaclinicalpsychologistandprocessoratNewYorkUniversitysaysitisabsolutelyimpossibletounderstandtheworkingsofarelationshipviaaone-size-fits-allmodel.FormostlyeverycoupleIhaveseenitshardtoseehowtheygottogetherinthefirstplaceshesays.Sounlessyoureallygettoknowthenuanceddynamicsyouwillnevergetitorbeabletohelp.ChristineFasanowasmarriedforonly14monthsbeforegettingadivorcelastyear.Sheagreesthedynamicsofarelationshiparenuancedandcomplex—butalsoseesmeritintheUniversityofWashingtonstudysbasicassumptionthatifonelooksstarklyatinteractionbetweenacoupleitispossibletoascertainwhethertherelationshipisheadedtowarddemise.Imnotsurprisedthemodelworksshesays.Itsactuallynotthatprofound.Mybasicobservationofcouplesthatarehappilymarriedisthattheytreateachotherwell.Thatisbasicallywhattheyaresayingandthatishardtoarguewith.SoanyfinaladviceforValentinesDayfromthedivorceresearchteamoutinWashingtonIwouldnevergiveadviceonmattersoftheheartsaysMurraywhoincidentallyhasbeenmarried45years.ButIsupposethebottomlineisyescommunication.Andbeinggoodtooneanother.Thatisnicetoquantify.
1.Themathematicalmodelisdesignedbythesescientists________.AtofigureouttheofprobabilityofdivorceBtopredictandhelpavoiddivorceCforthenewly-marriedyoungcouplesDonthebasisofphysiologicaldata
2.WhichofthefollowingCANNOTbefoundaboutthemathematicalformulaAItisquitepopularandhasbeenwidelyaccepted.BIthasbeenexperimentedwithover700couples.CIthasbeeninventedbyanumberofscientistsfromrelatedfields.DItisprovedusefulasmoremarriagesendindivorce.
3.InthesentenceNoteveryonebuysintothemodel.para.6theexpressionbuysintocanbeinterpretedas________.ApaystoacquireBsupportsfullyChaveconfidenceinDunderstandsandaccepts
4.ChristineFasanoisintroducedinthepassagebecause________.AherdivorcewaspredictedandavoidedbytheformulaBherdivorceprovedtheeffectivenessofthemathematicalmodelCshethoughttherationalebehindtheformulaisunderstandableDshearguedthatdivorcecouldbepreventedbyfrequentcommunication
5.TheloveequationemploysallofthefollowingmethodsEXCEPT________.AItisbasedontheanalysisofrecordingsofmaritalconversationBItusesanadditionandsubtractionsystemtorecordthedataCItmakespredictionsfromanalysisofequationsandgraphsDItusestheinterviewsofeachofthespousesseparatelyQuestions6-10WhenTimothySpahrfinallyknockedoffworkonJan.13aftermorethan10hoursonthejobhefiguredhewasatlastdoneforthenight.SpahrstaskasanastronomerattheHarvard-SmithsonianCenterforAstrophysicsinCambridgeMass.istocollectreportsofasteroidsthatmightonedaypassnearEarth.OnthatTuesdayhehadbeenprocessingobservationsfromanautomatedtelescopeinNewMexicowhenhenoticedapinpointoflightthatmightfittheprofile.HecalculatedtheobjectsorbitandasusualpostedtheinformationontheMinorPlanetCenterwebsiteforotherastronomerstosee.Thenhewentofftodinnerwithafriend.WhathappenednextguaranteedthatSpahrsworkdaywasntnearlyover.Italsotriggeredadebateamongastronomersabouthowquicklythepublicshouldbeinformedaboutdangersfromspace—andhowsurescientistsneedtobebeforeissuingsuchwarnings.SeveraltimesinthepastskywatchershaveannouncedthatarogueasteroidmightthreatenEarth—triggeringtheusualbannerheadlines—onlytoretractthewarningafewdayslater.Butwhilesayingnevermindisembarrassingitwouldbemuchworsetokeeparealdangerquiet.AndthatswhySpahrsdrawn-outworkdaywasaprimetopicofdiscussionatthePlanetaryDefenseconferenceorganizedbytheAmericanInstituteofAeronauticsandAstronauticsandheldlastweekinGardenGroveCalif.WhileSpahrdinedaGermanamateurastronomervisitedtheMinorPlanetwebsitenotedthenewobjectcalled2004AS1andnoticedfurtherthatitsbrightnesswasexpectedtoincreaseanalmostunbelievable4000%inthenextdayorso—anindicationthatitwasapproachingwithblisteringspeed.Thenheplottedtheorbit.Spahrhadcalculatedandrealizedthatthechunkofrockestimatedatthetimetobeabout100ft.acrosswasonadirectcollisioncoursewithEarth—specificallysomewhereinthenorthernhemisphere—andonlydaysaway.Atthatsizeitwouldprobablyexplodeintheatmosphereafewmilesupwiththeforceofaone-megatonH-bombenoughtowreakhavoconanythingdirectlybelow.WhentheGermanamateurpostedanalertonanasteroidwatcherse-maillistastronomersaroundtheworldwentintohighgear.BythetimeIgothomeataroundmidnightsaysSpahrtherewerefivemessageswaitingonmyansweringmachine.OverthenextseveralhoursheandothersracedtotrytofigureoutwhetherEarthtrulywasindanger.AllofuswereinitiallyveryskepticalsaysClarkChapmananastronomerattheSouthwestResearchInstituteinBoulderColo.Wethoughtitwasamistakeorbaddataorsomeoneplayingatrick.ButwhenSteveChesleyatNASAsJetPropulsionLaboratorycheckedSpahrscalculationshecameupwitha1-in-4probabilityofastrike.ItwasaresponsibleanalysissaysChapman.Itwasntmistakeninanyobviousway.Therewasonehitch:theasteroidsprojectedtrajectorywasbasedononlyfourobservationsoveraone-hourperiodhardlyenoughtobedefinitive.Itwouldtakeanotherlooktonaildownitspath.Usuallyathreateningasteroidisspottedyearsinadvance.Thistimewithjustdaystospareastronomershadtogettheirsecondlookrightaway.SoChesleydidsomemorecalculationstofindwhatscalledthekeyhole—thetinyregionofskywhere2004AS1shouldbeiftheorbitwascorrect—andputthosecoordinatesoutontheInternet.ItclearlywasnttimetomakeanannouncementsaysChapmanwhodeniesaBBCreportthathewasonthevergeoftelephoningtheWhiteHousethatnight.ButifwestilldidntknowthenextmorningIthinkwewouldhavebeenobligedtoalertpeople.Fortunatelythewaitwasnotlong.Ataround3:30E.T.thatmorningBrianWarneranamateurastronomerfromColoradoSprings.Colo.aimedatelescopeatthekeyholeandfounditwasempty.2004AS1wasntgoingtohitEarthafterallandprobablyneverwill—luckilysinceitturnsouttobemorelike1600ft.across.NexttimeSpahrwontbedependingonasharp-eyedamateur.Withintwodaysaftertheincidenthesaywehadsoftwaretocheckforfutureimpactsautomatically.
6.WhichofthefollowingcannotbeconcludedfromthestatementWhathappenednextguaranteedthatSpahrsworkdaywasntnearlyover.para.2AHecontinuedworkafterdinnerwithafriend.BHesentmoreinformationontheMinorPlanetCenterwebsite.CHisapproachcausedmuchattentionandconfusion.DHisapproachledtoheateddebateanddiscussion.
7.Spahrsdrawn-outworkdaywasaprimetopicofdiscussionatthePlanetaryDefenseconferencepara.2because________.AitisconcernedwiththeprotectionofEarthfromasteroidsBitleadstoanimportantdiscoveryinastronauticsCitisrelatedtoprofessionalethicsofastronomersinissuingwarningsDitcausedpanicandconfusionamongthegeneralpublic
8.ItcanbefoundfromtheintroductionoftheGermanamateurastronomerthat________.AhispredictionoftheasteroidscollisionwithEarthwasoutofimaginationBhiscalculationofthespeedanddirectionoftheasteroidwascorrectCamateursareamateursandtheirpredictionisoftennonsensicalDwarningsofdangersfromspaceshouldbecautiousandcareful
9.WhenNASAsSteveChesleyreachedthe1-in-4probabilityofastrikefromtheasteroidhe________.AsupposedthattheGermanamateurastronomerwasplayingatrickBdisagreedwiththepracticeofgivingsuchwarningssocasuallyCimpliedthatthemovementoftheasteroidshouldbecloselywatchedDstronglyproposedthatactionmustbetakentodefendEarth
10.WhichofthefollowingconveysthemajormessagefromthelasttwoparagraphsAAmateursandprofessionalastronomerscoordinatecloselyintheireffort.BThescientistsreportedtotheWhiteHouseabouttheirdiscovery.CThehastypredictionofthethreateningasteroidcameoffeventually.DItturnedoutthatthe2004AS1didnothitEarthaspredictedbyamateurs.Questions11-15TwentyyearsagotherewaspanicinCupertinoCalif.OnlyaweekremainedbeforetheteamofwhizkidsdesigningApplesradicalnewcomputerhadtoturninthefinalcode.Thegiantfactorywasready.Thesoon-to-be-famousSuperBowlcommercialwasready.Butthecomputerwasnt.AsrecountedbysoftwarewizardAndyHertzfeldonanewcyberdigitalhistorysitefolklore.orgthealreadyoverworkedMacteamtrudgedbacktothecubiclesforsevendaysofdebugginghellfueledbyespressochocolatebeansandadream.AndonJan.241984theirleaderApplecofounderSteveJobsrecitedaversefromTheTimesTheyAreA-ChanginthenformallyunveiledtheMacintoshaboxylittleguywithawinningsmileicononitsnine-inchmonochromescreen.TheMac-oidsfullyexpectedtomakecomputerhistoryandtheydid.Whatsurprisesthemnowisthattheircreationisstillaroundtwodecadeslater.Onlynineyearsafterthefirstpersonalcomputerabuild-it-yourselfboxwhoseonlyinputwasasetofswitchesApplesteamhaddeliveredanexperiencethatwouldpersistintothenextcentury.ThiswasthegraphicaluserinterfaceGUIamind-blowingcontrasttothepre-1984standardofglowinggreencharactersandarcanecommands.ThoughAppledidntcomeupwiththeideaofwindowsonascreenandamousetoletpeoplenaturallymanipulateinformationtheMacintoshrefinedandpopularizedthoseconcepts.Lotsofpeoplecriticized—andsomemadefunof—thoseadvancesatthetime.ButevenApplesrivalsbecameconvincedthattheGUIwasgroovy.NownomatterwhatcomputeryouuseyoureusingessentiallyaMac.TheoriginalMacwascostlyunderpoweredandhadnocursorkeys.EarlysalesdisappointedAppleandthethenCEOJohnSculleyfiredJobsin
1985.EventuallyMacbecameequippedwithmorememoryandstorageandpeoplebegantodiscoverthemachinesabilitytobecomeatoolforthenewpursuitofdesktoppublishing.Themachinebegantotakeoff.ButthebusinessworldneverwarmedtoMacintoshandbythemid-90stechpunditswerecraftingAppleobituaries.In1997prodigalcofounderJobsreturnedandrestoredAppleslusterwithinnovationsliketheeye-poppingiMac.IthinkApplesnowdoingthebestworkitseverdonesaysJobs.ButallofusontheMacteamconsideritthehighpointofourprofessionalcareers.Ionlywishweknewafractionofwhatweknownow.Evennowforits25millionuserstheMacintoshisasourceofpassion.JournalistsknowthatadisparagingwordaboutaniMacoraPowerBookwillunleashahundredflamesfromrabidApple-heads.SteveJobsthinksheknowswhy.Inthemodernworldtherearentalotofproductswherethepeoplewhomakethemlovethem.HowmanyproductsaremadethatwaythesedaysIfthatssothenwhyistheMacmarketshareevenafterApplesrecentrevivalsputteringatameasly5percentJobshasatheoryaboutthattoo.Onceacompanydevisesagreatproducthesaysithasamonopolyinthatrealmandconcentrateslessoninnovationthanprotectingitsturf.TheMac-userinterfacewasa10-yearmonopolysaysJobs.WhoendeduprunningthecompanySalesguys.Atthecriticaljunctureinthelate80swhentheyshouldhavegoneformarketsharetheywentforprofits.Theymadeobsceneprofitsforseveralyears.Andtheirproductsbecamemediocre.AndthentheirmonopolyendedwithWindows
95.Theybehavedlikeamonopolyanditcamebacktobitethemwhichalwayshappens.AwickedsmilecracksthebeardedcrinklySteveJobssvisageandforamomenthecouldbetheplayfulupstartwhoshockedtheworld20yearsago.HmmlookwhosrunningMicrosoftnowhesaysreferringtoformerProcterGamblemarketerSteveBallmer.Asalesguy!Thesmilegetsbroader.Iwonder…hesays.
11.Thesentencetheircreationisstillaroundtwodecadeslater.para.2canbeparaphrasedaswhichofthefollowingATheircreationisstillbeingwidelyused20yearslater.BTheyhavebeenfascinatedbytheirowncreationfor20years.CMacmodelsbeingusedtodayarebasedontheircreation20yearsago.DTheircreationhassurpassedothermodelsoverthepast20years.
12.InthesentencethattheGUIwasgroovypara.3thewordgroovycanbeinterpretedas________.AfashionablymodernBpracticalandinexpensiveCmostsophisticatedDoddandstrangelooking
13.WhenSteveJobsthinksheknowswhypara.5heimpliesthat________.ApeopledonotlovetheproducttheymaketodayBApplepeoplehavespecialpassionforwhattheymakeCsomeproductsarelikedbythosewhomakethemDApplepeopleeitherloveiMacorPowerBook
14.AccordingtoJobsthemainreasontheMacmarketsharedidnotgoupmuchwasthat________.AsalespeoplewereonlyconcernedaboutprofitsBthemonopolyofMaclastedtoolongCanymonopolywouldendsoonerorlaterDmarketshareandcompanyprofitweretreatedequally
15.Thepurposeofthepassageistotell________.AhowtheMacintoshwasunveiledtwentyyearsagobytheteamofwhizkidsBApplespopularizingtheideaofwindowsonascreenandamouseCMacintoshscontributiontothedevelopmentofcomputersoverthepasttwodecadesDtheupsanddownsinthedevelopmentofMacintoshoverthepasttwodecadesQuestions16-20TwocenturiesagoMeriwetherLewisandWilliamClarkleftSt.LouistoexplorethenewlandsacquiredintheLouisianaPurchaseGeorgeW.BushsaidannouncinghisdesireforaprogramtosendmenandwomentoMars.Theymadethatjourneyinthespiritofdiscovery…Americahasventuredforthintospaceforthesamereasons.YettherearevitaldifferencesbetweenLewisandClarksexpeditionandaMarsmission.FirstLewisandClarkwereheadedtoaplaceamenabletolife;hundredofthousandsofpeoplewerealreadylivingthere.SecondLewisandClarkwerecertaintodiscoverplacesandthingsofimmediatevaluetothenewnation.ThirdtheLewisandClarkventurecostnexttonothingbytodaysstandards.In1989NASAestimatedthatapeople-to-Marsprogramwouldcost$400billionwhichinflatesto$600billiontoday.TheHooverDamcost$700millionintodaysmoneymeaningthatsendingpeopletoMarsmightcostasmuchasbuildingabout800newHooverdams.AMarsmissionmaybethesinglemostexpensivenon-wartimeundertakinginU.S.history.ThethoughtoftraveltoMarsisexhilarating.Surelymenandwomenwillsomedaywalkuponthatplanetandsurelytheywillmakewondrousdiscoveriesaboutgeologyandthehistoryofthesolarsystemperhapsevenabouttheveryoriginoflife.ManytimesIhavestaredupatMarsintheeveningsky—inthemountainsawayfromcitiesyoucanalmostseetheredtint—andwonderedwhatisthereorwasthere.Butthefactthatadestinationistantalizingdoesnotmeanthejourneymakessenseevenconsideringthehumancallingtoexplore.AndMarsasadestinationforpeoplemakesabsolutelynosensewithcurrenttechnology.PresentsystemsforgettingfromEarthssurfacetolow-Earthorbitaresofantasticallyexpensivethatmerelylaunchingthe1000tonsorsoofspacecraftandequipmentaMarsmissionwouldrequirecouldbeaccomplishedonlybycuttinghealth-carebenefitseducationspendingorotherimportantprograms—orbyraisingtaxes.AbsentsomeremarkablediscoveryastronautsgeologistsandbiologistsonceonMarscoulddolittlemorethananalyzerocksandfeelawestruckbeholdingtheskyofanotherworld.Yetrockscanbeanalyzedbyautomatedprobeswithoutrisktohumanlifeandatatinyfractionofthecostofsendingpeople.ItisinterestingtonotethatwhenPresidentBushunveiledhisproposalhelistedtheserecentmajorachievementsofspaceexploration:picturesoftheringsofSaturnandtheouterplanetsevidenceofwateronMarsandthemoonsofJupiterdiscoveryofmorethan100planetsoutsideoursolarsystemandstudyofthesoilofMars.Alltheseaccomplishmentscamefromautomatedprobesorautomatedspacetelescopes.BushsproposalwhichcallsforreprogrammingsomeofNASAspresentbudgetintotheMarseffortmightactuallyleadtoareductioninsuchunmannedscience—theoneaspectofspaceexplorationthatsworkingreallywell.RatherthanspendhundredsofbillionsofdollarstohurltonstowardMarsusingcurrenttechnologywhynottakeadecade—ortwodecadesorhowevermuchtimeisrequired—researchingnewlaunchsystemsandadvancedpropulsionIfnewlaunchsystemscouldputweightintoorbitaffordablyandifadvancedpropulsioncouldspeedupthatlongslowtransittoMarsthenthedreamsofsteppingontotheRedPlanetmightbecomereality.Marswillstillbetherewhenthetechnologyisready.Thedrivetoexploreispartofwhatmakesushumanandexplorationofthepasthasledtounexpectedglories.Dreamsmustbetemperedbyrealismhowever.ForthemomentgoingtoMarsishopelesslyunrealistic.
16.AccordingtotheauthorGeorgeBushscomparisonofLewisandClarksexpeditionandaMarsmission________.AshowsthatbothareofthesameandimmediatevalueBencouragestheAmericanpeopletoventureintospaceCdisplaysthesamespiritofdiscoveryinspaceexplorationDlackssoundandsolidbasisinhisreasoning
17.TheauthortellsusthathumantraveltoMars________.AwouldbeprobablyrealizedinthenearfutureBshouldnotbetreatedasthefirstprioritytodayCwillnotbringanybenefitstohumancommunityDisnotfeasibleinlightoftodaystechnology
18.AccordingtotheauthoronceonMarsastronautsgeologistsandbiologists________.AcouldnotmakeanyremarkablediscoveryBcouldonlyanalyzetherocksthereindetailCcouldnotfindthemysteriesoflifeinsolarsystemDcouldwellunderstandtheoperationofthewholesolarsystem
19.Bushlistedmajorachievementsofspaceexplorationtosupporthisproposal.Theauthorintroducedthisinordertoshowthat________.AunmannedsciencewillbemuchaffectedbymannedspacetravelBthereprogrammingofNASAsbudgetintoMarseffortisaffordableCaccomplishmentswillbemadebyautomatedprobesDspaceexplorationisandwillalwaysbeAmericasfirstpriority
20.WhichofthefollowingsupportsthestatementForthemomentgoingtoMarsishopelesslyunrealistic.AHealthcareofthepopulationshouldbethefirstpriority.BTechnologicalbarriersforhumanstogotoMarswillbeinsurmountable.CTheexpenditurestogotoMarswillbetooenormous.DDreamsareonlydreamswhichcanneverbeturnedintoreality.SECTION3:TRANSLATIONTESTDirections:TranslateofthefollowingpassageintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.FrancetodayisnosuperpowerbutFrenchinfluenceinsomespheressignificant.NothinghascementedFrenchinfluenceintheworldlikethedecisionmadebythevictoriousWorldWarIIpowersin1945toincludeFranceasoneofthefivepermanentveto-wieldingmembersoftheSecurityCouncil.UntiltheendoftheColdWarFrancerarelyfounditselfindisagreementwithBritainortheU.S.onmajorissues.ButtheU.N.vetotodaytakesonlargersignificanceasFrancestrugglestodecidewhetheritwantstoleadtheEuropeanUnionindefianceofAmericanpowerorinpartnershipwithit.AsAmericasgreatmediaoutletshavebegunpreparingforcoverageoftheD-DaycelebrationsthequestionofagrandgesturebytheFrenchtowardtheAmericanwarinIraqhasbeenraised.AdministrationofficialshintthatperhapsjustperhapstheFrenchPresidentwillusetheoccasionofFrancesrescueasanopportunitytosquaretheaccounts—toissueablanketendorsementofAmericasplanforIraqsfutureandthrowitssupportbehindthetransferofpowerloomingattheendofthemonth.FrancecertainlywantstheUnitedStatestobesuccessfulinIraqatthispoint.ButFranceseemsunlikelytoseeD-Dayasanopportunitytomakegoodona60-year-olddebt.BeyondnicespeechesandsometrulyfinecuisinedontexpectFrancetoliberateAmericafromIraq.SECTION4:LISTENINGTESTPartA:Note-takingAndGap-fillingDirections:Inthispartofthetestyouwillhearashorttalk.YouwillhearthetalkONLYONCE.Whilelisteningtothetalkyoumaytakenotesontheimportantpointssothatyoucanhaveenoughinformationtocompleteagap-fillingtaskonaseparateANSWERBOOKLET.YouwillnotgetyourANSWERBOOKLETuntilafteryouhavelistenedtothetalkManydifferentculturesexistintheworldtodayandsotherearedifferencesinsociallyacceptablebusinessbehaviorthroughouttheworld.Insomeculturesitissocially________1tosayNoevenwhenthatistheultimateanswer.Forexample________2businesspersonsrarelysayNotoeachotherortobusinesspeoplefromothercultures.ButAmericanswillsaynoquicklybecausetheyvalue________
3.Personal________4pointstoanotherdifferenceinculture.InJapanandsome________5Americancountriesbusinesspeopleliketostand________6togetherastheytalk.Theypartiallyjudgehowclosetheyareto________7intheirbusiness________8byhowphysicallyclosetheyarestandingorsittingnexttoeachother.ButAmericansdonotwantotherpeopleinvadingtheirpersonal________
9.Businesscardsalsohavedifferentsignificanceinvariouscultures.Japanesepeopletakeexchangingbusinesscardsasanimportant________
10.Atabusinessgatheringtheymayspendtentofifteenminutesexchangingcardsdiscussingeachothers________11andexperienceansweringquestionsand________12eachother.ButAmericanbusinesspeopletendtoaccept________13cardsquicklyandthenputthemintoacoat________14withjustaglance.Ethicalbehaviorinoneculturemaybe________15inanother.ForexampleintheUnitedStates________16arebothunethicaland________
17.Peoplewhoofferandacceptbribescanbechargedwith________18activityandcanbe________19forthesecrimes.Butinothercountriesbribesmaybeamoreacceptableoreven________20partofdoingbusiness.PartB:ListeningandTranslationI.SentenceTranslationDirections:Inthispartofthetestyouwillhear5Englishsentences.YouwillhearthesentencesONLYONCE.AfteryouhaveheardeachsentencetranslateitintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.12345II.PassageTranslationDirections:Inthispartofthetestyouwillhear2Englishpassages.YouwillhearthepassagesONLYONCE.AfteryouhaveheardeachpassagetranslateitintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Youmaytakenoteswhileyouarelistening.12SECTION5:READINGTESTDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagesandthenanswerINCOMPLETESENTENCESthequestionswhichfolloweachpassage.UseonlyinformationfromthepassageyouhavejustreadandwriteyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions1-3Stolenmasterpiecesarebeingusedbycrimegangsasgetoutofjailfreecardstotradeformorelenientsentences.ThecriminalsstashpaintingsandotherworksofartandusetheminpleabargainingforotheroffencestheheadoftheMetropolitanPolicesartsandantiquesunithasrevealed.DetectiveSergeantVernonRapleyalsodisclosedthatScotlandYardhadstartedcompilingthecountrysfirstnationalpolicedatabaseofstolenworksofart.Hesaid:Somehaveclearlybeenheldasagetoutofjailforfreebycriminalgangs.Thereisclearevidencethishasbeendone.Heexplained:Ifyouburythepaintinginadustbininawoodandyouwaituntilyougetarrestedforanothercrimesuchasarmedrobberyyoucantellthepoliceyouknowaboutanastyvillainwhostolethepaintingwhichcouldbeworth£13mto£14m.Ifyouareinstrumentalintherecoveryofthepaintingyoucangetacreditfromsentencingforthearmedrobbery.Theconcernisthatitsbecomingmorecommon.AlexandraSmithdirectorofoperationsattheArtLossRegisteraLondon-basedcompanythatholdsthedetailsof140000stolenworksofartfromaroundtheworldsaidthatinsomecasescriminalsprobablystolefamouspaintingsandthendiscoveredtheywereimpossibletosellbecausetheyweresoeasytorecognize.Whatismoreplausibleisthatcriminalsstealsomethingvaluableandfindtheycannotgetridofitsowhentheyarecaughtforanothercrimetheytradethepaintingtocommutethesentence.DetSgtRapleytheheadofthecountrysonlydedicatedstolenartsquadestimatedthatthetradeinillicitartinBritainisworthabout£1bnayear.TohelpcrackdownonthecriminalenterprisetheMetropolitanPoliceisexpandingitsdatabaseandhopestoproducethefirstnationalregisterofstolenworks.Itcurrentlyhasrecordsof50000stolenitemsandisencouragingotherforcestoaddtothedatabase.DetSgtRapleysaidhehopedthatbytheendoftheyearthepublicwouldbeabletoaccesspartsofthedatabasetocheckforstolenitems.Hesaidthecriminalswhostolethepaintingsandartworksonlymadeafractionofthemassiveprofitsavailableforstolenartgettingatmostabout10percentofthevalue.Inonecaseathiefstoleasilverbeakerfromamuseumwithoutknowingthatitwaspriceless.Helatersoldittoamarkettraderforafewpounds.DetSgtRapleyadded:ItotallydisagreewiththeHollywoodimageofupper-classthieveswhostealforsomeMr.Big.Theyarenothingmorethancommoncriminalsstealingforfinancialgain.TheymaybeslightlybetterburglarsbutthereisnothinginthetalkofsophisticatedRaffles-typecatburglarsorgreatartfakers.TheissueofstolenarthittheheadlineslastyearwiththetheftofaLeonardodaVincimasterpiece.MadonnawiththeYarnwinderwhichwastakenfromDrumlanrigCastlerearDumfriesinAugusthasbeenvaluedasworthupto£80m.TheArtLossRegisterhascompiledalistoftheartistswhoseworksaremostfrequentlystolenworldwide.MsSmithsaidthemostcommonlystolenworkswerebyartiststhatcriminalscouldeasilyidentifyasfamousandthereforevaluableandthoseproducedbythemostprolificartists.
1.WhataregetoutofjailfreecardsWhatistheuseofsuchcards
2.IntroducebrieflytheillicittradeinartintheUKandthecountermeasuresoftheMetropolitanPolicetocrackdownsuchcriminalacts.
3.DetSgtRapleysaidItotallydisagreewiththeHollywoodimageofupper-classthieveswhostealforsomeMr.Big.para.6Giveyourinterpretationofthisstatement.Questions4-6AhundredyearsaftertheWrightbrotherstriumphatKittyHawktheEuropeanconsortiumAirbusannouncedamilestoneofitsown-surpassingtheAmericanaviationgiantBoeinginthenumberofairlinersdeliveredin
2003.AirbusbasedinToulouseFranceinnowbeatingitsU.S.rivalatitsowngameofsizeanddistance:The555-passengerlong-rangeA380biggerthananyBoeingisalreadyinproduction.Airbusssuccessshouldbenosurprise.AmericanandFrancemaybesparringdiplomaticallybuttechnologicallythetwonationshavehadalongloveaffair.Eachhasdevelopedoutstandinginnovationsandeachhasassiduouslyexploitedtheothersideas.EventhecurrentU.S.military-industrialhegemonyhassomedecidedlyFrenchroots.SylvanusThayergraduatedfromWestPointin1808spenttwoyearsinEuropeandwasutterlytakenwithFrenchmilitarythoughtandtraining.Whenhebecamesuperintendentin1817ThayermodeledtheacademysdemandingtechnicalcurriculumandethicofhonorandserviceafterFrancesEcolePolytechnique.ClassicsonsiegesandfortificationsbyLouisXIVsengineeringgeniusMarshalSebastienLePrestredeVaubanwerestandardtexts;studyingFrenchwasderigueur.TheFrenchconnectionpersistedintotheCivilWar.TheMiniebulletthatmadethatconflictsrifle-musketsthreetimesasdeadlyasearlierweaponswasoriginallydevelopedbyFrenchofficers.In1885theFrenchordnanceengineerPaulVieilleintroducedsmokelesspowder.Frenchartillerymeninventedtherevolutionaryhydropneumaticrecoilthatallowscannonstoremainmurderouslylockedontargetforshotaftershot.AndwherewouldtheNavySEALsbewithoutscubageardevelopedin1943ontheFrenchRivierabyEmileGagnanandasoon-to-befamousFrenchofficerJacquesCousteauEveninterchangeablepartsthefoundationofAmericasmassproductionhaveFrenchroots.ThehistorianofscienceKenAlderhasshownthataFrenchgunsmithwasusingsuchasystemasearlyasthe1720s.Bythe1780sFrenchmilitaryofficialswereintroducinguniformjigsandfixturesatarmsfactoriestoenforcestricttolerancesandensuredeadlierfirearmsandordnance.ThomasJeffersonpraisedthesystemandwhileitfellintodisuseinFranceinthe19thcenturyU.S.armoriesembracedit.RelatedmethodsbecameknowninEuropeastheAmericanSystemandlaterasFordism.SpeakingofFordwhatcouldbemoreAmericanthantheautomobileYetaFrenchmanbuiltthefirstself-propelledvehiclepoweredbysteammorethan200yearsago.AhundredyearslatertheFrenchcompanyPanhardintroducedthebasicarchitecturethatautomobileshavefollowedeversince.HenryFordstriumphsdependednotjustonstandardizationbutonuseofstrongrust-resistantvanadiumsteelwhichhadimpressedhiminthewreckofaFrenchracingcar.LongbeforeAirbustheFrenchproducedsuperlativeaeronauticalengineers.TheywerethefirstEuropeanstoacclaimtheWrightsbreakthroughsinaircraftcontrolandtheymadekeyimprovements.FrenchinventorsespeciallyLouisBleriotandRobertEsnault-Pelteriecreatedthemonoplaneasweknowitwhichiswhywestillspeakoffuselagesandailerons.Esnault-Pelteriewasalsothefatherofthejoystick.Flag-wavingAmericansmayreplythatmanyofFrancesowntechnologicaltriumphsrelyonideasbornhere.Frenchhigh-speedtrainsleadtheworldtodaybutastherailroadhistorianMarkReutterhasshowntheBuddCo.ofPhiladelphiawasalreadybuildinglightweightarticulatedstreamlinersinthe1930s.AndFrancenowgets75percentofitselectricityfromAmericasgreathopeof50yearsagonuclearpower.SociallegislationalsohelpsmakeFranceashowplaceofotherU.S.innovations:vendingmachineslimitedretailinghoursandmass-producedantibioticsgeneroushealthbenefits.InfacttheFrenchhavesooftenjettisonedtheirheritageinfavorofnoveltechnologythatitsometimestakesAmericanstodefendit.TheCornellUniversityscholarStevenKaplanhasrevivedtheartofFrenchbreadmakingandMotherNoellaMarcellinoanAmericanBenedictinenunwithaPh.D.inmicrobiologyhasbeensavingtheclassiccheeseofFrancefrompasteurization—aprocessinventedbytheFrenchmanLouisPasteur.Itspointlesstodebatewhoowesmoretowhomandfarmoreinterestingtorejoiceincross-appropriation.AirbushasmanyU.S.suppliersandBoeingwilljumpaheadsoonerorlaterintheendlesstechnologicalleapfrog.Thelastwordmaybelongtothesage—perhapsOscarWilde—whosaidTalentsimitate;geniusessteal.
4.WhydoestheauthorintroducetheWrightbrothersandtheEuropeanAirbusatthebeginningofthepassage
5.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysayingthattechnologicallythetwonations[AmericaandFrance]havehadalongloveaffairGivesomeexamples.
6.ParaphrasethesentencetheFrenchhavesooftenjettisonedtheirheritageinfavorofnoveltechnologythatitsometimestakesAmericanstodefendit.para.9Questions7-10MillionsofelderlyGermansreceivedanoticefromtheHealthSocialSecurityMinistryearlierthismonththatstruckadamagingblowtothewelfarestate.Thestatementinformedthemthattheirpensionswerebeingcut.Thereductionscomeasastop-gapmeasuretocontrolGermanysballooningpensioncrisis.NotsurprisinglyitwasanunwelcomechangeforseniorcitizenssuchasSabineWetzela67-year-oldretiredbanktellerwhowastoldherstatepensionwouldbecutby$
12.30or1%to$
1156.20amonth.Itwasarealshockshesays.Mypensionhadalwaysgoneupinthepast.Theresmorebadnewsontheway.OnMar.11GermanyslowerhouseofParliamentpassedabillgraduallycuttingstatepensions—whichhavebeenrisingsteadilysinceWorldWarII—from53%ofaveragewagesnowto46%by
2020.AndGermanyisnotalone.GovernmentsacrossWesternEuropeareracingtocurbpensionbenefits.InItalythegovernmentplanstoraisetheminimumretirementagefrom57to60whileFrancewillrequirethatcivilservantsputin40yearsratherthan
37.5toqualifyforafullpension.Thereformsarecomingdespitetoughoppositionfromunionsleftistpoliticiansandpensionersgroups.Theexplanationissimple:Europeansarelivinglongerandhavingfewerchildren.By2030therewillonlybetwoworkersperpensionercomparedwithfourin
2000.Withfeweryoungworkerspayingintothesystemcutsarebeingmadetocoveragrowingshortfall.Thegapbetweenmoneycominginandpaymentsgoingoutcouldtop$10billionthisyearinGermanyalone.InthefutureastatepensionalonewillnolongerbeenoughtomaintainthelivingstandardsemployeeshadbeforetheyretiredsaysGermanHealthSocialSecurityMinisterUllaSchmidt.SaysItalianFinanceMinisterGiulioTremonti:Thewelfarestateisproducingtoofewcradlesandtoofewgraves.Ofcoursethosepopulationtrendshavebeenforecastforyears.SomecountriessuchasBritainandtheNetherlandshaverespondedbymakingindividualsandtheiremployersassumemoreoftheresponsibilityforpensions.ButmanyContinentalgovernmentsdraggedtheirfeet.Nowtherapidrunupincostsisfinallyforcingthemtoact.State-fundedpensionpaymentsmakeuparound12%ofgrossdomesticproductinGermanyandFranceand15%inItaly—twopercentagepointsmorethan20yearsago.Pensionsaccountforanaverage21%ofgovernmentspendingacrosstheEuropeanUnion.TheU.S.SocialSecuritysystembycontrastconsumesjust
4.8%ofGDP.TherisingcostishavingseriousrepercussionsonkeyEuropeannationscommitmentstofiscalrestraint.GovernmentshavenochoicebuttomakepensionreformaprioritysaysAntonioCabraldeputydirectoroftheEuropeanCommissionsDirectorateGeneralforEconomicFinancialAffairs.Justasworrisomeisthetollbeingexactedontheprivatesector.Corporatecontributionstostatepensionsystems—whichmakeup
19.5%oftotalgrosspayinGermany—addtoEuropesalreadybloatedlaborcosts.Thatinturnbluntsmanufacturerscompetitivenessandkeepsunemploymentrateshigh.AccordingtotheInstituteofGermanEconomicsinColognebenefitcostsreachedarecord
41.7%ofgrosswagesinGermanylastyearcomparedwith
37.4%adecadebefore.FrenchcementmanufacturerLafargesayspensioncostof$121millioncontributedtoa9%fallinoperatingprofitslastyear.TocopeGermanyandmostofitsEUpartnersareusingtaxbreakstoencourageemployeestoputmoneyintoprivatepensionsschemes.ButevenifprivatepensionsbecomemorepopularEuropeangovernmentswillhavetoincreaseminimumretirementagesandreducepublicpensions.Whiletodaysseniorscomplainaboutreducedbenefitsthenextgenerationofretireesmaylookbackontheirparentspensioncheckswithenvy.
7.WhatdoestheauthorwanttotellusfromtheexampleoftheretiredbanktellerSabineWetzel
8.ParaphraseItalianFinanceMinisterGiulioTremontisstatementThewelfarestateisproducingtoofewcradlesandtoofewgraves.para.
39.IntroducebrieflythepensionreformsinsomekeyEuropeancountries.
10.WhatisimpliedbythelastsentenceofthepassageWhiletodaysseniorscomplainaboutreducedbenefitsthenextgenerationofretireesmaylookbackontheirparentspensioncheckswithenvy.SECTION6:TRANSLATIONTESTDirections:TranslatethefollowingpassageintoEnglishandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.舒舍予,字老舍,现年四十岁,面黄无须,生于北平,三岁失怙,可谓无父,志学之年,帝王不存,可谓无君,无父无君,特别孝爱老母幼读三百篇,不求甚解继学师范,遂奠教书匠之基,及壮,糊口四方,教书为业甚难发财,每购奖券,以得末奖为荣,示甘为寒贱也二十七岁,发愤著书,科学哲学无所终,故写小说,博大家一笑,没什么了不得三十四岁结婚,今已有一男一女,均狡猾可喜书无所不读,全无所获,并不着急,教书做事,均甚认真,往往吃亏,也不后悔再活四十年,也许能有点出息参考答案SECTION1:LISTENINGTESTPartA:SpotDictation
1.differentgeographicalregions
11.inface-to-facecontactwith
2.reviewunderlinedsimilarities
12..smallbutattentive
3.quitedistinctive
13.theadventofmoviesandtelevision
4.universalresponses
14.Notunexpectedly
5.theAmericanexperience
15.ournation’sfolkstraditions
6.identifiedwithoneparticularauthor
16.theirindividualdifferences
7.avarietyofanonymousstory-tellers
17.getabetterunderstanding
8.borrowortransform
18.enormousopportunities
9.formalliterature
19.clearlydefined
10.createdinformally
20.whoactivelyconfrontedPartB:ListeningComprehension
1.B
2.C
3.A
4.D
5.D
6.B
7.B
8.A
9.D
10.C
11.A
12.B
13.B
14.D
15.C
16.C
17.D
18.A
19.A
20.BSECTION2:READINGTESTQuestions1-
201.B
2.A
3.D
4.C
5.D
6.B
7.C
8.D
9.C
10.D
11.C
12.A
13.B
14.A
15.C
16.D
17.B
18.B
19.A
20.CSECTION3:TRANSLATIONTEST【参考译文】法国如今虽已不再位居超级大国之列,然而其影响力在某些领域却是不容小视1945年第二次世界大战战胜国做出决定,法国成为安理会拥有否决权的五大常任理事国之一,这一件事确实让法国在世界上的影响力变得铁板钉钉冷战结束之前,法国在一些主要议题上与美英发生冲突的情况极为罕见然而今天,领导欧盟挑战美国权威,还是带领欧盟与美国合作,法国正在做出艰难抉择,此时,联合国否决权就变得举足轻重正当美国主流媒体在为报道(第二次世界大战中)盟国在欧洲大陆登陆日庆祝活动忙得不可开交之时,法国人对美国在伊拉克开战问题摆出了“高姿态”政府官员暗示,也许,仅仅是也许,法国总统会借(纪念)法国解放的场合,来结算帐目----在美国的伊拉克未来计划上作一揽子背书,对本月底即将进行的政权交接扔上几句支持的话此时此刻,法国确实希望美国人在伊拉克能赢但是,法国似乎不可能借盟国在欧洲大陆登陆纪念日之际偿还这笔60年的陈年老账除了说上几句冠冕堂皇的话语,端上几道精心烹制的佳肴,别指望法国人把美国人从伊拉克解救出来SECTION4:LISTENINGTESTPartA:Note-takingAndGap-filling
1.unacceptable
11.qualifications
2.Japanese
12.complimenting
3.decisiveness
13.business
4.distance
14.pocket
5.Latin
15.unethical
6.closely
16.briberies
7.agreements
17.illegal
8.negotiation
18.criminal
9.space
19.jailed
10.ritual
20.regularPartB:ListeningandTranslationI.SentenceTranslation1与许多国家一样,英国的犯罪活动也大幅度上升,2003年记录在案的暴力案件几乎是20年前的5倍2帮助穷人应从帮助穷人的孩子开始,因为穷人的孩子不能在好学校就读,然而,一旦他们接受到好的教育,他们就能帮助他们自己3今天我们要来看一下在瑞典和瑞士两个欧洲国家中的社会福利的作用,这两个国家的经济制度都可以称得上为福利国家,或所谓的“民主社会主义”4自二战以来,法国拥有一种被称为“有指导的市场经济”的体制其含义是国家通过对特定行业进行国有化等手段来指导和控制经济活动5吸烟有害健康,在美国,吸烟是导致可预防的死亡的主要原因每年有40多万的美国人死于吸烟,1000万的美国人患有与吸烟有关的疾病II.PassageTranslation1澳大利亚是世界六大旅游胜地之一至2005年,旅游业有望成为该国第二大产业2000年至2002年间,到澳大利亚的海外游客增长50%至2003年,海外游客达1910万据估计64%的游客来自欧洲和北美,其他来自于亚洲或世界其他地方公务旅行占对外旅游收入的五分之一,澳大利亚的旅游景点包括电影院,博物馆,美术馆,历史古迹以及购物,体育和商业设施2健康意味着什么?健康最简单的定义就是不生病了这个定义反映出医学界对于健康的看法,主要是关于疾病的诊断和治疗这种观点是有局限性的,因为它仅仅关注身体上的健康以及如何治疗某种特定的生理疾病世界卫生组织对此有着更为广义的理解它谈到的是全面的生理、情绪、社交、智力、环境及精神的健康状态这种全面的健康观对一个人进行完整的考虑我们可以把良好的健康形容为你与你自己、身边的人、你所处的环境之间和谐的关系,这种健康将允许你得到生活给予的最大乐趣SECTION5:READINGTESTQuestion1:“Getoutofjailfree”cards”refertothosestolenartisticmasterpiecesmostlypaintingsusedbycrimegangsasbargainingchipsformorelenientsentences.Criminalsfirststolesomefamousandinvaluablepaintingsbutthenfoundthatitwasimpossibletosellthem.Thentheywouldhidethepaintingssomewhereandwhentheywerearrestedtheywouldofferthepaintingstothepoliceinexchangeforacommutedsentenceorevenapardon.Question2:ByoneestimatetradeinillicitartinBritainisworthaboutonebillionpounds.InordertocurbtheillicittradeinarttheMetropolitanPolicehascompiledthedatabaseofstolenworksofart.Sofarthedatabasehasalreadyobtaineddetailedrecordsof50000itemsandotherforcesareencouragedtoexpandthedatabase.TheMetropolitanPolicealsohopesthatbytheendoftheyearthepublicwouldbeabletogetaccesstopartsofdatabasetocheckforstolenitems.Question3:ThievesstealingartisticmasterpiecesarealwaysportrayedbyHollywoodasgracefulhigh-browedladiesandgentlemenwiththesupportofsomemysteriousVIPbuyerswhilethereal-lifethievesareonlycommoncriminalsstealingformoney.TheymaybealittlemoreskilledthanothersbutthestereotypedimageofthievesstealingartisticmasterpiecesprojectedbyHollywoodmoviesisgroundless.Sometimestheyevendonotrealizethevalueoftheitemtheystoleandtheyhavedifficultysellingit.Question4:ThepassageismainlyaboutthecooperationandmutuallearningintechnologicalinnovationsbetweenAmericaandFranceandboththeWrightbrothersandAirbusarerepresentativeexamplesofthetwocountriesindifferentphasesofhistory.ThesemilestonesoftechnologicaldevelopmentareintroducedatthebeginningtopresentthethemeofthepassagenamelytherelationshipbetweenAmericaandFranceinthefieldoftechnologicalinnovationsoverthehistory.Question5:InthelonghistoryoftechnicaldevelopmentFranceandAmericahavelearnedandinspiredfromeachother’sachievements.Theirmutuallearninghasacceleratedthetechnologicalprogressofbothcountries.ExamplesoftheirmutuallearningininnovationsincludethetechnicalcurriculumandcoreethicsofWestPointthelethalMiniebulletsusedinAmericanCivilWarthefoundationofAmerica’smassproductionandsoon.Question6:Frenchpeopleboastrichheritageintechnicalinnovationsandbreakthroughsbutsometimestheyaretoofocusedoninnovationtopaydueattentiontothepreservationoftheskillsalreadyinuse.ConsequentlyAmericanpeopleutilizethosetechnologiesandfurtherdevelopthemintopracticaluseormassproduction.Question7:TheexampleoftheretiredbanktellerSabineWetzelshowsthattheretiredpeopleinGermanydonotlikethegovernment’sdecisiontocuttheirpensionswhichisunderstandablesincetheirpensionsinthepasthavealwaysbeenontherise.Question8:Awelfarestateissupposedtotakecareofitscitizensfromtheirbirthtotheirdeathbutnowsincepeoplearelivinglongerandunwillingtohavechildrenthenumberofoldpeoplegettingpensionfromthewelfaresystemincreasesalotwhilethenumberofyoungpeoplecontributingtoitdeclines.Thegapbetweenthetwothreatensthewholesocialwelfaresystem.Question9:InGermanythestatepensionswillbecutfrom53%ofaveragewagesnowto46%by
2020.InItalytheminimumretirementagewillberaisedfrom57to
60.InFranceacivilservantwillhavetoworkfor40yearsinsteadof
37.5inordertogetafullpension.Thesereformsarebeingimplementedagainststrongoppositionfromunionsleftistpoliticiansandpensioners’groups.CountrieslikeBritainandtheNetherlandshaverespondedbymakingindividualsandtheiremployeesassumemoreoftheresponsibilityforpensions.Question10:IthasbecomeaforeseeabletrendthatEuropeangovernmentswillraiseminimumretirementagesandreducepublicpensions.Currentlythereisalotofcomplaintaboutthepensioncutfromseniorcitizensbutfuturegenerationsofretireeswillhavetoacceptmorestrictpoliciesintheirpensions.SECTION6:TRANSLATIONTEST【参考译文】IShuSheyustylemyselfLaoShe/writeunderthepseudonymofLaoShe.Iamnow40yearsoldhavingayellowcomplexionandwearingnobeard.IwasborninBeiping.Attheageof3Ilostmyfather/whenIwas3yearsoldsmyfatherdiedsoIcouldbesaidtohavenofather.WhenIwas15/atschool/ofschoolagetheemperorceasedtoexist/wasdethronedsoIcouldbesaidtohavenoemperor.WithoutfatherandemperorIwasespeciallyfilialandrespectfultomymother.InmychildhoodIreadtheBookofSongsmakingnoefforttounderstandthemeaningthoroughly/withoutadeepunderstandingofthecontent.YearslaterIattendedanormalschoolwhereIpreparedmyselftobeateacher/whereIlaidafoundationformycareerasateacher.IntheprimeofmylifeIrovedhitherandthither/wentfromoneplacetoanotherearnsalivingbyteaching.Thatprofessionofferedmelittlechanceofmakingafortune/gettingrichsoItooktobuyinglotteryticketsIpridedmyselfon/Itookprideinwinningthesmallestprizeresignedtoleadingapoorandhumblelife.At27Imadeadeterminedefforttowritebooks.HavingachievednosuccessandgotnowherewithsciencesandphilosophyIturnedtocreationoffictionmerelytoamusemyreaders.Thatdidnotamounttomuch./thatwasnotbitachievement.Igotmarriedattheageof
34.NowIhaveasonandadaughter.Theyarebothmischievous/naughtyandlovable.Ireadextensively/whateverIcouldgetholdofbutgotnothingoutofwhateverIreaditandIamnotworried.Iteachanddoeverythingelseinrealearnest/conscientiouslyandIoftencometogriefbutIdonotregret.IfIcanliveanother40yearsImayachievesomesuccess/getsomewhereinmylife.2005年3月真题SECTION1:LISTENINGTESTPartA:SpotDictationDirections:Inthispartofthetestyouwillhearapassageandreadthesamepassagewithblanksinit.Fillineachoftheblankswiththewordorwordsyouhaveheardonthetape.WriteyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.RememberyouwillhearthepassageONLYONCE.Gettingonwellwithcolleaguesasanyonewhoworksinanofficeknowsisavitalelementinourworkinglives.Manyofficejobsinvolveagreatdealoftime___________
1.OneBritishstudyof160managersforexamplefoundthattheyspentbetween___________2oftheirtimewithotherpeople.___________3arefirstbroughtaboutbytheformalsystemofworkbutareelaboratedinseveralwaysby___________4ofdifferentkinds.Itisessentialforsuchrelationshipstodevelopif___________5istosucceed.Andgoodrelationshipsatworkareoneofthemainsourcesof___________
6.Arethereany‘rulesofrelationships’thatmightbeuseful___________7ofwhattodoandwhatnottodoinyourdealingswithothersSomeresearchershavefoundthattherearesuchrules.___________8peopletheygeneratedanumberofpossiblerules.Thenthey___________9howimportantthoseruleswereintwenty-twodifferentkindsofrelationships.Theseincluded___________10closefriendssiblingsandworkcolleaguesaswellasrelationshipsbetween___________
11.Throughstudiesandinvestigationstheresearchersdiscovered___________12thatappliedtooverhalfofalltheserelationships:
1.___________
13.
2.Looktheotherpersonintheeyeduringconversation.
3.Donotdiscusswhathasbeensaid___________14theotherperson.
4.Donotcriticizetheotherpersonpublicly.
5.Repaydebts___________15nomatterhowsmall.Thisdoesn’tmeanthat___________
16.Itjustmeansthattheyareseenasimportant.The‘lookingintheeye’ruleforexampleisacrucialaspectof___________
17.Itisveryuncomfortabletohavetotalktosomeonewho___________18looksatyouduringtheconversation.Oneneedstolookatthepersononeistalkingtotoseeifthey’restillattendingandto___________
19.Tosignalinterestthelistenerhasto___________20whoisspeaking.PartB:ListeningComprehensionDirections:Inthispartofthetesttherewillbesomeshorttalksandconversations.Aftereachoneyouwillbeaskedsomequestions.ThetalksconversationsandquestionswillbespokenONLYONCE.NowlistencarefullyandchoosetherightanswertoeachquestionyouhaveheardandwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions1-
51.AEnvironmentalprotection.BHealthservice.CIllnessesindifferentcountries.DHealthydiet.
2.APollution.BPaceoflife.CDiet.DHealthcare.
3.AIntheeast.BInthewest.CInthesouth.DInthenorth.
4.ATheyseekhelpfromapsychiatristbeforedoinganythingelse.BTheyinmostcasesrelyonthefamily.CTheyusetraditionalherbalmedicine.DTheyturntosecretrecipescomingdownfromtheirgranny.
5.AYouwouldbetreatedthesamewayasyouwouldinBritain.BYouwouldbetreatedwithherbalmedicine.CYouwouldbetreatedinhospitalforatleast9months.DYouwouldbetreatedwitharecipethatmaydifferfromaBritishone.Questions6-106AHemetIsraeliPrimeMinisterandForeignMinisterbutnotPalestinianleaders.BHisvisitmightcontributetothesmoothrunningofPalestinianelections.CThiswashisthirdvisittothisregionwithin18months.DHesoughttostrengthenanalreadyactiveUSpeacemakingroleinthisregion.7ATopreventtheAsianfishermenfromsellingsharkfinsasadelicacy.BToincreasefundforprotectionofthethreatenedspeciesaroundtheworld.CTobanthekillingofsharksfortheirfinsintheAtlanticOcean.DTodecreasethehighpricesofsharkfinsintheAsianmarket.8AAbreakthroughisexpectedtooccurintherelationsbetweenthetwocountries.BHisaimistogetIndiatohonoritscommitmenttopeacefulrelationswithitsneighbors.CTheatmosphereoftheirrelationswillgetbetter.DHisvisitshouldbeviewedasatransactionalprocess.9ATheperiodofstagnationhascontinuedforseveralyearsonend.BGermanycannolongerrelyonexportstoencouragedomesticspending.CInvestmentinthecountryisweakeningthisyear.DMuchofGermany’sproductionisbeingtransferredtolower-wageeconomies.10A16millionunits.B
16.67millionunits.C
16.9millionunits.D17millionunits.Questions11-
1511.ADrugabuseamongtherockandpopsingers.BExcessivedrinkingofsomepopartists.CClientsofawell-knownlaryngologist.DVoiceproblemssufferedbysomefamoussingers.
12.AAconsultantlaryngologist.BAGenesissinger.CArockstar.DAradioprogrampresenter.
13.ASingersshouldnotavoidtakingaspirin.BSteroidstakenlongtermcauseathinningofthevoicemuscle.CTakingaspirincanresultinthebruisingofthevocalcords.DOperasingersoftendoverylongtourstogiveconcerts.
14.ALackoftraining.BOveruseofthevoice.CAbuseofthevoice.DBaddreaming.
15.ALowhumidity.BChattingwithfans.CWarmingyourvoicedown.DRegularlytakingsteroids.Questions16-2016AHavinggoodlooksandbeingwealthy.BAsocietyobsessedwithmaterialsuccess.CWhatmakesasuccessfulperson.DSuccessfulentrepreneurs.17ATodowellatschool.BTostartoutwealthy.CTohavegoodlooks.DTobecomeaheadofalargecorporation.18AOnewhorisesthroughtherankstothetopofabigcompany.BOnewhoisbornintoanaffluentfamily.COnewhomaybeabletocapitalizeongoodlooks.DOnewhoisregardedaskindbutnotveryefficient.19AIntrapreneurstendtobethekidseveryonethoughtwoulddowell.BIntrapreneursaregoodorganizersandgetonwellwithpeople.CEntrepreneursoftenhadearlyreputationsastroublemakers.DFarfewerentrepreneurshadbothparentspresentthroughoutchildhood.20AGoodlookshelpyouinearlylife.BManysuccessfulentrepreneursleaveschoolearly.CRichpeopledonotoftenhaverichparents.DAhardlifeasachildcanhelpyoulateron.SECTION2:READINGTESTDirections:Inthissectionyouwillreadseveralpassages.Eachoneisfollowedbyseveralquestionsaboutit.YouaretochooseONEbestanswerABCorDtoeachquestion.AnswerallthequestionsfollowingeachpassageonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimpliedinthatpassageandwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions1-5AshehikedupasteeptrailwindingintotheGreatSmokyMountainsNationalParkafewdaysagoDonBargerreachedintohispackpulledouthiscellphone—andturneditoff.Thelastthingyouwanttohearasyoureroundingabendouthereisacellphoneringorsomeguytalkingtohisbrokerororderingpizzahesays.Butthat’swhat’shappeninginournationalparksthesedays.Atleast30nationalparksnowsportcellphonetowersorotherantennasaccordingtoanewlyreleasedpartialinventorybytheNationalParkService.ThislistthefirstofitskindisevidencethatphonecompaniesaretargetingAmericasnationalparksforbusiness.Theresultcriticssayisamuch-degradedvisualexperiencewhenatowersproutsonanotherwisepristinelandscape---orajarringauralannoyancewhenacellphoneringsdeepinnature.InMaythreecelltowersproposedforascenicroadintheGreatSmokyMountainsNationalParkcausedapublicoutcry.ItisoneoftheworstideaswehaveheardwroteSen.LamarAlexanderandRep.JohnDuncanJr.bothTennesseeRepublicans.WithinweeksoftheirlettertoFranMainelladirectoroftheNationalParkServicethewirelesscompanyhaddroppeditsplan.SimilarlyanewcellphonetowerinfullviewofthefamousgeyseratYellowstoneNationalParknowraisestheireofsomevisitors.TheparkscustodianshavebeenunfaithfultoOldFaithfulaccordingtoFrankBuonoaformerNationalParkServicemanagerandboardmemberofPublicEmployeesforEnvironmentalResponsibilityPEER.Thetreasuredviewhasbeenhandledwithallthecareofastripmall.Thetowerisanincompatiblestructurewithaverynoticeableadverseeffect.addstheWyomingStateHistoricPreservationOffice.Thepubliconslaughthascausedtheparkservicetoreverseitsdecision.AYellowstonespokesmansaystowerheightandappearanceareunderreviewandamoratoriumhasbeenplacedonpermitsfornewcellphonetowersuntilamanagementplanisdeveloped.Butthetowershavecomeinhandyparkpersonnelsay.UsingcellservicewherewecanallowsbettervisitorsafetyservicessaysAlNashaparkspokesman.Whiletwo-wayradiosworkfineforparkpersonnelmostemergencycallscomefromthepublicindevelopedareasofthepark--andagrowingnumberarebycellphone.WevebeensurprisedthatallofasuddenitbecamealightningrodaddsBrianGoemmerdirectorofengineeringandregulatoryaffairsforWesternWirelesstheBellevue.Wash.firmthatownsthetower.Ithasservedanimportantemergencyfunctionespeciallyforaltitude-orheat-challengedvisitorswaitingtoseeOldFaithfulblowoffsteamhesays.EmergencyuseisanexcusecountersMr.BargersoutheastregionaldirectoroftheNationalParksConservationAssociationanonprofitadvocacygroup.WhilehedoescarryacellphoneBargersayshecantandwontdependonthedevice.Insteadhealwaystellsarelativehisitineraryandreturntimebeforehikingalone.TheTelecommunicationsActof1996openedthewayforcelltowersonfederallandscompellingfederalmanagerstoconsiderthem.Criticssaytheresnonationalpolicythatoutlineswhentheymayberejected.ButtheNationalParkServicepointstoanarrayofnationalpoliciesthatgovernsittingofsuchtowersStillthefinaldecisionlieswithindividualparkmanagerssaysLeeDickinsonparkservicemanagerforspecialparkuseswhooverseespermittingfortelecommunicationsin388parkunitsincludingthe58thatcarrythenationalparkdesignation.Theparkservicestilldoesntknowexactlyhowmanytowershavesproutedinnationalparks.Thenumbercouldeasilygrowsincetheparkservicesinventoryisnotyetcompleteseveralobserverssay.LastweekPEERreleaseddocumentsshowingthatcellcompaniesbuildingtowersinYellowstonehadsupplied70phonesandfreeminutestoparkpersonnel.Alsoitshowedthat$36000inannualleasefeesforthetowerswasusedtofundpark-servicesalariesandotheractivities.ThisincomeisaninducementforfinanciallystretchedparkmanagerstopermitcelltowersarguesJeffRuchPEERexecutivedirector.ButYellowstonesMr.Nashsaysitwasatinyfractionofa$28millionbudgetandunlikelytobeaninducement.
1.WhenDonBargersays“Thelastthingyouwanttohearasyou’reroundingabendouthereisacellphoneringorsomeguytalkingtohisbrokerororderingpizza”heimpliesthat___________.AmostpeoplevisitingthenationalparkscarrycellphoneswiththemselvesBheisnotinterestedinobservinghowvisitorsusecellphonesinnationalparksChedoesn’tliketobedisturbedbycellphonesringinginquietnationalparksDvisitorsshouldnotbeallowedtousecellphonesinnationalparks
2.Theexpression“raisestheire”inthesentence“SimilarlyanewcellphonetowerinfullviewofthefamousgeyseratYellowstoneNationalParknowraisestheireofsomevisitors.”para.3canbestbeparaphrasedas__________.AstimulatestheironyBarousestheangerCcausesthedoubtDraisestheopposition
3.AccordingtoparkspokesmanA1Nashusingofcellserviceinthenationalparks________.AhelpsvisitorsincaseofemergencyBincreasesthecostofparkserviceCleadstotheincreaseofemergencycallsDreplacesthetwo-wayradiocommunication
4.WhenBrianGoemmersays“We’vebeensurprisedthatallofasuddenitbecamealightningrod”para.4hemostprobablyimpliesthat_________.AheissurprisedthatcellphonetowerscanserveaslightningrodsBheshowsanopenattitudetothecriticismfromthepublicCheishappythatcelltowersareusefulforaltitude-orheat-challengedvisitorsDhecannotunderstandwhycelltowersareopposedbythepublic
5.AccordingtothepassagetheTelecommunicationsActof1996__________.AallocatesandspecifiesfederallandsforthebuildingofcelltowersBdoesnotplaytheroleinmakingnationalpoliciesoncelltowersCshowsclearlywhenthecelltowerscanberejectedDdoesnotsayclearlyhowtorestricttheerectingofcelltowersQuestions6-10Scientistshavediscoveredawayofmanipulatingagenethatturnsanimalsintodronesincapableofbecomingboredevenwhenperformingrepetitivetasks.Experimentsonrhesusmonkeyshaveshownforthefirsttimethatanimalbehaviourcanbepermanentlyalteredturningthesubjectsfromaggressivetocompliantcreatures.Thegenesareidenticalinhumans.AlthoughtheresearchisintendedtoadvancethetreatmentofmentalillnessitwillraiseimagesoftheEpsiloncastecreatedbyAldousHuxleytocarryoutmenialjobsinhisnovelBraveNewWorld.ItcouldalsodoawaywiththeneedformotivationalcoachingandperhapsonedayprovideacureforthosewhodreadreturningtoworkonMondays.Theexperiments--detailedinthejournalNatureNeuroscience-involvedblockingtheeffectofageneinthebraincalledD2whichcutthelinkbetweenthemonkeys’motivationandperceivedreward.Insteadofspeedingupwiththeapproachofadeadlineortheprospectofatreatthemonkeyscouldstillworkenthusiasticallyforlongperiods.MostpeoplearemotivatedtoworkhardandwellonlybytheexpectationofrewardwhetheritsapaychequeorawordofpraisesaidBarryRichmondaneuro-biologistatAmericasNationalInstituteofMentalHealthwholedtheproject.Wecouldremovethatlinkandcreateasituationwhererepetitivehardworkwouldcontinuewithoutanyreward.Theexperimentsinvolvedgettingmonkeystooperateleversinresponsetocolourchangesonscreensinfrontofthem.Normallytheyworkhardestandfastestwiththefewestmistakesiftheythinkarewardfortheworkisimminent.ButRichmondsteamfoundtheycouldmakethemonkeysworktheirhardestandfastestallthetimewithoutanycomplaintorsignofslackingjustbymanipulatingD2sothattheyforgotaboutexpectationofreward.WemakedecisionsallthetimebasedonhowvaluablewethinkarewardisandhowmuchtimewethinkitisgoingtotaketogetitsaidRichmond.Indepressionpeoplethinknorewardisworthwhileandallworkistooburdensome.Inobsessivecompulsivedisorderpeopleworkandareneversatisfiedbywhattheyhavedone.Ifwecanfindthedisturbanceinthebraincircuitryrelatedtoemotionsandrewardwemightbeabletorelievethesymptoms.HesaidthetechnicalitiesofpermanentlyalteringhumanbehaviourbygenemanipulationarecurrentlytoocomplexandhumanswhounderwentthistreatmenttobecomelivemanifestationsofHuxley’sEpsilonswouldnotfunctionwell.TheywouldbeindiscriminateandnotbeabletoappreciatethattheireffortswerewastediftherewasaproblemfurtheralongaproductionlineRichmondsaid.ItwouldbemoretothepointforustomotivatepeopleUsingnormalmotivatingfactors.Howeverheandotherscientistsacknowledgethatmethodsofmanipulatinghumanphysicalandpsychologicaltraitsarejustaroundthecornerandthetechnologywillemergefirstasalucrativeadd-onavailablefromIVFclinics.TheresnodoubtwewillbeabletoinfluencebehavioursaidJulianSavulescuaprofessorofethicsatOxfordUniversity.Hesaid:Geneticallymanipulatingpeopletobecomeslavesisnotintheirinterestsbutotherchangesmightbe.Wehavetomakechoicesaboutwhatmakesagoodlifeforanindividual.RichmondsfindingswerediscussedataRoyalSocietymeetingorganisedbyBobEdwardsthescientistwhoseworkledtothecreation.ofLouiseBrowntheworldsfirsttesttubebaby.InapresentationentitledDesigningBabies:WhattheFutureHoldsYuriVerlinskyascientistfromtheUniversityofChicagowhoisattheforefrontofembryomanipulationsaid:Asinfertilitycustomersareinvestingsomuchtimemoneyandeffortintohavingababyshouldn’ttheyhaveahealthyoneandwhatistostopthempickingababyforitsphysicalandpsychologicaltraitsTheadventofthetechnologyisconsideredsoseriousinAmericathatameetingtodiscusssettingupalegalframeworkforgermlinegeneticmanipulationisbeingheldinWashingtonDCinDecember.
6.ItcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethattheEpsiloncastecreatedbyAldousHuxleyinhisnovelBraveNewWorldare__________.AakindofslaveclasswhoarehumbleandobedientBagroupofmentalpatientsreceivingmedicaltreatmentCtheworkingpeoplewhoareinvolvedinmanufacturingDheroandheroineintheadventuresintheBraveNewWorld
7.Theoriginalpurposeoftheresearchintroducedinthepassagewas__________.AtofindwaystotreatpeoplewithmentalproblemsBtomakemonkeysworktheirhardestandfastestCtodoawaywiththeneedformotivationalcoachingDtopromotetheproductivityofmanufacturingindustry
8.WhichofthefollowingCANNOTbetrueaboutthegeneD2accordingtothepassageATheyareidenticalbothinhumansandmonkeys.BTheyserveasthelinkbetweenmotivationandrewardperceived.CThemanipulationofthegenecanpermanentlychangebehavior.DTheremovalofthegenecanmakepeoplemoreintelligent.
9.Accordingtoneuro-biologistBarryRichmondthemethodsofmanipulatinghumanphysicalandpsychologicaltraits__________.AareagainsthumanethicalvaluesBwillbedevelopedinthenearfutureCarebasedonnormalmotivatingfactorsDaretoocomplextofunctionwell
10.ItcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethatthescientistYuriVerlinksky__________thetechnologyofgenemanipulation.AisstrongopponentofBisadeterminedsupporterofCismoreconcernedwiththelegalframeworkofDisindifferenttotheethicalsideofQuestions11-15Duringthesummerof2001MitsubishisAmericandealershipsweresuddenlyfloodedwithpuzzlingrequestsfortheLancerEvolution.Mitsubishihadnevermarketedthisflashycompactsportscarwitha271-horsepowerengineinAmerica.WherewasalltheinterestcomingfromTheanswerisexcitingadvertiserstheworldover:videogames.SonyPlayStation2hadfeaturedtheLancerEvolutioninanewversionofGranTurismoatop-sellingracing-cargamereleasedthatJuly.Theresultwasacultlikefollowingforthecar.Wewerespammedbygamers.RecallsLanBeavisseniorvicepresidentofmarketingatMitsubishiNorthAmerica.TwoyearslatertheLancerEvolutionwasreleasedinAmericanandhasbeenabigsuccess.Itsatruetestamenttothepowerofthatmedium.ThreatenedbydecliningTVratingsinsomecountriesadvertisershavebeenlookingfornewwaystocapturethewanderingeyeoftheconsumerfromproducingshortads-cum-moviestoincreasinglyaggressiveproductplacementonpopularshows.Butthenewesttrendgoesbeyondtryingtodiverteyestoastrategicallyplacedcerealboxforafewbriefseconds:insteadcompaniesarelookingtoplacethecustomerinsideanadvertisinggameoradvergamealmostindefinitely.YouarenowintheworldtheadvertiserhascreatedforyousaysadvergamedesignerDanFergeson.Severalcorporategiantshaverecentlylaunchedadvergames.OnefromNokiausesasnow-sleddinggametopromotetextmessaging.Aftereachraceyourresultsaremessagedtoaphonethatpopsuponscreen.Specialspeediersledscanbeunlockedonlybytextingyourselfasecretpassword.AnewgamefromLiptonfeaturesanofficeworkerwindingthroughcubiclesgobblingupCup-a-SoupstoBeatthe3PMSlump.KraftFoodsdrawsmorethan3millionvisitorsamonthtoitsWebsiteof80differentdownloadablegames--likemini-golfbowlingandpuzzles--incorporatingitsbrands.EveryadtodayisavictimofmultitaskingsaysMichaelWooddirectorofCocojamboaLondon-basedbranding-entertainmentagency.Gamingdrawsthemostengagedconcentratedaudience.Theadvantagesforadvertisersareclear:gamesarenowavailableonvirtuallyanydigitalplatformfromTVstoPCsandmobilephones.Contrarytocommonbelieftheboomingglobal-gamingmarketisnotdominatedbyteenagemaleswhichgivesitapotentiallybroadreachasanadvertisingmedium.Morethan50percentoftheplayersare35orolderandwhilemalesstilldominatefemalesareincreasinglyactiveparticularlyonline.UnlikeatelevisionadorbillboardadvergameswhicharesofaravailableonlythroughWebsitesoffertraceableresultsincludingthenumberofvisitstoanysiteandforexactlyhowlong.Aftertheinitialcostofproductionanywherefrom$30000to$500000advergamescanrunvirtuallyfreeforyears.InarecentU.S.AssociationofNationalAdvertiserssurvey45%ofcompaniesanticipaterelocatingaddollarsfromTVtoothermediaduringthenextyear.9%saidtheyhadadvertisedviavideogamesinthepastyearand13%plannedtointhefuture.TheU.S.Armyspends$
2.5millionayearonitsrecruitingadvergameAmericasArmy.Atleast
3.7millionpeoplehaveloggedontotrackdownterroristsorrescuePOWsinrealisticsimulationsandtheArmysaysthegamehelpeditreachrecruitmenttargetslastyeardespitethedifficultpoliticalclimate.PeoplecanzeroinonspecificinterestslikeparachutingorbeingamedicsaysCol.CaseyWardynskiprojectdirectorofAmericasArmy.Whatemergesisalevelofconfidenceaboutthechallengestheymayencounter.Thatsawholelotmorethana30-secondspeechthatsaysHeythinkabouttheArmy.Themomentumisbuilding.LastmonththefirstvideogameadvertisingagencyMassivewaslaunchedAlreadyAmericasArmyplayerscantunethein-gameradiotoanystationtheywish.AndwithbandwidthgettingcheaperandcheapersaysColonelWardynskisoonanythingyoucandoinreallifeyoullbeabletodointhesegames.Itusedtobethatcatchyadsstuckinoneshead.Nowonesheadisliabletogetstuckintheads.
11.TheauthorusedtheLancerEvolutionasanexampletoshow__________.AthemarketingstrategyadoptedbyMitsubishiBthepowerofthenewadvertisingmeansofvideogamesCtheprocessofdevelopingcompactsportscarsDthechangingfunctionsofthemassmediaovertheyears
12.WhenadvergamedesignerDanFergesonsays“Youarenowintheworldtheadvertiserhascreatedforyou”heimpliesthat__________.AtheadvertisingindustryisenteringabrandnewageBthenewmeansofadvertisingismorepersuasiveCtheadvertisementisundergoinggreatchangesDcustomersarenolongerpassivereceptorsoftraditionalads
13.WhenprojectdirectorsofAmerica’sArmyCol.CaseyWardynskiquotes“HeythinkabouttheArmy.”para.5hemostprobablybelievesthat__________.Atheoriginal30-secondrecruitingadsissimpleanddirectBtheprogressinrecruitingtechniqueisinevitableandnecessaryCtheoldrecruitingadscannotbecomparedwithAmerica’sArmypersuasivenessDbothoftherecruitingadshelpestablishahighlevelofconfidenceinyouth
14.WhichofthefollowingCANNOTbeconcludedfromtheendingsentencesofthepassage“Itusedtobethatcatchyadsstuckinone’shead.Nowone’sheadisliabletogetstuckintheads.”ADifferencesbetweennewadvergamesandtraditionaladsaregreatenough.BTraditionaladsmainlyusevisualmeanstopersuadepeople.Cnewadvertisingmeansmakecustomeractivelyinvolvedintheads.DTraditionaladswillbereplacedbyadvergamesinthenearfuture.
15.WhichofthefollowingbestsummarisesthemainideaofthepassageATheadvantagesoftheadvergamehavebeenspottedbymanycorporategiants.BThelatestmarketingtrendmakestheconsumeraplayerinsidethecommercial.CVideogameadvertisingwillbecomeamajorindustryinthefollowingyears.DTherecruitingadvergamehelpedtheU.S.Armyreachrecruitmenttargetslastyear.Questions16-20OnceuponatimeinthedominionofnewhavenitwasillegaltokissyourchildrenonSunday.OrmakeabedorcutyourhairoreatmincepiesorcrossariverunlessyouwereaclergymanridingyourcircuitifyoulivedinConnecticutin1650thereWasnomistakingSundayforjustanotherShoppingday;regardlessofwhetheryoudgotohellforbreakingtheSabbathyouCouldcertaintygotojail.CenturieslaterthesensethatSundayisspecialisstillwiredinusaminiaturesabbaticalduringwhichtopeelofftherestoftheweekandsavorritualreligiousorotherwise:SundayworshipSunday--footballSundaypapersSundaybrunchthedayyoucallyourmotherthenightthefamilygathersaroundtheTVtowatchonceuponatimeTheWonderfulWorldofDisneyandnowTheSimpsons.Theideathatrestisarighthasdeeprootsinourhistory.Bluelawswereagiftasmuchasadutyacommandtorelaxandreflect.ThattensionexplainsSundayhistorianAlexisMcCrossenhasalwaysbeenlessbetweensacredandsecularthanbetweenworkandrespite;Americadoesnotreadilysitstillevenforaday.TheCivilWarandademandfornewsbegattheSundaypaper;industrializationinspiredprogressivestoarguethatlibrariesandmuseumsshouldopenonSundayssoworkingpeoplecouldelevatethemselves.MajorleaguebaseballhelditsfirstSundaygamein
1892.JosephPulitzerrealizedtheSundaypaperwaslessaboutnewsthanaboutfuncomicsandbookreviewsandsoonthetheatersamusementparksandfairswereopentoo.OvertimeSundayhasgonefromadaywecoulddoonlyaveryfewthingstotheonlydaywecandojustaboutanythingwewant.TheU.S.istoodiverseourlivestoobusyoureconomytooglobalandourappetitestoovasttoloseawholedaythatcouldbespentworkingorplayingorpowershopping.PulledbetweenpietyandprofitevenChristianbookstoresareopenChildrencometoSundayschooldressedintheirsocceruniforms;somechurcheshavestartedtheirownleaguesjusttocontroltheschedule.PoliticiansrecitetheirliturgiesinTVstudios.PostofficesmaystillbeclosedbutonceyoumissthatfirstSundaye-mailfromthebossitbecomesforeverhardernottologonandcheckin.Eventhecasinosareopen.IfyoursoulhasnoSundayitbecomesanorphanAlbertSchweitzersaid--whichraisesaquestionforourtimes:WhatdoweloseifSundaybecomesjustlikeanyotherdayLawmakersinVirginiagottospendpartoftheirsummerbreakdebatingthatquestionthankstoamistaketheymadelastwinterwhentheyinadvertentlyrevivedadayofrestrule;hotelsandhospitalsandnuclearpowerplantswouldhavehadtogiveworkersaweekenddayofforbefined$
500.AfteraspeciallegislativesessionwasconvenedtofixtheerrorVirginiasworkersliketherestofUSareoncemorepotentiallyoncall24/
7.MeanwhileRhodeIslandjustbecamethe32ndstatetoletliquorstoresopeneverySunday;untilthismonththeycoulddoSoonlyinDecemberperhapsbecauseevenGeorgeWashington’seggnogrecipecalledforbrandywhiskeyandrum.SocialconservativesmaywanttohonortheFourthCommandmentbutbusinesseswanttheincomestatesneedthetaxrevenuesandbusyfamilieswanttheflexibility.Withprogressofcoursecomesbacklashfromthosewhodesperatelywanttopreservetheoldways.Mom-and-popliquorstoresinNewYorkfoughttokeepthebluelawstohavemoretimewiththeirfamilies.CardealersinKansasCitypushedforalawtomakethemcloseonSundayssotheycouldhaveadayoffwithoutlosingouttocompetition.Chick-Fil-Aachainofmorethan1100restaurantsin37states.closesonSundaysbecauseitsfounderTruettCathypromisedemployeestimetoworshipspendtimewithfamilyandfriendsorjustplainrestfromtheworkweek.saysthechainswebsite.Madesensethen.stillmakessensenow.PopeJohnPaulIIevenwroteanapostolicletterindefenseofSunday:WhenSundaylosesitsfundamentalmeaningandbecomesmerelypartofaweekendhewrotepeoplestaylockedwithinahorizonsolimitedthattheycannolongerseetheheavens.*Inanagewithnofreetimewebuyitthroughhardchoices.Doweskipchurchsowecansleepinorskipsoccersowecangotochurchorfindafamilyritual---cooktogetherreadtogether--thatwetreatassacred.ThatwayatleastsomepartofSundayfacesinadifferentdirectionwhethertowardheavenortowardoneanother.
16.The“bluelaws”referredtointhepassage__________.AareakindofmoralstandardBwereofficiallyissuedbythechurchCprohibitentertainmentandbusinessonSundaysDspecifyreligiousactivitiesheldonSundays
17.Thestatementthat“Americadoesnotreadilysitstillevenforaday.”para.2issupportedbyallofthefollowingEXCEPT__________.AthemanufacturinginfactoriesonSundaysBtheopeningoflibrariesandmuseumsonSundaysCthepublicationofSundaynewspapersDtheopeningoftheatersamusementparksandfairsonSundays
18.Inwritingthesentence“SocialconservativesmaywanttohonortheFourthCommandmentbutbusinesseswanttheincomestatesneedthetaxrevenuesandbusyfamilieswanttheflexibility.”para.4theauthor_________.AgaveanobjectiveanddetaileddescriptionBcriticizedthefastchangingsocialtrendCexposedtheprofit-orientednatureofthesocietyDeulogizedtheprogressofthesocialevolution
19.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethattheauthor’sattitudetowardstheevolutionofSundayactivitiesis__________.AironicalBradicalCambivalentDobjective
20.WhichofthefollowingtellsusthemainideaofthepassageATheideathatrestisarighthasdeeprootsinAmericanhistory.BThechangesofSundaytraditionisinevitableandnecessary.CSundayshouldbethedaywecandojustaboutanythingwewant.DMaybethoseoldbluelawsweren’tsocrazyafterall.SECTION3:TRANSLATIONTESTDirections:TranslateofthefollowingpassageintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.YettheU.S.benefitedgreatlyfromthecolonialstrifenextdoor.BrokeafteritsHaitiandefeat.FrancesoldalargeregiontotheU.S.for$15million.TheLouisianaPurchasewouldprovetobeoneofthemostprofitablerealestatetransactionsevermade.NapoleonwouldnothavesoldhisclaimsexceptforthecourageandobstinateresistanceofHaitianinhabitants.ItwouldtakesixdecadesfortheU.S.toacknowledgeHaitisindependence.MeanwhileHaitiburdenedbyitspost-independenceisolationandthe100millionfrancsinpaymentitwasforcedtogiveFranceforofficialrecognitionbeganitsperilousslidetowardturmoilanddependencyresultingina19-yearU.S.occupationandtwosubsequentinterventionsinthepast100years.JeffersononcepresenteddirewarningsaboutwhatmighthappentotheU.S.politicalsysteminaworst-casescenariobuthiswordsturnedouttobeamoreaccurateprophecyforAmericasplunderedneighbor:Thespiritofthetimes...willalter.Ourrulerswillbecomecorrupt...Theshackles...whichshallnotbeknockedoffattheconclusionofwarwillremainonlongwillbemadeheavier.Givenafairchance.Haiticouldhaveflourishedandprospered.IfthathadbeenthecasethisyearHaitiwouldbecelebratingthebicentennialofitsindependencewithfewerandlightershackles.SECTION4:LISTENINGTESTPartA:Note-takingAndGap-fillingDirections:Inthispartofthetestyouwillhearashorttalk.YouwillhearthetalkONLYONCE.Whilelisteningtothetalkyoumaytakenotesontheimportantpointssothatyoucanhaveenoughinformationtocompleteagap-fillingtaskonaseparateANSWERBOOKLET.YouwillnotgetyourANSWERBOOKLETuntilafteryouhavelistenedtothetalkWearingclothescanalwaystransmitsignalsaboutpeople’ssocial__________1andattitudestowardstheirculture.Withtheexceptionofthetwoextremesonthesocial__________2:theveryrichsocialitesandpoor__________3ClothingSignalsaretheresultofasingle__________4eventforthe__________5ofpeople.Theassumptionofanincreased__________6trendinmoderndressingbehaviorismisleading.Thereisno__________7offormalitytodaymerelythe__________8ofoldformalitiesfornew.Oneofthemostmysteriousfashiontrendsistherelationshipbetweenfemaleskirtlengthsand__________9conditions.Therehasbeenaprecise__________10betweenthelengthsoffemaleskirtsandtheperiodsofboomand__________11:ifthe__________12marketrisessodotheskirts.It’shardtoexplainexactlywhybuthopefullyfuture__________13willgiveusaclearerexplanation.Many__________14variationsareatworkinahundreddifferentwaysasfashiontrendsdiffusethemselvesrapidlyaroundtheglobe.Eachnewminortrend__________15or__________16thefashionofthepreviousseason.UnconsciouslyweallplotgraphsofshiftingClothingSignalsallthetimeandreadoffthemanysignalsthatour__________17clothestransmittouseineverysocialencounter.Clothingisasmuchpartofhuman__________18languageas__________19facialexpressionsand__________
20.PartB:ListeningandTranslationI.SentenceTranslationDirections:Inthispartofthetestyouwillhear5Englishsentences.YouwillhearthesentencesONLYONCE.AfteryouhaveheardeachsentencetranslateitintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.12345II.PassageTranslationDirections:Inthispartofthetestyouwillhear2Englishpassages.YouwillhearthepassagesONLYONCE.AfteryouhaveheardeachpassagetranslateitintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Youmaytakenoteswhileyouarelistening.12SECTION5:READINGTESTDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagesandthenanswerINCOMPLETESENTENCESthequestionswhichfolloweachpassage.UseonlyinformationfromthepassageyouhavejustreadandwriteyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions1-3SomeofBritainsleadinguniversitiesareembroiledinacashfordegreecourserowafteracceptingforeignstudentsfromafee-payingtutorialcollegethatclaimstobeinpartnershipwiththem.Theforeignapplicantspay£
15.000forone-yearfoundationcoursesatBellerbysCollegewhichclaimstoguaranteeaplaceatoneof33Britishuniversitieswithwhichitislinked.TheseincludehighlyrankedinstitutionssuchasNottinghamandSouthampton.UniversitiesconfirmedtheyacceptedBellerbysstudentsbutdeniedtheyguaranteedplaces.Bellerbys--whichhascampusesinOxfordLondonCambridgeandHoveinEastSussex--foundundergraduateplacesfor400foreignstudentslastyear.AnundercoverSundayTimesreporterwastoldbyBellerbyslastweekthathewouldhavenoproblemgettingonthefoundationcoursedespitesayingheperformedbadlyatschool.WhenBellerbyswasaskedhowitcouldguaranteeadegreeplaceitsaid:Becausetherearepartneruniversities.Cash-strappeduniversitiesarekeentotakeforeignstudentsbecausetheycanchargethemfeesbetween£6000and£
8.000ayearalmostdoublethesumreceivedforteachingBritishundergraduates.Thecollegesclaimtoguaranteestudentsauniversityplaceislikelytoangerstudentsandschoolsstrugglingtowinplacesatthetopinstitutions.TrinaMawerheadoftheindependentFarlingtonSchoolinHorshamsaid:Thisisjustamazing.Thosestudentsarenotbeingjudgedbythesamestandardsasours.ItismostunfairtostudentswhohaveworkedhardtogetgoodA-levels.Iunderstandtheuniversitiesneedforextramoneybutthisschememakesamockeryofourexamsystemanduniversityadmissions.LastweekthereporterposingasaBosnianstudentandspeakingbrokenEnglishapproachedanadmissionsadviseratBellerbystoaskabouthischancesofgettingintothecollegeandthenjoiningauniversityengineeringcourse.TheadvisermadeitclearthatthereporterwouldbegivenaplaceatBellerbysifthecollegeconsideredhehaddonewellathighschoolinBosniaorhadshownpotential.TheadvisertoldthereporterWecanguaranteeyouentrytooneofour33partneruniversitiesapledgethatalsoappearsonthecollegeswebsite.Whenthereportersaid:MyfathertellmemyfatherwantsmetogotoschoolinEngland...mymarksinhighschoolarenotverygoodtheadviserreplied:WewilllookatyourmarksandIthinkthatitwontbeaproblem.TheuniversityatwhichBellerbysstudentswinaplacedependsontheirscoreinthefoundationcoursewhichismarkedbythecollegesstaff.”AsecondreporterposingastheguardianofaChinesestudentwastoldascoreofbetween70%and85%wouldberequiredbyNottinghamandSouthampton.Anadmissionsofficeradded:With[40%]youcouldgettheUniversityofAstonBrightonorBuckingham.ThetutorsaidthestudentmusthavefinishedhighschoolinChinaandhaveascoreof41/2outof9intheIELTS.Universitiesusuallyrequireascoreofatleast6fromforeignstudentsapplyingdirectly.BellerbysdefendeditscoursesclaimingstudentsstudiedelementsofA-levelsandworkedatthesamedegreeofdifficulty.BellerbysinHovesvice-principalPeterCorcutsaid:BecauseitisshorterwetakekeytopicsfromA-levelcourses.Everyapplicantsschoolgradesareassessedbeforetheycomeonthecourse.ChristineHumfreydirectoroftheinternationalofficeatNottinghamsaidtheuniversityhadaccepted20-30foreignstudentsfromBellerbysthisyearsomefromthefoundationprogramme.Allthoseacceptedhadbeensuitablecandidates.Wewouldntadmitthemifwethoughttheywouldnotdowellshesaid.SouthamptonalsotakesstudentsfromBellerbysbutdeniedguaranteeingplaces.StephenMillerdeputyvice-chancelloratCityUniversityLondonwhichappearsasapartneruniversityontheBellerbyswebsitedeniedtherewasaformalarrangementwiththecollege.Wetaketheirstudentsbutwedontguaranteeanyoneaplacehesaid.ThefoundationprogrammeisrecognisedbyusasequivalenttoourA-levelrequirements.ThefinancialpressureonuniversitieshasbeenhighlightedbyIvorCrewevice-chancellorofEssexUniversitywhohassaidthepresenceofforeignstudentsissimplywhatmakesitpossiblefortheacademicenterprisetocontinue.
1.Whatisthecashfordegreecoursesrowmentionedinthepassage
2.GiveabriefintroductionofBellerbysCollege’senrollmentofforeignstudents.Whatdoesthereportersinvestigationofthecollegetellus
3.WhatcanbeconcludedfromtherepliesfromthepartneruniversitiesQuestions4-7Anunexplainedandunprecedentedriseincarbondioxideintheatmospheretwoyearsrunninghasraisedfearsthattheworldmaybeonthebrinkofrunawayglobalwarming.Scientistsarebaffledwhythequantityofthemaingreenhousegashasleaptinatwo-yearperiodandareconcernedthattheEarthsnaturalsystemsarenolongerabletoabsorbasmuchasinthepast.ThefindingswillbediscussedtomorrowbythegovernmentschiefscientistDrDavidKingattheannualGreenpeacelecture.MeasurementsofCO2havebeencontinuousfor50yearsatMaunaLoaObservatory12000ftupamountaininHawaiiregardedasfarenoughawayfromanycarbondioxidesourcetobeareliablemeasuringpoint.InrecentdecadesCO2increasedonaverageby
1.5partspermillionppmayearbecauseoftheamountofoilcoalandgasburntbuthasnowjumpedtomorethan2ppmin2002and
2003.AboveorbelowaveragerisesinCO2levelsintheatmospherehavebeenexplainedinthepastbynaturalevents.WhenthePacificwarmsupduringElNinotheamountofcarbondioxiderisesdramaticallyaswarmoceansemitCO2ratherthanabsorbit.Butscientistsarepuzzledbecauseoverthepasttwoyearswhentheincreaseshavebeen
2.08ppmand
2.54ppmrespectivelytherehasbeennoElNino.CharlesKeelingthemanwhobegantheobservationsin1958isnow74andstillworkinginthefield.Hesaidyesterday:Theriseintheannualratetoabovetwopartspermillionfortwoconsecutiveyearsisarealphenomenon.Itispossiblethatthisismerelyareflectionofnaturaleventslikepreviouspeaksintheratebutitisalsopossiblethatitisthebeginningofanaturalprocessunprecedentedintherecord.Analystsstressthatitistooearlytodrawanylong-termconclusions.ButthefearisthatthegreaterthannormalrisesinCO2emissionsmeanthatinsteadofdecadestobringglobalwarmingundercontrolwemayhaveonlyafewyears.AtworstthefigurescouldbethefirstsignofthebreakdownintheEarthsnaturalsystemforabsorbingthegasthatwouldheraldtheso-calledrunawaygreenhouseeffectwheretheplanetssoaringtemperaturebecomesimpossibletocontain.OneofthepredictionsmadebyclimatescientistsintheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeisthatastheEarthwarmstheabsorptionofcarbondioxidebyvegetation---knownascarbonsink--isreduced.DrKeelingsaidsincetherewasnosignofadramaticincreaseintheamountoffossilfuelsbeingburntin2002and2003therisecouldbeaweakeningoftheEarthscarbonsinksassociatedwiththeworldwarmingaspartofaclimatechangefeedbackmechanism.Itisacauseforconcern.TomBurkevisitingprofessoratImperialCollegeLondonandaformerspecialadvisertotheformerToryenvironmentministerwarned:Werewatchingtheclockandtheclockisbeginningtotickfasterlikeitseemstobeforeabombgoesoff.PeterCoxheadoftheCarbonCycleGroupattheMetOfficesHadleyCentreforClimateChangesaidtheincreaseincarbondioxidewasnotuniformacrosstheglobe.MyguessisthattherewereextraforestfiresinthenorthernhemisphereandparticularlyaveryhotsummerinEuropeDrCoxsaid.Thisledtoadie-backinvegetationandanincreaseinreleaseofcarbonfromthesoilratherthanmoregrowingplantstakingcarbonoutoftheatmospherewhichisusuallythecaseinsummer.Scientistshavedubbedthetwo-yearCO2risetheMaunaLoaanomaly.DrCoxsaidoneofitsmostinterestingaspectswasthattheCO2risesdidnottakeplaceinElNinoyears.Previouslytheonlyfiguresthatclimbedhigherthan2ppmwereE1Ninoyears.Theheatwaveoflastyearwhichclaimedatleast30000livesacrosstheworldwassooutoftheordinarythatmanyscientistsbelieveitcouldonlyhavebeencausedbyglobalwarming.ButDrCoxisconcernedthattoomuchmightbereadintotwoyearsfigures5or6yearsonthetrotwouldbeverydifficulttoexplainhesaid.DrPiersForsterseniorresearchfellowoftheUniversityofReadingsDepartmentofMeteorologysaid:Ifthisisaratechangeofcourseitwillbeverysignificant.Itwillbeofenormousconcern;becauseitwillimplythatallourglobalwarmingpredictionsforthenexthundredyearsorsowillhavetoberedone.DavidHofmannoftheUSNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministrationcentrewhichalsostudiesCO2wasmorecautious.Idontthinkanincreaseof2ppmfortwoyearsinarowishighlysignificant--thereareclimaticperturbationsthatcanmakethisoccurhesaid.Buttheabsenceofaknownclimaticeventdoesmaketheseyearsunusual.BasedonthosetwoyearsaloneIwouldsayitwastoosoontosaythatanewtrendhasbeenestablishedbutitwarrantsclosescrutiny.
4.Whyhasthe.changeincarbondioxideintheatmosphereoverthepasttwoyearsraisedfearandconcernamongclimatescientists
5.Whatisrunawaygreenhouseeffectpara.4Whatiscarbonsinkpara.
56.ExplainbrieflyTomBurkeswarningWerewatchingtheclockandtheclockisbeginningtotickfasterlikeitseemstobeforeabombgoesoff.para.
67.WhatarethemajorexplanationsforthechangeinCO2overthepasttwoyearsQuestions8-10Itwasoneofthosestatementsthateveryoneremembersdecadesaftertheevent.Theyearwas1998Russiahaddefaultedon$40billionindomesticdebtandforeigninvestorswhowereheavybuyersofthosebondswerelickingtheirwounds.AnangrybankerdeclaredthatWesternerswouldeatnuclearwastebeforesinkingmoneyintoRussiaagain.JustsixyearslaterRussianbondsareagainahotpropertyMoscowisconsideredoneoftheworldsmostreliableborrowersandtwoofthethreeinternationalratingagencieshavegivenRussiaaninvestment-gradesealofapproval.AmongRussiasbiggestcheerleadersWesterninvestors.OnNov.18FitchRatingsuppeditslong-termratingforRussiangovernmentbondsbyonenotchtoaninvestmentgradeBBB-.ThatcamealittlemorethanayearafterMoodysInvestorsServicealsoraisedRussiasbondstoinvestmentgrade.RussiahasturnedinaphenomenalmacroeconomicperformancesurpassingourbullishexpectationsFitchsleadRussiaanalystParkertoldinvestorsonNov.
19.ItsnosecretwhyRussiasfortuneshaveturnedaroundsodramatically.Oilandgasaccountfor55%ofRussiasexports--andwithoilpricesaround$50abarrelthecountryisrakinginpetrodollarsasneverbefore.In1998whenoilaveragedjust$13abarrelthecountryearned$
14.5billionfromblackgold.Thisyearwithproductionbolsteredbyhugeinvestmentandrisingpricesitisexpectedtopullin$78billion.Moscowsforeign-currencyreservesnowtotal$113billion--aninefoldincreasesincetheendof1999andacomfortablecushionagainstanynewcrisis.ButifRussiahasbeenluckyithasalsomadethemostofitsluck.InthepastfiveyearsPresidentPutinseconomicmanagersledbyFinanceMinisterAlexeiKudrinhavetakenfulladvantageoftheiroilandgaswindfalltogetgovernmentexpendituresinhandandfashionafunctioningtaxsystem.Kudrinhasdeliveredafirst-ratefiscalpolicy.Itsunderhiswatchwevegonefrombeingabankruptnationtoaninvestment-gradenetcreditorsaysAlBreachchiefeconomistatMoscowinvestmentbankBrunswickUBSTheseaofoilhasallowedRussiatoreduceitsforeigndebtfromalmost100%ofgrossdomesticproductin1999toabout32%today.Fitchpredictsgeneralgovernmentdebtwillfallto25%ofGDPbytheendoftheyearwellbelowthe40%benchmarkitconsidersnormalforaBBBrating.MeanwhileKudrinissockingawaysurplusoilrevenuesinanewlycreatedstabilizationfunddesignedtoprotectthebudgetagainstafallinprices.Thefundhasalreadyaccumulated$19billion.OfcoursenotallthefinancialnewsfromRussiaispositive.PutinsdeliberatedestructionofRussiasbiggestoilcompanyYukoshashadinvestorswringingtheirhands.AndwhileeconomistsgiveRussiahighmarksforfiscalmanagementtheyrelessflatteringwhenitcomestostructuralissuessuchasbankingreformandderegulation.Itsawell-managedoilstoryratherthanareformstorysaysPeterWestinchiefeconomistatAtonCapitalaMoscowbrokerage.TheseconcernsexplainwhythethirdmajorratingagencyStandardPoorshassofarheldoutagainstgivingRussianbondsaninvestmentgrade.WhileFitchsannouncementisencouraginganupgradefromSPisfarmoreimportantbecausethekeybenchmarkforinternationalbondinvestorstheLehmanAggregateBondIndexrequiresinvestment-graderatingfromMoodysandSPbeforeacountrysbondscanbeincluded.LargeU.S.institutionalinvestorstracktheLehmanindex.Theseinvestorsmaynothavelongtowait.RussiasfinancialsituationissosolidthatanalystsareconvincedanSPupgradeisjustmonthsaway.
8.WhydowesterninvestorschangetheirattitudetowardRussiawithinaperiodofsixyearsGiveabriefintroductionofRussiaseconomyoverthepastyears.
9.ExplainthesentenceButifRussiahasbeenluckyithasalsomadethemostofitsluck.para.
410.WhatdoeschiefeconomistPeterWestinmeanwhenhesaysItsawell-managedoilstoryratherthanareformstory”para.6SECTION6:TRANSLATIONTESTDirections:TranslatethefollowingpassageintoEnglishandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.他在父亲的教导下“发愤用功”,其实他读书还是出于喜好,只似馋嘴佬贪吃美食食肠很大,不择精粗,甜咸杂进极俗的书他也能看得哈哈大笑戏曲里的插科打诨,他不仅且看且笑,还一再搬演,笑得打跌精微深奥的哲学、美学、文艺理论等大部著作,他像小儿吃零食那样吃了又吃,厚厚的书一本本渐次吃完,诗歌更是他喜好的读物重得拿不动的大词典、辞典、百科全书等,他不仅挨着字母逐条细读,见了新版本,还不嫌其烦的把新条目增补在旧书上他看书常做些笔记参考答案SECTION1:LISTENINGTESTPartA:SpotDictation
1.spenttalking
11.worksofsubordinatesandtheirsuperiors
2.1/3and90%
12.fiveuniversalrules
3.Workingrelationships
13.Respecttheother’sprivacy
4.informalcontacts
14.inconfidencewith
5.cooperationatwork
15.favorsorcompliments
6.jobsatisfactionandwell-being
16.nobodybreakstheserules
7.asgeneralmarkers
17.goodsocialskills
8.Throughinterviewswith
18.neverorhardlyever
9.askotherstorate
19.monitortheirreactions
10.relationshipswithspouses
20.lookquitefrequentlyatthepersonPartB:ListeningComprehension
1.C
2.D
3.D
4.B
5.A
6.B
7.C
8.C
9.B
10.D
11.D
12.A
13.B
14.D
15.C
16.C
17.B
18.A
19.D
20.CSECTION2:READINGTESTQuestions1-
201.C
2.B
3.A
4.D
5.D
6.A
7.A
8.D
9.B
10.B
11.B
12.B
13.C
14.D
15.B
16.C
17.A
18.C
19.C
20.DSECTION3:TRANSLATIONTEST【参考译文】美国周边的殖民地争端使其从中获益匪浅法国在海地遭遇失败后,财力上捉襟见肘,将一大块地皮以一千五百万美元的代价卖给美国路易斯安那交易可以算作是有史以来购买者获益最丰厚的地产交易了要不是海地人民高昂的士气和顽强的抵抗使拿破仑头痛不已,他是不会卖掉自己手中的这块领地的美国经过六十年才最终承认海地的独立而这段时间里,海地承受巨大压力独立后孤立无援,加之必须向法国支付一亿法郎以换取法方的正式承认,它开始滑向动荡和丧失主权的危险境地,最终导致美国对其长达十九年的占领和其后一百年中两次的入侵杰弗逊曾经对美国政治体系可能出现的最坏情况进行过警告,但他那些令人心惊胆战的话语恰恰精确地预告了美国身边这个屡遭劫难的邻国所发生的一切“时代的精神将改变我们的统治者们将腐朽堕落我们并没有因为战争的结束而挣脱枷锁,它将继续禁锢我们,而且日益沉重”海地如果能够得到公平的机会,也许会繁荣兴旺如果真是这样,今年海地庆祝独立二百周年时,它所戴着的枷锁一定会轻些,少些SECTION4:LISTENINGTESTPartA:Note-takingAndGap-filling
1.roles
11.depression
2.scale
12.stock
3.vagrants
13.fluctuation
4.daily
14.short-term
5.majority
15.modifies
6.informal
16.reverse
7.loss
17.companion
8.exchange
18.body
9.economic
19.gestures
10.correlation
20.posturesPartB:ListeningandTranslationI.SentenceTranslation1今天,按照美国法律,任何店主都无权因顾客的种族而拒绝为他她服务,所有公共设施对所有种族人群都应一视同仁,平等开放但是,在我们社会中,歧视与偏见真的已经消失了吗?2商务招待可以让客户感觉自己是非常重要的人物,在本人的海外旅行中,我受到了数次盛情款待,所以我希望在他们来到我们这里访问时,我也可以礼尚往来3现如今,增长最快的服务业领域通常收入更优厚,特别是在技术与计算机相关的领域,但这些工作要求很高程度的技能以及多年的教育4三名美国人因非法拥有毒品而被判拘禁至8月26日,但他们的律师认为,他们有权向高等法院要求保释56个月前,17岁的她不过是众多未来希望之星中的一个,为那些杂志做广告模特,现在,凭着在国际T型台上的模特猫步,她每天可以收入一万两千镑,成为英国收入最高的青少年之一II.PassageTranslation1理查德布朗从自己辛酸的经历中了解到了世事的无常去年6月,他学位在手,踌躇满志,梦想着在广播传媒业拥有绚烂的未来8个月以后,他工作依然没有着落,身无分文在过去几周时间里,他能获得的工作机会不外乎在宾馆里擦擦地板理查德的例子,只是数千离开学校的毕业生中的一个,他们的境地呈螺旋式下降,不断恶化据估计,目前的失业率是过去十年来的最高,几乎接近12%2因小偷光顾顺手牵羊而导致的店家损失非常高,而所有这些损失最终都要由我们普通消费者以支付更高价格的形式来承担事实上有很多机会可以减少这样的顺手牵羊偷窃行径和针对其它许多犯罪行为的措施一样,事前防范远胜于事后治理最常见的有效措施,就是对员工进行适当的培训,帮助他们更好地识别潜在的顺手牵羊者现在还有很多安全防盗装置可以采用,比如摄像监视器,即便对于小型零售店主也是普遍使用的设备但对于零售商而言,还有很多更简便的防范措施,比如置于高处的吸顶式镜子,有助于店员监控整个商场区域SECTION5:READINGTESTQuestion1:AccordingtothepassagecashfordegreecoursesreferstothefoundationcoursesofferedbyBellerbysCollegetoforeignstudentswhowillbechargedhighfeesforthosecoursesandthewordrowmeansargumentoveracertainissue.Sincethecollegeclaimstoguaranteeitsstudentsadmissiontoanddegreeofuniversitiesinpartnershipwithitregardlessoftheiracademicperformanceitarousedheatedargumentandaccusationfromstudentshomeandabroadwhobelievedthatsuchpracticewasunfair.Question2:BellerbysCollegeprovidesforeignstudentswithoneyearfoundationcoursescharginghightuitionfees.Thecollegepromisesthatsome33universitiesaretheir“partneruniversities”implyingthattheycanguaranteeauniversityplacefortheseforeignstudentssolongastheypaythemoneyandjointheoneyearcourse.400foreignstudentswereenrolledlastyear.AccordingtotheinvestigationbythereportersforeignstudentsinterestedinthecourseofBellerbysCollegewillbeassuredoffutureuniversityplacebasedonthepartnershipbetweenthecollegeandanumberofuniversitiesregardlessoftheiracademicperformance.Thereporters’findingreinforcespeople’sdoubtandcriticismtowardsthepracticeofthecollege.Question3:ThepartneruniversitiesadmitthattheyacceptsuitablecandidatesfromBellerbysCollegebutdenyanyformalarrangementtoguaranteeauniversityplaceforitsstudents.Thevice-chancellorofEssexUniversityadmitsthatthetuitionrevenuefromforeignstudentscanalleviatethefinancialpressureandfacilitatethedevelopmentoftheuniversity.Question4:TheriseofcarbondioxideintheatmospheremaybeasignofglobalwarmingoutofcontrolandfailingoftheEarth’snaturalsystemsinabsorbingcarbondioxide.WhatmakesscientistsmoreconcernedisthattheriseoccursintheyearwithnoElNinothemostcommoncauseofglobalwarmingandriseincarbondioxideintheatmosphere.Question5:“Runawaygreenhouseeffect”referstotheserioussituationthatitmightbeimpossibletocontaintheeverincreaseoftheEarth’stemperaturecausedbyexcessiveemissionofCO
2.“Carbonsink”referstothefunctionofvegetationontheEarthtoabsorbcarbondioxideandconsequentlyadjustthetemperature.Theweakeningofthe“carbonsink”iscloselyrelatedtotherisingoftemperature.Question6:Theuseofthemetaphor“clock”and“bombs”describestheurgentsituationconfrontingmankindbytherisingofcarbondioxideanditspossibledestructiveconsequences.Theexpression“theclockisbeginningtotickfaster”meansthatinsteadofdecadesweonlyhaveafewyearstobringglobalwarmingundercontrolwhile“abombgoesoff”referstotheecologicalcatastrophethathumanbeingscannolongercontain.Question7:PeterCox’sexplanationisthattherewereextraforestfiresinthenorthernhemisphereandaveryhotsummerinEuropewhichledtoadie-backinvegetationandanincreaseinreleaseofcarbonfromthesoil.DavidHofmannhasamorecautiousattitudeanddoesnotthinkanincreaseofCO2intwoconsecutiveyearsishighlysignificant.Hebelievesthatitistoosoontoreachconclusionsabouttheclimaticchangesinceseveralclimaticperturbationscanmakethisoccurthoughofcoursecloseobservationisnecessary.Question8:DuringthepastseveralyearsRussiahasrecoveredfromitseconomiccrisisandenjoyedanoverallimprovementinitseconomicperformancewithitsforeigndebtandgeneralgovernmentdebtsharplyreducedandforeigncurrencyreservesincreased.Itsgovernmentbondshavebeenmorefavorablyratedbyworld-leadingratingagencies.SeeingtheseimprovementswesterninvestorswhosufferedhugelossintheirinvestmentinRussiayearsagonowregardsRussiaasareliableborrowerandanidealplacetoinvest.Question9:ThesharpincreaseinoilpriceshaspromptedahugeincreaseintherevenueofRussiagovernmentanditsforeigncurrencyreservesthatcanserveaseffectiveprecautionagainstfuturecrisis.InthatsenseRussiaislucky.Butthegovernmenthasalsoadoptedproperpoliciestotakefulladvantageofbenefitsfromoilandgasproductionandexport.Governmentexpendituresareundercontrolandawell-functioningtaxsystemhasbeenestablished.Question10:EconomistsacknowledgethatRussiahasdoneasatisfactoryjobinthefiscalmanagementbuttheyarestillcriticaltowardsthestructuralissuesoftheRussianeconomysuchasbankingreformandderegulation.SECTION6:TRANSLATIONTEST【参考译文】Thoughhe“madeadeterminedefforttostudy”underhisfather’spreachinghestudiedoutofhisowninterest.Hewasjustlikeagourmetgreatlyattachedtodeliciousfoodwhichcouldwellgointohisenormousstomachwhethercoarseordelicatesweetorbitter.Similarlyhewouldburstintoanuproarwhilereadinglow-browbooks.Whenhewatchedfarcicalpartsinfolkoperashemightevenlaughoutofhisbalanceandimitatethemagainandagain.Asforsophisticatedworkseitherphilosophicalaestheticalworksortheoreticalbooksofliteratureandartshewouldreadthemoverandoveraskidslickedtheircandies.Asaresulthefinishedreadingthosethickbooksonebyone.Poetrywashisfavorite.Ifitweredictionariesglossariesencyclopediasthatweretooheavytomovehewouldreadthementrybyentrylinebyline.Iftherewereanynewversionthathehappenedtocomeacrosshewouldnevergettiredofsqueezingthenewentryintotheoldones.Heusedtomakenoteswhilereading.2005年9月真题SECTION1:LISTENINGTESTPartA:SpotDictationDirections:Inthispartofthetestyouwillhearapassageandreadthesamepassagewithblanksinit.Fillineachoftheblankswiththewordorwordsyouhaveheardonthetape.WriteyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.RememberyouwillhearthepassageONLYONCE.FormanyobserversofU.S.lifeandculturetosayAmericaistosayimmigration.Infactimmigrationissuch_______1oftheUnitedStatesthatinmanywaysitisimpossibletostudyone_______
2.Yetasgovernmentpolicyhaschangedto_______3thenumberofpeoplearrivingintheStateshas_______
4.In1840forexample_______5peopleimmigratedtothiscountry.Howeverthisnumberrosesteadilyuntilin1880_______6immigrantsarrivedintheU.S.Thisfigureclimbedevenhigheraround1900reachingapeakof_______7immigrants.Inthe1930spartlyasaresultof_______8itdroppedtohalfamillionimmigrantsbut_______9itbegantoriseonceagainreaching
6.3million_______
10.Thistrendwillprobablycontinuethroughthetwenty-firstcentury.Aninterestingfacttoconsideris_______
11.Intheearlypartofthecentury_______12camefromNorthernandWesternEurope.Butinthelatterpartofthetwentiethcenturyimmigrantscamefromotherplaces:_______13fromAsia35%fromLatinAmerica3%fromNorthernEuropeand7%from_______14therestfromNorthAmericaandotherplaces.Ofcourseeveryoneofthesemillionsofimmigrantshashadtodealwith_______15-thetaskoffindingtheirnicheintheU.S.Thetraditionalviewofimmigrationwasassimilationorthemeltingpotapproach.Thismeansthattheimmigrantgroupadaptsto_______
16.Thereisablendingofvaluesandlifestylesofimmigrantswiththemainstream.Anothermorerecentmodel_______
17.Thisdescribesasocietyinwhichmanycultureslivesidebyside_______
18.Thismodelresemblesasaladbowlinwhichmanyingredientsarepresentbutdistinctfromeachother_______
19.Eitherwaythechallengessocietyfacesandtheneedto_______20intothecountrycanonlybecomemoreimportantinthetwenty-firstcentury.PartB:ListeningComprehensionDirections:Inthispartofthetesttherewillbesomeshorttalksandconversations.Aftereachoneyouwillbeaskedsomequestions.ThetalksconversationsandquestionswillbespokenONLYONCE.NowlistencarefullyandchoosetherightanswertoeachquestionyouhaveheardandwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions1-
51.AHeisanAmericandiplomatworkinginLondon.BHeisanAssistantCulturalOfficerworkinginAmerica.CHeteachesAmericanstudiesinBritishschoolsanduniversities.DHelecturesontheAmericanwayoflifetovariousaudiences.
2.AHesnotinterestedintalkingaboutworldpolitics.BHeworksinconnectionwitheducation.CHespessimisticaboutthechancesoffutureworldpeace.DHethinksthattheAmericanwayoflifeisproblem-free.
3.AUncontrollableterrorattacks.BLarge-scaleregionalconflicts.CThegradualbutsteadyspreadofnucleartechnology.DThemassiveaccumulationoftheweaponsofwar.
4.AAffluence.BCasualness.CMaterialism.DSophistication.
5.APeoplearerichbutindifferenttotheneedsofothers.BPeoplearetoooptimisticaboutthefutureworld.CPeoplearewastefulofresources.DPeoplearecreatingnewandstrangethingsallthetime.Questions6-106ATheSecurityCouncilshouldhavesixnewpermanentmembers.BThenumberoftheSecurityCouncilspermanentmembersshouldbe
10.CAllnewmembersoftheSecurityCouncilshouldbenon-permanent.DOnlyfourpermanentseatsshouldbeaddedtotheSecurityCouncil.
7.AThisisthefirstvisittotheU.S.madebyaVietnameseleaderinthepast30years.BHisvisitistomarkthe30~anniversaryofthenormalizationoftheirdiplomaticties.CHeisscheduledtovisittheUnitedNationsheadquartersinNewYork.DHismainpurposeistodiscusssomeunresolvedissuesoverwarreparations.
8.AHugeamountsoffundshavedisappearedfromMasterCardholdersaccounts.BTheircustomerdatamayhavebeenaccessedbyanunauthorizedindividual.CTheoperationofthesystemrepeatedlyhaltedowingtounknownreasons.DThesystemhasbeenfilledtocapacitywithits40millioncreditcardholders.
9.AUSSecretaryofStateCondoleezzaRicemadeavisittoaJewishsettlement.BTwopeoplewerekilledduringanexchangeoffirebetweenPalestineandIsrael.CIsraelisoldierslaunchedaraidonavillageoccupiedbytheAbuRishBrigades.DAseniorpoliticalleaderofthemilitantIslamicJihadorganizationwasarrested.
10.AThegovernmentsmovefellwellshortofitsconditionfortalks.BThegovernmentshouldswitchtosocialistpoliciesasitpromised.CItwouldlaydownitsarmsifthegovernmentwouldsitdownfortalks.DItwouldstopattackingelectedSpanishpoliticians.Questions11-
1511.AUniversitylecturer.BSchoolteacher.CEnvironmentalcampaigner.DFilmproducer.
12.AWorkingwithateam.BSpeakinginpublicbeforeanyaudience.CSurvivingindifficultandevendangeroussituations.DUnderstandingwhatitisthatslikelytoprovideasenseoffulfillment.
13.ATheywerecontemptuousandhumorous.BTheytookenvironmentalactivistsseriously.CTheyweresimplyindifferent.DTheysharedthesameconcernsasenvironmentalists.
14.ATheyhavetodressformallyveryoften.BTheytrytopersuadepeopletheyvegotaseriousmessage.CTheyhavethehiddentie-cupboardintheiroffice.DTheytalkabouttheirstressfullifeinpublic.
15.AHiscareerputsagreatdealofstrainonhisprivatelife.BHisprivatelifetakessecondplace.CHehasmanagedsofartomakehispersonallifenottoomuchaffectedbyhisjob.DHehasdecidedtopursuehiscurrentcareerformanyyearstocome.Questions16-2016ATheyhavetobecomplicatedtoaccommodatemanyfeatures.BTheycommandhigherpricesiftheyaretechnologicallycomplicated.CTheysellwelliftheylooktechnologicallysophisticated.DTheyaredesignedtoconfuseussothatweturntothemanufacturerforhelp.
17.ATocatertothedifferentneedsandtastesofdifferenttourists.BToshowthatthesehotelsoffereverythingtouristsmighthopetohave.CTotrytheirutmosttohelpthecustomerstoselectagoodhotel.DTospreadthecustomersoutamongstthedifferenthotels.
18.ATheychoosethebesthotel.BTheygotoahotelthatmeetstheirneeds.CTheymakearandomdecision.DTheymakenodecisionatall.
19.AThemorefeaturesaproducthasthebetteritsells.BConfusingpeopleisaneasywayofcontrollingthem.CAbrandnamethatringsabellcanbeatitscompetitors.DCustomersbuythingsoftenonthebasisthattheyrecheaperthanothers.
20.ABecauseitsnolongerajoke;itsdeadlyserious.BBecausethesesystemsareawayofimprovingthings.CBecausecomplicatedsystemscanpreventhumanerrors.DBecauseitwouldbeeasiertoblamepeoplethanblamemachines.SECTION2:READINGTESTDirections:Inthissectionyouwillreadseveralpassages.Eachoneisfollowedbyseveralquestionsaboutit.YouaretochooseONEbestanswerABCorDtoeachquestion.AnswerallthequestionsfollowingeachpassageonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimpliedinthatpassageandwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions1-5Britainssmallandmedium-sizedbusinessescanbeforgivenforfeelingratherunder-whelmedbythechancellorsbudget.WhileGordonBrownappearedtotalkalotaboutcuttingredtapeforsmallfirmsoncloserinspectionitturnedoutthatmanyofthemeasuresheannouncedhadbeenalreadymentionedinpreviousbudgetsorweremerelyproposalsforconsultation.EasilythebiggestnewsforsmallbusinesseswasthechancellorsendorsementofthefindingsoftheHamptonreviewintoredtapewhichwillreducethenumberofbodiescarryingoutinspectionsofsmallbusinessesfrom35tonine.Brownclaimedthatthiswouldreducethenumberofbusinessinspectionscarriedoutbyathirdequalto1mfewerinspections.DavidBishopaspokesmanfortheFederationofSmallBusinessessaid:Thereare350differenttypesofinspectionthatcarryrightsofaccessintobusinesspremisessowearepleasedthatHamptonhasrecommendedstreamliningthe35inspectoratesintonine.Wethinkthatisanimportantstartintacklingtheburdenofcompliance.AndrewJonesofBDOStoyHaywardtheaccountancyfirmadded:AnycompanythathashadtogothrougharaftofinvestigationsthathaveonlyminorfindingsbutabsorbimmenseamountsofmanagementtimewillwelcometheproposedadoptionoftheHamptonreview.ACCAalsowelcomedthemovebutwarned:Thebenefitsofreorganisationwillcomeinthelongertermbecausetheinitialcostsofthechangewillbesubstantial.ThechancelloralsoannouncedthattheInlandRevenueandCustomswillhaveconsultationsoverthecreationofasingletaxreturnforsmallbusinesses.ThiswouldmeanfirmswouldnolongerhavetofileseparatereturnsforVatandcompanytax.AspartofthisinitiativeheplanstocreateacombinedInlandRevenueandCustomsdepartmenttogivesmallbusinessesasinglepointofcontact.HoweverBishopsaiditcouldtakealongtimetobecomereality:Ourviewisifthatisnotpieintheskythenitiscertainlyalongwayoffinthefuture.Itisnotsomethingthatwillbeimplementedimmediately.MikeWarburtontaxpartneratGrantThorntontheaccountantsaid:Thisisjustatrialmoveandthereisnoindicationthatthiswillbecomestandardpractice.Evenifitdoesitcouldproveproblematicforsmallcompaniesthatdonothaveexpertsondirectandindirecttaxationonsite.BrownalsoannouncedthelaunchofaninformationcampaigntomaketinybusinessesawarethattheyareentitledtopayaflatrateofVat.Andheproposedthecreationofashortersimplifiedtaxreturnoffourpagesratherthan16foranestimated500000ofBritainssmallestbusinessesthathaveaturnoveroflessthan£
15000.Warburtonsaid:Thisisawelcomemovebuttherearemorethan4msmallbusinessesintheUKandthisinitiativewillaffectonlyoneineightofthem--andtheverysmallestonesatthat.TerryMooretaxpartneratBDOStoyHaywardadded:Theseareallthingsthathavebeentalkedaboutinpastbudgets--sowhiletheyarebeingheraldedasnewinitiativestheyarenotreally.AshopedBrownintroducedatimetablefortheintroductionofsimplerredtapesurroundingworkingtaxcredits--byApril2006paymentswillbemadedirectfromtheInlandRevenueratherthanthroughtheemployer.Bishopsaid:Thisisimportantbecausepayrollburdensareoneofthebiggestadministrativeburdensthatsmallbusinessesface.Brownalsoannouncedproposalstoextendtheresearch-and-developmentRDtaxcreditsavailabletosmallandmedium-sizedfirmsalthoughhegavelittlefurtherdetailabouthowthiswouldworkinpractice.Mooresaid:IguesswhatheistryingtodoissimplifytheprocessofclaimingRDtaxcreditswhichisobviouslyapositivestepforsmallerfirms.AtthemomentthereisquiteacumbersomeprocessforclaimingRDtaxcredits.Wehopethatthegovernmentwillmakeiteasierforbusinessestogettherelief.Overallthefeelingamongsmallbusinessesisthatinthisbudgetnonewsisgoodnewsandthatinanelectionyearthiswasperhapsasmuchastheycouldhavehopedfor.AsNickGouldingchiefexecutiveoftheForumofPrivateBusinesssaid:Thisbudgetisprettymuchneutralforsmallbusinesses.
1.WhichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtotheexpressionredtapeusedinthepassageAThered-coloredtapeusedingovernmentoffices.BRigidformalityofofficialroutine.CStrictregulationforinspectingsmallfirms.DClosereviewofgovernmentbudgets.
2.AccordingtothepassagewhatisthegeneralresponsetowardschancellorGordonBrownstalkaboutcuttingredtapeAWarmlyexpectant.BStronglyopposing.CTotallyindifferent.DCautiouslyappreciative.
3.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutthechancellorsnewlyproposedbudgetAThenumberofbodiescarryingoutinspectionsofsmallbusinesseswillbereduced.BThepreparationofthebudgetwasbasedonthefindingoftheHamptonreview.CRDtaxcreditsavailabletosmallandmedium-sizedbusinesseswillbeextended.DAshortersimplifiedtaxreturnwillbecreatedforthe4millionsmallbusinesses.
4.Itcanbeconcludedthatthemainpurposeofthechancellorsbudgetis_______.AtominimizethenumberofbusinessinspectionsBtolowertheVatandcompanytaxofmorethan4millionsmallbusinessesCtoencouragethedevelopmentofsmallandmedium-sizedbusinessesDtoregulatetheaccountingsystemforsmallbusinesses
5.Whenthefeelingamongsmallbusinessesisthatinthisbudgetnonewsisgoodnewspara.6itshowsthat_______.AtheydonotthinktheywillgetanygoodnewsfromthechancellorBtheyknewtheycouldnotexpectmorefromthebudgetCtheydonotthinktheircriticismwillbeacceptedbythechancellorDtheyexpectamoreradicalreformaftertheelectionyearQuestions6-10Tomostpeoplethehumanfaceisacompellingobjectfraughtwithmeaning.Butforautisticchildrenwhocantgetareadonotherpeoplesemotionseyecontactisterrifying.Whentheydolookatfacestheytendtostareatthemouth.Fortunatelyresearchersnowthinkthattechnologycanhelpovercomethebarrierthatisolatesthesekids.Softwarethatenablesrobotstorespondtoachildsfeelingsalittlebit--butnottoomuch--canhelptrainhimorhertointeractmorefreelywithpeople.Thebeautyofarobotorsoftwareisthatitsnothumanandthereforenotasintimidating”saysStephenPorgesanautismexpertattheUniversityofIllinoisinChicago.Computer-generatedfacesarealreadyhavinganimpactintheclassroom.PsychologistDominicMassaroattheUniversityofCaliforniaSantaCruzhascreatedBaldialivelycomputercharacterasastand-inforhumanteachers.ForthreeyearsBaldiandhisfemalecounterpartBaldettehavebeengivingautistickidsintheBaySchoolinSantaCruzlessonsinvocabularyandinunderstandingfacialexpressions.Thecharacterhasbeensosuccessfulthathesspawnedimitators--BaldiniinItalianBaldirinArabicandBaoinChinese.Porgesthinksthattherealroleofcartoonpersonasisnotsomuchtoteachpatientsastocalmthem.Autistickidsliveinastateofhyperalertnessasiftheywereconstantlysufferingstagefright.IftechnologycanputthemateasePorgesarguessocialskillswilldevelopnaturally.InarecentstudyPorgesexposed20autisticpeoplerangingfroml0to21yearsoldtoengineeredspeechandmusic.Heremovedlowfrequencysoundswhichthebodytendstointerpretasindicatingdangerandexaggeratedvocalintonationsmuchaspeopledramatizeemotionswhenspeakingtoinfants.After45minutesallbutoneofthesubjectsbeganlookingattheeyesofapersononavideoscreenjustasanormalviewerwould.Theimprovementpersistedatleastaweekbuthadfadedaftersixmonths.Porgesisnowdevelopingheadphonesthatreducelowfrequencies.Healsohopestotestwhetherongoingexposuretotheengineeredsoundscanleadtolong-termimprovement.Othertechnologymaybeeffectiveforlessseverelyautisticchildren.Whereasnormalbabieslearnfromcaretakerstomirroremotions--smileatasmilefrownatafrown--autisticchildrenoftenlackthisbasicskill.CognitivescientistsJavierMovellanandMarianStewartBartlettattheUniversityofCaliforniaSanDiegohavebuiltarobotthatcanreadfaces.Theyhopethatplayingwiththerobotandwatchingitinteractwithotherswillinspireautisticchildrentoreturnthesmilesofhumans.Commercialemotion-readingsoftwareabouttohitthemarketcouldbeaboonforsomehighfunctioningautisticandAspergerspatientsindealingwithsocialsituations.AffectiveMediaafirmnearEdinburghScotlandhascreatedaprototypephonethathearstheemotioninvoicemessagesandconveysitexplicitlytotheowner.APersoncheckingmessageswouldhearsomethinglikethis:Youhavetwoboredcallsonesurprisedcallandoneangrycall.ThreeyearsagothiswassciencefictionsaysChristianJonesco-founderofAffectiveMedia.ResearchersattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyhavebuiltasimilarvoicemailsystemcalledEmotiveAlertthatevaluatesacallersintonationspeedandvolume.Itidentifieswhetheracallsoundsurgentinformalorformalandwhetherthespeakerwashappyorsad.Emotion-readingsoftwaremightimprovethewayweallinteractwithmachines.Computersatcallcentersmaysoonbeabletoalertemployeestoaniratecallerwhomightneedspecialhandling.ScientistsatAffectiveMediaStanfordandToyotaaredevelopingasystemforcarsthatrespondstocuesinthedriversvoiceandfaceperhapsturningonappropriatemusicifadriverseemssad.Itsanotherbarrieremotionallyadeptsoftwaremighthelpovercome.
6.WhenautismexpertStephenPorgessaysThebeautyofarobotorsoftwareisthatitsnothumanpara.1heimpliesthat_______.AthebeautyofarobotorsoftwareisquiteapparentBarobotorsoftwarehasitsuniquebeautyinshapeCarobotorsoftwarecanneverfunctionasahumanDunlikearobotorsoftwarehumanscanberatherthreatening
7.AccordingtothepassagewhichofthefollowingisNOTcharacteristicofautisticchildrenATheyhavedifficultyinunderstandingfacialexpressionsofothers.BTheyareoftenunabletomaintaineyecontactwithothers.CTheyalwaysliveinastateofover-alertness.DTheyfeelateaseonlywheninteractingwithcomputerteachers.
8.StephenPorgesconcludedfromhisinvestigationthat_______.AsocialskillswilldevelopnaturallyinautistickidswhentheyareateaseBthedevelopmentofsocialskillsisanagonizingprocessCsocialskillswillbeacquirednaturallyasautistickidsgrowupDtheuseofcartoonpersonascaneliminatestagefrightinautistickids
9.BysayingThreeyearsagothiswassciencefictionpara.5ChristianJonesmeansthatthephonethathearstheemotioninhumanvoice_______.AfirstappearedinsciencefictionatthattimeBcouldhavebeeninventedthreeyearsagoCwasconsideredsimplyimpossiblethreeyearsagoDcouldnotbeimaginedbyhumanitythreeyearsago
10.Accordingtothelasttwoparagraphsemotion-readingsoftware_______.AwillbeusedtoteachpeoplehowtointeractwithmachinesBcanbethemajormeanstocureautisticpatientsCcanbemostproficientandusefulatcallcentersDwillprobablybeusedtohelpreducetrafficaccidentsQuestions11-15Youcanseethehand-wringingfromBerlintoBostonTorontotoTokyo:Lowbirthratesandagingpopulationsspelldisasterforrichnations.Theylloverburdenchildrenwithfinancialobligationstotheireldersrendsocialsafetynetsandpusheconomiesintoneutral.TheressomuchhystericalstuffaboutthisissuesaysGaryBurtlessaneconomistwiththeBrookingsInstitution.Itsworthaskingtheworrywartswhoitistheyrereallyworriedabout.TodaysparentsByandlargewomenhavefewerchildrenbecausetheybelieveitwillcontributetotheirownhappinessorthatofthechildrentheydochoosetohave.TheirchildrenOverthepast150yearsthenextgenerationhasalmostalwaysbeenmoreprosperousonthewholethanthepreviousgeneration.Todayschildrenarericherinthingsandeducationthantheirparentswereasyoungsters.FuturegenerationsItmaybetruethatagingslowsdownaneconomy.Butnotnecessarilysomeeconomistssay.Businessfacedwithfewerworkersmaywellinvestmoreinmachinesandothermeansforraisingproductivityandprosperity.ConsiderJapan.TheJapaneseareevenmoreworriedthanAmericansaboutanagingpopulation.Japanesewomenonaveragehaveonly
1.35childrensubstantiallyfewerthanthe
2.05ofAmericanwomen.MoreovertheJapaneselivelongeronaveragethananyothernationalityonearth.InthefuturethoughJapaneseworkersages20to64willhaverelativelyfewerchildrentosupportwithfoodclothinghousingeducationandsoonthanAmericanswill.TheydonthaveanywhereneartheshareofpeopleinjailthattheUSdoeseachinmatecostingabout$25000ayear.NordotheyhaveAmericasshareofyoungpeopleincapacitatedforworkbydrugsalcoholgangsandotherills.TheJapanesedoaprettygoodjobofrearingchildrensaysMr.Burtlessbackfromavisittotheislandnation.Theyhaveextremelylowratesofdivorce.Fewchildrenarebornoutsideofmarriage.DespitetheirconcerntheJapaneseexpecttoretainahighlivingstandard.WhataboutWesternEuropeannationsmostofwhicharealsosaddledwithextremelylowbirthratesandpopulationsexpectedtoshrinkifnotalreadydecliningInItalyforexamplethemedianagewillrisefrom42to51overthenexttwodecades.WouldtheytradeplaceswiththepeopleofMexicoorevenChinaWouldtheirchildrenInthecurrentdebateoverSocialSecurityintheUnitedStatescriticsnotethatby2042payrolltaxeswillcoveronly70percentofpromisedbenefits.Whattheyoftendontacknowledgeisthatthis70percentwillbemuchgreaterinrealpurchasingpowerthanwhatbeneficiariesgettodaythankstogreaterproductivity.EveniftheUSkeptSocialSecurityfullyfundedbyraisingthepayrolltaxrateworkerstowardtheendofthecenturyshouldbemuchbetteroffsaysMr.Burtless.WhyshouldwebefeelingsorryforthemTheagingofpopulationsdoeshaveeconomicconsequencesofcourse.TheEuropeanandJapaneseeconomieshavetendedtogrowmoreslowlythanthatoftheUSpartlybecausetheirworkforcesarenotgrowingasmuch.Economistsdebatehoweverwhetherslowornegativepopulationgrowthwillresultinlessormoreoutputperperson.JamesPoterbaaneconomistatHarvardUniversitysuggeststhatolderpopulationsinJapanandEuropemaypartlyaccountforapoliticalreluctancetomakeeconomicreformsintheworkplace.TheMckinseyGlobalInstituteinNewYorkhasjustpublishedalengthystudyoftheUSJapanGermanyBritainandItalywhichaccountfortwo-thirdsofglobalfinancialassets.Itskeyconclusionisthatgrowthinhouseholdfinancialwealthoverthenext20yearswillslowbymorethantwothirdsfrom
4.5%historicallyto
1.3%.Sohouseholdwealthinsteadofgrowingto$85trillioninthesefivecountrieswillgrowto$54trillion.MostpeopleinsuchnationsasItalyGermanyandFrancedependprimarilyontheirsocialsecuritysystemtoprovideanadequatepension.ThesepensionsaremuchmoregenerousthantheAmericansystemprovides.ButfewerEuropeanshavepensionsfromcompaniesorotheremployers.BarryBosworthanotherBrookingseconomisttellsofavisittoMontevideocapitalofUruguayaLatinAmericannationwithashrinkingpopulation.Thedowntownhasblockafterblockofemptybuildingshesays.Hotelsareempty.ThereareapartmentswhichinNewYorkCitypeoplewouldkillfor.SowillagingandthenceshrinkingpopulationsresultinreduceddemandforhousingandfallinghomepricesInGermanytalkofcuttingpensionshasmeantthatworkingGermanshavesteppeduptheirsavingsratetoprovidefortheiroldage.TheresultisanoverhangofsavingsandashortageofspendingthatiskeepingeconomicgrowthmodestsaysMr.Bosworth.ContrastthatwiththeUSwhereforyearsforeignsavingshavefinancedspending.EconomistsjokethatAmericansaretheworldsconsumersoflastresort.Possiblytodayspensionuncertaintycausedbyanagingpopulationwillpromptthemtosavemore.Thatwouldnotbeabadthing.
11.Itcanbeconcludedthatthebeginningsentencesofthefirstparagraph_______.AprovidedetailstosupportthemainideaofthepassageBgiveagloomypictureofagingpopulationinrichcountriesCserveasastartingpointforthediscussionofthetopicDwarnthatagingpopulationcouldleadtodisastrousconsequences
12.TheauthorusesJapanastheexampletoshow_______.AthattheJapaneseattachgreaterimportancetotheirhousingandeducationBwhytheJapaneseareworriedabouttheiragingpopulationCthattheJapanesemaintainahighlivingstandarddespiteanagingpopulationDwhytheJapaneselivelongerthanothernationsincludingAmericans
13.InthedebateoverSocialSecurityintheUnitedStatestheprojectedpercentageofpromisedbenefits_______.AcanbemeaninglesstothosebeneficiariesBismoreusefulandimportantdataforpensionersChasnothingtodowiththepayrolltaxrateDismoresignificantwhenrelatedtorealpurchasingrower
14.TheMcKinseyGlobalInstitutesstudyhasmainlyshown_______.Atheslowgrowthinhouseholdfinancialwealthinthenext20yearsBthedisparitiesinsocialsecuritysystembetweenEuropeandtheUnitedStatesCthedifferencesinfinancialassetsamongthefivecountriesDtheroleofthefivecountriesinthegrowthofglobalfinancialassets
15.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesthebasictoneofthepassageAArgumentativeandoptimistic.BCynicalandindifferent.CSeriousandpessimistic.DPrejudicedandsarcasticQuestions16-20RoyGuzmanfoundhimselfinaneducationalno-mans-land.AbrightindustriousteenwhocametoMiamifromHondurasnineyearsagohescoredwellenoughonhisSATthathewasbeingrecruitedbyStanfordUniversity.ButdespitethetuitionaidhecouldhavereceivedGuzmanfeltthatheandhisfamilywerentreadyfortheheavyfinancialburdenoffouryearsataprestigiouscollege.AnddespitehisgoodgradesGuzmanwasworriedthathewasntreadyacademicallyeither.ButjustashewasabouttodelaycollegeandjointheMarinesGuzmanheardthatMiamiDadeCollegeoneofthelargestcommunitycollegesintheU.S.hadcreatedanhonorscollegeofferinganadvanceduniversity-levelcorecurriculumthatwouldallowhimtofine-tunehisskillsanddoitwithouthavingtopayStanfords$29847tuition.NowinhissecondandfinalyearatMiamiDadeGuzman19isasconfidentasaConnecticutpreppyabouttacklingStanfordoranIvyLeaguecollegenextyear.IfIhadgonetoStanfordImightbefailinghesays.ButnowIwontbewonderingifImjustfillinga[minorityenrollment]quota.IllknowforsurethatImreadytotakeonthoseschoolsrequirements.Guzmanhastakenadvantageofthefactthatcommunitycolleges--thedemocraticblue-collarinstitutionsofU.S.highereducationinthe20thcentury--aretryingonmoreupscalecapsandgownsinthe21st.Theyrestillabargain;ayearoftuitionandfeesatMiamiDaderunsabout$
3000.Butmorethanathirdofthe1157communitycollegesintheU.S.havedevelopedsomekindofhonorsprogramdesignedtoattracthigher-qualitystudentsandprofessors.Ascash-strappedstatescapenrollmentatpublicuniversities--despiteariseinthenumberof18-year-oldscommunity-collegehonorsprogramsoffertalentedstudentsarespectableplacetostarttheirhighereducation.Asaresultthemedianageofcommunity-collegestudentshasdroppedfrom27in1990to23today.ButdoesthegreateracademiccachetbetraythecommunitycollegesoriginalmissiontoprovidearefugeforremedialundergradsandmidlifecareerswitchersThehonorscollegeatMiamiDadeuseslessthan$1millionoftheschools$643millionbudget.Butitsapproximately400studentswhoallgetscholarshipsenjoyanenviablestudent-professorratiooflessthan15to1comparedwithabout25to1forregularstudents.Andwhilemorethan80%ofMiamiDadeshonorsstudentsareblackorLatinostudentsinsimilarprogramsatothercommunitycollegeshavebeenpredominantlywhitefemales.Wehavetobecarefulthatinthescrambleforprestigewedontloseourmostimportantfocus---openaccesssaysRichardRomanodirectoroftheInstituteforCommunityCollegeResearchatSUNY/BroomeCommunityCollegeinBinghamtonN.Y.ButMiamiDadepresidentEduardoPadronarguesthatitisunfairtorestrictcommunitycollegestothattraditionalroleandallowonlythefour-yearcollegesorresearchuniversitiestoteachmoreelitestudents.Havingthesemoreambitiousscholarsoncampushesayscreatesamotivationalrolemodelfortherestofhis160000students.TobeadmittedtoMiamiDadeshonorsprogramstudentsneedeitheraminimum
3.7highschoolgrade-pointaverageor1800onthenewSATandtheyhavetomaintaina
3.5GPAtostayin.Morethanhalfthe60creditsthestudentsmustcompletehavetobeinchallenginghonors-levelcourses.HonorsstudentsareofferedfreecoursesinEuropeorattop-flightschoolslikeSmithCollege.Inadditionsome90four-yearschoolsincludingSmithandtheUniversityofWisconsinatMadisonhaveagreementswithMiamiDadethatinsomecasesguaranteeitshonorsgradsacceptanceflightintotheirjuniorclasses.Thereinliesabonusbenefitofthehonorsboom:astheSupremeCourthasmadeitharderforuniversityadmissionsofficestouseminorityquotastodiversifytheirstudentpopulationstheprogramsatthesetwo-yearschoolsaregraduatingmoreblackandLatinostudentswhosetalentsandpreparationmeantheydontnecessarilyneedtorelyonaquotasystemforadmissionintothoseschools.ItdoesmakeiteasierforselectiveinstitutionslikeourstorecruitagreaterdiversitysaysPeterSpearprovostatMadison.Andthatinturnismakingiteasierforcommunitycollegestokeeprecruitinghonorsstudents.
16.WhatdoesthebeginningsentenceofthepassageRoyGuzmanfoundhimselfinaneducationalno-mansland.tellusARoyGuzmanwitnessedtheradicaleducationalreformincommunitycolleges.BRoyGuzmanexperiencedanewmodeofeducationincommunitycollege.CRoyGuzmantookgreatprideinthehonorsprograminMiamiDadeCollege.DRoyGuzmansetagoodexampleinminorityenrollmentinAmerica.
17.Itcanbefoundfromthepassagethatthepracticeofminorityenrollmentquota_______.AisapreferentialpolicytostudentsfromminoritygroupsBshowstheinequalityofhighereducationforAmericanstudentsCisbasedonthepoorqualityofeducationforminoritystudentsDencouragesthedevelopmentofeducationforminoritystudentsinAmerica
18.Themedianageofcommunity-collegestudentshasdroppedfrom27in1990to23todaybecause_______.AmoreremedialundergradsattendcommunitycollegesBmore18-year-oldsattendcommunitycollegehonorsprogramsCmoretwoyearcommunitycollegeshaveturnedintofouryearuniversitiesDmorecommunitycollegesenrollmidlifecareerswitchers
19.AllofthefollowingstatementsaretrueaboutMiamiDadeCollegeEXCEPTthat_______.Athestudent-professorratiopromotesthequalityofhonorsprogramsBMiamiDadeshonorsstudentsareallminoritystudentsCthehighenrollmentrequirementisnecessaryforthehonorsprograminMiamiDadeDhonorsstudentscanplayamotivationalrolemodelforotherstudentsinthecollege
20.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat_______.AmostAmericancommunitycollegesareplanningtorunhonorsprogramsBmorestatessupporthonorsprogramsrunbycommunitycollegesChonorsprogramsarebeingacceptedbymorefour-yearuniversitiesDfour-yearuniversitiesarelessconcernedwithdiversityofstudentpopulationsSECTION3:TRANSLATIONTESTDirections:TranslateofthefollowingpassageintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.ThebookshowsustheprogressofaremarkableAmericanwhothroughhisownenormousenergiesandeffortsmadetheunlikelyjourneyfromHopeArkansastotheWhiteHouse---ajourneyfueledbyanimpassionedinterestinthepoliticalprocesswhichmanifesteditselfateverystageofhislife:incollegeworkingasaninternforSenatorWilliamFulbright;atOxfordbecomingpartoftheVietnamWarprotestmovement;atYaleLawSchoolcampaigningonthegrassrootslevelforDemocraticcandidates;backinArkansasrunningforCongressattorneygeneralandgovernor.Weseehiscareershapedbyhisresolutedeterminationtoimprovethelifeofhisfellowcitizensanunfalteringcommitmenttocivilfightsandanexceptionalunderstandingofthepracticalitiesofpoliticallife.Wecometounderstandtheemotionalpressuresofhisyouth--bornafterhisfathersdeath;caughtinthedysfunctionalrelationshipbetweenhisfeistynurturingmotherandhisabusivestepfatherdrawntothebrilliantcompellingladywhomhewasdeterminedtomarry;passionatelydevotedfromherinfancytotheirdaughterandtotheentireexperienceoffatherhood;slowlyandpainfullybeginningtocomprehendhowhisearlydenialofpainledhimattimesintodamagingpatternsofbehavior.SECTION4:LISTENINGTESTPartA:Note-takingAndGap-fillingDirections:Inthispartofthetestyouwillhearashorttalk.YouwillhearthetalkONLYONCE.Whilelisteningtothetalkyoumaytakenotesontheimportantpointssothatyoucanhaveenoughinformationtocompleteagap-fillingtaskonaseparateANSWERBOOKLET.YouwillnotgetyourANSWERBOOKLETuntilafteryouhavelistenedtothetalkAllpesticidesaredangerousto_______1thingsandthatincludeshumanbeings.Thoughpesticideusersspeakofnon-targetorganismspesticidesdonot_______2betweentargetedandnon-targetedlivingthings.Whilehumanbeingsareseldomifeverintentionallytargetedfor_______3pesticideexposurepesticideshavekilledsomepeople.Worldwideanywherefromonemillionto_______4millionpeopleareestimatedtosufferfrom_______5pesticidepoisoningeachyearwithmorethantwentythousand_______
6.Infactpesticideshavebecomeadrugofchoiceforcommitting_______7:WHOestimatesthateachyeartwomillionpeoplein_______8countriespurposelyingestthepesticidessoeasilyavailabletothem.Obviouslypesticidesarenotsomethingtofoolaroundwith.ButwheredoweencounterpesticidesTheansweris_______
9.Peopleareexposedtopesticidesintheir_______10anddrinkingwaterandtheairtheybreatheandintheir_______11and_______
12.Accordingtosomehealthspecialistsasmanyas_______13Americansayearwilldevelopcancerbecauseofpesticide_______14onproducethattheyeat.Pesticideresidueshavebeenrankedasthenationsnumber_______15cancerrisk.Childrenareespeciallyat_______16frompesticides.EarlierthisyearWHOestimatedthatatleast_______17ofthe_______18populationareexposedtovariouspesticidesabove_______19levelsjustfromeating_______20fruitalone.PartB:ListeningandTranslationI.SentenceTranslationDirections:Inthispartofthetestyouwillhear5Englishsentences.YouwillhearthesentencesONLYONCE.AfteryouhaveheardeachsentencetranslateitintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.12345II.PassageTranslationDirections:Inthispartofthetestyouwillhear2Englishpassages.YouwillhearthepassagesONLYONCE.AfteryouhaveheardeachpassagetranslateitintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Youmaytakenoteswhileyouarelistening.12SECTION5:READINGTESTDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagesandthenanswerINCOMPLETESENTENCESthequestionswhichfolloweachpassage.UseonlyinformationfromthepassageyouhavejustreadandwriteyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions1-4Britainissufferingabraindrainofhighlyeducatedwomenwhostruggletofindjobsthatmatchtheirabilitywhentheyreturntoworkafterchildbirth.Aseriesofreportstobepublishedinthenextmonthhighlightconcernsthatthejobmarketistooinflexibletoaccommodatetheneedsofyoungmothers.Expertsarguethatbillionsofpoundsofskillsandexperiencearebeinglosttotheeconomy.TheAmericansociologistSylviaHewletthasjustcompletedastudyintotheproblemandwillbebriefingMPsnextmonth.Shebelievesthatwhiletherearemanyoff-ramps---opportunitiesforwomentoquitcareers--therearetoofewon-rampsthatallowthemtoclimbbackontothecareerladder.InanearlierstudyHewlettfoundthat33%ofAmericanwomenwithMBAswerenotinfull-timeworkcomparedwith5%oftheirmalecounterparts.InBritainanEqualOpportunitiesCommissionstudyisexpectedtoshowthatwomenarechannelledintodead-endjobsorforcedtoabandontheircareersafterstartingafamily.Thestudywillarguethatflexibleworkingisnotbeingappliedeffectively.ChiefexecutiveCarolineSlocockcitedthedilemmaofaworkingmotherwhohadtocollectatoddlerfromplaygroupbutwasfacedwithanofficeculturethatvaluedlateworking.Theresultwasshehadtogopart-timeorquit.EveryonelosesoutsaidSlocock.Employerslosetheskillsandexperienceofvaluedstaffandhavetorecruitandretrainreplacements.Theeconomylosesout.Theworkersinvolvedloseacareerorendupwithlowpay.AreporttobepublishedtomorrowbytheInstituteforPublicPolicyResearchfindsthat48%ofmotherswithachildunderfivenowworkarapidrisefrom5%in
1990.Peoplearenowlesslikelytosaythatawomansplaceisinthehome;theproportionwhobelievethathasdroppedfromathirdtoasixthin15years.HowevertheinstitutereportwrittenbyProfessorPeterTaylor-Goobyfindsthatwomensufferadoubleburdenbecausealthoughmanynowhavecareerstheyareseenbybothmenandwomenastheobvioushalfofapartnershiptodomostofthechildcare.ThecomplexitiesofcombiningtheneedsofaworkingmotherwiththeneedsofheremployerareillustratedbythecaseofJessicaStarmera26-year-oldOxfordgraduateandairlinepilotwithonechild.AtanemploymenttribunalstillproceedingshehasclaimedthattherefusalbyBritishAirwaystoletherreduceherflyinghoursby50%amountstosexdiscrimination.BAsaysitrequirespilotswithfewerthan2000hoursexperience---Starmerhas1100--toworkatleast75%ofanormalrate.Starmersaidlastmonth:Ihavebeenapilotforfouryears.ThejobinvolvesearlystartslatefinishesandstaysawayfromhomeanditwouldbeimpossibletofindchildcareifIwasworkingfull-time.ForBAtosayIcanthavethepart-timeworkisdiscriminatingagainstwomen.Somecompanieshaverecognisedthattheyloseavaluableresourceiftheyfalltoencouragewomentoresumeworkafterchildbirth.PriceWaterhouseCoopersgivesallwomenemployeeswithchildrenanextra20%oftheirsalaryintheformofchildcarevouchersforoneyearandtheproportionofwomenwhoreturntothefirmaftermaternityleavehasshotupfrom40%to92%.SeniorresearcherAlexandraJonessaidflexibleworkinghadbeenbadlyimplementedinmanycompanies.Ifthepersonworksinateamitcanbethattherestoftheteamhavetopickupthatworkandtheindividualfeelsbad.Thatspoormanagement.HoweverJillKirbyoftheCentreforPolicyStudiessaiditwaswrongtocasthigh-flyingwomenasthethwartedvictimsofanunfairworkingculture.Motherswhowerecareer-drivenwouldsucceedcomewhatmayshesaid.Manywomenchosetotakelesshigh-pressurejobstospendmoretimewiththeirfamily.ThereisatendencyforhighlyeducatedwomentogoforthefamilyoptionbecausetheyhavehighaspirationsfortheirchildrensaidKirby.
1.Giveyourexplanationofthetwometaphoricalexpressionsofoff-rampsandon-rampspara.1usedbytheAmericansociologistSylviaHewlett.
2.WhydoesPeterTaylor-Goobysaythatwomensufferadoubleburden
3.WhatcanbelearnedfromthecaseofJessicaStarmer
4.WhatisJillKirbysviewabouttheissueQuestions5-7TheboominCDgiveawaysbynationalnewspapersislikelytoendwhenmusiccompaniesstopprovidingcompilationalbumsfollowingadeclineinsalesandpressurefrommusicretailers.FromtheendofthismonthUniversalthemarketleaderresponsibleforaboutoneinfouralbumsalesintheUKistorefusetoallownewspaperstouseitsextensivebackcatalogueforgiveaways.ThemovefollowsasimilardecisionlastsummerbyBritainsbiggestmusicgroupEMItorestrictsalestonewartistsordeepcatalogueonly.Thesedecisionsapotentialblowtotheextremelycompetitivenationalnewspapermarketcomeafterextensivelobbyingbyretailersworriedaboutthedeclineincompilationsales.Overthecountercompilationsalesaredownabout10%ontheyearcomparedwitha2%riseinartistalbums.GennaroCastaldoaspokesmanforHMVwelcomedthedecisionbythetwomusicmajorssaying:Therehasbeenanoticeableimpactoncompilationsales...UniversalandEMIhaverespondedtolobbyingfromretailersandthemanagerswhorepresenttheartists.ThelobbyingefforthasbeenledbySteveKnottthemanagingdirectorofHMVEuropeandchairmanoftheBritishAssociationofRecordDealers.Recordindustryexecutivesdenytheiractionsarearesultofretaillobbyingpointingtoaresurgentmarketforalbumsandthelowmarginsofgiveaways.LucianGraingethechairmanandchiefexecutiveofUniversalMusicsaid:Wedecidedtostopsupplyingthemforavarietyofreasonspartlyoversupply.Itwaspurelybasedoncommercialreasons.Anotherexecutivesaid:Itwasjusttoomuch.YoucantmoveforCDsonthedoormat...Theyhavereallyovercookedthegoose.Mr.CastaldoatHMVagrees.Everyretailerfeelsthesameasdothemanagersofrecordingartists.Theyhavebeenlobbyingtherecordcompaniestobackawayfromcovermounts.Ithasdevaluedtheproduct.Ithasbecometrashythingthatisjustthrownaway.Weareverypleasedtherecordcompaniesarecominground.TescotheUKsbiggestmusicretailerdeniedanyknowledgeofthechangeincovermountpolicy.Thescaleofthegiveawaysinthepastyearevenpromptedoneadvertisingexecutiveatanationalnewspapertoadmitthemarkethadgoneslightlyberserk.IndustryexecutivescitethestateofthenewspapermarketforthesurgeinCDgiveaways.Anageingreadershipcombinedwithcompetitionfromtelevisionandtheinternethaspromptedarevolutioninthetraditionallycut-throatmarket.AswellaschangingsizethefightforreadershasledtoamassivegrowthingiveawaysfromspaofferstofreeDVDs.FreeCDsalsoprovideanestimated10%-20%increaseinsales.TheMailonSundaywhichsells
2.4mcopiesaweeksoldanextra500000copieswhenitaddedaBeachBoyscompilationlastsummer.TheGuardiansthirdhighestsaletodate--afterSeptember122001andtheBlairvictoryin1997--wastheeditionthatcamewithaFatBoySlimCDin
2001.Onecirculationexecutiveatanationalnewspapergroupdescribedthemovebythemusicmajorsaspossiblyagoodthing.Hepredictedothermeansofaddingsalesfromeditorial-basedextrastomoreDVDs.WehavebecomeslightlyaddictedtotheCDgiveaways.Itbecomesdifficulttogiveupthedrugwhenweeklycirculationfiguresarecomparedwithlastyearsfiguresthemselvesbuoyedupbygiveaways.ThereisalsolittleevidencethattheCDsprovideloyalreaderswithadrop-offinreadershipaweekafteragiveaway.AlthoughmoreexpensivethanCDsatabout30padisccomparedwithabout10p-20pforCDsDVDshavealreadyprovedsuccessfulinenticingreaders.ThebigincreaseinreadersoftheSaturdayeditionoftheTimesispartlylaidatthedoorofasuccessfulDVDgiveaway.Theofferofthreefilmsinarowisestimatedtohavecostthegroupsome£
1.8monceTVadvertisingwasfactoredin.HoweversalesoftheSaturdaypaperwhichhadperformedlesswellthantheMondaytoFridayeditionshaveincreasedbyabout100000readerstoanestimated
790000.Mr.CastaldoatHMVdescribedtheCDmoveaspotentiallytoolittletoolatebecausesomeofthedamagehasbeendone.Retailerswouldbelookingatsimilarmovesbyentertainmentgroups.NowweneedtohalttheuseofDVDsthathasevengreaterperceivedvalueandhastobeprotected.Weshouldbetheguardiansofthatproduct.
5.WhatisCDgiveawayWhatisthepurposeofBritishnationalnewspapersinusingthestrategyofCDgiveaways
6.WhatismeantbytheexecutivesstatementTheyhavereallyovercookedthegoose.para
37.WhataretheattitudesofmusicretailersandentertainmentgroupstowardsCDgiveawaysQuestions8-10TheresatimebombtickinginAmericasprivatepensionsystem.Althoughtheairlineindustryshefty$32billioninunfundedpensionshascapturedheadlinesinrecentmonthstheproblemextendsmuchfurther.Automotivecompaniesforinstancehaveabout$60billioninpensionshortfalls.ThePensionBenefitGuarantyCorp.saysU.S.pensionunderfundingatlargecompaniesgrew27%lastyearto$354billion.Thedeficitforallcompanieswasastaggering$450billion.Comparethatwithatotalshortfalloflessthan$50billionin2000anditsclearthatthisfast-growingcrisismustbeaddressedwhilethePBGC--alreadyfacinga$23billiondeficitaftertakingoverterminatedplansfromthelikesofBethlehemSteelandUnitedAirlinescanstillshouldertheburden.Ifthisallsoundsabitfamiliaritshould.Inthe1980stheFederalSavingsLoanInsuranceCorp.thegovernment-sponsoredinsurancefundforthethriftindustrywatchedasthenationsSLsfellvictimtoatoxicbrewofskyrocketinginterestrateslaxoversightimprudentlendingandoutfightfraud.Thefedssteppedinandthegovernmenteventuallyleda$223billionintodaysdollarsbailoutoftheindustry.Onereasonthetaxpayertabwassohighwasthatthegovernmentwasslowtoreact.ThatswhyWashingtonshouldgetseriousaboutapensionfixnow.FirstCongressmustbringsomesanitytothebedlamofpensioncontributionrules.Nowcompaniescanbetechnicallycurrentinfundingwhileowingbillionsinshortfallsandtheycanincreasebenefitsevenwhentheyhaventfundedexistingpromises.ForexampleBethlehemSteelspensionplanwas84%fundedonacurrent-liabilitybasisbutonly45%fundedwhenallterminationcostsweretallied--withashortfallof$
4.3billionwhenthecompanyfinallyhandeditsplanovertothePBGCin
2002.YetbecauseofvariousloopholesBethlehemwasntrequiredtomakeanycatch-upcontributionsforyearspriortoitsplanterminationandevenavoidedmakinganycashcontributionsinthethreeyearsbeforeitditchedtheplan.UnitedAirlinesrecordwasevenworse:Itwasntrequiredtomakecashcontributionstoitspilotpensionplanfrom2000to2004eventhoughthatplanwas$3billioninarrears.Unitedsemployeeplansweretechnicallyfullyfundedonacurrentaccountbasisbutonly41%fundedattermination.UniteddumpedallitsplansonthePBGCearlierthisspringforatotalshortfallof$
9.8billionofwhichthePBGCisonthehooktopay$
6.6billion.Topreventsimilarabuseofthesystemrulesareneededthatextendtaxincentivestocompaniesthatprefundpensionswhentheyarefinanciallyflushbutsettoughertimetablesformakingupshortfallslater.SecondCongressneedstosharplyincreasethepremiumsthePBGCcanchargeunderfundedplans.Todaythereislittledifferencebetweenwhatispaidbycompaniesthathaveadequatelyfundedtheirplansandthosethathavent.InsteadthePBGCshouldbeallowedtochargehigherpremiumstocompanieswithshakyfinancesorlargeunfundedliabilities.Risk-adjustedpricingisalreadycommonplaceinfinancialproductssuchasmortgageswherebuyerswhoputuphigherdownpaymentsontheirhomesgetcheaperratesandcarinsurancewherebaddriverspaymore.Itsalsousedbyfederalbankinsurersforsettingdepositinsurancerates.Soapplyingrisk-basedpricingtopensioninsurancepremiumsisntexactlyrevolutionary.Butitsunpopularwithmanyweakcompaniesandwithlaborgroupsthatfearemployerswillsimplystopofferingdefined-benefitpensionsifpremiumsgethigher.Yetthatargumentmayalreadybeacademic.Thenumberofworkerscoveredbysuchpensionshasbeendroppingforatleast20yearsasemployershaveshiftedtowardoftencheaper401k-typeplans.ThusCongressfirstpriorityshouldbetoforcecompaniestofullyfundtheirpensionsoverthenextfewyears--lesseningthehittaxpayerscouldshoulderifthePBGCbecomesoverwhelmedwithunderfundedplanslater.FinallyCongressmustacttoensurethatallworkersreceivetimelyunderstandableinformationdetailingwhethertheirpensionplansareadequatelyfunded.UndercurrentlawthePBGCreceivesfinancialinformationonthemostriskyunderfundedplansfairlyearlybutcannotdiscloseit.Insteadcompaniescantakeupto30monthstoreportplanfinancespublicly---oftentoolateforworkerstopressformoreresponsiblepensionmanagement.Greatertransparencywillalsogiveemployeesarealitycheckwhencompaniesoffermeaninglessbenefitsthattheycantrealisticallyafford.Indeedthesoonermorelightiscastonthefesteringpensionmessthebetterforworkers---andtaxpayers.
8.WhatisthefastgrowingcrisisinAmericaspensionsystemHowseriousisthesituationGivesomeexamples.
9.Whatisrisk-adjustedpricingWhydoestheauthorsaythatapplyingrisk-basedpricingtopensioninsurancepremiumsisntexactlyrevolutionarypara.
510.Giveabriefsummaryoftheproposalsaboutapensionfixgivenbytheauthor.SECTION6:TRANSLATIONTESTDirections:TranslatethefollowingpassageintoEnglishandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.伟大的抗战精神,蕴含着中华儿女和衷共济的团结精神面对亡国灭种的民族危机,中华儿女,地无分南北,人无分老幼,有钱出钱,有力出力,举国上下,万众一心,用血肉筑成了一座侵略者不可逾越的新的长城“富贵不能淫,贫贱不能移,威武不能屈”,在民族患难的时代,这种浩然之气概,不屈之节操,激励着中华儿女赴汤蹈火,殊死奋战,使救亡图存成为可歌可泣、英勇卓绝的斗争今年是中国人民抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利60周年重温那段血与火的悲壮历史,缅怀抗日先烈的丰功伟绩,弘扬中华民族伟大的抗战精神,在今天仍然具有十分重要的意义参考答案SECTION1:LISTENINGTESTPartA:SpotDictation
1.anintegralpart
11.thecompositionoftheimmigrantpopulation
2.withoutstudyingtheother
12.95%ofallimmigrants
3.acceptmoreorfewerimmigrants
13.closeto50%
4.variedfromyeartoyear
14.SouthernandEasternEurope
5.lessthan2million
15.theproblemofadaptation
6.over5million
16.thecoreormainstreamculture
7.
8.8million
17.ismulticulturalism
8.restrictivelaws
18.butdonotmix
9.afterWorldWarII
19.preservingtheirownflavororidentity
10.inthe1980s
20.incorporateyoungimmigrantsPartB:ListeningComprehension
1.A
2.A
3.D
4.B
5.C
6.C
7.A
8.B
9.A
10.D
11.B
12.C
13.A
14.A
15.D
16.C
17.D
18.C
19.B
20.DSECTION2:READINGTEST
1.B
2.D
3.D
4.C
5.B
6.D
7.D
8.A
9.C
10.D
11.C
12.C
13.D
14.A
15.A
16.B
17.A
18.B
19.B
20.CSECTION3:TRANSLATIONTEST【参考译文】本书向我们说明了一位杰出的美国人是如何飞黄腾达的他精力充沛,通过艰苦卓绝的努力,从阿肯色州的霍普镇走到了白宫,这一点令旁人觉得不可思议他人生的每一阶段都展示出对政治生涯的狂热追求,正是这种追求鼓舞着他走完这一段人生旅程在大学期间,他已经是参议员威廉·富尔布莱特的实习生;在牛津大学,他投入了反越战运动;在耶鲁大学法学院,他参与民主党候选人的基层选举;回到阿肯色州,他竞选过州议会议员,司法部长直至州长他有着坚定的决心要改善同胞们的生活,他致力于民权运动,矢志不渝,他对于如何运用政治权力有着超乎寻常的深刻理解,这一切成为他职业生涯的闪光点,有目共睹我们逐渐了解到他青少年时期所遭受的情感波折–他是父亲去世后降临人世的遗腹子;母亲含辛茹苦,但喜好争吵,继父又动辄打人,他成长于父母亲岌岌可危的婚姻关系之中;他被一位光彩照人但又咄咄逼人的女士所吸引,下定决心与她结婚;从女儿出生起就舔犊情深,始终是一位慈爱的父亲,他青少年时期对于痛苦的回避导致他后来偶尔出现灾难性的行为方式,我们对他逐渐深入的了解也颇让我们感伤SECTION4:LISTENINGTESTPartA:Note-takingAndGap-filling
1.living
11.homes
2.discriminate
12.workplaces
3.lethal
13.
200004.
2514.residues
5.accidental
15.three
6.dying
16.risk
7.suicide
17.17%
8.undeveloped
18.pre-school
9.everywhere
19.safe
10.food
20.rawPartB:ListeningandTranslationI.SentenceTranslation1我是一位自营业主,这意味着我经营自己的公司,是一家小型印刷公司,我雇佣两位全职员工,还有几位兼职,他们在我非常繁忙的时候过来帮忙2在新闻发布会上,部长宣布了对工人赔偿程序的重大调整,包括立法者对其定义的变化,这些变化调整会让更多的受工伤的工人享受赔偿3100年前,80%的工人生产产品,而现在仅有30%的工人生产产品经济学家预测,到2010年,每十位工人中,就将有九位提供服务4我们所生活的社会正愈发推崇物质成功如果你无法事业发达,就会觉得是个纯粹的失败者,不仅浪费生命,也让家人大失所望5我本人负责地区冲突事务,会密切关注在南非、中东、及中美洲地区的政治与经济发展,这些地区是造成当今紧张局势的温床II.PassageTranslation1我想讨论的是未来语言培训的可能性在讨论之前,有几点我们需要认真考虑首先,我们需要确认的是公司内部有哪些人需要接受语言培训其次,我们需要考虑语言培训所正在使用的设备第三,也是最后一点,就是预算目前,我们每年在各类培训上的总体预算是125万美元,我想强调的是,目前培训预算数字不能真实反映我们日益增长的培训需求各位不妨想一下,在接下来六个月内,我们在海外就将设立六家分公司2绝大多数孩子的生长发育在十六岁前就已经完成了事实上,我们所有的人在2-3岁时,身高就已经达到了发育成熟时身高的一半了没错,如果你现在身高六英尺,那么你三岁时,身高就已经达到三英尺了所以,如果你想你孩子长的更高,会不会在他十六岁时才开始给他改善饮食结构呢?肯定不是的,应该在孩子更小的时候花钱改善饮食同理,如果你希望孩子智力发育得更好,你最好尽早开始花钱让他得到良好的教育,因为那个时期智力发育的最快SECTION5:READINGTESTQuestion1:Off-rampsrefertotheopportunitiesforwomentoquitcareerswhileon-rampsmeanthatwomencomebackfromchildbirthandresumeworking.CurrentlyinBritainit’snotdifficultforwomentoquittheirjobsbutmanyeducatedwomenhavetroublefindingjobsthatmatchtheirabilitywhenreturntoworkafterchildbirthbecausethejobmarketsaretooinflexibletoaccommodatetheneedsofyoungmothers.Question2:Theterm“doubleburden”referstothetwofoldpressurefromboththeirjobsandfamiliesthatwomenhavetoface.Ontheonehandthemajorityofwomennowhavetheirownjobstodo.Ontheotherhandtheyareregardedastheparttoundertaketheresponsibilityofchildcare.Question3:JessicaStarmerisa26-year-oldOxfordgraduateandairlinepilotwithonechild.HeremployerBritishAirwaysrefusestoletherreduceherflyinghoursby50%makingitimpossibleforhertofindchildcare.ShethinksthattheregulationandpracticeofBAisdiscriminationagainstfemales.HercaseistypicalamongmanyBritishwomenwhofacethedilemmabetweentheircareerandchildcare.Question4:JillKirbyholdsthatitisnotwisetoseeaccomplishedwomenasvictimsofanunfairworkingculturebecausecareer-drivenwomenwouldsucceedunderwhatevercircumstances.Theymaychoosetotakelesshigh-pressurejobstospendmoretimewiththeirfamilyandhighaspirationsforthemselvescanbeturnedintohighaspirationsfortheirchildren.Question5:CDgiveawaynormallyextensivebackcataloguesfrommusiccompaniesreferstotheCDsofferedforfreebyseveralnationalnewspaperstotheirreaders.Itisaimedatattractingreadershipandboostingsales.Facinganageingreadershipcombinedwithfiercecompetitionfromtelevisionandtheinternetthenewspapersturntothestrategyofgiveawayswhichprovestobefairlyeffectiveinboostingsales.Question6:TheoriginalpurposeforCDgiveawaysissupposedtopromotingthesalesofnewspapersandCDs.ButthestrategyturnsouttobeexcessiveandCDgiveawaysoversupplied.TheymightdevaluetheproductandmakeCDatrashythingthatpeopleeasilythrowaway.Question7:MusicretailersandentertainmentgroupsareworriedaboutthedeclineincompilationsalesofCDandtheybelievethatthepracticeofCDgiveawaysbynewspapershashadgreatimpactsotheyhavedecidedtorestrictsalestonewartistsor“deepcatalogue”onlyandextensivebackcatalogueswillnolongerbeallowedforgiveaways.Theydon’twanttoseetheirproductsdevaluedbyexcessivegiveawayssotheywanttherecordcompaniestogiveupthestrategyofcovermounts.Question8:The“fastgrowingcrisis”referstothehugeriskimposedbytheever-growingdeficitintheUSpensionsystemcausedbytheunderfundingofpensionsinmanycompanies.Theproblemisalreadyveryseriousinmanyindustriesandcompanies.ForexampleUSairlineindustryhas$32billionunfundedpensionsandautomotivecompanieshaveabout$60billioninpensionshortfalls.USpensionunderfundingatlargecompaniesgrew27%lastyearto$354billion.Thedeficitforallcompaniesreached$450billionlastyearcomparedwithatotalshortfalloflessthan$50billionin2000Question9:Theterm“risk-adjustingpricing”referstoaflexiblepricingmechanismunderthePBGCcanchargedifferentiatedpremiumsaccordingtothecompanies’performanceinfundingpensions.Forexamplecompanieswithshakyfinancesorlargeunfundedliabilitieswillbechargedwithhigherpremiums.Underthecurrentpricingsystemthereislittledifferencebetweenwhatispaidbycompaniesthathaveadequatelyfundedtheirplansandthosethathaven’t.Applyingrisk-basedpricingtopensioninsurancepremiumsisn’texactlyrevolutionarybecauseitisalreadycommonplaceinfinancialproductssuchasmortgageswherebuyerswhoputuphigherdownpaymentsontheirhomesgetcheaperratesandcarinsurancewherebaddriverspaymore.It’salsousedbyfederalbankinsurersforsettingdepositinsurancerates.Question10:Giveabriefsummaryoftheproposalsaboutapensionfixgivenbytheauthor.FirstCongressmustreformthecurrentpensioncontributionrulestomakethemmorereasonable.SecondCongressneedstosharplyincreasethepremiumsthePBGCcanchargeunderfundedplans.FinallyCongressmustacttoensurethatallworkersreceivetimelyunderstandableinformationdetailingwhethertheirpensionplansareadequatelyfunded.SECTION6:TRANSLATIONTEST【参考译文】ThegreatspiritoftheWarofResistanceagainstJapaneseAggressionisavividreflectionoftheChinesepeople’spersistentsolidarity.FacedwiththenationalcrisisChina’ssonsanddaughtershereorthereoldoryoungrichorpoorgathertogetherwithonemindandbuildupaninsurmountableGreatWallofresistancewiththeirfleshandblood.“Indulgeneverinmoneyandrankapostatizeneverwheninpovertyandhardshipsurrendernevertopowerandforce.”IntimesofnationalcrisisthisformidablemettleanddauntlessintegritypromptChina’ssonsanddaughterstogothroughfireandwaterandfightwiththecourageofdespairmakingtheAnti-JapaneseWarmovingandpraise-worthy.Itisnowthe60thanniversaryofChina’sAnti-JapaneseWarandtheworld’santi-fascismwar.Anditisstillofgreatsignificancetodayforustoreviewthebuskinedhistoryoffireandbloodtorecallthegreatfeatsofthegallantmartyrsandtocarryforwardournation’sinfinitemoraleofanti-aggression.2006年3月真题SECTION1:LISTENINGTESTPartA:SpotDictationDirections:Inthispartofthetestyouwillhearapassageandreadthesamepassagewithblanksinit.Fillineachoftheblankswiththewordorwordsyouhaveheardonthetape.WriteyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.RememberyouwillhearthepassageONLYONCE.MarksSpencerhasaverygoodreputationforjobsecurityandlookingafteritsstaffwiththingslikegoodperks_______1thatsortofthing.Dothosethingsactually_______2Ithinkitisitisveryimportant.Whenpeoplehavebeenworking_______3andtheymayhavebeeninfromsevenoreighto’clockinthemorningtheycancomeoffthesalesfloorandcangoto_______4andobviouslytheycanhaveteacoffeeor_______5andcanthenbuyatveryreducedrates_______6iftheywantoneorarollandcheeseinpleasantenvironment_______7foodofthehighestqualitythere’reareaswheretheycan_______8orplaypoolorsomethingyeahthatisveryimportantbecausetheyneed_______
9.Atbusytimestheyneedtogetawayfromittheyneedtobeabletorelax.Intermsofallthe_______10we’vegotthatisveryimportantwhenpeopleknowthattheywillbehavingmedicalsand_______11isanotherthingobviouslythere’s_______12thattheywillbuywhichtheywillbeabletobuy_______
13.ForChristmasbonuswegiveallourgeneralstaff_______14whichisguaranteedandthe_______15ofthatactuallyatthebusiesttimeoftheyearwhenthey’re_______16andworkinghardisfantasticandtoseetheirfacesasyou_______17with10%oftheirsalaryinit…Ibelievetheenvironmentthatyouworkin_______18thatyouworkwiththewayyouaretreated_______19andthefactthatyourviewsarelistenedtoandyoufeelyouareconsultedthatmakespeople_______20andmakesthemgetupandcometoworkinthemorning.PartB:ListeningComprehensionDirections:Inthispartofthetesttherewillbesomeshorttalksandconversations.Aftereachoneyouwillbeaskedsomequestions.ThetalksconversationsandquestionswillbespokenONLYONCE.NowlistencarefullyandchoosetherightanswertoeachquestionyouhaveheardandwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions1to5arebasedonthefollwingconversation.
1.AAtraineenurse.BAresidentdoctor.CAresearcherofAIDS.DAnadvisortonurses.
2.ATheydon’tcarewhatshedoesatherjob.BTheyhavebadfeelingsaboutherjob.CTheythinkitisagoodjob.DTheyhavenoworriesaboutthejob.
3.AToisolatethemcompletely.BTowatchthemcarefully.CTotreatthemwithrespect.DToprovidethemwithnutritiousfood.
4.ASharingbodilyfluidswithanAIDSpatient.BShakinghandswithanAIDSpatient.CServingmealstoanAIDSpatient.DStayingveryclosetoanAIDSpatient.
5.AThemanisSusan’sadvisor.BItisnotpossibletogetAIDSfromsharingaglassofwater.CThereisahighriskofgettinginfectedwithHIVatwork.DSusan’spatientwasangrywhensheworeprotectiveclothingtobringhimlunch.Questions6to10arebasedonthefollowingnews.
6.ATheUNSecretary-GeneralhadcancelledhistriptoEurope.BTheUNSecretary-GeneralwouldvisitAsiaatalaterdate.CTheUNSecretary-GeneralwoulddiscusstheUNbudgetwiththeUS.DTheUNSecretary-Generalhadwithheldthedebateoverthebudget.
7.ABulgariaandUkraine.BJapanandSouthKorea.CBritainandAustraliaDItalyandPoland.
8.A18to
20.B
30.C
34.DAround
90.
9.ANationalelections.BArrestofaU.S.missionary.CHijackingofacivilairplane.DTwoseparatekidnappings.
10.ARelocatingpeoplefromanearthquake-proneprovince.BConstructingmorepoststopredictaboutearthquakes.CEconomizingonelectricitynationally.DBuildingahydropowerplant.Questions11to15arebasedonthefollowinginterview.
11.AAtalkshow.BAcaseinvestigation.CAsoapopera.DAreportontheEastEndofLondon.
12.AItshockstheaudience.BItisarealisticsituationdrama.CItisthefirstprogrammethattellsabouttheCockneywayoflife.DItdealswiththeproblemsothersimilarprogrammeshavenotdonebefore.
13.ATheanchorwomanoftheprogramme.BThestaractressplayingagirlinthesoapopera.CThelandladyofalocalpubintheEastEndofLondon.DTheproduceroftheprogramme.
14.AMichelle’sbrotherranawayfromhome.BMichelle’smotherhadanotherbaby.CMichellemarriedthelandlordofalocalpub.DMichellegotpregnantandnooneknewwhothefatherwas.
15.ABecauseMichelledecidedtohavethebaby.BBecauseMichellemarriedalocalladshehadknownforafewyears.CBecauseMichellerevealedwhowasthefatherofhernew-bornchild.DBecauseMichellegotthestrengthtokeepthesecretfortherestofherlife.Questions16to20arebasedonthefollowingtalk.
16.ADepressedanddisappointed.BTiredandsick.CSadandlonely.DConfusedandfrustrated.
17.ABecausetheythinkpeopleareusuallyveryinterestedinsports.BBecausetheyarenotinterestedinhowjetlagaffectsbusinesspeople.CBecausebaseballteamswanttoknowhowtowinmoregames.DBecauseitisdifficulttomeasurehowjetlagaffectsothertypesoftravelers.
18.AAllovertheUnitedStates.BTheEasternandPacifictimezones.CThePacifictimezoneonly.DThesouthernpartofthecountry.
19.ATiredness.BDifficultyinthinkingclearly.CStomachaches.DHeadaches.
20.ATeamsaremorelikelytowinwhentheyplayagameathome.BBeaseballteamsfromtheWestCoastwinmoregameswhentheytraveleast.CThesymptomsofjetlagarestrongerwhenapersontravelswest.DThisstudydefinitelyprovesthatjetlagcausespoorperformanceinbaseballgames.SECTION2:READINGTESTDirections:Inthissectionyouwillreadseveralpassages.Eachoneisfollowedbyseveralquestionsaboutit.YouaretochooseONEbestanswerABCorDtoeachquestion.AnswerallthequestionsfollowingeachpassageonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimpliedinthatpassageandwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions1-5PupilsatGCSEaretobeallowedtoabandonlearningtraditionalhardscienceincludingthemeaningoftheperiodictableinfavourofsoftsciencesuchasthebenefitsofgeneticengineeringandhealthyeating.Thestatutoryrequirementforpupilstolearnasciencesubjectwillbewatereddownunderanewcurriculumintroducednextyear.Therewillbenocompulsiontomastertheperiodictable--thebasisofchemistry--norbasicscientificlawsthathaveinformedtheworkofallthegreatscientistssuchasNewtonandEinstein.Thechangeswhichthegovernmentbelieveswillmakesciencemorerelevanttothe21thcenturyhavebeenattackedbyscientistsasadumbingdownofthesubject.InJunethegovernmenthadtoannouncefinancialincentivestotackleashortageofscienceteachers.Academicshaveestimatedthatafifthofsciencelessonsaretaughtbyteacherswhoarenotadequatelyqualified.Mostchildrennowstudyforthedouble-awardscienceGCSEwhichembraceselementsofbiologychemistryandphysics.ThisGCSEwillbescrappedandministershaveagreedthatfromnextyearall14-year-oldswillberequiredtolearnaboutthegeneralbenefitsandrisksofcontemporaryscientificdevelopmentsinanewscienceGCSE.AharderscienceGCSEwillalsobeintroducedasanoptionalcourse.Oneexpertinvolvedindevisingthenewsystembelievesitwillhalvethenumberofstateschoolpupilsstudyinghardscience.IndependentschoolsandmoretalentedpupilsinthestatesectorarelikelytoshunthenewpapersinfavouroftheGCSEsintheindividualsciencedisciplinesofphysicschemistryandbiology.Thesewillcontinuetorequirepupilstoachieveanunderstandingofscientificprinciples.ThenewexamsweredevisedafterproposalsbyacademicsatKingsCollegeLondonwhotoldministersthatsciencelessonswereoftendullandboringandrequiredpupilstorecalltoomanyfacts.Theirreportsaid:Contemporaryanalysesofthelabourmarketsuggestthatourfuturesocietywillneedalargernumberofindividualswithabroaderunderstandingofsciencebothfortheirworkandtoenablethemtoparticipateascitizensinademocraticsociety.HoweverProfessorColinBlakemorechiefexecutiveoftheMedicalResearchCouncilwarnedthatreducingthehardsciencetaughtinschoolswouldcreateproblems.Icanunderstandthegovernmentsmotiveshesaid.Thereisacrisisofpublicconfidenceinsciencewhichisreducingtheprogressofpolicyonsuchissuesasnuclearenergyandstemcellresearch.Butsixth-formersarealreadyarrivingatuniversitywithoutthedepthofknowledgerequired.Othersendorsethenewapproach.ResultsatNorthChaddertonupperschoolinOldham--~3neof80schoolspilotingthenewsofterGCSEnamedTwentyfirstCenturyScience---haveimproved.MartynOverytheheadofsciencesaid:Theproportiongettinghighergradesinsciencewentupfrom60%to75%.Thecoursekepttheirinteresthadmoreprojectworkandwasmorerelevant.Aspartoftheircoursethepupilsstudiedwhatkindoffoodtheyneededtokeepfitandhealthy.CriticssayitisonlymarginallymoredemandingthanfollowingtheadviceofNigellaLawsonthetelevisionchefwhopromotesthebenefitsofeatingpropermealsinsteadofsnackingfromthefridge.Somescienceteachersareskeptical.MoAfzaiheadofscienceattheindependentWarwickschoolsaid:Thesechangeswillwidenthegapbetweenindependentandstateschools.EventheGCSEthatisdesignedforthosegoingontoA-levelscienceisnotascomprehensiveasthetestitreplaces.JohnHolmandirectoroftheNationalScienceLearningCentreatYorkUniversitywhoadvisedthegovernmentonthecontentofthenewsystemsaid:Thenewexamisnotdumbingdown.Thestudyofhowscienceworksismoreofachallengethanrotelearning.SCIENCELESSONSOutInPeriodictableThedrugsdebateIonicequationsSlimmingissuesStructureoftheatomSmokingandhealthBoyleslawIVFtreatmentOhmslawNuclearcontroversy
1.ThephrasewatereddowninthesentenceThestatutoryrequirementforpupilslearnasciencesubjectwillbewatereddownunderanewcurriculumintroducednextyear.para.1canbestbereplacedbywhichofthefollowingAremovedcompletelyBreducedmuchinforceCrevisedgreatlyDreinforcedtoacertainextent
2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassageAThegovernmenthadtousefinancialincentivestoattractmorescienceteachers.BSomeofthesecondaryschoolscienceteachersarenotadequatelyqualified.CThenewscienceGCSEwillincludethebenefitsandrisksofcontemporaryscientificdevelopments.DAharderscienceGCSEwillalsobeintroducedasacompulsorycourse.
3.WhatisProfessorBlakemoresopinionaboutthenewrequirementofscienceGCSEAHefullyappreciatesthegovernmentsmotivesinrevisingGCSEsciencecourses.BHeholdsthatmoststudentsenteringuniversityhavemasteredenoughscienceknowledgeasneeded.CHearguesthatreducingtherequirementforhardscienceinschoolswillleadtomoreproblems.DHethinksthatlackofpublicconfidenceinsciencewillnotaffecttheprogressofsciencepolicy.
4.TheresultsatNorthChaddertonupperschoolpilotingthenewsofterGCSEhaveshownthat____AthenewsofterGCSEhasprovedquitesuccessfulBthescienceexaminationismucheasierthanthepreviousonesCthenewcourseismostrelevanttostudentsdailylifeDmoststudentshaveachievedaveragegradesinscience
5.WhenthecriticscitetheexampleoftelevisionchefNigellaLawsonintheircommenttheirpurposeis________.AtoadvisestudentstogetridofsnackingfromthefridgeBtocomparethatnewsofterGCSEwiththetelevisionshowofcookingCtoshowthatthenewcourseisnotmoredifficulttofollowthanthechefsadviceDtoillustratethesignificanceandbenefitsofeatingpropermealsQuestions6-10AndrewMotionthepoetlaureateandLordSmiththeformerculturesecretaryhavelaunchedacampaigntostemtheflowoffamouswritersarchivesbeingsoldtouniversitiesinAmerica.Theyareleadinga15-stronggroupofeminentliteraryfiguresdemandingtaxbreaksgovernmentfundingandlotterycashtohelpBritishinstitutionsmatchthebidsoftheirrichAmericanrivals.ThecampaigncomesamidfearsthatthepapersofSalmanRushdieZadieSmithandKazuoIshiguroauthorofTheRemainsoftheDaymaygoabroad.AllthreeareunderstoodtohavebeenapproachedrecentlybyagentsactingforinstitutionsinAmerica.InrecentyearsBritishauthorswhosepapershavebeensoldabroadincludethenovelistsPeterAckroydJulianBarnesandMalcolmBradburyandtheplaywrightsDavidHareandTomStoddard.TheworksofJMBarriethewriterofPeterPanGrahamGreeneDHLawrenceandEvelynWaugharealreadyheldabroad.In1997ayearbeforehisdeathTedHughesthelatepoetlaureatesoldhisarchiveforabout£500000toEmoryUniversityinAtlanta.Whiletaxpayersmaybehappytofundpurchasesoffamouspaintingssothattheyremaininthecountryandbeputonshowitislessclearwhattheimmediatebenefitwouldbeinpayingforauthorsarchivestobekepthere.AdrianSandersaLiberalDemocratmemberoftheCommonscultureselectcommitteesaidpublicmoneyshouldbespentonmorepressingprojects.ThefactthatarchivessuchasthisgoabroadisImafraidtherealityoftheworldhesaid.WehavemanyartifactsintheUKthatbelongtoothercultures.Thecampaignargueshoweverthatvaluableresearchsourcesarebeinglost.Foreigninstitutionssometimeschargeforaccesstothematerialandastheauthorsretaincopyrightthepaperscannotbemadeavailableontheinternet.ThisisaboutourculturalheritageaswellastheobviousresearchopportunitiessaidMotionwhosecampaigngroupincludesMichaelHolroydthebiographerandformerpresidentoftheRoyalSocietyofLiteratureandRichardOvendenkeeperofspecialcollectionsatOxfordUniversity.TheyarecallingfortheculturesecretarytobegiventheauthoritytodelaytheexportofitemsconsideredasignificantpartofthenationalheritagetoenableBritishinstitutionstoputtogetherbids.ThecampaignerswantanincreaseindirectgrantsandtheremovalofVatfromunboundpaperswhichincreasesthecostofpurchasesinthiscountry.Smithwhowasculturesecretaryfrom1997-2001said:ItwontcosttheTreasuryanarmandaleg—weretalkingpenniesreally.ThecampaignerssayAmericanuniversitiesaretargetingyoungBritishwritersandofferingbetween£50000and£300000fortheirnotebooksmanuscriptsandletters.JoanWinterkornabrokerwhonegotiatedthesalethepapersofLaurenceOlivierandthewritersKennethTynanandPeterNicholstotheBritishLibrarysaidthecreamofBritisharchivematerialwillcontinuetobeupforgrabsunlessthetaxlawsarechanged.Americanuniversitiesareincreasinglycreatingaworkingrelationshipwithyoungerandyoungerwriterssothisisnotsomethingthatisgoingtogoawayshesaid.ItisunderstoodthatanacademicfromoneAmericaninstitutionwasflowntoLondonthismonthwithaspecificbrieftohobbleIshiguroattheBookerprizedinnerinLondon.Ishiguro50whowasnominatedforhisnovelNeverLetMeGoandwhowontheBookerin1989forTheRemainsoftheDayhasnotyetmadeadecisionaccordingtohisspokeswoman.ShesaidhehadbeenapproachedbyanumberofUSuniversities.ArnoldWeskerbestknownforhisplaysRootsandChipswithEverythingsoldthreetonsoflettersmanuscriptsandpaperstoanAmericanuniversityin
2000.Iwasofferedaderisory£60000fromtheBritishLibraryand£100000fromtheUniversityofTexasatAustin—therewasnocontestsaidWesker
73.IwouldmuchsoonerhavehadmyworkhereinLondonbutthegapwastoolarge...itisashame.AsourceclosetoRushdiewhosepapersstretchbacktothepublicationofhisfirstnovelGrimusin1975saidhehadreceivedscoresofapproachesfromAmerica.TheauthorwhonowlivesmainlyinNewYorksaidthisweekendthathehadnoimmediateplanstosellhisarchive.WerehetosellabroaditislikelythattherewouldbeapublicoutcrygiventheamountoftaxpayersmoneyspentonhisprotectionfollowingtheSatanicVersesaffair.ZadieSmiththeauthorofWhiteTeethwhichwontheWhitbreadawardin2000hasalsoreceivedseveralapproachesfrombuyersaccordingtoafriend.TheUniversityofTexasatAustinspendsanestimated£3mayearonitscollections.ItspecializesinBritishandIrishwritersandincludesthepapersofGeorgeBernardShawJamesJoyceandEdithSitwellamongitspossessions.
6.WhentheLiberalDemocratAdrianSanderssaysthefactthattheBritishwritersarchivesgoabroadistherealityoftheworldpara.3hemostprobablyimpliesthat_______.Aitisnotwell-groundedtousetaxpayersmoneytokeepBritishwritersarchivesBthepublicmoneyshouldbeusedtoretainthemanuscriptsofthesewritersCtheBritishhavealsoboughttheseartifactsfromartistsfromothercountriesDthiskindoftradingisquitenormalandshouldnotbesurprising
7.WhentheformerculturesecretarySmithsaidthatItwontcosttheTreasuryanarmandaleg—weretalkingpenniesreally.para.5hewastellingusthat_______.AtheTreasuryshouldbefullyresponsibleforthecollectionandmaintenanceofsuchliteraryartifactsBthefunctionoftheTreasurywillbelikethatofanarmandalegCtheTreasuryshouldtakestrictandseverefinancialpoliciesindealingwiththeissueDtheTreasurywillnothaveanydifficultygivingsuchfundingandsupport
8.SalmanRushdietheauthoroftheSatanicVerses_______.AistherepresentativeofBritishliterarypeopleBsoldhispapersincludingthepublicationofhisfirstnovelin1975CwasonceprotectedwiththetaxpayersmoneyDmainlylivesinNewYorkasheismostwelcometoAmericanreaders
9.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassageAThecampaigninggroupconsistsof15famousliterarypeople.BForeigninstitutionsregularlychargeforaccesstothepapersbyBritishwriters.CAmericanuniversitieshavemorefundingtopurchasethemanuscriptsfromBritishwriters.DPeoplehavedifferentopinionstowardsusingtaxpayerssmoneytobuybackthepapers.
10.WhichofthefollowinggivesthemainideaofthepassageAThepriceofBritishwritersmanuscriptsisontherise.BTheBritishliterarypeoplearecompetingwiththeirAmericanrivals.CAmericaninstitutionsarebuyingBritishwritersliterarypapers.DTheBritisharetryingtostoptheflowofwritersarchivestoAmerica.Questions11-15Concreteisprobablyusedmorewidelythananyothersubstanceexceptwateryetitremainslargelyunappreciated.Somepeopleviewthe20thcenturyastheatomicagethespaceagethecomputerage—butanargumentcanbemadethatitwastheconcreteagesayscementspecialistHendrikvanOss.Itsamiraclematerial.IndeedmorethanatonofconcreteisproducedeachyearforeverymanwomanandchildonEarth.Yetconcreteisgenerallyignoredoutsidetheengineeringworldavictimofitsownubiquityandtheindustrysconservativepaceofdevelopment.Nowthankstoenvironmentalpressuresandentrepreneurialinnovationanewgenerationofconcretesisemerging.Thishigh-techassortmentofconcreteconfectionspromisestobestrongerlighterandmoreenvironmentallyfriendlythaneverbefore.Theconcretestheywillreplaceareforthemostpartstronganddurablebutwithlimitations.Concreteissoundundercompressionbutweakundertension.Steelrebarsareusedasreinforcementbutmakerecyclingdifficultwhenconcretebreaksdown—andbreakdownitinevitablywill.Crackscausedbystressgrowlargerovertimewithwaterforcingthemopenandcorrodingtherebarswithin.Whenyouputenoughstressonitconcretedoesntworklikewewantitto.WereaskingtoomuchofitnowsaysMr.VanOss.Concreteisalsoaclimate-changevillain.Itismadebymixingwaterwithanaggregatesuchassandorgravelandcement.Cementisusuallymadebyheatinglimestoneandclaytoover2500degreesF.Theresultingchemicalreactionalongwithfuelburnedtoheatthekilnproducesbetween7and10%ofglobalcarbon-dioxideemissions.WhenwehavetorepeatedlyregeneratethesematerialsbecausetheyrenotdurablewereleasemoreemissionssaysVictorLiacivilandenvironmentalengineeringprofessorattheUniversityofMichigan.DrLihascreatedaconcretesuffusedbysyntheticfibersthatmakeitstrongermoredurableandabletobendlikeametal.Liscreationdoesnotrequirereinforcementapropertysharedbyotherconcretesthatusechemicaladditivescalledplasticizerstoreducetheamountofwaterintheircomposition.UsinglesswatermakesconcretestrongerbutuntilthedevelopmentofplasticizersitalsomadeconcretestickydryandhardtohandlesaysChristianMeyeracivilengineeringprofessoratColumbiaUniversity.Theengineerwouldspecifyacertainstrengthacertainamountofwater—andassoonasasupervisorturnedhisbackinwouldgoabucketofwatersaysDr.Meyerofthetimebeforeplasticizers.MakingstrongerconcretessaysLiallowslesstobeusedreducingwasteandgivingarchitectsmorefreedom.YoucanhavesuchfuturisticdesignsifyoudonthavetoputrebarinthereorstructuralbeamssaysVanOss.Youcanhavethingsshootingoffintospaceatoddangles.Manypossibilitiesareopenedup.AmoredirectlygreenconcretehasbeendevelopedbytheAustraliancompanyTecEco.Theyaddmagnesiumtotheircementformingaporousconcretethatactuallyscrubscarbondioxidefromtheair.TheplanetsbeenthroughseveralepisodesofglobalwarmingbeforeandnatureputcarbonawayascoalpetroleumandcarbonatesedimentssaysTecEcomanagerJohnHarrison.Nowwereinchargeandweneedtodothesame.Wecanliterallyputawaycarboninourownbuiltenvironment.Anothermodificationtothebuiltenvironmentisthecarbonfiber-reinforcedconcreteofDeborahChungamaterialsscientistattheStateUniversityofNewYorkatBuffalo.ByrunninganelectricalcurrentthroughconcreteDr.Chungsaystinydeformationscausedbyminutepressurescanbedetected.Youcanmonitorroomoccupancyinreal-timecontrollinglightingventilationandcoolinginrelationtohowmanypeoplearetheresaysChung.Whileexpertsagreethatthesenewconcretewillsomedaybewidelyusedthetimetableisuncertain.Concretecompaniesareresponsivetoenvironmentalconcernsandarealwayslookingtostretchtheutilityoftheirproductbuttheconstructionindustryisslowtochange.WhenyoustartmonkeyingaroundwithmaterialsthegoverningbodiesthebuildingdepartmentsareverycautiousbeforetheyletyouuseanunprovenmaterialMeyersays.InthenextfewdecadessaysVanOssbuildingcodeswillchangeopeningthewayforinnovativematerials.Butwhilenewconcretesmaybestrongerandmoredurabletheyarealsomoreexpensive—andwhetherthetendencyofdevelopersandthepublictofocusonshort-termratherthanlong-termcostswillalsochangeisanothermatter.
11.WhencementspecialistHendrikvanOssarguesthat20thcenturycanbeviewedastheconcreteagehemostprobablymeansthat______.Athetraditionalbuildingmaterialconcreteistheonlyman-mademiracleBconcreteisindispensableinthedevelopmentofmodemconstructionindustryCcomparedwithotherinventionsconcreteismorepracticalandusefulDconcreteasabuildingmaterialcanbemixedwithanyothermaterials
12.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysayingthatconcreteisavictimofitsownubiquityandtheindustry’sconservativepaceofdevelopmentpara.1AConcretesuffersfromitsownuniquefeaturesaswellastheslowdevelopmentofbuildingindustry.BConcreteisnotappreciatedbecauseofitsdullcolorandotherdrawbackswithlittleimprovementasabuildingmaterial.CSlowprogressofbuildingindustrydoesharmtotheapplicationandpopularityofconcrete.DConcreteisignoredbecauseitisconventionalwithlittleadvanceinitstechnology.
13.Accordingtothepassageconcreteisalsoaclimate-changevillainmainlybecause_____.AsandorgravelhastobeusedasanaggregateintheprocessofmixingBthematerialswhichareusedtomakeconcretearenotdurableCrecyclingofconcreteisquitedifficultwhenconcretebreaksdownDchemicalreactioninmanufacturingcementemitscarbon-dioxideworld-wide
14.ThenewgreenconcretehasallofthefollowingadvantagesEXCEPTthat____.AitwillgreatlyreducethecostofproductionandconstructionBitwillbecomestrongerlighterandclimate-friendlyCitwillgivearchitectsandbuildersmorefreedomindesigningandconstructionDitwillrequirelittlereinforcementinpreparation
15.WhenVanOsssaysthatWhetherthetendencyofdevelopersandthepublictofocusonshort-termratherthanlong-termcostswillalsochangeisanothermatteritprobablyshowsthat_______.AhehasfullconfidenceinthedevelopersandthepublicinusingnewconcreteBheisquitepessimisticaboutthefuturedevelopmentofgreenerconcreteCheishostiletotheattitudesofdevelopersandthepublicDhefeelsthatpeopleshouldbepatienttowaitforthechangeofthepublicattitudeQuestions16-20Weliveinanagewheneveryoneisacritic.CriticismisallovertheInternetinblogsandchatroomsforeveryonetoaccessandaddhistwocentsworthonanysubjecthighorlow.ButifeveryoneisacriticisthatstillcriticismOrareweheadingtowardtheendofcriticismIfallopinionsareequallyvalidthereisnoneedforexperts.Democracyworksinlifebutartisundemocratic.Theresultofthisultimatelymeaninglessbarrageisthatmoreandmorewearelivinginaprofoundly—orshallowly—uncriticalage.AcriticasT.S.Eliotfamouslyobservedmustbyveryintelligent.NowcananybodyassumethattheinvasionofcyberspacebyopinionuponopinionisproofofgreatintelligenceandconstitutesinformedcriticismratherthanuniformedartisticchaosOfcourselikeanyself-respectingcriticIhavealwaysencouragedmyreaderstothinkforthemselves.TheyweretoconsidermypositiveornegativeassessmentswhichIalwaystriedtoexplainachallengetothinkalongwithme:hereismyreasoningfollowitthenagreeordisagreeasyouseefit.Inanuncriticalageeverypseudonymouschat-roomchatterboxprovidesasnappyself-confidentjudgmentwithouttheprocessofarrivingatitbecomingcleartoanyoneincludingthechatterer.Blogstootendtobeinvitationstoleapbeforeasecondlook.DotheimpassionedramblingsfedintoahungryblogosphererepresentresponsesfromanyoneotherthanlongheadsHowhasitcometothisWehaveallbeenbittenbytelevisionsoundbitesthattransmuteintoInternetsoundbytesprovingthatbrevitycanalsobethesoulofwitlessness.Sothoughtlessnessmultiplies.DonothoweverthinkIadvocatecensorshipanaltogetherunacceptableformofcriticism.Whatweneedinthisageoframpantuncriticalcriticismisthesimplestandhardestthingtocomeby:acriticalattitude.HowcoulditbefosteredForstarterswiththeverythingdiscouragedbyourprintmedia:readingbeyondthehectoringheadlinesandbold-typeboxesembeddedinreviewsprovidingaone-sentencesummarythatmakesfurtherreadingunnecessary.Withonlyslightexaggerationwemaysaythatwordshavebeensupersededbyupwardordownwardpointingthumbsself-destructivelyindulgingasocietyusedtoinstantself-gratification.Criticismisinevitablyconstrictedbyourmultinationalcultureandbypoliticalcorrectness.Associetygrowsmorediversetherearefewerandfeweruniversalpointsofreferencebetweenacriticandhisorherreaders.AsforfreedomofexpressionArthurMilterlongagocomplainedaboutprotestsandpressuresmakingtheonlysafesubjectsforadramatistbabiesandtheunemployed.Myownexperienceisthatovertheyearsprintspaceformyreviewskeptsteadilyshrinkingandthelayoutsthemselvestoadiedtothewhimsofthegraphicdesigner.Inajungleofoddballvisualsreadershaddifficultiesfindingmyreviews.Simultaneouslyourvocabularywentonastarvationdiet.Wherereadersusedtothankmeforenlargingtheirvocabulariesmoreandmorecomplaintswerelodgedaboutunwelcometripstothedictionaryasifcomparabletohavingtokeeprunningtothetoilet.EvenmycomputerkeepsquestioningwordsIusewordsthatcanbefoundinmedium-sizedictionaries.CanonegivelanguagelessonstoacomputerWhatmaybeimperiledmorethancriticismistheword.Ikeepencounteringpeoplewhothinkcriticalmeanscarpingorfault-findingandnothingmore.Soitwouldseemthatthecriticspenoncemightierthantheswordhasbeensupplantedbytheax.YetIhavealwaysmaintainedthatthecritichasthreeduties:towriteaswellasanovelistorplaywright;tobeateachertakingofffromwheretheclassroomalwaysprematurelyhasstoppedandtobeathinkerlookingbeyondhisspecificsubjectatsocietyhistoryphilosophy.ReducehimtoaconsumerguiderunhisreviewsonaWebsitemixedinwiththenext-doorneighborspontificationsandyoucondemncriticismtoobsolescence.Stillonewouldliketothinkthattheblogisnottheenemyandthatreadersseekingenlightenmentcouldfinditontherightblog—justasinthepastonewentlookingthroughdiversepublicationsforthecongenialcritic.Butitremainsuptothereaderstolearnhowtodiscriminate.
16.WhichofthefollowingexpressestheauthorsreasoningwhentheauthorsaysthatthecriticismovertheInternetinblogsandchatroomsisuncriticalAIfeveryoneisacriticitisneitherdemocracynorcriticism.BWhenpeopleonlychoosetoexpresstheiropinionspseudonymouslywhattheyweredoingistoassaulttheotherssimplybywavingtheax.CRealcriticismshouldbeexpressedbygivingthereasoningtheprocessofreasoningandlettingtheaudiencetoreachtheirownconclusion.DAllthecriticsshouldbeself-respectingandshouldbewell-informedbetbretheygivetheircriticisms.
17.Whentheauthorconcludesthatwhatmaybeimperiledmorethancriticismisthewordpara.7hepossiblymeansthatwiththeshrinkingofprintspace______.AwordswillbelessmeaningfulandcriticismmuchmoreshallowerBlanguagedictionarieswillbemuchthinnerandsimplerCpeoplewillnotbeinterestedinusingdictionariestolearnthevocabularyDhumanlanguagewillbegreatlyaffectedandevendeteriorate
18.Whentheauthorthinksthatthecritichasthreedutiesofnovelistorplaywrightteacherandthinkerpara.8heprobablymeansthatacriticshouldbeequippedwithallofthefollowingqualitiesEXCEPT________.AoriginalthinkingBenlightenedinstructionCphilosophicalinsightDmatter-of-factattitude
19.Itcanbeconcludedfromthelastparagraphthattheauthor________.AencouragesthereaderstomakeindependentjudgmentBfailstoadvisereaderstoseekenlightenmentonanyoftheblogsCneverthinksthatblogswillsharethesimilarfeatureswithtraditionalpublicationsDprobablyagreesthattheblogistheenemy
20.WhichofthefollowingshowstheauthorsattitudetowardsthecomingoftheuncriticalageASympatheticandsupportive.BCriticalandsarcastic.COptimisticandwelcoming.DNeutralandindifferent.SECTION3:TRANSLATIONTESTDirections:TranslateofthefollowingpassageintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.ThepopularviewwhendiscussingurbantransportationinAmericancitiestodayistodecryitssorrystate.Newspapersandjournalsarefilledwithtalkofan“urbantransportationcrisis”ofthe“difficultiesofgettingfromheretothere”andsoonatgreatlength.Mattersarereportedtobegettingworse—andveryquickly.Everyonehashisownfavoritetraumaticexperiencetoreport:oftheoccasionwhenmanyoftheswitchesfrozeonNewYork’scommuterrailroads;ofthesneaksnowstorminBostonthatconvertedthirty-minutecommutertripsintosevenhourordeals;oftheextremedifficultiesinChicagoandotherMidwesterncitieswhensomeparticularlyheavyandsuccessivesnowstormswereendured.OnereasonforthetalkofanurbantransportationcrisisintheUnitedStatestodayperhapsliesinafailuretomeetanticipations.Manycommutersexpectedtoreducetheircommutingtimesassystemsimprovedbutinsteadfoundthemselvesbarelyabletomaintainthestatusquointermsoftimerequirements.Anotherreasonfortalkofcrisisalmostcertainlyisthattherateofimprovementintheperformanceofurbantransportationsystemsduringrushhourshasbeenmarkedlyinferiortothatexpectedduringoff-peakhours.SpecificallytheabilitytomovequicklyaboutAmericancitiesduringnon-rushhourshasimprovedinatrulyphenomenalfashion.SECTION4:LISTENINGTESTPartA:Note-takingAndGap-fillingDirections:Inthispartofthetestyouwillhearashorttalk.YouwillhearthetalkONLYONCE.Whilelisteningtothetalkyoumaytakenotesontheimportantpointssothatyoucanhaveenoughinformationtocompleteagap-fillingtaskonaseparateANSWERBOOKLET.YouwillnotgetyourANSWERBOOKLETuntilafteryouhavelistenedtothetalkTodaywe’llbediscussingEQ:emotionalintelligencequotient.Youremotionalintelligencequotientseemstoindicatehowwellyou__________1yourownemotionsandhowellyou__________2toothers.EQisnotexactlyanewideabutthe__________3itselfisanewone.Peoplehaverealizedthewayyoucontrolyourfeelingsisjustasimportantasyour__________4—maybeevenmoreimportant.Thefocusoftoday’ssessionis:canyoulearnEQSome__________5schoolteachersthinkthatsomekidshave__________6EQ’sthanothers.Evenatfiveorsixyearsoldsomeofthekidstendtobemuchmore__________7and__________8thanothers.Anotherexampleisthatkidsdealwith__________9indifferentways.Onemaygetfrustratedwitha__________10problembutanotherchildwithahigherEQmightbeabletohandlethesituationbetter.Shemighttry__________11waystoapproachtheproblemoraskfor__________
12.Canyou__________13tohaveahigherEQPeopleseemtohavedifferentviewsonthisquestion.Mostofthepeoplebelievethattheanswertothisquestionis__________
14.Forexamplekidscanbe__________15tohavepatienceandnottogiveupwhenthingsgowrong.Theylearntorespondwelltotheir__________
16.Butothersdon’tagree.Theyfindthatsomepeopleneverlearnto__________17theirEQ.TheproblemisthatpeoplewithalowEQhavea__________18timeseeinghowtheirbehavioraffectsotherpeople.Theyseenoreasonto__________
19.They’llprobablyneveradjusttheir__________
20.PartB:ListeningandTranslation
1.SentenceTranslationDirections:Inthispartofthetestyouwillhear5Englishsentences.YouwillhearthesentencesONLYONCE.AfteryouhaveheardeachsentencetranslateitintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.
123452.PassageTranslationDirections:Inthispartofthetestyouwillhear2Englishpassages.YouwillhearthepassagesONLYONCE.AfteryouhaveheardeachpassagetranslateitintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Youmaytakenoteswhileyouarelistening.12SECTION5:READINGTESTDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagesandthenanswerINCOMPLETESENTENCESthequestionswhichfolloweachpassage.UseonlyinformationfromthepassageyouhavejustreadandwriteyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions1-3Third-generationcornfarmerPaulSiegelsaysworkingthelandwillalwaysbehistruelove.“There’snothinglikeplantingaseednurturingitandharvestingit”saystheownerofSiegel’sCottonwoodFarmsinCrestHillIll.nearChicago.ButSiegeladmitsthatitishisannualPumpkinFestthatkeepshisfarmsafloat.Startedin1990withapumpkinpatchandhayrides.Siegel’sfallfestivalhasmushroomedintoafull-fledgedthemeparkcompletewithhauntedbarnsapettingzooa10-acrecornmazeandsnackssuchassmokedturkeylegskettlecornandfunnelcake.Thefestivalattractsmorethan30000visitorseachfallandbringsinthreetimestherevenueofSiegel’s400acresofcornsoybeanandgraincrops.“Istillgettoplantinthespringandharvestinthefall.”saysSiegel“butIhavefourkidstofeedandsendtocollege.Wehavetomakeit.”ForGiaWilson31whovisitedthefarmwithherhusbandandkidsages2and5onarecentSundayCottonwoodFarmsisjustgoodold-fashionedfun.“Theideaofbeingoutdoorstheanimalsthenature—exceptforreadingaboutitinstorybooksorseeingpicturethisisn’tsomethingthekidswouldgettoexperience.”shesays.SuchenthusiasmhashelpedthousandsoffarmerslikeSiegeltothriveinthegrowingbusinessofagriculturaltourism.Atatimewhenprofitmarginsforcropshavebeenslashedrazorthinbyrisingcosts“youhavetoconsideragritainment”saysKayHollabaughpresidentoftheNorthAmericanFarmerDirectMarketingAssociation.Anestimated62millionpeoplevisitedfarmsin2001thelatestfiguresavailable.Annualagritourismrevenuesrangefrom$20millioninVernonto$200millioninNewYork.InHawaiirevenuesrose30%to$34millionfrom2000to
2003.AlthoughthereareafewChristmasattractionssuchasreindeerandsleighridesontreefarmstheweeksleadinguptoHalloweenandThanksgivingarethepeakseasonforagritourismespeciallyintheMidwestwherethephenomenonisbooming.Young’sJerseyDailyinYellowSpringsOhioattractsmorethan
1.4millionvisitorsayeartoitsdairyfarmwhichalsooffersbaseballbattingcagesaminiature-golfcourseandhomemadeicecreamEckert’sCountryFarmStoresnearSt.LouisMo.bringsin$10millionannuallyabout80%ofthefarm’srevenuesfromitsrestaurantsbakeryandgiftshopaccordingtofamilymemberandagritourismconsultantJuneEckert.Tohelpnotoriouslyprivatefarmersmakethetransitiontotheentertainmentbusinessseveralstateshaveestablishedagritourismoffices.ThisyearPennsylvaniacreateda$150millionfundtoprovidelow-interestloansandgrantstofarmershopingtogointoagritainment.Thestatealsolaunchedaguidefortouristsatblueribbonpassport.com.InNorthCarolinathispastsummerwiththehelpofthestateagritourismofficePamGriffinturnedaformertobaccofieldinFuquay-Varina15milessouthwestofRaleighintoacornmazeshapedlikeNASCARdriverScottRiggs’car.GriffinandherhusbandJohnhadnevergrowncornbeforebutshedecidedtolearnbecauseshedidnotwantthelandthatJohn’sfamilyhasownedforfivegenerationstoliefallow.“Wedon’twanttogrowhouses.Wewanttogrowcrops”saysGriffinwhosaysshespentaround$30000onthemazewhichhaddrawnabout2000visitorsbymid-October.Griffindidhavesomesetbacksincludinganearworminfestationthatrequiredspraying.Andeventhoughshehasn’tyetturnedaprofitshehopestonextyear.“Peoplewillpaytobeentertained”shesays.Whilemosttouristvisitfarmsforatasteofcountrylifeoftentheexperienceisnotentirelyauthentic.BatesNutFarminValleyCenterCalif.whichgetsmorethan10000visitorsonweekendsinOctoberdoesn’tactuallygrowanynuttreesbutsellsmorethanadozenvarietiesofnutsthatitbuysfromaroundtheworld.Thefarmdoesgrow15acresof“BigMac”pumpkinsweighing50lbs.ormorebutownerTomNessadmitsthat60%ofthepumpkinshesellsareshippedinfromothergrowers.“Itkindofbumsmeoutthattheydidn’tgrowalltheirownpumpkins”saysGeorgiaZarifes39whoshowedupwithfriendsforthehomemadefudgegiftsandjam.“Butit’snotgoingtostopmefromcoming.”Nowthat’sagritainment.
1.Whatis“agritainment”Givesomeexamples.
2.WhydomoreAmericanfarmersturntotheentertainmentbusiness
3.Whydoestheauthorsaythattheexperienceofcountrylifeisoften“notentirelyauthentic”Questions4-6TodatethebulkofthepublicdebateaboutcopyrightandnewtechnologyhasfocusedonanissuethatIconsidertobesecondarytheissueofhownewtechnologyaltersthebalanceofpowerbetweenconsumersandarelativelynarrowgroupofproducersprimarilytheproducersofcertaintypesofmusicandfilm.Byfocusingsonarrowlyonthatissueandframingthatissueasbeingabout“kids’stealingmusic”weruntheriskofoverlookinghowbadcopyrightlawsareincreasinglyaffectingamuchmoreimportantgroupofculturalproducers.IamthefounderofWikipediaacharitableefforttoorganizethousandsofvolunteerstowriteahigh-qualityencyclopediaineverylanguageoftheworld.WetheWikipedianshaveachievedremarkablesuccessinourfive-yearhistoryandwe’vedoneitasvolunteersfreelysharingourknowledge.Andyetstrangelyenoughinadditiontoresearchingfactsonhundredsofthousandsoftopicsweareforcedtobecomecopyrightexpertsbecausesomuchofourculturalheritageisbeingthreatenedbyabsurdlimitsonfairuseofinformationinthepublicdomain.Igettwotothreethreateninglawyergramseachweek;oneIjustreceivedfromafamousLondonmuseumbeginstypically.“Wenoticeyouhaveanumberofimagesonyourwebsitewhichareofportraitsinthecollectionof[ourmuseum]…Unauthorizedreproductionofsuchcontentmaybeaninfringement…”Inowrespondwithatwo-partletter.FirstIpatientlyandtediouslyexplainthatmuseumsdonotandcannotownthecopyrightstopaintingsthathavebeeninthepublicdomainforhundredsofyear.AndthenIsimplysay:“Youshouldbeashamedofyourselves.”Museumsexisttoeducatethepublicaboutoursharedculturalheritage.Theabuseofcopyrighttocornerthatheritageisamoralcrime.Theexcusenormallygiventhatproducingdigitalreproductionsiscostlyandtime-consumingandmuseumsneedtobeabletorecoupthatcostisentirelybogus.JustgiveuspermissionandWikipedianswillgotoanymuseumintheworldimmediatelytomakehigh-qualitydigitalimagesofanyartwork.Thesolutiontopreservingourheritageandcommunicatingitinadigitalformisnottolockitupbuttogetoutofourway.Thisissuepublic-domainartworksisaboutanabuseofexistinglaw.Butthelawitselfisalsoaproblem.Copyrightshavebeenrepeatedlyextendedtoabsurdlengthsforallkindsofworkswhethertheauthoraimstoprotectthemornot.EvenworksthathavenoeconomicvaluearelockedawayundercopyrightpreventingWikipediansfromrewritingandupdatingthem.Everyschoolsystemintheworldfacestheproblemofexpensivetexts.WikipediashowawaytoasolutionandwehavefoundedasupportingprojectcalledWikibookstoimplementthatsolution.Herethousandsofvolunteersareworkingtowritetextbooks.Ifwestilllivedinaneraofreasonablecopyrightlengths14to28yearswithregistrationitwouldbenoproblemforustoseekoutworksoflapsedcopyrightabandonedbytheirownersandupdatethemquickly.WecouldcutthecostsoftextbooksinschoolsradicallynotjustintheUntiedStatesandotherwealthycountriesbutinthedevelopingworldaswell.AndfinallytheexamplesetbyWikipediaandWikibooksisbeginningtospreadinanexplosionofcreativity.Anotherofmyprojectsthefor-profitWikicitiesallowscommunitiestoformandbuildknowledgebasesorotherworksonanytopicofinterest.Againthousandsofpeopleareworkingtowritethedefinitiveguidestohumorfilmsbooksetc.andtheyaredoingthisworkvoluntarilyandplacingitallunderfreelicensesasagifttotheworld.AndofcourseherewehaveagainallthesameproblemsofabusiveapplicationofcopyrightlawasatWikipediaandWikibooks.Weobeythelaw;wearenotaboutcivildisobedience.Wewantonlytobegoodtodogoodandtoshareknowledgeinamilliondifferentways.Wehavethepeopletodoit.Wehavethetechnologytodoit.Andwewilldoitbadlaworno.Butgoodlawlawthatrecognizesanewparadigmofcollaborativecreativitywillmakeourjobaloteasier.Copyrightreformisnotaboutkids’stealingmusic.Itisaboutrecognizingtheastoundingpossibilitiesinherentinthehonestandintelligentuseofnewtechnologies.
4.WhatareWikipediaandWikibooksWhydidtheauthorstartsuchprojects
5.Explainthestatement“theabuseofcopyrighttocornerthatheritageisamoralcrime.”para.
36.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetothecurrentcopyrightlawsandwhatishissuggestionGiveyourcomments.Questions7-10IttooknearlyeightyearsforthenewheartdrugBiDiltowinapprovalfromtheFoodandDrugAdministration—anditwonthatapprovalonlyafteritsmakerasmallcompanycalledNitroMedrepositioneditasatreatmentearmarkedforAfricanAmericans.ButifNitroMedthoughtgettingBiDilpasttheFDAwashardwaituntilittriesmarketingthedrugtoitstargetgroup.EvenduringitsclinicaltrialsBiDilranintoresistance.SaysDr.TheodoreAddaiofNashville’sMeharryMedicalCollegewhohadtoenlistblackpatientsfora2001trial:“WehadtotrytopersuadethemthatthiswasnotanotherTuskegee.”He’sreferringtotheinfamousTuskegeeexperimentconductedbytheU.S.governmentfromthe1930stotheearly’70sduringwhichdoctorsdeniednearly400blackmeninAlabamatreatmentforsyphilisinothertoobservethedisease’slong-termeffects.ThescarsleftbyTuskegeeareslowtohealintheAfrican-Americancommunityandmanyblacksremaindeeplysuspiciousofanythingthatapproachestheemotionallychangedintersectionofraceandmedicine.TheAIDSepidemicisaprimeexample.AccordingtotheCentersforDiseaseControlblacksaccountfor50%ofnewHIVandAIDScasesintheU.S.althoughtheyrepresentonly13%ofthepopulation.African-Americanwomenareespeciallyatrisk;theirannualAIDScaserateis25timesthatofwhitewomen.CitingthosestatisticssignificantnumbersofblackAmericanssubscribetovariousAIDSconspiracytheories.AccordingtoapollconductedfortheRandCorplastJanuary53%ofblackAmericanssurveyedbelievethereisacureforAIDSthatisbeingwithheldfromthepoorand15%believesthediseasewascreatedbythegovernmentinordertocontroltheblackpopulationPhilWilsondirectoroftheBlackAIDSinstitutesayssuchattitudesarehamperinghisworkwithantiretroviraldrugs.“ThemostcommonthingwebearwithAIDSdrugsis“Ohthey’regoingtoexperimentonyou”hesays.“ThemostcitedexampleistheTuskegeetrialseventhoughmostofusdon’tevenknowwhatTuskegeewas.”TuskegeeasidethediscrepanciesinmedicalcarebetweenblacksandwhitesintheU.S.arerealandpersistentandnotexplainedbydifferencesineconomicstatusalone.InMarch2002astudybytheInstituteofMedicineastheNationalAcademyofSciencesfoundthatevenaftercontrollingforsuchfactorsasincomeandinsurancecoverageminoritiesintheU.S.routinelyreceivedlower-qualityhealthcarethanwhites.Matterswerenotimprovedintheearly’90swhensomeGovernorsandstateofficialstriedtomandatetheuseofanewlyapprovedfive-yearbirthcontroldevicecalledNorplantasawayofcurbingteenagepregnancyandreducingwelfarecostsacampaignthatinstantlyacquiredracialovertones.Inthatcontextit’snotsurprisingthattheideabehindBiDil—thefirstdrugapprovedforaspecificrace—hasbeencontroversialfromthestart.Thedrugisactuallyacombinationoftwooldergenericmedicines.Whenitwasfirsttestedonthegeneralpopulationasatreatmentforcongestiveheartfailure—agradualweakeningoftheheart—theFDAruledthattheresultswerenotstatisticallysignificant.ItwasonlywhenthedrugwasretestedonpatientswhoidentifiedthemselvesasAfricanAmericansthattangiblebenefitsemerged:a43%reductioninthedeathrateanda39%reductioninhospitalizations.CriticspointoutthatwhilethetrialsshowedthatBiDilsavedlivestheyfailedtoshowwhetherthedrugworkedbetterinblacksthaninothergroupsorthatitworkedonlyinblacks.“Raceisaplaceholderforsomethingelse”saysDr.ClydeYancyacardiologistattheUniversityofTexasSouthwesternMedicalCenterandaBiDilinvestigator.“Andthat’sprobablyamixofbiomarkersdemographicsandgenes.”NitroMeddeclinedtocommentonitsmarketingstrategybutsomedoctorsvoicedconcernthatthecompanyremainssensitivetoAfrican-Americanfears.“IhopetheymarketBiDilwithgreatcautionandcare”saysGaryPuckreinexecutivedirectoroftheNationalMinorityHealthMonthfoundation.“Thisreallyisn’taracedrugbutadrugthatworksinspecificpopulationsforreasonswedon’tyetunderstand.”
7.WhatisBiDilWhyhasitbeencontroversialfromthestart
8.WhatisTuskegeeWhydidthedoctorshavetotellblackpatients“thatthiswasnotanotherTuskegee”whentheyweretryingBiDilonthempara.
19.WhydidtheuseofNorplant“instantly”acquire“racialovertones”insomestatesinAmericapara.
410.WhydidittaketheFDAsolongfornearlyeightyearstoapprovetheuseofBiDilSECTION6:TRANSLATIONTESTDirections:TranslatethefollowingpassageintoEnglishandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.光阴似箭,转眼中国加入世贸组织已经整整4年4年来,中国加入世贸绝大多数承诺都已兑现,部分承诺的兑现甚至走在规定的时间表之内在世贸成员关心的知识产权问题上,中国启动法律修改工程,查处大批侵权案件,这些努力均取得了显著成效中国政府还全面清理了部委和地方的行政法规一诺千金,有诺必践,传送着中国的极大诚意,展示了一个负责任大国的襟怀,赢得世贸成员和国际舆论的佳评在世贸组织的年度审议中,这几年中国都受到充分肯定为使国内经济与世贸规则相符,中国表现了承担义务的强烈意愿,并且一如既往从未动摇参考答案SECTION1:LISTENINGTESTPartA:SpotDictation
1.goodcanteen
11.thestaffdiscount
2.motivatepeopleintheirwork
12.anamountofmerchandise
3.onthesalesfloor
13.atdiscountedrates
4.thestaffrestaurant
14.a10%oftheirsalary
5.adrinkprovidedfreeofcharge
15.motivationaleffect
6.afullcookedbreakfast
16.underthemostpressure
7.inahygienicenvironment
17.handthemtheenvelope
8.restandreadpapers
18.thequalityofthepeople
9.abreakfromthecustomers
19.withrespectanddignity
10.health-screeningprograms
20.happyandsatisfiedintheirjobPartB:ListeningComprehension
1.A
2.B
3.C
4.A
5.C
6.B
7.A
8.C
9.D
10.D
11.C
12.D
13.C
14.C
15.C
16.B
17.D
18.B
19.C
20.CSECTION2:READINGTEST
1.B
2.D
3.C
4.A
5.C
6.D
7.C
8.A
9.A
10.D
11.B
12.D
13.D
14.A
15.D
16.A
17.D
18.C
19.A
20.BSECTION3:TRANSLATIONTEST【参考译文】说起今日美国的城市交通,有一种观点很流行,那就是糟透了报章杂志连篇累牍,抱怨“城市交通危机”,抱怨“行路有多难”,如此等等据报道,情况正在恶化,而且恶化速度非常之快每个人都有满肚子的苦水要倾诉纽约上下班市民必乘的火车轨道上许多道岔结冰,无法运作;暴风雪突袭波士顿,半小时的回家路变成了七小时的断肠路;特大暴风雪接二连三侵袭,芝加哥以及其他中西部城市陷入极度困境之中人们抱怨今日美国的城市交通危机,原因之一是许多愿望无法实现很多每天上下班的市民希望交通运输体系能够得到改善,以缩短上下班在途时间,然而,事与愿违,如今即使是想维持上下班在途时间不变都已成了奢望另外一个原因,几乎可以肯定地说,高峰时间城市交通体系运行状况改善速度缓慢,明显不如非高峰时间特别是,美国城市快速通行能力在非高峰时间已经有了明显的改善SECTION4:LISTENINGTESTPartA:Note-takingAndGap-filling
1.handle
11.different
2.respond
12.help
3.term
13.learn
4.education
14.yes
5.elementary
15.taught
6.higher
16.emotions
7.morepatient
17.improve
8.easy-going
18.difficult
9.frustration
19.change
10.maths
20.behaviorPartB:ListeningandTranslationI.SentenceTranslation1在教育界,反对布置家庭作业的人们认为,家庭作业减少了孩子们本可以用来玩耍和呼吸新鲜空气的时间,因此不利于他们的生理、情感和心理健康2我一直认为,成功有两大要素第一步是创立自己的企业或开始自己的事业第二步就是超越他人的预期两步缺一不可,否则你就会有麻烦3最近我们公司进行了重组,包括对下属单位的重组,并裁员300人,因此盈利能力比上一年上升18%4根据美国鱼类及野生动物署的信息,目前93种夏威夷本土鸟类中,已有28%灭绝,另有三分之一已被列入联邦濒危物种名单5“天有不测风云,非人力可及,但战争是我们可以掌控的”这样的观点已经过时了人类的破坏能力越来越强,已成为21世纪的首要问题II.PassageTranslation1当今世界,发展不平衡情况比历史上任何时期都要严重基本原因如下200年前人人贫穷,而经济增长也只是最近才发生的但在这一时期内,经济发展水平产生了极大的差异世界上少数地区实现了经济学家称之为“现代经济增长”年复一年,人均收入水平不断上升200年累积下来,变化甚为可观,以物质财富来衡量的话,生活水平上升了20倍还不止2从图表可见,世界各地,每十万人口所拥有的医生数量差异很大比如意大利的这个数字比英国要高出很多也许这点令人惊讶,但却是事实在意大利,每十万人口拥有医生约400名,而在英国仅为160出头西班牙和比利时的数字也比英国高出许多在西班牙略高于350,比利时为310SECTION5:READINGTESTQuestion1:Thetermagritainmentisblendedbythewords“agriculture”and“entertainment”referringtothegrowingbusinessofagriculturetourismorganizedbyUSfarmerstooffergoodold-fashionedfuntovisitorsmainlyfromurbanareas.ExamplesofagritainmentincludeHalloweenThanksgivingandChristmasattractionssuchasYoung’sJerseyDailyinYellowSpringOhioEckert’sCountryFarmStoresnearSt.LouisMo.BateNutFarminValleyCenterCalif.andsoon.Question2:OntheonehandtheprofitmarginsforcropshavebeensharplyreducedbyrisingcostssoanincreasingnumberoffarmersturntoagritainmentanindustrythathasaveryhugemarketandrevenueprovedbyprogramsinNewYorkandHawaii.Ontheotherhandtohelpfarmersmakethetransitiontotheentertainmentbusinessseveralstateshaveestablishedagritourismofficesandlaunchedaguidefortouriststhroughwebsites.Question3:Theagritainmentprogramsaremainlyprofit-orientedthereforeitisverylikelythatsomeexperienceofcountrylifedeliveredmaynotbeauthenticsinceitmayincludetheelementsofartificialexaggerationonlytoattractmorevisitorsandcatertotheirneedsofold-fashionedfun.ForexampleBateNutFarminValleyCenterCalif.thatsellsvariousnutstovisitorsdoesn’tactuallygrowanynuttreesandthemajorityofthepumpkinsofferedforsaleareshippedinfromothergrowers.Question4:Wikipediaisdefinedbytheauthorasacharitablecausetoorganizealargegroupofvolunteerstoproduceahigh-qualityencyclopediaineverylanguageoftheworld.Itaimsatpreservingcommunicatingandspreadingculturalheritageforfreeamongthepublicthroughtheintelligentuseofnewtechnologiesinaneffectiveandefficientwaywhichcurrentlyisthreatenedbythoseexcessivelimitsonfairuseofinformation.Wikibooksrefertothetextbooksforstudentswrittenbyvolunteersonthebasisofpropersortingandupdatingofworksunrestrainedbycopyright.BydramaticallycuttingthecostsWikibooksintendstoofferaffordabletextbookstobothwealthycountriesandthedevelopingworld.Question5:TheauthorfeelsthatthemuseumsthatthreatenWikipediawithcopyrightsarenotperformingtheirroletoeducatethepublicabouttheculturalheritagesharedbymankindandtheirpracticeofattemptingtogaincontrolovertheculturalheritagebyimposingexcessivelimitsintheformofcopyrightsshouldberepudiatedsinceitcannotpreservecommunicateorspreadculturalheritageinanysense.Question6:Theauthorbelievesthatthecurrentcopyrightlawsincludeabsurdlimitsonthefairuseofinformationinthepublicdomain.Thesolutiontopreservingtheculturalheritageandcommunicatingitinadigitalformisnottolockitupbuttoencouragefreesharing.Thecurrentcopyrightlengthsshouldbereduced.Existingcopyrightlawsshouldberevisedandthereshouldbeacopyrightreformsothatculturalheritagecanbesharedbyall.Question7:BiDilisthenameofanewheartdruglaunchedbyasmallcompanycalledNitroMedwhopositionsitasacustom-madetreatmentforAfricanAmericansandwinsapprovalfromtheFoodandDrugAdministration.Itisacombinationofoneoldergenericmedicines.BiDilhasbeencontroversialfromthestartbecauseitisthefirstdrugapprovedforaspecificracemakingitaneasytargetforaccusationsofracialdiscriminationsincetherearerealandpersistentdiscrepanciesinmedicalcarebetweenblacksandwhitesintheUS.ThecontroversyoverBiDilisfurthercomplicatedbythepreviouscaseofTuskegeeexperimentinwhichblackpeoplesufferedseriousdiscriminationinmedicaltreatment.Question8:TuskegeeisthenameofthenotoriousexperimentconductedbytheUSgovernmentfromthe1930stotheearly1970sduringwhichdoctorsrefusedtooffernearly400blackmeninAlabamamedicaltreatmentforsyphilisinordertoobservethedisease’slong-termeffects.TheTuskegeeexperimenthashadprofoundimpactontheAfrican-Americancommunitywhoremainjustifiablysuspiciousofanyapproachthatlinksmedicinewithrace.SinceBiDilfallsintothecategoryofdrugsforaspecificraceitmetresistanceuponitslaunchsodoctorshadtoconvinceblackpatientsthatBiDilwasnotaTuskegee-stylemedicine.Question9:Norplantwasafive-yearbirthcontroldeviceaimingatcurbingteenagepregnancyandreducingwelfarecostsbutminoritiesintheUSroutinelyreceivedlowerqualityhealthcarethanwhitesandsuchdiscrepanciesinmedicalcaremakeitimpossibleforblackstoenjoyanywelfareincludingmedicaltreatmentinthesamewayaswhitescandothereforeNorplantcausedanotherroundofdebateovermedicineandrace.Question10:AnynewmedicineshouldbecertifiedwithauthoritativestatisticsbytheFDAforitseffectsamongtargetgroups.BiDilwasfirsttestedonthegeneralpopulationasatreatmentforcongestiveheartfailurebuttheFDAruledthatthestatisticsdidnotjustifyBiDilasaneffectivemedicineforthatpurpose.SothedrugwasretestedonAfricanAmericansandstatisticsshowedthatitcanreducethemortalityrateby43%andhospitalizationsby39%enoughtoproveitseffectiveness.SECTION6:TRANSLATIONTEST【参考译文】Timeflieslikeanarrow.IthasbeenfouryearssinceChina’sentryintotheWTO.InthepastfouryearsChinahashonoredthemajorityofthepromisesitmadebeforeitsaccessiontotheWTOsomeofwhichwereevencarriedoutaheadofschedule.OnsuchissuesasintellectualpropertyrightswhicharethefocusoftheattentionoftheWTOmembersChinahasstartedthemodificationoflawandinvestigationofinfringementcaseswhichhasobtainedfruitfulresults.TheChinesegovernmenthasalsoclearedupthelawsandregulationsmadebyministriescommissionsandthelocalgovernment.TheChinesegovernmenthaskeptitscommitmentwhichisareflectionofitssincerity.AsagreatcountrywithahighsenseofresponsibilityChinahasbeenhighlyregardedbyotherWTOmembersandtheworldpressaswell,whichisalsothecaseintheannualauditingbytheWTOinthepastfewyears.InorderthattheChinesedomesticeconomyshouldmeettheWTOcodeChinahasshownitsstrongdesiretotakeonitscommitmentandunswervingly.2006年9月真题SECTION1:LISTENINGTESTPartA:SpotDictationDirection:Inthispartofthetestyouwillhearapassageandreadthesamepassagewithblanksinit.Fillineachoftheblankswiththewordsyouhaveheardonthetape.WriteyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.RememberyouwillhearthepassageONLYONCE.Playisveryimportantforhumansfrombirthtodeath.Playisnotmeanttobejustforchildren.Itisaformof___________1thatcantapintoyourcreativityandcanallowyouthechancetofindyourinnerchildandtheinnerchildofothers.Ihavecollectedthe___________2ofplayhere.Playcanstimulateyou___________
3.Itcangoagainstalltherulesandchangethesame___________
4.WaltDisneywasdevotedtoplayandhiswillingnessto___________5changedtheworldofentertainment.Thenexttimeyouarestuckina___________6wayoflifepulloutaboxofcolorpencilsmodelingclayglueandscissorsand___________7andbreakfree.Youwillbeamazedatthewayyourthinking___________
8.Playingcanbringgreaterjoyintoyourlife.Whatdoyouthinktheworldwouldbelike-if___________9eachdayinplayIbetjustaskingyouthisquestionhas___________
10.Playcreateslaughterjoyentertainment___________
11.Startingtodaytrytoget30minuteseachdaytoengageinsomeformofplayand___________12rise!Playisknown___________
13.Studiesshowthatashumansplayispartofournature.Wehavetheneedtoplaybecauseitisinstinctiveand___________
14.Withregularplayourproblem-solvingand___________15willbeinmuchbettershapetohandlethiscomplexworldandwearemuchmorelikelytochoose___________16astheyarise.Itcreateslaughterandfreedomthatcaninstantlyreducestressand__________17toourdailyliving.Playcan___________18curiosityandcreativity.Researchshowsthatplayisbotha‘hands-on’and‘minds-on’learningprocess.Itproducesadeeper___________19oftheworldanditspossibilities.Webegingivingmeaningtolifethroughstorymakingandplayingout___________
20.PartB:ListeningComprehensionDirections:Inthispartofthetesttherewillbesomeshorttalksandconversations.Aftereachoneyouwillbeaskedsomequestions.ThetalksconversationsandquestionswillbespokenONLYONCE.NowlistencarefullyandchoosetherightanswertoeachquestionyouhaveheardandwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions1to5arebasedonthefollowingconversation.
1.AinCherryBlossomsVillageninetyoftheresidentsareover85yearsold.BIntheUnitedStatestherearetwiceasmanycentenariansasthereweretenyearsago.CAllthepeoplestudiedbythesescientistsfromGeorgialiveininstitutionsfortheelderly.DAlmostalltheresidentsinCherryBlossomsVillagehaveunusualhobbies.
2.AWhetherthecentenarianscanliveindependentlyinsmallapartments.BWhetheritisfeasibletoestablishavillageforthe“oldestold”people.CWhatpercentageofthepopulationarecentenariansinthestateofGeorgia.DWhattherealsecretsaretobecominganactiveandhealthy100-year-old.
3.ADietoptimismactivityormobilityandgenetics.BOptimismcommitmenttointerestingthingsactivityormobilityandadaptabilitytoloss.CThestrengthtoadapttolossdietexerciseandgenetics.DDietexercisecommitmenttosomethingtheywereinterestedinandgenetics.
4.AThecentenarianshadahighcalorieandfatintake.BThecentenariansbasicallyeatsomethingdifferent.CThecentenarianseatalow-fatandlow-calorieunprocessedfooddiet.DThecentenarianseatspicyfooddrinkwhiskeyandhavesweetporkeveryday.
5.AWorkhard.BStaybusy.CSticktoabalanceddiet.DAlwaysfindsomethingtolaughabout.Questions6to10arebasedonthefollowingnews.
6.AGlobaltemperaturesroseby3degreesinthe20thcentury.BGlobalwarmingmayspreaddiseasethatcouldkillalotofpeopleinAfrica.CDevelopedcountriesnolongerdependonfossilfuelsfortransportandpower.DTheimpactoftheglobalwarmingwillberadicallyreducedby
2050.
7.ATakingbribes.BCreatingaleadershipvacuumatthecountry’stopcarmaker.CMisusingcompanyfundsforpersonalspending.DOfferingcashforpoliticalfavors.
8.AThenationhasraisedalertstatustothehighestlevelandthousandsofpeoplehavemovedtosafety.BTheeruptionofMountMerapihasbeentheworstinIndonesiaoverthepasttwodecades.CAllresidentsintheregiontenkilometersfromthebaseofthemountainhaveevacuated.DTheeruptionprocesswasasuddenburstandhascausedextensivedamageandheavycasualty.
9.A6to
7.B8to
10.C11to
16.D17to
25.
10.ACurbinghigh-levelcorruption.BFightingorganizedcrime.CInvestigatingconvictionsofcriminals.DSurveyingthethreatstonationalsecurity.Questions11to15arebasedonthefollowinginterview.
11.AAwinetaster.BAmasterwatertaster.CThehostoftheshow.DTheengineerwhoworksonthewatertreatmentplant.
12.ABerkeleySprings.BSantaBarbara.CAtlanticCity.DSacramento.
13.ABeingsaucyandpiquant.BTastingsweet.CAcertainamountofminerals.DAnabsenceoftaste.
14.ALooking—smelling—tasting.BTasting—smelling—looking.CSmelling—looking—tasting.DTasting—looking—smelling.
15.ABathing.BBoilingpastain.CSwimming.DMakingtea.Questions16to20arebasedonthefollowingtalk.
16.AEnhancereadingandmathskills.BIncreasethestudents’appreciationofnature.CImprovemathbutnotreadingskills.DDevelopreadingbutnotmathskills.
17.ATohelpthestudentsappreciatethearts.BTomakethestudents’educationmorewell-rounded.CToinvestigatetheimpactofartstraining.DToenhancethestudents’mathskills.
18.AOnceweekly.BTwiceweekly.COnceamonth.DTwiceamonth.
19.ASixmonths.BSevenmonths.CEightmonths.DNinemonths.
20.AThechildren’sattitude.BThechildren’stestscores.CBoththechildren’sattitudeandtestscores.DBoththeteachers’andthechildren’sattitude.SECTION2:READINGTESTDirections:Inthissectionyouwillreadseveralpassages.Eachoneisfollowedbyseveralquestionsaboutit.YouaretochooseONEbestanswerABCorDtoeachquestion.AnswerallthequestionsfollowingeachpassageonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimpliedinthatpassageandwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions1-5Anyonewhodoubtsthatchildrenarebornwithahealthyamountofambitionneedspendonlyafewminuteswithababyeagerlylearningtowalkoraheadstrongtoddlerstartingtotalk.Nomatterhowmanytimesthelittleonesstumbleintheirinitialeffortsmostkeepontryingdeterminedtomastertheiramazingnewskill.Itisonlyseveralyearslateraroundthestartofmiddleorjuniorhighschoolmanypsychologistsandteachersagreethatagoodnumberofkidsseemtolosetheirnaturaldrivetosucceedandendupjoiningtheranksofunderachievers.Fortheparentsofsuchkidswhoseownambitionisofteninextricablytiedtotheirchildren’ssuccessitcanbeabewilderingpainfulexperience.Soit’snowondersomeparentsfindthemselveshopingthatjustmaybeambitioncanbetaughtlikeanyothersubjectatschool.It’snotquitethatsimple.“Kidscanbegiventheopportunitiestobecomepassionateaboutasubjectoractivitybuttheycan’tbeforced”saysJacquelynneEcclesapsychologyprofessorattheUniversityofMichiganwholedalandmark25-yearstudyexaminingwhatmotivatedfirst-andseventh-gradesinthreeschooldistricts.Evensoagrowingnumberofeducatorsandpsychologistsdobelieveitispossibletounearthambitioninstudentswhodon’tseemtohavemuch.Theysaythatbyinstillingconfidenceencouragingsomerisktakingbeingacceptingoffailureandexpandingtheareasinwhichchildrenmaybesuccessfulbothparentsandteacherscanreignitethatinnatedesiretoachieve.Figuringoutwhythefirewentoutisthefirststep.Assumingthatakiddoesn’tsufferfromanemotionalorlearningdisabilityorisn’tinvolvedinsomefamilycrisisathomemanyeducatorsattributeasuddenlackofmotivationtoafearoffailureorpeerpressurethatconveysthemessagethatdoingwellacademicallysomehowisn’tcool.“Kidsgetsocaughtupinthemoment-to-momentissueofwilltheylooksmartordumbanditblocksthemfromthinkingaboutthelongterm”saysCarolDweckapsychologyprofessoratStanford.“Youhavetoteachthemthattheyareinchargeoftheirintellectualgrowth.”OverthepastcoupleofyearsDweckhashelpedrunanexperimentalworkshopwithNewYorkCitypublicschoolseventh-graderstodojustthat.DubbedBrainologytheunorthodoxapproachusesbasicneurosciencetoteachkidshowthebrainworksandhowitcancontinuetodevelopthroughoutlife.“Themessageisthateverythingiswithinthekids’controlthattheirintelligenceismalleable”saysLisaBlackwellaresearchscientistatColumbiaUniversitywhohasworkedwithDwecktodevelopandruntheprogramwhichhashelpedincreasethestudents’interestinschoolandturnedaroundtheirdecliningmathgrades.MorethananyteacherorworkshopBlackwellsays“parentscanplayacriticalroleinconveyingthismessagetotheirchildrenbypraisingtheireffortstrategyandprogressratherthanemphasizingtheir‘smartness’orpraisinghighperformancealone.Mostofallparentsshouldlettheirkidsknowthatmistakesareapartoflearning.”Someexpertssayoureducationsystemwithitsstrongemphasisontestingandrigidseparationofstudentsintodifferentlevelsofabilityalsobearsblameforthedisappearanceofdriveinsomekids.“Theseprogramsshutdownthemotivationofallkidswhoaren’tconsideredgiftedandtalented.Theydestroytheirconfidence”saysJeffHowardasocialpsychologistandpresidentoftheEfficacyInstituteaBoston-areaorganizationthatworkswithteachersandparentsinschooldistrictsaroundthecountrytohelpimprovechildren’sacademicperformance.Howardandothereducatorssayit’simportanttoexposekidstoaworldbeyondhomeworkandteststhroughvolunteerworksportshobbiesandotherextracurricularactivities.“Thecruxoftheissueisthatmanystudentsexperienceeducationasirrelevanttotheirlifegoalsandambitions”saysMichaelNakkualaHarvardeducationprofessorwhorunsaBoston-areamentoringprogramcalledProjectIFInventingtheFuturewhichworkstogetlow-incomeunderachieversintouchwiththeiraspirations.Thekeytogettingkidstoaimhigheratschoolistodisabusethemofthenotionthatclassworkisirrelevanttoshowthemhowdoingwellatschoolcanactuallyhelpthemfulfilltheirdreamsbeyondit.Likeanyambitioustoddlertheyneedtounderstandthatyouhavetolearntowalkbeforeyoucanrun.
1.WhichofthefollowingbestexpressesthemainideaofthefirstparagraphAChildrenarebornwithakindofhealthyambition.BHowababylearnstowalkandtalk.CAmbitioncanbetaughtlikeothersubjectsatschool.DSometeenagechildrenlosetheirdrivetosucceed.
2.Accordingtosomeeducatorsandpsychologistsallofthefollowingwouldbehelpfultocultivatestudents’ambitiontosucceedEXCEPT________.Astimulatingthemtobuildupself-confidenceBcultivatingtheattitudeofrisktakingCenlargingtheareasforchildrentosucceedDmakingthemunderstandtheirfamilycrisis
3.WhatisthemessagethatpeerpressureconveystochildrenAAsuddenlackofmotivationisattributedtothestudent’sfailure.BBookknowledgeisnotasimportantaspracticalexperience.CLookingsmartismoreimportantforyoungpeopleatschool.DToachieveacademicexcellenceshouldnotbetreatedasthetoppriority.
4.Theword“malleable”intheclause“thattheirintelligenceismalleable”para.3mostprobablymeanscapableofbeing________.AalteredanddevelopedBblockedandimpairedCsharpenedandadvancedDreplacedandtransplanted
5.Theexpression“todisabusethemofthenotion”para.4canbeparaphrasedas________.AtofreethemoftheideaBtohelpthemunderstandtheideaCtoimbuethemwiththenotionDtoinformthemoftheconceptQuestions6-10Civil-libertiesadvocatesreelingfromtherecentrevelationsonsurveillancehadsomethingelsetoworryaboutlastweek:theprivacyofthebillionsofsearchqueriesmadeonsiteslikeGoogleAOLYahooandMicrosoft.Aspartofalong-runningcourtcasethegovernmenthasaskedthosecompaniestoturnoverinformationonitsusers’searchbehavior.AllbutGooglehavehandedoverdataandnowtheDepartmentofJusticehasmovedtocompelthesearchgianttoturnoverthegoods.Whatmakesthiscasedifferentisthattheintendeduseoftheinformationisnotrelatedtonationalsecuritybutthegovernment’scontinuingattempttopoliceInternetpornography.In1998CongresspassedtheChildOnlineProtectionActCOPAbutcourtshaveblockeditsimplementationduetoFirstAmendmentconcerns.InitsappealtheDOJwantstoprovehoweasyitistoinadvertentlystumbleuponpore.Inordertoconductacontrolledexperiment—tobeperformedbyaUCBerkeleyprofessorofstatistics—theDOJwantstousealargesampleofactualsearchtermsfromthedifferentsearchengines.Itwouldthenusethosetermstodoitsownsearchesemployingthedifferentkindsoffilterseachsearchengineoffersinanattempttoquantifyhowoften“materialthatisharmfultominors”mightappear.Googlecontendsthatsinceitisnotapartytothecasethegovernmenthasnotrighttodemanditsproprietaryinformationtoperformitstest.“Weintendtoresisttheirmotionvigorously”saidGoogleattorneyNicoleWong.DOJspokespersonCharlesMillersaysthatthegovernmentisrequestingonlytheactualsearchtermsandnotanythingthatwouldlinkthequeriestothosewhomadethem.TheDOJisalsodemandingalistofamillionWebsitesthatGoogleindexestodeterminethedegreetowhichobjectionablesitesaresearched.OriginallythegovernmentaskedforatreasuretroveofallsearchesmadeinJuneandJuly2005;therequesthasbeenscaledbacktooneweek’sworthofsearchqueries.OneoddityabouttheDOJ’sstrategyisthattheexperimentcouldconceivablysinkitsowncase.Ifthebuilt-infiltersthateachsearchengineprovidesareeffectiveinblockingpornsitesthegovernmentwillhavewoundupprovingwhattheoppositionhassaidallalong—youdon’tneedtosuppressspeechtoprotectminorsontheNet.“Wethinkthatourfilteringtechnologydoesagoodjobprotectingminorsfrominadvertentlyseeingadultcontent”saysRamezNaamgroupprogrammanagerofMSNSearch.ThoughthegovernmentintendstousethesedataspecificallyforitsCOPA-relatedtestit’spossiblethattheinformationcouldleadtofurtherinvestigationsandperhapssubpoenastofindoutwhowasdoingthesearching.WhatifcertainsearchtermsindicatedthatpeoplewerecontemplatingterroristactionsorothercriminalactivitiesSaystheDOJ’sMiller“I’massumingthatifsomethingraisedalarmswewouldhanditovertotheproperauthorities.”Privacyadvocatesfearthatifthegovernmentrequestisuphelditwillopenthedoortofurthergovernmentexaminationofsearchbehavior.OnesolutionwouldbeforGoogletostopstoringtheinformationbutthecompanyhopestoeventuallyusethepersonalinformationofconsentingcustomerstoimprovesearchperformance.“Searchisawindowintopeople’spersonalities”saysKurtOpsahlanElectronicFrontierFoundationattorney.“TheyshouldbeabletotakeadvantageoftheInternetwithoutworryingaboutBigBrotherlookingovertheirshoulders.”
6.WhentheAmericangovernmentaskedGoogleAOLYahooandMicrosofttoturnoverinformationonitsusers’searchbehaviorthemajorintentionis_________.AtoprotectnationalsecurityBtohelpprotectpersonalfreedomCtomonitorInternetpornographyDtoimplementtheChildOnlineProtectionAct
7.Googlerefusedtoturnover“itsproprietaryinformation”para.2requiredbyDOJasitbelievesthat________.AitisnotinvolvedinthecourtcaseBusers’privacyismostimportantCthegovernmenthasviolatedtheFirstAmendmentDsearchtermsisthecompany’sbusinesssecret
8.Thephrase“scaledbackto”inthesentence“therequesthasbeenscaledbacktooneweek’sworthofsearchqueries”para.3canbereplacedby_________.AmaximizedtoBminimizedtoCreturnedtoDreducedto
9.Inthesentence“OneoddityabouttheDOJ’sstrategyisthattheexperimentcouldconceivablysinkitsowncase.”para.4theexpression“sinkitsowncase”mostprobablymeansthat_________.AcounterattacktheoppositionBleadtoblockingofpornsitesCprovideevidencetodisprovethecaseDgivefullgroundtosupportthecase
10.WhenKurtOpsahlsaysthat“TheyshouldbeabletotakeadvantageoftheInternetwithoutworryingaboutBigBrotherlookingovertheirshoulders.”para.5theexpression“BigBrother”isusedtoreferto_________.AafriendorrelativeshowingmuchconcernBacolleaguewhoismuchmoreexperiencedCadominatingandall-powerfulrulingpowerDabenevolentanddemocraticorganizationQuestions11-15OnNewYear’sDay50000inmatesinKenyanjailswentwithoutlunch.Thiswasnotsomemasshungerstriketohighlightpoorlivingconditions.Itwasanextraordinaryhumanitariangesture:themoneythatwouldhavebeenspentontheirluncheswenttothecharityFoodAidtohelpfeedanestimated
3.5millionKenyanswhobecauseofaseveredroughtarethreatenedwithstarvation.ThedroughtisbignewsinAfricaaffectinghugeareasofeastAfricaandtheHorn.Ifyouarereadingthisinthewesthoweveryoumaynotbeawareofit—themediaisnotinterestedinoldstories.Evenifyoudoknowaboutthedroughtyoumaynotbeawarethatitisdevastatingonegroupofpeopledisproportionately:thepastoralists.Thereare20millionnomadicorsemi-nomadicherdersinthisregionandtheyarefastbecomingsomeofthepoorestpeopleinthecontinent.TheirplightencapsulatesAfrica’sperennialproblemwithdroughtandfamine.HowsoItcomesdowntothereluctanceofgovernmentsaidagenciesandforeignlenderstosupporttheherders’traditionalwayoflife.Insteadtheyhavetendedtotrytoturnthemintocommercialranchersoragriculturalistseventhoughithasbeendemonstratedtimeandagainthatpastoralistsarewelladaptedtotheirharshenvironmentsandthatmovinglivestockaccordingtotheseasonsorclimaticchangesmakestheirmethodsfarmoreviablethanagricultureinsub-Saharandrylands.FurthermoreAfricanpastoralistsystemsareoftenmoreproductiveintermsofproteinandcashperhectarethanAustralianAmericanandotherAfricanranchesinsimilarclimaticconditions.Theymakeasubstantialcontributiontotheircountries’nationaleconomies.InKenyaforexampletheturnoverofthepastoralistsectorisworth$800millionperyear.IncountriessuchasBurkinaFasoEritreaandEthiopiahidesfrompastoralists’herdsmakeupover10percentofexportearnings.Despitethisproductivitypastoralistsstillstarveandtheiranimalsperishwhendroughthits.Onereasonisthatonlyatrickleoftheprofitsgoestotheherdersthemselves;thelion’sshareispocketedbytraders.Thisispartlybecausetheherdersonlysellmuchoftheirstockduringtimesofdroughtandfaminewhentheyneedthecashtobuyfoodandthetermsoftradeinthissituationneverworkintheirfavour.Anotherreasonisthelackofinvestmentinherdingareas.FundingbodiessuchastheWorldBankand-USAIDtriedtoaddresssomeoftheproblemsinthe1960sinvestingmillionsofdollarsincommercialbeefanddairyproduction.Itdidn’twork.Firstlynoonebotheredtoconsultthepastoralistsaboutwhattheywanted.Secondlyrearinglivestocktookprecedenceoverhumanprogress.Thepoliciesandstrategiesofinternationaldevelopmentagenciesmoreorlessmirroredthethinkingoftheircolonialpredecessors.Theywerebasedontwofalseassumptions:thatpastoralismisprimitiveandinefficientwhichledtonumerousfailedschemesaimedatconvertingherderstomodernranchingmodels;andthatAfrica’sdrylandscansupportcommercialranching.Theycannot.MostofAfrica’sherdersliveinareaswithunpredictableweathersystemsthataretotallyunsuitedtocommercialranching.Whatthepastoralistsneedissupportfortheirtraditionallifestyle.Overthepastfewyearsfundersandpolicy-makershavebeenstartingtogetthemessage.OneexampleisinterventionbygovernmentstoensurethatpastoralistsgetfairpricesfortheircattlewhentheysellthemintimesofdroughtsothattheycanaffordtobuyfodderfortheirremaininglivestockandcerealstokeepthemselvesandtheirfamiliesalivetheprobleminAfricanfaminesisnotsomuchalackoffoodasalackofmoneytobuyit.Anotherexampleisadroughtearly-warningsystemrunbytheKenyangovernmentandtheWorldBankthathashelpedavertlivestockdeaths.Thisisallpromisingbutmoreneedstobedone.SomeAfricangovernmentsstillfavourforcingpastoraliststosettle.Theyshouldheedthelatestscientificresearchdemonstratingtheproductivityoftraditionalcattle-herding.Ultimatelysustainableruraldevelopmentinpastoralistareaswilldependonincreasingtradesoonethinggoingforthemisthegrowingdemandforlivestockproducts:therewilllikelybeanadditional2billionconsumersworldwideby2020thevastmajorityindevelopingcountries.Toensurethatpastoralistsbenefititwillbecrucialtogivethemagreatersayinlocalpolicies.Otherkeytasksincludegivingagreatersaytowomenwhoplaycriticalrolesinlivestockproduction.Therichworldshouldpayproperattentiontotheplightofthepastoralists.Leavingthemdependentonforeignfoodaidisunsustainableandwillleadtomoreresentmentconflictenvironmentaldegradationandmalnutrition.Itisintherichworld’sintereststohelpout.
11.WhichofthefollowingCANNOTbeconcludedfromthepassageAForcingAfrica’snomadicherderstobecomerancherswillsavethemfromdrought.BThedifferencebetweenpastoralistandagriculturalistisvitaltotheAfricanpeople.CTherichworldshouldgivemoresupporttotheAfricanpeopletoovercomedrought.DEnvironmentaldegradationshouldbethemajorconcernindevelopingAfrica’spastoralism.
12.Theword“encapsulates”inthesentence“TheirplightencapsulatesAfrica’sperennialproblemwithdroughtandfamine.”para.lcanbereplacedby________.Aconcludes.Binvolves.Crepresents.Daggravates.
13.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardAfricandroughtandtraditionallifestyleofpastoralismANeutralandindifferent.BSympatheticandunderstanding.CCriticalandvehement.DSubjectiveandfatalistic.
14.Whentheauthorwrites“thepoliciesandstrategiesofinternationaldevelopmentagenciesmoreorlessmirroredthethinkingoftheircolonialpredecessors.”para.4heimpliesallthefollowingEXCEPTthattheaidagenciesdidnot__________.AhaveanobjectiveviewofthesituationinAfricaBunderstandtheunpredictableweathersystemsthereCfeelthemselvessuperiorindecisionmakingDcareaboutthedevelopmentofthelocalpeople
15.Theauthor’smainpurposeinwritingthisarticlein_________.AtoevaluatethelivingconditionsofKenyanpastoralistsBtogivesuggestionsonthesupportofthetraditionalpastoralisminAfricaCtoillustratethedifferencebetweencommercialranchingandpastoralismDtocriticizethecolonialthinkingofwesternaidagenciesQuestions16-20TheprospectsforfindinglifebeyondEarthmaybebrightening.Todayscientistsarereportingevidenceforyetanotherpotentialhabitatinoursolarsystem:Saturn’smoonEnceladus.ScientistsminingnewdatafromtheCassinispacecraftsaytheymayhavefoundevidencethatEnceladus—theplanet’sfourth-largestmoon—hostsliquidwater.Iftheresultsholdupthiswouldbringtofourthenumberofbodiesinthesolarsystem—includingEarth—thatdisplayactivevolcanism.AndsincelifeasbiologistsknowitrequiresliquidwaterandasourceofenergyEnceladuswouldjoinJupiter’smoonEuropaandSaturn’smoonTitanaswellasMarsaspossiblespotsbeyondEarthwheresimpleformsoflifemayhavegainedorstillmaintainafoothold.Thediscoveryhoweverisbittersweetformanyscientists.NASA’sproposedbudgetforfiscal2007callsfora50percentcutinitsastrobiologyprogram.Althoughtheprogramisatinypieceoftheagency’soverallspendingplanforscienceit’sasignificantsourceofmoneyforprobingfundamentalquestionsofhowandwhylifeemergedonEarthandwhetherlifearoseelsewhereintheuniverse.A50-percentcut“isalmostagoing-out-of-business-levelcut”inavibrantlineofresearchthatstandsasonepillarsupportingPresidentBush’svisionforspaceexplorationsaysplanetaryscientistSeanSolomonwhoheadstheDepartmentofTerrestrialMagnetismattheCarnegieInstitutionofWashington.Neverthelesstheresearchintoday’sissueofthejournalScienceisthesortofthingthatcontinuestolightafireunderthefield.ItsreportaboutliquidwaterundertheicysurfaceofEnceladusisa“radicalconclusion”acknowledgesCarolynPorcowholeadstheimagingteamworkingwithdatafromtheCassiniorbiter.Butiftheteamisright“wehavesignificantlybroadenedthediversityofsolar-systemenvironments”thatmighthaverolledoutthewelcomemat“forlivingorganisms”sheconcludes.Imagesreleasedlastfallshowthemoonejectingvastplumesofmaterialnearitsunexpectedlywarmsouthpole.Astheteamponderedtheevidencetheynixedseveralexplanationsincludingtheideathattheparticlesintheplumesweredrivenbyvaporbillowingoutasicereachedthesurfaceandimmediatelyturnedintoagas.Thelastideastanding:Liquidwaterwasventingfromreservoirsnearthesurfaceperhapsonlytensofmetersbelowthefrigidcrust.ThisexplanationalsohelpedsolvetheriddleofpuzzlinglyhighlevelsofoxygenatomsfoundinSaturn’sneighborhood.Confirmationcouldcomewithadditionalflybysifwater—andperhapslife—ispresentitwouldn’tbe“luxuriant”notesJeffreyKargelaresearcherattheUniversityofArizonaatTucson.Itlikelywouldfacetoughconditions—nastychemicalsverylowtemperaturesandlittleenergytodriveit.Stillheaddsit’sprematuretocrossthemoonoffthelistofpossible“outposts”forlifebeyondEarth.Yettheprospectofbuildingontheseresultscouldbedimmerwiththethreatofbudgetcuts.Theproposedreductionspostseveralchallengesresearcherssay.Oneisthelossofimportantfinancialleverage.WhilemoneyforexperimentsandotherresearchrelatedtoastrobiologycancomefromotherfundingagenciessuchastheNationalScienceFoundationoreventheNationalInstitutesofHealthNASA’sprogramoftenprovidesthecrucialmissingpiecethatturnsdemandingandsometimesdangerousfieldworkintoexcitingresults.Oneofthebiggestsuccessesovertheprogram’s10-yearhistoryhasbeentohelprevolutionizethewayscienceisdone.AnsweringquestionsabouttheoriginsoflifeonEarthandtheprospectsforlifeelsewhererequirestrongcollaborations.FromradioastronomerstobiologistsandgeologistsstudyingtheevolutionofEarthgroupsareworkingtogetherinwaystheyneverthoughtofadecadeagoaddsEdwardYoungageochemistattheUniversityofCaliforniaatLosAngeles.“NASA’smadealotofprogressbymakingarelativelysmallinvestmentinawaythathasbroughtdisparateexpertstogetherfromthewholespectrumofphysicalandbiologicalsciences.It’sawonderfullessononhowtomakeprogressbycrossingtheseboundaries”Dr.Solomonsays.“Itwouldberegrettabletostopthatexperiment.”
16.Accordingtothepassagesimpleformsoflifemightbefoundonthefollowingheavenlybodiesinthesolarsystem:________.AEuropaTitanEarth’smoonandMarsBEuropaMarsTitanandEnceladusCJupiterSaturnMarsandEnceladusDEarth’smoonJupiterMarsandSaturn
17.Whentheauthorsays“Thediscoveryhoweverisbittersweetformanyscientists.”para.3hemostprobablymeansthatthediscovery_________.AgreatlydiscouragesscientistsBleadstothecuttingofNASA’sbudgetCcausesmuchdoubtandargumentDbringsscientistsbothgoodandbadnews
18.WhenSeanSolomonsaysa50-percentcutinNASA’sfiscalbudgetfor2007initsastrobiologyprogram“isalmostagoing-out-of-business-levelcut”para.4hemostprobablymeansthat_________.AtheprogramwillgoaheadasscheduledBitwillbenexttoimpossibletocontinuetheresearchCtheresearchwillcontinuebutwithmuchdifficultyDtheprogramwillbedelayedunlessthebudgetcutisstopped
19.Accordingtothepassageoneofthebiggestsuccessesovertheprogram’s10-yearhistoryismanifestedby_________.AtheadvanceinspaceprobingtechnologyBthestrongandsmoothmulti-disciplinarycooperationCthegreatprogresswithsmallinvestmentDthediscoveryoflifeonsomeoftheplanetsinthesolarsystem
20.WhichofthefollowingcanserveasthebesttitleofthispassageADiscoveryofliquidwateronamoonofSaturnBPresidentBush’svisionforspaceexplorationCWaterdiscoveryvs.NASAbudgetcutsDBudgetcutforfiscal2007:ApuzzlingissueforNASASECTION3:TRANSLATIONTESTDirection:TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Aproposaltochangelong-standingfederalpolicyanddenycitizenshiptobabiesborntoillegalimmigrantsonU.S.soilranagroundthismonthinCongressbutitissuretoresurface—kindlingbitterdebateevenifitfailstobecomelaw.Atissueis“birthrightcitizenship”—providedforsincetheConstitution’s14thAmendmentwasratifiedin
1868.Section1ofthatamendmentdraftedwithfreedslavesinmindsays:“AllpersonsbornornaturalizedintheUnitedStatesandsubjecttothejurisdictionthereofarecitizensoftheUnitedStates.”SomeconservativesinCongressaswellasadvocacygroupsseekingtocrackdownonillegalimmigrationsaytheamendmenthasbeenmisappliedovertheyearsthatitwasneverintendedtograntcitizenshipautomaticallytobabiesofillegalimmigrants.Thustheycontendthatfederallegislationratherthanadifficult-to-achieveconstitutionalamendmentwouldbesufficienttoendbirthrightcitizenship.“MostAmericansfeelitdoesn’tmakeanysenseforpeopletocomeintothecountryillegallygivebirthandhaveanewU.S.citizen”saidthespokesmanofthefederationofAmericanimmigrationreform.“Buttheadvocatesforillegalimmigrantswillmakeafuss;they’llclaimyou’repunishingthechildrenandIsuspecttheleadershipdoesn’twanttodealwiththat.”SECTION4:LISTENINGTESTPartA:Note-takingAndGap-fillingDirection:Inthispartofthetestyouwillhearashorttalk.youwillhearthetalkONLYONCE.Whilelisteningtothetalkyoumaytakenotesontheimportantpointssothatyoucanhaveenoughinformationtocompleteagap-fillingtaskonaseparateANSWERBOOKLET.YouwillnotgetyourANSWERBOOKLETuntilafteryouhavelistenedtothetalk.Thedoctor-patientrelationshipisoneofthe___________1relationshipsinlifebutmanypeoplesaythisrelationshipisbeyond___________
2.CanthisrelationshipbesavedTheansweris___________3yesbecauseitmust.Andifthatislostmedicinebecomesatechnologyandis___________
4.Inpartthecrisisinmedicinebeganwithdoctors___________5themselvesfrompatients.Themorecriticalworkofadoctorhappensinthetakingofthehuman___________
6.___________7isthemostimportantandmostdifficultsingletransaction.Thestudiesshowthat___________8ofallthevaluableinformationthatleadstocorrectdiagnosiscomesfromthehistory.Another___________9comesfromthephysicalexamination10%comesfromsimple___________10testsand5%comesfromallthecomplex___________
11.Solisteningisvitalbecauselisteningisnotmerelylisteningbuttoestablisha___________
12.Butsomedoctorsthinklisteningis___________
13.Theyliketousecomplexandcostly___________14anduse___________15thatcreateadversereactionsandrequire___________
16.Theydon’tliketolisten.Becausethere’snopremiumonlisteningandthatthere’sno___________17forlistening.Evensothedoctor-patientrelationshipisnot___________18saving.BecausepeoplemayaskwhatisgoodhealthAndgoodhealthbeginsfirstandforemostwith___________
19.Ifyoudon’tcarefora___________20besomebodyelsebutdon’tbeadoctor!PartB:ListeningandTranslationI.SentenceTranslationDirections:Inthispartofthetestyouwillhear5Englishsentences.YouwillhearthesentencesONLYONCE.AfteryouhaveheardeachsentencetranslateitintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.12345II.PassageTranslationDirections:Inthispartofthetestyouwillhear2Englishpassages.YouwillhearthepassageONLYONCE.AfteryouhaveheardeachpassagetranslateitintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Youmaytakenotewhileyouarelistening.12SECTION5:READINGTESTDirection:ReadthefollowingpassageandthenanswerINCOMPLETESENTENCESthequestionswhichfolloweachpassage.UseonlyinformationfromthepassageyouhavejustreadandwriteyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions1-3Inthe5000yearssinceAncientEgyptiansexperimentedwithscentedplantsaromatherapyhasbeencreditedwithaplethoraofpowers.Todayitisamultimillion-poundindustryrecognizedaseffectivebythreequartersoftheadultpopulationandhailedasacureforproblemsfromnicotineaddictiontobaldness.Butaromatherapycouldbelittlemorethananillusionpsychologistsargue.NeilMartinfromMiddlesexUniversityaspecialistinthepsychologyofolfactionhasalesspolitewordforit:“bunkum”.DrMartinenlisted60volunteersandsubjectedthemalltoexperimentallyinducedpainbygettingthemtoplungetheirforearmsintoice-coldwaterfor15minutes.Athirdofparticipantswereexposedtoapleasantlemonodourathirdtotheodourofmachineoilandtherestwereinanodourlessroom.Theywereaskedtoratetheamountofpaintheyfeltonascaleof0painlessto11unbearableeveryfiveminutes.Atthefirsttimeofaskingthoseexposedtoanodourreportedsignificantlyhigherpainlevelswithascoreof8forbothgroupsthanthecontrolgroupwhichhadanaverageof
6.After15minutesthepainleveloftheno-odourgrouphadfallento
5.Amongthelemon-odourgroupithadfallento6½whileforthemachineoilgroupitremainedat
8.DrMartinsaidhisfindingsshowednotmerelythataromatherapyhadnoeffectbutthatitcouldbepositivelyharmful.“Aromatherapyappearstobecounter-productive.Mostclaimsbyaromatherapistshavenobasisinscience”hesaid.“Theeffectithasonrealhardillnessesarenon-existent.Itisawasteoftimeandmoney.Exposuretobothodoursincreasedthepain.Itcouldbethattheodourshadastimulanteffectanddrewattentiontothepainbecauseitmadetheexperienceofbeingintheroomwiththebucketofwatermorenoticeable.”Heacceptedhoweverthataromatherapymayhaveapowerfulplaceboeffect.“Peoplegoingtoaromatherapyhaveamentalproblemoraphysicaldisorderthattheywanttohavetreatedandthebeliefthattheywanttogetbettercanovercometheinefficacyofthetreatment”hesaid.Headdedthatpreviousresearchintoaromatherapyhadbeenlargelyinconclusive.DrMartin’sresearchpresentedattheBritishPsychologicalSocietyannualconferenceinCardiffcomesafterthereleaseofastudylastweekclaimingthatspinalmanipulationanotherpopularformofcomplementarymedicinedidnotworkandcouldmakemattersworse.Bothpapersarehighlycontentious.TheBritishpublicnowspendsmorethan£24millionayearonover-the-counteraromatherapyproductssuchasessentialoilsand75percentofthepopulationbelievethatthetreatmentworks.CarolePreenthesecretaryoftheAromatherapyConsortiumdisputedDrMartin’sfindings.“Thisresearchdidn’tinvolvearomatherapybecausetheysimplyusedacertainsmelltotryandgainaneffect.Aromatherapyisnotacureandnoonewouldevermakethatclaimbutthereisawealthofscientificresearchpublishedinjournalstoshowthatitcanbebeneficial.Itcanliftmoodalleviatepainandhelpsverymanypeople”shesaid.WHAT’SINASMELLTheBritishpublicspendsmorethan24millionayearonover-the-counteraromatherapyproductssuchasessentialoils75percentofthepopulationbelievesthatthetreatmentworksAromatherapyhadbeenhailedasacureforproblemsrangingfromnicotineaddictiontobaldnessThePrinceofWalesisafan.PeterboroughprisonlastyearhiredtwoholistictherapistsforitsinmatesThereare7000therapistsregisteredwiththeAromatherapyOrganisationsCouncilHammersmithHospitalinWestLondonoffersaromatherapymassagesforNHScancerpatients
1.Whatisaromatherapy
2.WhatisDrMartin’sviewoveraromatherapyGiveabriefintroductionofhisexperiment.
3.WhatisCarolePreen’sopinionofDrMartin’sresearchQuestions4-6WhenpastorKenBaughannouncedhe’dbedevotingeightconsecutiveSundaystoanalyzingTheDaVinciCodeintherun-uptoitsfilmreleaseheknewsomemembersofhisSouthernCaliforniamegachurchwouldbeskeptical.ButBaughalsoknewthatmanyofhiscongregantshadreadthebookandthatmanymorewouldseethemovie.“DanBrowndidthechurchafavor”Baughsays.“HeforcedpeoplewhocallthemselvesfollowersofChristtoinvestigatewhatthatreallymeans.”Baughishardlyalone.EvangelicalleadershaveattemptedtoseizeonBrown’ssuccessasanopportunitytoreinforcethefaithofbelieversandtowinnewsouls.Inthethreeyearssincethebook’sreleaseevangelicalwritersandthinkershaveproducedaflurryofbooksstudyguidesandDVDstocounterDanBrown’sfiction.“ThismoviewillbeamajorculturalphenomenonsodiscussionsaboutJesusandthechurchwillhappen”saysRobertJohnstonaprofessoroftheologyandcultureatFullerTheologicalSeminary.“Theonlyquestioniswhetherthechurchwillbeapartoftheconversation.”Turnabout.TobesureevangelicalleadershavebeencriticalofTheDaVinciCode.“Thishasalltheevidenceofsomethingcookedupinthefiresofhell”evangelicalradiobroadcasterJamesDobsonsaidonFocusontheFamily.It’sbecausethebookandfihnposesuchathreatmanyevangelicalssaythatitwarrantsastrongresponse.“We’remakingthebestofasituationthatisgoingtodoalotofdamage”saysErwinLutzerofChicago’sMoodyChurchandauthorofTheDaVinciDeception.“Whenyouarefacedwithadamthatseemstobebreakingyoucan’tpropitupbysaying‘We’regoingtostandagainstit.’“It’saremarkableturnaboutfromtheoutcrythatgreetedMartinScorsese’sTheLastTemptationofChristin1988whenCampusCrusadeforChristcalledforaboycott.RatherthanboycottTheDaVinciCodeCampusCrusadehasretainedpopularevangelicalspeakerJoshMcDowellauthorofTheDaVinciCode:AQuestforAnswerstochallengeBrown’sassertions.“Idon’trecommendpeoplegotothemoviebut90percentofthemwill”saysMcDwell.“TheguyisaphenomenalwriterandIcan’ttakethatawayfromhim.”Thereactionrepresentsashiftwithintheevangelicalcommunity.“Fiveyearsagotheremighthavebeenmoreofabacklashagainstthisfilm”saysCalvinCollegeProf.WilliamRomanowski.“ButmovieslikeThePassionoftheChristchangedattitudes...evangelicalsarenowtryingtopenetratethemainstreammedia.”SonyPictureswhichisdistributingTheDaVinciCodehascreatedanonlineforumforreligiousleaderstodiscussthefilmthedavincidialogue.com.Sonymaybebettingthatevencriticalcommentswillgeneratebuzzbutevangelicalssaytheyalsostandtobenefit.“TherealhistoryofChristianity...isfarmorecomplex”thaninTheDaVinciCodewritestheChristianBroadcastingNetwork’sGordonRobertson.“[It’s]filledwithenoughfleshandbloodtomakeitabetterstorythantheoneDanBrowninvented.”
4.WhatispastorKenBaugh’sattitudetowardsthenovelTheDaVinciCodeWhatdoeshemeanbysayingthat“DanBrowndidthechurchafavor”
5.WhydidtheauthormentionMartinScorsese’sTheLastTemptationofChristWhatisthechangeintheevangelicalcommunity’sreactiontoTheDaVinciCode
6.Paraphrasethetwosentencesfromthepassage:a“Theonlyquestioniswhetherthechurchwillbeapartoftheconversation.”para.2b“TheguyisaphenomenalwriterandIcan’ttakethatawayfromhim.”para.4Questions7-10Astheydoeveryweekthe90membersoftheSigmaPhiEpsilonfraternityatOregonStateUniversityfileintotheirdininghaltforaverydifferentkindoffratparty.Therowsofscrubbedandpressedyoungmensitdowntoeatunderthewatchfuleyeofthebrotherwhoisactingasmannerschair.Noswearingispermitted.Napkinsonlapsarerequired.Smallbitesareurgedinsteadofgulps.Scofflawsmustdopenaltypush-upsorpayafineintothepiggybankinthemiddleofeachtable.CallitthenewfratiquettebuttheseweeklycivilitysessionsarejustasmallpartofagrowingreformmovementledbySigEpthecountry’slargestfraternity.AscollegescontinuetocrackdownonbingedrinkinghazingandgeneralhooliganismsomefraternitiesareredefiningtheGreekexperienceinordertosaveit.OregonState’sisamongthe256SigEPchaptersnationwidethathaveadoptedtheBalancedManProgramanintensivefour-yearfraternityexperiencecreated13yearsagobyconcernedSigEpleaderstoshiftthecenteroflifeinthehousesfrombeer-soakedblowoutstoactivitiesthatpromotehealthylivingandself-respect.Toeliminatehazingtheprogramdoesawaywiththepledgesystem—allrecruitsareequalmembersfromDayOne.Alcoholisallowedbutbooze-freeactivitiesareencouraged.TheSigEpsofOregonStatewerealongwayfromsuchgenteelpursuitsjustfiveyearsago.AtaschoolthatoffersadegreeinfermentationsciencestheSigEpsofoldstoodoutfortheirloveofinebriation.“When1gotherein2001itwasawful”saysMikePowers20asenior.“Drugswerecomingingradeswerefalling.Therewerenothingbutmonsterparties.”Thechapterhitbottomthatfallwhenasinglepartyresultedinawhopping$195000infinesfor26separatecountsofprovidingalcoholtominors.Thehouseneededafreshstartwhichledtoapurgeofpartyersinwhichathirdofthebrothersleftthechapter.“Weneededtogetridofthecancersofthefrat”saysPowers.TodaythechapterreorganizedundertheBalancedManProgramhasrebounded.MembershipisalmostbacktoprepurgelevelsandlastsummerthechapterwonanationalSigEpawardthatplaceditinthetop15%inacademicsandcommunityserviceofallchaptersinthecountry.Butthefratmakeovershavetheirdetractors.IntherushtosavefraternitylifesomesaySigEpandtheBalancedManProgrammayberuiningit.“SomeofmybestexperiencesincollegewerestupidthingsIdidwithmyfriendsusuallyinvolvingalcohol”saysKevinStangewhoseSigEpchapterattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologywasfrequentlyintroublewiththenationalorganizationwhenhewasastudentinthelate1990sandwhicheventuallyclosedforseveralyears.“Weneverwenttoofarthough”saysStange.“Andtherealreasonpeoplejoinfratsistohavefun.BalancedMandoesn’taddressthat.”Onlinechatroomslikegreekchat.comareablazewithdebateaboutthechanges.AsoneSigEpwhoclearlymissedtheetiquettelessonswrote“The[BalancedManProgram]haseffectivelycuttheballs[off]ourfraternity.”ThenumberofnewSigEprecruitshasincreased11%since
1999.Insurancepremiumswhichhaveahabitofrisingwhenfratboysburndowntheirhousesorfallofftheirbalconieshavegonedownthepastmembershasreachedthe
3.0markwhichistwoyears.TheaverageGPAforSigEp’sthehighestofallfraternities.FollowingSigEp’sleaothernationalfraternitieshaverolledoutsimilarprogramsfromSigmaAlphaEpsilon’sTrueGentlemantoBetaThetaPi’sMenofPrinciple.Accordingtosomemembersthere’sanunexpectedbonusfromallthesereforms:womenseemtolikethem.“Theycangoto21otherfraternitiestogetdrunk”saysOregonStateSigEpmemberCameronSaffer.“Hereyoufindrespectfulyoungmen.”
7.GiveabriefintroductionoftheSigmaPhiEpsilonfraternity.
8.Explainthebeginningsentenceofparagraph4“TheSigEpsofOregonStatewerealongwayfromsuchgenteelpursuitsjustfiveyearsago.”
9.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysayingthat“thefratmakeovershavetheirdetractors”para.
610.Whydoestheauthormentionthechangeof“insurancepremiums”attheendofthepassageWhatdoesittellusSECTION6:TRANSLATIONTESTDirections:TranslatethefollowingpassageintoEnglishandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.中华文明历来注重亲仁善邻,讲求和睦相处中国人在对外关系中始终秉承“强不凌弱”、“富不侮贫”的精神,主张“协和万邦”中国人提倡“海纳百川,有容乃大”,主张吸纳百家优长、兼集八方精义今天,中国坚定不移地走和平发展道路,既通过维护世界和平来发展自己,又通过自身的发展来促进世界和平中国坚持实施互利共赢的对外开放战略,真诚愿意同各国广泛开展合作,真诚愿意兼收并蓄、博采各种文明之长,以合作谋和平、以合作促发展,推动建设一个持久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世界参考答案SECTION1:LISTENINGTESTPartA:SpotDictation
1.freedomandconnection
2.topfivebenefits
3.tothinkdifferently
4.oldboringwayofdoingthings
5.opposethecommonwisdom
6.fixedandboring
7.inviteyourinnerchildout
8.shiftsthenewworldofdiscovery
9.everyhumanspenttime
10.broughtasmiletoyourface
11.andafeelingofinnerpeace
12.watchyourjoyfactor
13.toreducestress
14.basictohumanexistence
15.adaptiveabilities
16.healthyanswerstochallengingsituations
17.addafeelingofrelaxation
18.stimulatetheimagination
19.moremeaningfulunderstanding
20.variouspossiblesituationsPartB:ListeningComprehension
1.B
2.D
3.B
4.B
5.C
6.B
7.D
8.A
9.C
10.B
11.B
12.C
13.D
14.A
15.C
16.A
17.B
18.C
19.B
20.CSECTION2:READINGTEST
1.C
2.D
3.D
4.A
5.A
6.C
7.D
8.B
9.C
10.C
11.A
12.D
13.B
14.D
15.B
16.B
17.D
18.B
19.B
20.CSECTION3:TRANSLATIONTEST【参考译文】本月,一项意在改变存在已久的联邦政策、拒绝给予在美国的非法移民所生的子女公民身份的提案在国会搁了浅,但是这个提案肯定会重新出台――即使不能成为法律,也会引起激烈的争论争论的焦点是“与生俱来的公民权”――自1868年批准的宪法第14条修正案以来就对这一权利做了规定以获得自由的奴隶为本意而起草的该修正案第一款规定“凡在美国出生或归化美国、且受美国管辖之人,皆为美国公民”//国会中的一些保守派以及主张对非法移民进行严厉打击的团体声言,多年来该修正案应用不当,其用意从来就不是理所当然地要给予非法移民的子女公民权因而,他们宣称通过联邦立法,而不是一条难以达成的宪法修正案,就足以终结与生俱来的公民权//“大多数美国人认为,非法进入美国的人在美国生儿养女,使新生的子女成为美国的新公民,这是没有道理的,”美国移民改革联合会的发言人说“但是非法移民的代言人定会小题大做他们会说你们是在惩罚孩子,因此我料想我们的领导人不会愿意面对这件事情”SECTION4:LISTENINGTESTPartA:Note-takingAndGap-filling
1.critical/vital/important/essential
2.saving/cure/
3.categorically
4.deprofessionalized
5.distancing
6.history
7.Listening
8.75%
9.10%
10.laboratory
11.technology
12.relationship
13.inefficient
14.technologies
15.drugs
16.hospitalization
17.reward
18.beyond
19.caring
20.patientPartB:ListeningandTranslationI.SentenceTranslation1首先让我们来定义这两个术语第一个术语是“服务业经济”“服务业经济”是指在这种经济形式下,大多数的工作者为别人提供服务——比如为汽车加油——而不是从事制造2从我的角度来说,家庭作业无论对老师还是学生都是沉重的负担减少家庭作业将会给老师、学生和家长创造更多直接交流的机会3美国的失业形势在2000年到2005年间有了稳步改善在2000年,失业率几乎达到8%,但是到了2005年降到4%以上4专家表示,我们可以预测在21世纪交通技术将有很多革新我们现在使用的各种交通工具今后将会更普遍,但它们的设计、材质和技术会有变化5仅去年一年,家庭盗窃案的损失与前一年相比上升27%,其金额达到1亿3千8百20万英镑一些保险公司拒绝对我们所谓的“高危地区”提供保险II.PassageTranslation1现在,由于许多政治界和商界的领导人都把我们的教育系统视为培育有用人才的关键环节,教授学生技能的主要机构,因此学校所承受着巨大的压力他们认为人才市场越来越国际化,有竞争力不幸的是,竞争日益白热化而学校和老师的压力被转移到了学生和父母身上学生们面对的考试越来越多,老师们也在压力下工作为了达到这些严格的要求,繁重的家庭作业被看作了解决问题的方法之一2针对女性的家庭暴力在发达国家和发展中国家都存在长时间以来,家庭暴力在别人眼中是个人隐私,包括邻居,社区,和政府都这么认为但这样的个人隐私正趋向于成为社会的悲剧在美国,每18分钟就有一名女性遭到殴打事实上,家庭暴力是美国育龄女性遭受伤害的首要原因送往急症室的女性中,百分之22到35也是因为遭受家庭暴力的缘故在哥伦比亚等一些南美国家,向警方报案的70%案件都与女性被丈夫殴打有关SECTION5:READINGTESTQuestion1:Question2:Question3:Question4:notonlycriticalbutalso“positive”+realistic/makeuseofthebook/topopularizetheknowledgeofChristianity/forceChristenbelievers“toinvestigatewhatthatreallymeans”/thebookcanalsobeusedbythechurch/tostrengthenthebeliefofChristianbelieversandtoattractmore“newsouls”Question5:Theremarkabledifferencebetweentheresponsetothepublicationofthetwobooks/changeofattitudetowardsthepublicationofsuchbooks/whenTheLastTemptationofChristwaspublishedtheyjust“calledforaboycott”/todaynolongersimply“boycott”/takecritical+challenging+persuasiveattitude/tousethebooktospreadthebeliefofChristianity/Question6:a“Theonlyquestioniswhetherthechurchwillbeapartoftheconversation.”para.2RobertJohnstonnotsurewhetherthetopicofthechurchwillbethecentralissuefordiscussion/concetnedwiththepossibleshifttootherminorissuesindiscussingthebookb“TheguyisaphenomenalwriterandIcan’ttakethatawayfromhim.”para.4Theauthorissuccessful/influentialafterthepublicationofhisbooksandthereleaseofthefilm/withlargenumbersofreadersandaudience/suchfactorsshouldnotbeneglected/muchattentionbepaidtothepopularityofthebookincountering+challengingBrown’sclaimsandsssertions/Question7:Question8:Question9:Question10:SECTION6:TRANSLATIONTEST【参考译文】TheChinesecivilizationhasalwaysgivenprominencetocordialitybenevolenceandgoodneighborlinessandlaidstressonlivinginharmonywithothers.InforeignrelationstheChinesepeoplehavealwaysbelievedthat“thestrongshouldnotoppresstheweakandtherichshouldnotbullythepoor”andadvocatedthat“allnationslivesidebysideinperfectharmony.”//TheChineseholdthat“oneshouldbeasinclusiveastheoceanwhichisvastbecauseitadmitshundredsofrivers”andcallfordrawinguponthestrengthandusefulexperiencesofotherpeople.Todayaccelerateitsdevelopmentbyupholdingworldpeaceandpromoteworldpeacethroughitsowndevelopment.//Chinafirmlypursuesastrategyofopening-upformutualbenefitandwin-winoutcomes.Itgenuinelywishestoenterintoextensivecooperationwithothercountries.Itgenuinelywishestoenterintoextensivecooperationwithothercountries.Itgenuinelywishestoenterintoextensivecooperationwithothercountries.Itiseagertoembraceeverythingthatisusefulanddrawsonthestrengthofothercivilizationstopursuepeaceanddevelopmentthroughcooperationandpromotethebuildingofaharmoniousworldcharacterizedbyenduringpeaceandcommonprosperity.2007年3月真题SECTION1:LISTENINGTEST30minutesPartA:SpotDictationDirection:Inthispartofthetestyouwillhearapassageandreadthesamepassagewithblanksinit.Fillineachoftheblankswiththewordsyouhaveheardonthetape.WriteyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.RememberyouwillhearthepassageONLYONCE.Mostunassertivepeoplearenotconfidentandtakenoforananswermuchtooeasily.Thereisagrowingawarenessinoursocietythatthistendency________1therightsoflargenumbersofpeople.Forexampleinrecentyearstherehasbeenanupsurgein________2andpressuregroups.Thisisa________3astherewillalwaysbeaneedforsuchorganizationsto________4individualsandminoritiesinacompetitivesociety.Thedangeristhatwe________5forourrightsandlosetheartofassertingourselves.Itisbetterfor________6withotherpeopleifyoucanlearn________7foryourself.Nowwehavetolearntoignoresomeofthe________8thatmayberinginginourunconsciousmindssuchas:IfyouaskoncemoreIllflattenyouand________
9.Themaintechniquethatweusein________10topracticetheartofpersistenceiscalledBrokenRecord.________11wehearonesentenceoverandoveragainuntilwereachscreamingpitchand________
12.BrokenRecordistheskillofbeingabletorepeatoverandoveragain________13whatitisyouwantorneeduntiltheotherpersongivesinor________
14.Nowthistechniqueisextremelyusefulfordealingwithsituationswhereyourrightsareclearly________15orcopingwithsituationswhereyouarelikelytobedivertedbyclever________
16.ThebeautyofusingBrokenRecordisthatyou________17becauseyouknowexactlywhatyouaregoingtosayhowever________18theotherpersontriestobe.Aswithmostassertivetechniquesitmustbeusedappropriately.Itis________19andisnotdesignedtofosterdeepinterestingconversationsandfriendshipswithpeople!Itisprimarilyofuseinsituationswhere________
20.PartB:ListeningComprehensionDirections:Inthispartofthetesttherewillbesomeshorttalksandconversations.Aftereachoneyouwillbeaskedsomequestions.ThetalksconversationsandquestionswillbespokenONLYONCE.NowlistencarefullyandchoosetherightanswertoeachquestionyouhaveheardandwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions1to5arebasedonthefollowingconversation.
1.AEducationandhealth.BHealthinadolescence.CSleepdeprivationinteens.DMysteriesofsleep.
2.AAbalanceincognitivethoughtsandemotions.BAchronicsleepdeprivation.CAhugewaveofsleepiness.DAmightysleephormone.
3.AMelatoninisthesourceofabigpushfrombiologythatmakesteenagersnightowls.BMelatoninisasimplesignalthatturnsoninthemorningandturnsoffintheevening.CMelatoninissecretedseveralhourslaterinchildhoodthanitwillbeduringadolescence.DMelatonindoesntshutoffuntil11oclockP.M.everyday.
4.ATheyhavetostruggletostayupallnight.BTheygetseverelysleepdeprived.CTheyveryoftenoversleep.DTheyfallasleeptoosoonatnight.
5.AAlertness.BReactiontime.CEmotion.DConcentration.Questions6to10arebasedonthefollowingnews.
6.ACorporateexecutivesareconfidentinthestockmarkettrends.BInvestorsingeneralbelievethattheoutlookforprofitsisworsening.CSomemajorcompanyexecutivesaresellingmoresharesthanbuying.DTheUSstockmarketisexpandingata
5.6percentannualratethisyear.
7.AToinspecttheshuttleforpotentiallycriticalheatshielddamage.BTorewirethespacestationforapermanentpowersource.CTobeattheoddstogetoffthelaunchpadinthefirstnight-timelaunch.DTomakeafieryascentthatturnsnightintoday.
8.A
50.B
80.C
150.D
180.
9.AForty-fivewomenwerekilledintheblazeatadrugtreatmentcenter.BThefirewasnotcausedbyarsonaccordingtoaseniorfirefighter.CNinementallyillpatientsdiedinthefire.DPeopleweretrappedbehindlockedgatesandbarredwindows.
10.ATwodetectivesinvestigatingthecasehadtestedpositivefortracesofradiation.BTheex-wifeandtheformermother-in-lawofthespywerealsopoisoned.CTheRussianbusinessmanwhomettheformerspyinLondonhasfallenill.DThereisahighdegreeofprobabilitythatitispoloniumthatkilledthespy.Questions11to15arebasedonthefollowinginterview.
11.AClosedtothepublic.BSilentandempty.CPackedwithtourists.DStrangelycrowded.
12.ANewMexico.BMinnesota.CThecoastofFlorida.DTheCaribbean.
13.ASeveralgallonsofpetrol.BFoodforatleastthreedays.CPlentyofdrinkingwater.DAsturdypairofworkboots.
14.AThepotentialdamage.BTheunexpectedtemperaturechanges.CThehurricanespossiblepath.DThevulnerabilityofthelocals.
15.AWatchwaitandtrynottopanic.BChooseanotherplaceforavacation.CAskfortheirmoneybackiftheresahurricane.DPlanforverybadweather.Questions16to20arebasedonthefollowingtalk.
16.ACaralarms.BSirens.CJack-hammers.DLoudmusic.
17.ABreakeggsontheroad.BTakecertainlegalaction.CUsesomeminorretaliatorystep.DPaintthewindshieldorfronthoodofacar.
18.AItcanonlyalertthepolice.BItisofnouse.CItcanpreventthecarbeingbrokeninto.DItisreallytooexpensive.
19.AItmakesthemnoisierthantheywere20yearsago.BItmakesitdifficultforthemtofallasleep.CItaffectstheirworkduringtheday.DItdoesharmtotheirhearing.
20.AManyNewYorkersagreeaboutbanningthisformofsonicpollution.BThepolicehaveformedapossetoreducetheamountofnoise.CPolicecanbreakintoacarassoonasthealarmgoesoff.DCaralarmsareveryeffectiveatpreventingtheft.SECTION2:READINGTEST30minutesDirections:Inthissectionyouwillreadseveralpassages.Eachoneisfollowedbyseveralquestionsaboutit.YouaretochooseONEbestanswerABCorDtoeachquestion.AnswerallthequestionsfollowingeachpassageonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimpliedinthatpassageandwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions1-5WhenHarveyBalltookablackfelt-tippentoapieceofyellowpaperin1963henevercouldhaverealizedthathewasdraftingthefacethatwouldlaunch50millionbuttonsandaneventualwarovercopyright.Mr.BallacommercialartistwassimplyfillingarequestfromJoyYoungoftheWorcesterMutualInsuranceCompanytocreateanimagefortheirsmilecampaigntocoachemployeestobemorecongenialintheircustomerrelations.Itseemstherewasahungerforabrightgrin—theoriginalorderof100smiley-facebuttonsweresnatchedupandanorderfor10000morewasplacedatonce.TheWorcesterHistoricalMuseumtakesthisfoundingmomentseriously.JustasyoudwanttoknowthebiographyofGeneralWashingtonwerealizedwedidntknowthecomprehensivehistoryoftheSmileyFacesaysBillWallacetheexecutivedirectorofthehistoricalmuseumwheretheexhibitSmiley—AnAmericanIconopenstothepublicOct.6inWorcesterMass.WorcesteroftenreferredtobyneighboringBostoniansasthatmanufacturingtownoffRoute90laysclaimtoseveralotherfamouscommercialfirststhemonkeywrenchandshreddedwheatamongthem.SmileyFaceisaparticularlywarmspotinthecityshistory.ThroughacarefulhistoricalanalysisMr.WallacesaysthatwhiletheSmileyFacebirthplaceisundisputedittookseveralphasesofdistributionbeforethedistinctiverounded-tippedsmilewithoneeyeslightlylargerthantheotherproliferatedinthemainstream.AstheoriginalbuttonsspreadlikedriftingpollenwithnocopyrightattachedabankinSeattlenextrealizeditscommercialpotential.UndertheguidanceofadvertisingexecutiveDavidSterntheUniversityFederalSavingsLoanlaunchedaverypublicmarketingcampaignin1967centeredontheSmileyFace.Iteventuallydistributed150000buttonsalongwithpiggybanksandcoinpurses.OldphotosofthebankshowgiantSmileyFacewallpaper.By1970MurrayandBernardSpainbrotherswhoownedacardshopinPhiladelphiawereaffixingtheyellowgrintoeverythingfromkeychainstocookiejarsalongwithHaveahappyday.Inthe1970stherewasatrendtowardhappinesssaysWallace.WehadassassinatedapresidentwewereinawarwithVietnamandpeoplewerelookingfor[tokensof]happiness.[TheSpainbrothers]ranwithit.TheSmileyFaceresurgedinthe1990s.ThistimeitwasfannedbyalegaldisputebetweenWal-MartwhousesittopromoteitslowpricesandFranklinLoufraniaFrenchmanwhoownsacompanycalledSmileyWorld.Mr.LoufranisayshecreatedtheSmileyFaceandhastrademarkeditaroundtheworld.Hehasbeendistributingitsimagein80countriessince
1971.LoufranisactionsirkedBallwhofeltthatsuchauniversalsymbolshouldremaininthepublicdomaininperpetuity.SoinapleasantproactivemoveBalldeclaredin1999thatthefirstFridayinOctoberwouldbeWorldSmileDaytopromotegeneralkindnessandcharitytowardchildreninneed.Balldiedin
2001.TheWorcesterexhibitopensonWorldSmileDayOct.
6.ItfeaturesaplethoraofSmileyFacemerchandise—fromtheoriginalBallbuttonstoplasticpursesandatoiletseat—andcontemporaryinterpretationsbylocalartists.TheexhibitisscheduledtorunthroughFeb.
11.
1.AccordingtothepassagetheWorcesterHistoricalMuseum______.AconcentratesonthecollectionofthemostfamouscommercialfirststhecityhasinventedBhascomposedacomprehensivehistoryoftheSmileyFacethroughtheexhibitionCtreatsSmileyFaceastheotherfamouscommercialfirststhecityhasproducedDhasorganizedtheexhibittoarousetheAmericanspatriotism
2.Whentheauthorusedtheexpressionspreadlikedriftingpollenpara.4todescribethegradualdistributionofSmileyFaceheimpliesthat________.AHarveyBalldidnotclaimthecopyrightoftheyellowgrinbuttonBtheSmileyFacewasimmediatelyacceptedbythepublicCthebuttonwasnotsoldasanordinarycommercialproductDHarveyBallhadtheintentiontoabandonthecopyrightofSmileyFace
3.WhydidBillWallacementiontheassassinationofthethenAmericanpresidentandtheVietnamWarinthe1970sATohaveareviewofthecontemporaryAmericanhistory.BToremindpeoplethatweshouldneverforgetthepast.CToexplainwhyAmericanslikedtheSmileyFaceduringthatperiod.DToshowhowtheSpainbrothersmadeafortunethroughsellingtheyellowgrin.
4.IntheexpressionLoufranisactionsirkedBallpara.7thewordirkedcanbestbereplacedby______.AperplexedBprovokedCirritatedDchallenged
5.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueabouttheWorldSmileDayAItwasestablishedtocommemoratethefounderHarveyBall.BItwastopromotegeneralkindnessandcharitytowardchildreninneed.CItwasdeclaredbyHarveyBallin
1999.DItwasdecidedtobeheldonthefirstFridayinOctobereachyear.Questions6-10Goodteachersmatter.Thismayseemobvioustoanyonewhohasachildinschoolorforthatmattertoanyonewhohasbeenachildinschool.Foralongtimethoughresearcherscouldntactuallyprovethatteachingtalentwasimportant.Butnewresearchfinallyshowsthatteacherqualityisaclosecousintostudentachievement:Agreatteachercancramone-and-a-halfgradesworthoflearningintoasingleyearwhilelaggardsareluckytoaccomplishhalfthatmuch.ParentsandkidsitseemshavebeenrightallalongtocarewhethertheywereassignedtoMrs.SmithorMr.Brown.Yetwhileweknownowthatbetterteachersarecriticalflawsinthewaythatadministratorsselectandretainthemmeanthatschoolsdontalwayshirethebest.Manyingredientsforgoodteachingaredifficulttoascertaininadvance—charismaanddiligencecometomind—butresearchshowsateachersownabilityonstandardizedtestsreliablypredictsgoodperformanceintheclassroom.Youwouldthinkthenthattop-scoringteacherswouldbeswimminginjoboffersrightNotsosaysVanderbiltUniversityprofessorDaleBallou.High-scoringteachingapplicantsdonotfarebetterthanothersinthejobmarkethewrites.Indeedremarkablytheydosomewhatworse.Evenmoresurprisinggiventhenationalshortageofhighlyskilledmathandscienceteachersschooladministratorsaremorekeentohireeducationmajorsthanapplicantswhohavemathorsciencedegrees.Nooneknowsforsurewhythosewhohireteachersroutinelyoverlooktoptalent.Perhapstheywronglythinkthatthequalificationstheyshunmakelittledifferenceforstudents.Alsoadministratorsareprobablynaturallydrawntoteacherswhoremindthemofthemselves.Butfailingtorecognizethequalitiesthatmaketeacherstrulyeffectiveandtoconstructincentivestoattractandretainmoreofthesetopperformershasseriousconsequences.Forexamplebecauseschoolsdontalwayshirethebestapplicantsacross-the-boardsalaryincreasescannotimproveteacherqualitymuchandmayevenworsenit.Thatsbecausehighersalariesdrawmoreweakaswellasstrongapplicantsintoteaching—applicantsthecurrenthiringsystemcantadequatelyscreen.Unlessadministratorshaveincentivestohirethebestteachersavailableitspointlesstogivethemalargergrouptochoosefrom.Ifpublicschoolhiringprocessesarebadtheircompensationpoliciesareworse.MostdistrictspaysolelybasedonyearsofexperienceandthepresenceofamastersdegreeaformulathatmakestheFederalGeneralSchedule—whichgovernspayforU.S.bureaucrats—lookflexible.Studyafterstudyhasshownthatteacherswithmastersdegreesarenobetterthanthosewithout.JobexperiencedoesmatterbutonlyforthefirstfewyearsaccordingtoresearchbyHooverInstitutionsEricA.Hanushek.Ateacherwith15yearsofexperienceisnomoreeffectiveonaveragethanateacherwithfiveyearsofexperiencebutwhichonedoyouthinkispaidmoreThistoxiccombinationofrigidpayandsteeprewardsforsenioritycausesaveragequalitytodeclineratherthanincreaseasteachergroupsgetolder.Topperformersoftenleavethefieldearlyforindustriesthatrewardtheirexcellence.Mediocreteachersontheotherhandaresoonovercompensatedbysenioritypay.Andbecausetheyarepaidmorethantheirskillscommandelsewheretheseless-capablepedagoguessettleintoprovidemanyyearsofineffectualinstruction.SohowcanweseparatethewheatfromthechaffintheteachingprofessionTomakeAmericanschoolscompetitivewemustrethinksenioritypaythevalueofmastersdegreesandthenotionthatateachercanteacheverythingequallywell—especiallymathandscience—withoutappropriatepreparationinthesubject.Ourcurrenteducationsystemisunlikelytoaccomplishthisdramaticrethinking.ImagineforamomentthatAmericancarshadbeenfreeinrecentdecadeswhileToyotasandHondassoldatfullprice.WedprobablybedrivingFalconsandCorvairstoday.Freepubliceducationsuffersfromalackofcompetitioninjustthisway.Sowhileindustriesfromaerospacetodrugshavetransformedthemselvesinordertocompetepublicschoolinghasstagnated.Schoolchoicecouldsparkthekindofreformationthisindustryneedsbymotivatingadministratorstohirethebestandadoptnewstrategiestokeeptopteachersintheclassroom.Thelessonthatgoodteachersmattershouldbetaughtnotasatheorybutasapractice.
6.ThebeginningsentenceGoodteachersmatter.canmainlybeexplainedaswhichofthefollowingAGoodteachershelpstudentsestablishconfidence.BGoodteachersdeterminethepersonalityofstudents.CGoodteacherspromotestudentachievement.DGoodteacherstreatstudentsastheirownchildren.
7.Accordingtotheauthorsenioritypayfavors________.AgoodteacherswithmastersdegreesByoungandeffectiveteachersCexperiencedandeffectiveteachersDmediocreteachersofaveragequality
8.Theexpressionseparatethewheatfromthechaffintheteachingprofessionisclosestinmeaningto________.AdistinguishbetterteachersfromlesscapableonesBdifferentiateyoungteachersfromoldonesCtelltheessentialqualitiesofgoodteachingDreevaluatetheroleofseniorteachers
9.Whentheauthorusestheautomobileindustryasanexampleshearguesthat________.AJapansautoindustryisexceedingAmericasautoindustryBthepublicschoolinghasstagnatedbecauseofcompetitionCthecurrentAmericaneducationsystemisbetterthantheJapaneseoneDcompetitionmustbeintroducedintothepubliceducationsystem
10.WhichofthefollowingCANNOTbeconcludedfromthepassageAMostaverageteacherswanttoleaveschoolbecauseofhighpressure.BExcellentteachersoftenleaveschoolsforbetterjobs.CTheaveragequalityoftheteachersinAmericaisdeclining.DTeachersqualityiscloselyrelatedtoanumberoffactors.Questions11-15TheBritishauthorSalmanRushdieissellinghispersonalarchivetoawealthyAmericanuniversity.ThearchivewhichincludespersonaldiarieswrittenduringthedecadethathespentlivinginhidingfromIslamicextremistsisbeingboughtbytheEmoryUniversityinAtlantaforanundisclosedsum.ThemovehassparkedconcernthatBritainsliteraryheritageisbeinglosttoforeignbuyers.Thearchivealsoincludestwounpublishednovels.Rushdie59saidlastweekthathispriorityhadbeentofindagoodhomeforhispapersbutadmittedthatmoneyhadalsobeenafactor.IdontseewhyIshouldgivethemawayhesaid.Itseemedtomequitereasonablethatoneshouldbepaid.Thesuminvolvedislikelytomatchorexceedsimilardeals.In2003EmoryboughtthearchiveofTedHughesthelatepoetlaureateforareported$
600000.JulianBarnestheauthorofFlaubertsParrotissaidtohavesoldhispaperstotheUniversityofTexasatAustinfor$
200000.RushdiewasborninBombayMumbaibuteducatedinBritain.HisbookMidnightsChildrenwasvotedthebestBookerprizewinnerin25yearsandheisregardedasaleadingBritishliterarynovelist.ThesaleofhispaperswillannoytheBritishLibrarywhichisabouttoholdaconferencetodiscusshowtostopfamouswritersarchivesbeingsoldabroad.YesterdayCliveFieldthedirector.ofscholarshipandcollectionsatthelibrarysaid:IampleasedthatRushdiespaperswillbepreservedinapubliclyaccessibleinstitutionbutdisappointedthatwedidnthaveanopportunitytodiscusstheacquisitionofthearchivewithhim.RushdiesaidtheBritishLibraryneveraskedmeaboutthearchive.EmoryUniversityenjoysalargeendowmentthankstoastudentwhobecameaseniorexecutiveatCoca-ColaandalreadyholdsthearchivesofthepoetsWBYeatsandSeamusHeaneyaswellasHughes.EmoryseemstobeveryseriousaboutbuildingacollectionofcontemporaryliteraturesaidRushdie.NotonlydotheyhavethepapersofHughesandHeaneybutalsoPaulMuldoonandotherwriters.Igotthesensethattheywanttocollectcontemporarynovelistsaswellanditjustfeltverygoodtobepartofthat.RushdiewhonowlivesinNewYorkhasacceptedapositionasavisitingfellowandwillspendamonthonthecampusinDecaturaleafysuburbofAtlantaeveryyearuntil
2012.TheyaskedifIdeverthoughtaboutputtingmyarchiveanywhereandtotellyouthetruthuntilthatmomentIreallyhadntRushdiesaid.MyarchiveissovoluminousthatIdonthaveroominmyhouseforitanditsinanoutsidestoragefacility.Iwasworriedaboutthatandwantedtofeelitwasinasafeplace.Thepaperswillbeopenforscholarstostudywithonekeyexception:thefatwadiariesthatRushdiewroteunderthreatofdeathfromIslamicextremistsforwritingTheSatanicVerses.HespentadecadeinhidingundertheprotectionofScotlandYardafterAyatollahKhomeinithenleaderofIrancalledthebookblasphemousagainstIslamin
1989.Theauthormayusethediariesasthebasisforabook:Iwouldntwantthemoutintheopen1wanttobethefirstpersontohaveagoatthematerialwhetherasaseriousautobiographyorasamemoir.Hewasambivalentabouttheideaofscholarsstudyinghispapers.Thewholethingisverybizarreyouknowitslikeimaginingsomeonegoingthroughyourunderwear.Thetwounpublishednovels—TheAntagonistinfluencedbyThomasPynchontheAmericanwriterandTheBookofPeer—werewrittenbyRushdieinthe1970s:TheAntagonistwasacontemporaryLondonnovelsetaroundLadbrokeGrovewhereIwaslivingatthetime.IthinkitwasembarrassinglyPynchonesque.ChrisSmiththeformercultureministerwhochairstheUKLiteraryHeritageWorkingGroupsaid:ItisaverysaddayforBritishliteratureandscholarship.Ourliteraryheritageisarguablyourgreatestcontributiontocultureandweshouldbetakingspecialcaretoprotectthat.AndrewMotionthepoetlaureatelastweekcalledforthegovernmenttoremoveVatfromunboundpaperswhichincreasesthecostofpurchasesinthiscountry.StephenEnnissofEmoryUniversitysaid:ThereisworldwideinterestinRushdie.Wearecateringforthelong-termcareofthearchiveandwillwelcomescholarsfromallovertheworld.
11.ItcanbelearnedfromthepassagethattheBritishauthorSalmanRushdie______.AlivedinhidingundertheprotectionofScotlandYardforadecadeBhadspentthedecadelivinginScotlandYarduntil1998ClivedinhidinginNewYorkforonedecadeDhadmovedfromplacetoplacesincethepublicationofTheSatanicVerses
12.AccordingtothepassagetheBritishLibrary______.AisgoingtobuybackRushdiespersonalarchivefromAmoryUniversityBopposestheAmericanuniversitiesacquisitionofarchivesfromBritishliterarypeopleChasdiscussedwithSalmanRushdieabouttheacquisitionofhispersonalarchiveDhasexpressedmuchconcernoverforeignbuyersacquisitionofBritainsliteraryheritage
13.ItcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethattheEmoryUniversityhascollectedthearchivesofallthefollowingBritishpoetsEXCEPT______.ATedHughesBAndrewMotionCWBYeatsDSeamusHeaney
14.Accordingtothepassagethefatwadiariespara.7______.AwerenotincludedinthearchivesoldtotheEmoryUniversityBwillnotbeopentothepublicinthenearfutureCwereallaboutthewritingofTheSatanicVersesDwillsoonbepublishedtoexposethepersecutionofIslamicextremists
15.WhywasSalmanRushdieambivalentabouttheideaofscholarsstudyinghispapersAHewasafraidthathewouldbepursuedbyIslamicextremistsagain.BThescholarsmightusethepaperstowriteabiographyabouthim.CHefeltthathisprivacymightbeeasilyexposedtothepublic.DHecouldnotimaginewhatkindofconsequenceswouldbefollowing.Questions16-20Atthetailendofthe19thcenturyFriedrichNietzschesuggestedthatnaturalhistory—whichhesawasawaragainstfearandsuperstition—oughttobenarratedinsuchawaythateveryonewhohearsitisirresistiblyinspiredtostriveafterspiritualandbodilyhealthandvigourandhegrumbledthatartistshadyettodiscovertherightlanguagetodothis.NonethelessNietzscheadmittedtheEnglishhavetakenadmirablestepsinthedirectionofthatideal...thereasonisthatthey[naturalhistorybooks]arewrittenbytheirmostdistinguishedscholars—wholecompleteandfulfillingnatures.TheEnglishlanguagetraditionofnaturewritingandnarratingnaturalhistoryisgloriouslyrichandalthoughitmaynotmakeanyboldclaimstoimprovinghealthandwellbeingitdoesagoodjob—forreadersandthesubjectsofthewriting.WheretheinsightsoffieldnaturalistsmeetthelegacyofpoetssuchasClareWordsworthHughesandHeaneythereemergesalanguageasvividasanyculturalachievement.Thatthislanguageisstillaliveandkickingandreadeverydayinanewspaperisastounding.Sotoholdacenturysworthofcountrydiariesisforaninterloperlikemebothaninspiringandhumblingexperience.ButisthisthebestwayofrepresentingnatureorisitaculturaldefaultWillthenextcenturyofwriterswanttoshakeloosefromthistraditionWhathappensnextOvertheyearsnaturewritersandcountrydiaristshavedevelopedanincreasinglysophisticatedecologicalliteracyoftheworldaroundthemthroughthenamingofthingsandanunderstandingoftherelationshipsbetweenthem.Theyfindwaysoflinkingsimpleobservationstobiggerissuesbyremaininginthepresenttheparticular.Forwritersofmygenerationanostalgiaforlostwildlifeandhabitatsandthebusinessofbearingwitnesstoawarofattritioninthecountrysidecolourswhatwereabout.Theanxietiesoffuturegenerationsmaynotbethesame.ArticulatingthewildasaqualitativecharacterofnatureandcontextforthemorequantitativenotionofbiodiversitywillIbelievebecomeamoredynamicculturalproject.There-wildingoflandsandseascoupledwithare-wildingofexperienceandlanguageoffersfertilegroundforwriters.Aresponsetotheanxietiesspringingfromclimatechangeandageneralfearofnatureansweringourcontinuedenvironmentalinjusticeswithviolencewillneedareassessmentofourfeelingsforthenaturewelike—culturallandscapescontinuitynativespecies—aswellasthenaturewedontlike—risingseasdroughtsinvasivespecies.Whetherfuturewriterstaketheirsensibilitiesforawalkandlikeapackofwaywarddogsunleashedletthemlooseinhillsandwoodstosniffoutsomefugitivetruthhidingintheundergrowthorchoosetohonestlyrecountthethis-is-where-I-amthis-is-what-I-seeapproachtheywillbehitchedtothevaluesimplicitinthelanguagetheyuse.Theyshouldchallengethese.Perhapstheywillseeournaturalhistoryasacontributortothecommodificationofnatureandtheobsessivemanagerialismofourtimes.Perhapstheywillseeourromanticismasablanketthrownoverthetraumatisedvictimofthecountryside.Butmaybetheywillfollowthreadswefoundinthewritingsofothersandfindtheirownwaytowonder.
16.Themajorthemeofthepassageisabout______.Athe19thcenturyphilosopherFriedrichNietzscheBthedevelopmentofthedisciplineofnaturalhistoryCtheEnglishlanguagetraditionofnaturewritingDthestyleofnaturewritingandcountrydiaries
17.Inwritingtheessaytheauthorseemstobedirectlytalkingtothefuturegenerationsandfuturewritersprobablybecause______.AtheywillcarryforwardthetraditionofnaturewritingBtheywillconfrontachangingenvironmentandhavetheirownperspectiveofnaturalhistoryCtheywillstudythecausesofclimatechangeandpromotethenotionandsignificanceofbiodiversityDtheywillvaluemorethesophisticatedecologicalliteracyofthenaturewritersandcountrydiarists
18.Theauthorsaysthatourfeelingsforthenaturewelikeaswellasthenaturewedontlikewillneedareassessmentprobablybecause______.AweshouldnotliketheculturallandscapescontinuityandnativespeciesBweshouldnothatetherisingseasdroughtsandinvasivespeciesCourfeelingsareoftenirrationalandsubjectiveDourfeelingsarealwaysfocusingonourselves
19.Itcanbeconcludedthatthetoneofthepassageisbasically______.AassertiveandradicalBexplicitandstraightforwardCneutralandimpartialDimplicitandexplorative
20.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTinagreementwiththeauthorsviewATheEnglishtraditionofnaturewritingshouldbereflectedandreconsidered.BThevaluesimplicitinthelanguageofnaturalhistoryshouldbechallenged.CThere-wildingofhumanexperienceandlanguagewillgreatlybenefitus.DThere-wildingoflandsandseaswillbringusmoredisasters.SECTION3:TRANSLATIONTEST30minutesDirection:TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.WellbeforehisdeathPeterDruckerhadalreadybecomealegend.Overhis95prolificyearshehadbeenatrueRenaissancemanandteacherofreligionphilosophyandpoliticalscience.Buthismostimportantcontributionclearlyisinbusiness.WhatJohnKeynesistoeconomicsDruckersistomanagement.Inthe1980sPeterDruckersbegantohavegravedoubtsaboutbusinessandevencapitalismitself.Henolongersawthecorporationastheidealspacetocreatecommunity.Infacthesawnearlytheopposite:aplacewhereself-interesthadtriumphedovertheegalitarianprincipleshelongchampioned.InbothhiswritingsandspeechesDruckersemergedasoneofCorporateAmericasmostimportantcritics.Whenconglomeratesweretheragehepreachedagainstrecklessmergersandacquisitions.Whenexecutiveswereengagedinempire-buildinghearguedagainstexcessstaffandtheinefficienciesofnumerousassistantsto.Ina1984essayhepersuasivelyarguedthatCEOpayhadrocketedoutofcontrolandimploredboardstoholdCEOcompensationtonomorethan20timeswhattherankandfilemade.Hemaintainedthatmulti-million-dollarseverancepackageshadpervertedmanagementsabilitytolookoutanythingbutitself.Whatparticularlyenragedhimwasthetendencyofcorporatemanagerstoreapmassiveearningswhilefiringthousandsoftheirworkers.ThisismorallyandsociallyunforgivablewroteDruckersandwewillpayaheavypriceforit.SECTION4:LISTENINGTEST30minutesPartA:Note-takingAndGap-fillingDirection:Inthispartofthetestyouwillhearashorttalk.YouwillhearthetalkONLYONCE.Whilelisteningtothetalkyoumaytakenotesontheimportantpointssothatyoucanhaveenoughinformationtocompleteagap-fillingtaskonaseparateANSWERBOOKLET.YouwillnotgetyourTESTBOOKandANSWERBOOKLETuntilafteryouhavelistenedtothetalk.Americans________1impulseskeepgeneratingsurprises.Charitablegivingplaysanevenlargerroleinthe________
2.Demandfornonprofitservicesgetsproportionatelybiggerasalocalitys________3rises.Thephilanthropyofthewealthymaynothingeontax________4tothedegreemanybelieve.TheUS_________5theworldinlevelsofcharitableactivity.Someexpertsseecharityasa________6traitoftheUSmorethan________7orbusiness.Butthoseforcesmaybe________8asmanynonprofits—fromhealthcaretoclassicalmusic—areselling________9inamarketplacealongsidefor-profit________
10.Charityisnomere________11activity.Itpaysoffforsocietyinwaysthatmay________12theratesofreturnonmanytraditionalinvestments.Charitynotonlyhelpsthoseonthe________13endbutalsostrengthensthe________14ofsocietyatlarge.Moreoveritappearstomakethegiversthemselvesmore_________
15.Thepatternthatconservativesarebettergiversthan________16islessaboutpoliticsthanaboutcharity-linked________17mostcommontoconservatives:religiouscommitmentmarriageandchildrenandentrepreneurship.ThemainpointisthatmoreAmericansregardlessofideologyembracegivingasatoolfor________
18.Theurgetomakeadifferenceandtotake________19initoutweighs________20considerations.PartB:ListeningandTranslationI.SentenceTranslationDirections:Inthispartofthetestyouwillhear5Englishsentences.YouwillhearthesentencesONLYONCE.AfteryouhaveheardeachsentencetranslateitintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.12345II.PassageTranslationDirections:Inthispartofthetestyouwillhear2Englishpassages.YouwillhearthepassageONLYONCE.AfteryouhaveheardeachpassagetranslateitintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Youmaytakenotewhileyouarelistening.12SECTION5:READINGTEST30minutesDirection:ReadthefollowingpassageandthenanswerINCOMPLETESENTENCESthequestionswhichfolloweachpassage.UseonlyinformationfromthepassageyouhavejustreadandwriteyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions1-3Americaspopulationhitthe300millionmarkyesterday—at7:46a.m.EasterntimeaccordingtoCensusBureauestimates.NobodyknowsexactlywhobecameAmericas300millionthcitizen.ButdemographersaresummingupthemilestoneasaturningpointthatsignalsseveraltrendstowatchastheUS—incontrastwithEuropeandJapan—dealswithasteadilygrowingpopulation.PoliticallyanddemographicallyexpertssaytheshiftswillbegintohaveanimpactonregionsofthecountrynotyetusedtothenewdiversityprovidedbytheinfluxofHispanicsandAsianswhichhasalreadytransformedCaliforniaArizonaTexasFloridaandNewYork.IncomingyearsMidwesternersthoseintheGreatPlainsruralareasandsmalltownseverywherewillbegintodealwiththechallengesofnewethnicandracialresidentssaysWilliamFreyapopulationexpertattheBrookingsInstitutioninWashington.Andthecountryasawholewillbegintobemoredominatedbyayoung/olddividethanthecurrentliberal/conservativemodelthatdominatespoliticaldiscourse.Thismeanswearegoingtotransformthecurrentred/bluepoliticaldichotomytoonewherethenationisseparatedbyage...youngvs.oldsaysMr.Frey.TheissuesofyoungergenerationsdealingwithchildrenandopportunitiesforminoritieswillclashwiththoseoftheagingbabyboomerswhosevotersareconcernedwithissuesofagingandSocialSecurityandMedicareheadds.Bothpartieswillhavetoadjusttothisnewdichotomy.Thenewmilestonehasntgeneratedmuchhoopla.Thatsinsharpcontrastto1967whenPresidentJohnsonhailedthe200millionthAmericanandLifemagazinedispatchedacadreofphotographerstofindababybornattheexactmoment.Onereasonisthatpopulationgrowthhasbecomecontroversialespeciallyinanelectionyearwhenimmigrationisahot-buttonissueandpoliticiansarewary.CommerceSecretaryCarlosGutierrezsaystheBushadministrationisnotplayingdownthemilestonethoughhehadnoplansforTuesday.Iwouldhatetothinkthatwearegoingtobelow-keyaboutthishesayssincegrowthhelpstheeconomy.WhileitshardtoprovethatpopulationgrowthspurseconomicgrowththetwooftengohandinhandaccordingtoexpertsquotedintheMonitorsrecentlypublishedseries:USpopulation:300million.Forexample:anationwitharisingpopulationcansupportitsretireesfarmoreeasilythanonewithadecliningpopulation.ThatsanadvantagefortheUSwhichisvirtuallytheonlydevelopednationexpectedtogrowthiscentury.ButpopulationgrowthhaslessrosyimplicationstheMonitorseriespointsout.Someexpertsworrythatthelandcantsustaintheextra100millionpeopleexpectedby
2043.Anotherchallengeissprawlthedominantmodelofdevelopmentwhichgobblesupforestandprairie.
1.Whydoestheauthorsaythatthenationsreactiontothenewmilestoneof300millionisinsharpcontrastto1967para.
52.IntroducebrieflypopulationexpertWilliamFreyscommentonthechallengesfromthegrowthofAmericaspopulation.
3.WhydoestheMonitorsaythatpopulationgrowthhaslessrosyimplicationspara.8Questions4-6Britishpoliceforcesarereviewingmorethan450unsolvedcrimesinapushtocapitaliseondramaticadvancesinDNAforensicscience.TheadventofnewwaystocollectDNAfromitemsatcrimescenescoupledwithpowerfulanalyticaltoolshasmadeitpossibletoobtainDNAprofilesofsuspectsfromundetectedcrimesorcoldcasescommittednearly20yearsagoaccordingtoaHomeOfficespokeswoman.Theoperationhasalreadyidentified42suspects.Thereviewsfocusonseriousoftensexualoffencesandencompassatleast451crimescommittedbetween1989and
1995.Forensicscientistsarereturningtoitemsofevidencestoredatthetimefromscrapsofclothingtomicroscopeslidesholdingjustafewcellsobtainedfromvictims.ThisweekscientistsattheForensicScienceServicewhichmanagesthepolicenationalDNAdatabaseusedthepioneeringtechniqueoffamilialsearchingtohelpconvictJamesLloydashoefetishistwhopleadedguiltytosixsexualassaultsatSheffieldcrowncourt.TheconvictioncameafterscientistsrecoveredDNAfroma20-year-oldspermsampleheldonamicropscopeslide.WhiletheDNAdidnotmatchanyoneontheDNAdatabasescientistssearchedagainforsimilarDNAprofilesandfoundaclosematchwithhissister.Thehigh-profilesuccessfollowsthefirstuseofanewintelligencetoolknownaspendulumlistsearchingPLSwhichledtotheconvictionlastmonthofDuncanTurnerforasexualassaultinBirminghaminAugust
2005.ScientistsworkingonthecasefoundamixtureofDNAfromdifferentpeopleonapairofsunglassesfoundatthecrimescene.TheyusedPLStogeneratealistoftheoreticalDNAprofilesthatcouldmakeupthemix.Some500pairsoftheoreticalDNAfingerprintswereenteredintothedatabaseandonematchedTurner.TheFSSploughedafurther£6mintoresearchlastyearandmorepowerfulandprecisetechniquesareinthepipeline.PartofthepushtoreviewcoldcasesofsexualassaultscomesfromthedevelopmentofatechniquecalledFishorFluorescentInSituHybridisationwhichallowsforensicexpertstoidentifyandpluckjustafewmalecellsfromaswaboffemalecellstakenfromthevictim.ThetechniqueidentifiesmalecellsbydyeinggreenonlythosecarryingthemaleYchromosome.Oncetheyarestainedanothernewtoollasermicrodissectionisusedtocutthemoutandcollectthemsoafullprofilecanbeobtained.JimFraseraforensicscientistwhoservedasanexpertwitnessinthecaseofMichaelStonewhowasconvictedofadoublemurderinKentin1996saidadvancesinDNAsciencehadalreadyledtosuspectsbeingidentifiedbeyondthegraveandwouldcontinuetobecomemorepowerful.Thelongarmofthelawisgettingconsiderablylonger—theresreallynohidingplacenowhesaid.AccordingtoCathyTurneraconsultantforensicscientistattheFSStherapidadvancesinDNAtechnologyhavetransformedtheroleofforensicscientists.WevegonebeyondcorroboratingallegationstousingDNAandothertechniquestoprovidefreshintelligenceshesaid.TheswellingofthepolicenationalDNAdatabasewhichnowholdsprofilesfor
3.5mpeoplehasinthelastfiveyearsquadrupledthenumberofcasesinwhichDNAisused.Itprovidespolicewithsome3000matchestosuspectseverymonth.ThenationalDNAdatabasehasbeencriticisedbyprivacygroupswhofeartheprivatiseddatabasecouldpotentiallybemisusedbutforpoliceforcesitisaninvaluableresourcesaidDrFraser.Noneofthisevidenceisinfallibleirrefutableorunarguable.Butitsprettymuchthebestevidencethatlleverbepresentedtothecriminaljusticesystembysomeconsiderablewayhesaid.
4.WhatisthefunctionofPLSIllustratetheuseofPLSbyscientists.
5.ExplainthesentenceThelongarmofthelawisgettingconsiderablylonger.para.
76.WhatisthecontroversyovertheuseofthenationalDNAdatabaseQuestions7-10ThenewSATscoresareoutandburiedinthemisasignofhopeforAmericaneducation.Truethescoresareactuallyabitlowerthanlastyears;thecombinedaveragefortheSATsmathandreadingsectionsfell7pointsto1021thebiggestdecreasesince1975whenthescoredropped16pointsto
1010.Butstatisticallyspeakinga7-pointdeclineoutofapossible1600onthosetwosectionsisntmuch.Itslessthanthevalueofasinglequestionwhichisabout10points.AlsotheSATwasradicallychangedlastyear.TheCollegeBoardmadeitlongerandaddedAlgebraIImoregrammarandanessay.Fewerkidswantedtotakethenew3-hr.45-min.testmorethanoncesofewerhadanopportunitytoimprovetheirperformance.Scoreswereboundtoslide.ButtuckedintothereamsofdatatheCollegeBoardincludedwiththenewscoreswassomewonderfulnews:1waswrong.In2003IspentsixmonthstrackingthedevelopmentofthenewSAT.Isatthroughhoursoftest-developmentsessionsandevenlearnedhowtogradeSATessays.TIMEranmyresultingstoryonitscoverthatOctober.Thestorydidmakesomepredictionsthatturnedouttoberight.Forinstancethenewtestfavorsgirlsmorethantheoldonedid.Itisalong-standingtenetoftestmakingthatgirlsoutperformboysonwritingexams.ForreasonsIamnotfoolishenoughtospeculateaboutinprintgirlsarebetterthanboysatfixinggrammarandconstructingessayssotheadditionofathirdSATsectiononwritingwasalmostcertaintoshrinkthemale-femalescoregap.Itdid.Girlstrouncedboysonthenewwritingsection502to
491.Boysstilloutscoredgirlsoverallthankslargelytoboys536averageonthemathsectioncomparedwithgirls
502.Butboysnowleadonthereadingsectionbyjust3points505to502;thegapwas8pointslastyear.WhatchangedThenewtesthasnoanalogiesbirdistonestasdogistodoghouseandboysusuallyclobberedgirlsonanalogies.MystoryalsopredictedthattheadditionofthewritingsectionwoulddamagetheSATSreliability.Reliabilityisameasureofhowsimilaratestsresultsarefromonesittingtothenext.Thepre-2005SAThadastandarderrorofmeasurementofabout30pointspersection.Inotherwordsifyougota500onthemathsectionyourtruescorewasanywherebetween470and
530.Butthenewwritingsectionwhichincludesnotonlyamultiple-choicegrammarsegmentbutalsothesubjectiveessayhasastandarderrorofmeasurementof40points.Thatmeansakidwhogetsa760inwritingmayactuallybeaperfect800—oraclever-but-no-genius
720.InshorttheCollegeBoardsacrificedsomereliabilityinordertoincludewriting.FinallyIwasrightaboutoneotherthing:thatthegraderswouldrewardformulaiccolorlesswritingoversharpyoungvoices.Theaverageessayscoreforkidswhowroteinthefirstpersonwas
6.9comparedwith
7.2forthosewhodidnt.A1-to-12scaleisusedtogradeessays.Thatscoreisthencombinedwiththescoreonthegrammarquestionsandtranslatedintothefamiliar200to800points.Asmyeditorsknowwellfirst-personwritingcanflop.ButtheCollegeBoardisnowdistributingaguidecalled20OutstandingSATEssays—allofthemperfectscores—andmanyareunbearablymechanicalandcliched.Stilltheresgoodnews.Thecentralcontentionofmy2003storywasthattheSATSshiftfromanabstract-reasoningtesttoatestofclassroommateriallikeAlgebra11wouldhurtkidsfromfailingschools.Iwasworriedthatthemostvulnerablestudentswouldstruggleonthenewversion.Insteadtheverypoorestchildren—thosefromfamiliesearninglessthan$20000ayear—improvedtheirSATperformancethisyear.Itwasamodestimprovementjust3pointsbutsignificantgiventheoverallslumpinscores.Andnoncitizenresidentsandrefugeessawtheirscoresriseanimpressive13points.Itwasmiddleclassandrichkidswhoaccountforthemuchreporteddecline.WhatexplainsthosewonderfullyunpredictablefindingsTheCollegeBoardhasnofirmanswersbutitstopresearcherWayneCamarasuggestsasomewhatself-servingtheory:thenewSATislesscoachable.Whendesigningthenewtesttheboardbannedanalogiesandquantitativecomparisons.1thinkthoseitemsdisadvantagedstudentswhodidnothavetheresourcesthemotivationtheawarenesstofigureouthowtoapproachthemsaysCamara.Byeliminatingthosethetestbecomesmuchlessaboutstrategy.BecauseitfocusesmoreonwhathighschoolsteachandlessontrickyreasoningquestionstheSATisnowmorenotlessegalitarian.Sometimesitsnicetobewrong.
7.WhataresomeoftherightpredictionstheauthormadeaboutthenewSATafewyearsago
8.WhydoestheauthorsaythattheadditionofthewritingsectionwoulddamagetheSATsreliabilitypara.
49.Whatisthegoodnewspara.6abouttheSATaccordingtothepassage
10.WhatdoesWayneCamarameanbysayingthatthenewSATislesscoachablepara.7SECTION6:TRANSLATIONTEST30minutesDirections:TranslatethefollowingpassageintoEnglishandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.中国政府高度重视保护环境,认为保护环境关系到国家现代化建设的全局和长远发展,是造福当代、惠及子孙的事业中国政府将环境保护确立为一项基本国策,在推进经济发展的同时,采取一系列措施加强保护环境特别是近年来,中国政府坚持预防为主、综合治理、全面推进、重点突破,着力解决危害人民群众健康的突出环境问题;坚持创新体制机制,领先科学进步,强化环境法治,发挥社会各方面的积极性经过努力,环境污染和生态破坏加剧的趋势减缓,部分流域污染治理初见成效,部分城市和地区环境质量有所改善,全社会保护环境意识进一步增强参考答案SECTION1:LISTENINGTESTPartA:SpotDictation
1.isjeopardizing
11.Whenarecordisscratched
2.consumerprotectionorganizations
12.jumptoturnitoff
3.welcomeddevelopment
13.inanassertiveandrelaxedmanner
4.protecttheinterestsof
14.agreestonegotiatewithyou
5.becomeover-dependentonprofessionalworkers
15.indangerofbeingabused
6.yourself-esteemandrelationships
16.articulatebutirrelevantarguments
7.theartofpersistence
17.havenothingmoretoworryabout
8.not-so-pleasantmessages
18.abusiveormanipulative
9.“Don’tmakeascene”
19.aself-protectiveskill
10.assertivenesstraining
20.yourtimeandenergyispreciousPartB:ListeningComprehension
1.C
2.D
3.A
4.B
5.C
6.C
7.B
8.B
9.C
10.D
11.B
12.D
13.A
14.C
15.D
16.A
17.C
18.B
19.D
20.ASECTION2:READINGTEST
1.B
2.B
3.C
4.C
5.A
6.C
7.D
8.A
9.D
10.A
11.A
12.D
13.B
14.B
15.C
16.C
17.B
18.D
19.D
20.DSECTION3:TRANSLATIONTEST彼得·德鲁克在世时就已成为传奇人物他以95岁高龄辞世,一生著作颇丰,涉略广泛,在宗教、哲学以及政治学等领域都堪为人师然而他最重要的成就无疑还是在商业领域德鲁克对管理学贡献巨大,其价值正如约翰.凯恩斯之于经济学二十世纪八十年代起,他开始对企业乃至资本主义制度本身产生了深深的怀疑他不再认为公司是创造和谐氛围的理想场所,事实上,他所目睹的与此恰恰相反,公司里人人各为其利,而这与他一直倡导的平等原则相违背无论是在著作还是演讲中,德鲁克都旗帜鲜明,成为美国式企业制度最重要的批判者之一适逢大财团纷纷涌现,他不厌其烦,尽数此类疯狂兼并和收购的弊端当企业经理人们埋头建造商业帝国时,他指出冗员过多和机构臃肿会造成效率低下,危害不浅1984年,他在一篇文章中有力地说明企业首席行政官的薪酬之高已近失控,并强烈建议各公司的董事会将其首席执行官的报酬控制在普通员工的二十倍以内他认为,企业高管动辄数百万美元的离职补偿金,使他们本末倒置,只管个人利益最使他气愤的是公司经理人一方面自己收入丰厚,另一方面却在大批裁员德鲁克写道,“无论是在道德层面,还是对于社会而言,这都是无法原谅的,我们会为此付出沉重的代价”SECTION4:LISTENINGTESTPartA:Note-takingAndGap-filling
1.charitable
11.peripheral
2.economy
12.transcend
3.income/wealth
13.receiving
4.incentives/motivations
14.ties/cohesion
5.tops/leads
15.successful
6.defining
16.liberals
7.consumerism
17.lifestyles
8.intertwined/interwoven
18.progress
9.services
19.satisfactions/joy
10.rivals/competitors
20.monetaryPartB:ListeningandTranslationI.SentenceTranslation1在经历了长达5年的由超低房贷利率引发的迅猛发展后房地产业急剧下挫连续五年创新高的新建和已有住宅销量持续下降2我们大多数人相信竞争是有益的公平的竞争通常会使生产效率更高提高产品质量力度更大以及产品销售价格更低3非法移民给公立学校和医院带来压力造成州政府和地方政府预算紧张且导致社区犯罪率上升但是大部分非法移民都是工作努力、有责任感的好人4更多的人因自然灾害而不是战争流离失所这次百年一遇的地震造成2万3千人死亡、250万人无家可归5政府将利率增加到5%使得股价昨日大受冲击道琼斯指数下跌340点报收12100点创下10周以来最低水平II.PassageTranslation1我曾在这样一群人中生活,他们工作辛苦,却总是充满了欢笑和歌声用西方社会的生活标准来衡量的话,这些人极为贫困,没有自来水,居住地不通电,没有任何的现代化生活设施然而,他们富于幽默感,热爱舞蹈击鼓,生活充满了乐趣,甚至狂欢至凌晨我受到了深深的触动,这种感触在以后的几十年中会一直影响我幸福并不基于物质财富这个启发使我最终对“美国之梦”产生了怀疑,因为“美国之梦”就是尽人的能力所及争取更多的金钱、权力及更高的地位2在过去几年中,统计数字显示入室盗窃案件大幅上升,现在情况已经非常惊人让我告诉您一些相关数字现在每三分钟就会有一户失窃据报道,在过去的五年中,报警的入室盗窃案件数上升了6万,今年已超过50万保险公司说,仅去年,入室盗窃所造成的损失就比前一年上升了38%,达到两亿一千九百七十万英镑据我所知,有一两家公司拒绝在所谓高风险地区内提供入室盗窃保险SECTION5:READINGTESTQuestion1:Americans’attitudetowardsthepopulationgrowthchangedgreatly/in
1967.Thenationwaswelcomingthebirthof“the200millionthAmerican”thePresident’s“hailing”+Lifemagazine’ssearchingforthatbaby/todaythegrowthhasnotattractedmuchattention“hasn’tgeneratedmuchhoopla”/noonecaredmuchabout“whobecameAmerica’s300millionthcitizen”Question2:Thegrowthofpopulationpartlyduetothe“influx”ofHispanicsandAsians/inmanypartsofAmericathechallengeswillcomefromthe“newethnicandracialresidents”/inpoliticalareasthetraditional“liberal/conservative”opposition/confrontationwillbereplacedby“young/old”opposition“divide”“dichotomy”/amuchcontroversialissuewithmixedimpactsQuestion3:Ononehandpopulationgrowthisoftenlinkedtoeconomicgrowth/itcanbeconsideredasan“advantage”toanation/ontheothertheimpactofpopulationgrowthinAmericamuchmorecomplicated/withpossiblenegativeresults/morelandmightbeusedforresidentialpurposes/moreforestandprairiewouldbedestroyed/causingenvironmentalproblemsQuestion4:PendulumListSearching/anewintelligenceDNAanalyticaltool/whenpoliceencounteramixtureofDNA/PLSgeneratesalistoftheoreticalDNAprofilesthatcouldmakeupthemix/ledtoconvictionofDuncanTurner/ScientistsfoundamixtureofDNAfromdifferentpeopleonapairofsunglassesfoundatthecrimescene/usePLS/500pairstheoreticalDNAfingerprintswereenteredintothedatabase/onematchedTurner.Question5:there’sreallynohidingplacesforthecriminalsnow/advancesinDNAsciencehadalreadyledtosuspectsbeingidentifiedbeyondthegraveandwouldcontinuetobecomemorepowerful/theadventofnewwaystocollectDNAfromitemsatcrimescenescoupledwithpowerfulanalyticaltools/possibletoobtainDNAprofilesofsuspectsfromundetectedcrimesorcoldcasescommittednearly20yearsago.Question6:forpoliceforces/DNAdatabaseisaninvaluableresource/thebestevidencethat’lleverbepresentedtothecriminaljusticesystembysomeconsiderableway/privacygroups/feartheprivatizeddatabasecouldpotentiallybemisusedQuestion7:Comparedwiththeoldtestthenewtest“favors”girlsmore/aspredictedbytheauthor/theadditionofthewritingsectionnarrows“toshrink”thescoregapbetweenboysandgirls/reliabilityofthetestaffected/“formulaiccolorlesswriting”givenhigherscoresoveroriginal“sharpyoungvoices”/thegradingofthetestmoresubjectiveQuestion8:Theauthortellsusthatbeforetheadditionofthewritingsection/thestandarderrorofmeasurementofSATisonlyabout30pointspersection/withtheadditionofthenewwritingsectionthestandarderrorofmeasurementreached40points/thereliabilityofthetestismoreorlessdamagedQuestion9:Contrarytowhattheauthorpredicted/thepoorestchildrenimprovedtheirSATperformanceinthenewtest/alsotherisingofscoresof“noncitizenresidentsandrefugees”/althoughthereistheshiftfromatestofabstract-reasoningtoatestofclassroommaterial/thenewtestdoesnothurtdisadvantagedchildrenQuestion10:Heimpliesthattheformertestingitemsofanalogiesand“quantitativecomparisons”dependmoreontesting“strategy”/withtheabandoningofsuchitemsthetestbecomes“muchlessaboutstrategy”/itcollatorthe“disadvantagedstudents”/theteachingoftestingstrategylessusefulSECTION6:TRANSLATIONTESTTheChinesegovernmentattachesgreatimportancetoenvironmentalprotection.ItbelievesthatenvironmentalprotectionhasabearingontheoverallsituationofChina’smodernizationdriveanditslong-termdevelopmentandthatitisanundertakingwhichwillnotonlybenefittheChinesepeopleoftodaybutalsobringbenefittotheirchildrenandgrandchildren.TheChinesegovernmenthasestablishedenvironmentalprotectionasabasicnationalpolicy.Whilepromotingeconomicgrowthithasadoptedaseriesofmeasurestoprotecttheenvironment.Especiallyinrecentyearsadheringtotheprincipleofpreventionfirstcomprehensivecontrolentirepush-onandkey-pointbreakthroughChinesegovernmenthasmadegreateffortstosolvethoseoutstandingenvironmentalproblemsthatthreatenpeople’shealth.Ithaspersistedininstitutionalinnovationreliedontechnologicaladvancesstrengthenedtheroleoflawinenvironmentalprotectionandbroughtintofullplaytheinitiativeofvarioussectorsofthesociety.Thankstotheseeffortsthetrendtowardaggravatedenvironmentalpollutionandecologicaldestructionhassloweddownpollutioncontrolinsomeriverbasinshasachievedsomeinitialsuccesstheenvironmentalqualityofsomecitiesandregionshasimprovedtosomeextentandthepeople’sawarenessoftheimportanceofenvironmentalprotectionhasincreasedfurther.2007年9月真题SECTION1:LISTENINGTEST30minutesPartA:SpotDictationDirections:Inthispartofthetestyouwillhearapassageandreadthesamepassagewithblanksinit.Fillineachoftheblankswiththewordorwordsyouhaveheardonthetape.WriteyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.RememberyouwillhearthepassageONLYONCE.Goodafternooneverybody.Impleasedtobeherewithyougraduatesof
2007.Ima________1andstudentsoftenapproachmewith________
2.Youseewearelivinginasocietyofgreatchanges.Withthepresenceof________3theprocessofgettingajobintodaysworldhaschangedfor________
4.WellhowcanyouusenewtechnologiestohelpyouFirstletslookathowyou________
5.Thetraditionalmethodofhuntingforajobinthepastrequiredfirstdoingresearchonjobsthatwere________6typicallybylookinginnewspapersperiodicalsandmagazinesaswellasTVadsand________
7.Thenyoudecidedwhereandforwhatpostyouweregoingtoapplyputyourresume________8inastampedenvelopeandwaitedanxiouslyforsomeoneto________
9.Welltodaymaybethejobsearchand________10areverymuchthesamebutthetoolsusedaremuchmoreadvancedandthey________
11.Infacttechnologyhasnotsomuchchangedtheprocessasenhancedit.Thebenefitbothfor________12isthatthismakesthesearchmoreopentopeopleof________13fromallovertheworld.Butasmorepeopleareinvolveditbecomes________14fortheapplicantthaniteverwasbefore.The________15fortheworkingworldtodayislearningthesenewand________16andcombiningthemwiththeoldermethodspeoplehavebeenusingforyears.Forexample________17youcanresearchemploymentnotjustinyourcitybutalsoinyourstateyourcountryand________
18.YoucancopyinformationfromawebpageandpasteitintoaMicrosoftWorddocumentthatseasyto________
19.Inmanywaysitseasiernow:Justtypeyourjobapplicationclickand________20;itgetsthereinaninstant.PartB:ListeningComprehensionDirections:Inthispartofthetesttherewillbesomeshorttalksandconversations.Aftereachoneyouwillbeaskedsomequestions.ThetalksconversationsandquestionswillbespokenONLYONCE.NowlistencarefullyandchoosetherightanswertoeachquestionyouhaveheardandwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions1to5arebasedonthefollowingconversation.
1.AEntertainmentonTV.BThenewsintheUS.CBeingacorrespondent.DInterpretingnews.
2.AThenewsisjustentertainment.BThenewsisshallow.CThenewsgetsreportedinthesamestyle.DThenewsisboring.
3.AThenewsofferseasyinformationthatdoesntmeanmuchtoyou.BThenewsmakesyoufeellikeyourelearningbutactuallyyourenot.CThenewsisjustanotherpopularentertainmentprogramlikeasitcom.DThenewsmustbepresentedbyphysicallyattractiveladies.
4.AMoreentertaining.BMorein-depth.CLessinformative.DLessinteresting.
5.ANewspapers.BRadio.CTV.DTheInternet.Questions6to10arebasedonthefollowingnews.
6.AAtradeshowofthelatestsportinggoodsisondisplay.BAneventforteamsportsisheldwiththecountrysbestathletes.CAspringmarketfairforcuttingequipmentandaccessoriesisopen.DAbusinessrendezvousisscheduledbetweenVIPsandthebestathletes.
7.AMicrosoftInternetExplorer7andMozillaFirefox
2.BSnapBackaprivatebrowserthatdoesnotstoreindividualinformation.CAbuilt-inRSSreadertoquicklyscanthelatestnewsandinformation.DSafari3theworldsfastestandeasiest-to-usewebbrowser.
8.AHeavyraintriggeredfloodswhichcausedheavycasualtiesanddamage.BHarshdroughthadbeengoingonforseveralyearsandkilledsomepeople.C23peopleweremissingafterastormhitavillageinthemountainousprovince.DAuthoritiesweresearchingforthepeoplewhohadcrossedtheborderfromothercountries.
9.ATwosoldiershijackedajetplanefullofpassengersinflight.BThehijackerswerecapturedafterkillingoneofthehostages.CAmilitaryunitarrestedthehijackerswithnooneinjuredorkilled.DThehijackedplanelandedsafelyatanairportinaneighboringcountry.
10.A$
683.
30.B$
900000.CC$1million.DC$2million.Questions11to15arebasedonthefollowinginterview.
11.ATVprograms.BMediacoverageoncrime.CTheschoolsystem.DJuvenilecrime.
12.ATheproblemhasbeenoverdonebythemedia.BThemessagesthekidsgetmakethemlikethat.CTheschoolhasnotdoneenoughtohelpthekids.DSomekidsareessentiallyviolent.
13.AGivingthekidsamorecaringenvironment.BSettinguparesponsibleschoolsystem.CTakingharshactionsagainstviolenceintheschool.DKeepingthekidsunderone-to-onesurveillance.
14.ADosupervisedactivities.BTakeinstructionalprograms.CStayinschoolforsupper.DGoinforsports.
15.ABecausetheycanhelpsetgoodrolemodels.BBecausetheycanstopwhite-collarcrime.CBecausetheycanreducecrime.DBecausetheycanmakecriminalsfeelfair.Questions16to20arebasedonthefollowingtalk.
16.AWorkplaceinequality.BSexisminlanguage.CTheAIDScrisis.DThewaythemassmediatreatswomen.
17.ALanguageandthoughtdefinitelyinfluenceeachother.BItisimpossibletounderstandtherelationshipbetweenthetwo.CWhatwethinkcertainlydetermineswhatwesay.DWhatwesayveryprobablyaffectswhatwethink.
18.ATheprofessionalworld.BTheUnitedNationspublications.CTheinternationalwomensorganization.DThefeministmovement.
19.ANounsdonthaveagenderinEnglish.BSpanishnounshavetwogenders.CGermannounsareeithermasculineorfeminine.DTheissuesofgendervaryacrosslanguages.
20.AHowsomepublicationsavoidsexistlanguage.BWhywehavetoavoidsexisminEnglish.CTheeffortswehavealreadytakentoeliminatesexism.DThegenderissuesindifferentlanguages.SECTION2:READINGTEST30minutesDirections:Inthissectionyouwillreadseveralpassages.Eachoneisfollowedbyseveralquestionsaboutit.YouaretochooseONEbestanswerABCorDtoeachquestion.AnswerallthequestionsfollowingeachpassageonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimpliedinthatpassageandwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions1-5Advancesinsurveillancetechnologycouldseriouslydamageindividualprivacyunlessdrasticmeasuresaretakentoprotectpersonaldatascientistshavesaid.RichardThomastheInformationCommissionergavewarninglastyearthatBritainwassleepwalkingintoasurveillancesociety.YesterdaythecountrysleadingengineersdevelopedthethemefleshingoutadystopianvisionthatnotevenGeorgeOrwellcouldhavepredicted.Theysaidthattravelpassessupermarketloyaltycardsandmobilephonescouldbeusedtotrackindividualseverymove.TheyalsopredictedthatCCTVclose-circuittelevisionfootagecouldbecomeavailableforpublicconsumptionandthatterroristscouldhijackthebiometricchipsinpassportsandrigthemupasatriggerforexplosives.ThereportbytheRoyalAcademyofEngineeringDilemmasofPrivacyandSurveillance—ChallengesofTechnologicalChangearguesthatthescientistsdevelopingsurveillancetechnologyshouldalsothinkaboutmeasurestoprotectprivacy.Justassecurityfeatureshavebeenincorporatedintocardesignprivacy-protectingfeaturesshouldbeincorporatedintothedesignofproductsandservicesthatrelyondivulgingpersonalinformationthereportsays.ThereisachoicebetweenaBigBrotherworldwhereindividualprivacyisalmostextinctandaworldwherethedataarekeptbyindividualorganizationsorservicesandkeptsecretandsecure.Thereportsaysthatshoppersshouldbeallowedtobuygoodsandserviceswithoutrevealingtheiridentitiestothecompaniesthatprovidethem.Itarguesthattravelandsupermarketloyaltycardsandmobilephonesareminesofpersonalinformationthatshouldbecloselyscrutinizedtomakesurethatdataisnotabused.ProfessorNigelGilbertchairmanofthereportgroupsaid:Inmostcasessupermarketloyaltycardswillhaveyournameon.WhyWhatisneededinaloyaltycardisforthesupermarkettoknowwhathasbeenboughtsoyoucangetyourdiscounts.DoesitneedtoidentifyyouNoitjustneedsauthenticationthatyouveboughtthegoods.ItisthesameforOystercardsontheTubesomeofwhichyouhavetoregisterfor.Theseareallapparentlysmallthingsbutpeoplearebeingrequiredtogiveawaymoreidentificationinformationthanisrequired.IanForbesthereportscoauthorsaidthatbecausefootagefromCCTVcamerascouldbedigitizedandpotentiallystoredforeverthatnecessitatedgreaterscrutinyofthecontrollingnetworks.BritainhasaboutfivemillionCCTVcamerasoneforevery12people.Thereportsays:Givethispotentialitcannotbeguaranteedthatsurveillanceimageswillremainprivateorwillnotbealteredmisusedormanipulated.Thereportalsogiveswarningthatbiometricpassportsandidentitycardswouldgivefreshopportunitiestofraudstersandterroriststoreadremotelythedatachipsthattheycontain.Itsaysthatitcouldbepossibletorigabombtogooffinthepresenceofacertainpersonorsomeoneofaparticularnationality.ThereportproposesthattheInformationCommissionershouldbegivenextendedpowersandthatstifferpenaltiesincludingprisonsentencesshouldbeintroducedforthosewhomisusepersonaldata.TheCommonsHomeAffairsSelectCommitteeisexpectedtoannounceaninquiryintothegrowinguseofsurveillance.
1.WhenRichardThomasgavewarningthatBritainwassleepwalkingintoasurveillancesocietyhewastellingusthat_______.ABritainwasnotgoingtobecomeasurveillancesocietyBBritainwasfullyawareofthepossiblefutureofasurveillancesocietyCBritainwasfightingagainstthesurveillancesocietyDBritainwasnotrealizingtheimplicationofthesurveillancesociety
2.AccordingtothereportbytheRoyalAcademyofEngineering_______.Aprivacy-protectingtechnologyshouldbedevelopedonthebasisofsurveillancetechnologyBtechnologicalchangecanhardlychallengetheprotectionofindividualprivacyCscientistsshouldfocusmoreonthedevelopmentofproductsprotectingprivacyDthedesignofsurveillanceproductsshouldtakeintoaccounttheprotectionofprivacy
3.Accordingtothepassagethegreatestthreattoanindividualinasurveillancesocietyis_______.AyoureverymovewillbetrackedByourpersonalinformationwillbepublicizedCyourpersonalpropertywillbestolenDyourlifewillbetaken
4.GeorgeOrwellismentionedinthepassagebecause_______.AhewastheonewhocoinedtheexpressionBigBrotherBhewasafamousBritishnovelistinthe20thcenturyChedescribedaworldwhereindividualprivacyisdeniedDheconductedtheinvestigationofthedamagedonetoindividualprivacy
5.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassageASupermarketsoftengetmorepersonalinformationofcustomersthanisrequired.BItissuggestedthatthesurveillanceimagesshouldbekepttopsecret.CThecoverageofCCTVcamerasinEnglandisquiteextensive.DToughmeasuresandpenaltiesareproposedtostopthemisuseofpersonaldata.Questions6-10JournalistswhowriteaboutfamiliesaswellassocialandculturalissuescancountonreceivinganannualbarrageofpublicrelationspitchesforValentinesDay.ThePRblitzbeginsrightafterChristmasandcontinuesalmostuntilthebigdayitself.Dailysometimeshourlye-mailspopuponmycomputerscreenaspublicityagentsproposestoriesonavarietyoflove-ratedsubjects.Somesuggesttraditionaltopics:HowaboutinterviewingtheauthorofanewbookonhowtofindtheperfectmateOrwhataboutastoryofferingideasonthebestgiftstogivetoyourheartthrobOthersuggestionstakeathoroughlymodernapproachtoromance.Publicistswouldbehappytoprovideinformationaboutthenewestmatchmakingwebsiteorthehottestdatingcoach.Theresevenapsychicmediumwhopromisestotellradioandtelevisionaudiencesabouttheircurrentandfuturerelationships.Individuallythesestorypromotionscouldbetakenforwhattheyare:justanotherdayanotherclientanotherdollarinthelifeofpublicityagents.Butcollectivelytheysignalmorethansimplyadesiretocapitalizeonaholidaythathasmushroomedintoa$17billionindustry.Intheirvariedformsthesepromotionsreflecttheurgencyofthequestforloveandcompanionshipinasocietywhereone-quarterofallhouseholdsnowconsistofsinglepeople.ThesepitchesalsoserveasameasureofhowmuchValentinesDayitselfhaschanged.Theycanimpellong-marriedobserverstolookbackwithacertainnostalgiatoatimeseveraldecadesagowhenFeb.14didntcarrysuchintensity—andwhencourtshipdidntcostquitesomuch.Thatwasatimebeforemenwereexpectedtospendtwomonthsworthoftheirsalaryforanengagementringbeforemenandwomendecidedtheywouldsettlefornothinglessthanasoulmateandbeforeitwasnecessarytoseekadvicefromanarmyofself-helpgurusbearingtitlessuchasrelationshipandinterpersonalcommunicationexpert.ThatwasalsoanerawhenmanyhopefulPrinceCharmingscouldshowtheirlovewithacardoraheart-shapedboxofdrugstorechocolatesandwhenevenasinglerosecouldmeltayoungwomansheart.Whatacontrasttotodaywhenanythinglessthanadozenlong-stemmedrosescanriskmakingasenderappearfrugalandwhenanardentsuitorwhowantstomakeanimpressionwillbuychocolatesfromBelgiumwhateverthecost.Thisyeartheaveragemanwillspend$120andtheaveragewoman$85accordingtotheNationalRetailFederationNRF.IsthisloveorobligationForsomemenitmightevenincludeabitofguilt.AsTracyMullinCEOoftheNRFnotespresumablywithtongueplantedfirmlyincheeksomemenmaybelookingatValentinesDayasawaytomakeupforthatHDTVtheysplurgedonfortheSuperBowl.AsonepublicradiostationannouncerputitduringaValentinesDayfundraiserofferinglong-stemmedroses.ThisisaperfectwaytofulfillyourValentinesobligations.AnotherhostmakingasimilarappealurgedlistenerstotakecareofyourValentinesDayduties.AndifyoudontOnerelationshipexpertquotedinaValentinesDaypressreleaseoffersthesternwarningthatifaguydoesntcomethroughonValentinesDayitmeanshedoesntcareaboutyousojustsaygoodbyeandmoveon.ButassuminghedoescareanotherPRfirmsuggestsahigh-techapproachtotheday.ThisyearthinkoutsidetheboxandsendaVideoValentine!thee-mailpitchbegins.TooshytosaythosethreelittlewordsinpersonProfessyourloveonvideo!Oruseyourcellphonetorecordyourselfshoppingfortheperfectgift.DiamondsanyoneWhatevertheapproachcouplesmightdowelltofollowtheadviceofagroupofhusbandsinJapanwhosaytheyknowtheanswertoweddedbliss.InanefforttocommunicatebetterwiththeirwivestheyofferThreePrinciplesofLove:SaysorrywithoutfearsaythankyouwithouthesitationandsayIloveyouwithoutshame.Itsatrioofsentimentsthatwomencouldadoptaswell.TomorrowalltheunsoldValentineswiththeirdeclarationsofloveandaffectionwilldisappearfromcardrackstobereplacedbyEastermessagesfeaturingeggsandbunnies.Longstemmedroseswillbegintoopenboxesofchocolatewillbenibbledawayandcardswithsentimentalmessageswillbeproppedondesksanddressers.Whateverhopesandexpectationsarefulfilled—ornot—todaythecelebrationoffersatouchingreminderthatwhenitcomestomattersofthehearttheapproachesmightchangebuttheyearningforloveandcompanionshipdoesnt.Aboveallitoffersthiscomfortingreassurance:Cupidlives.
6.TheauthorintroducesthestorypromotionsbeforeValentinesDay_______.AtoshowthecontinuationofthislongtraditionBtodisplaythebusylifeofjournalistsinthewesternworldCtohighlightthecommercializationofatraditionalholidayDtorevealtherapidlychangingpatternsofholidaycelebrations
7.Thewordpitchesusedinthepassagecanbestbeparaphrasedas_______.AphrasesofpromotionBcommendingremarksCobjectivedescriptionsDtermsofcourtship
8.IndescribinghowpeoplecelebratedValentinesDayafewdecadesagotheauthor_______.AtellsusthatdatingisaniceexperienceBremindspeoplehowmuchthepracticehaschangedChintsthatcompanionshipshouldbecherishedDarguesthatsocialprogressisinevitable
9.WhentheauthorisaskingIsthisloveorobligationpara.6heisimplyingthat_______.AobligationcouldbetakenasequaltoloveBthechangingpatternwillnotbepopularClovecannotbereplacedbyobligationDthechangingattitudeisnothealthy
10.ThelastsentenceofthepassageCupidlives._______.AservesasaconcludingremarksummarizingthemainideaofthepassageBisusedasacontrasttotheprevailingpracticeofValentinesDaycelebrationCshowstheauthorsbeliefinhumanyearningforloveandcompanionshipDisusedasafierceattackagainstthechanginghumanrelationshipQuestions11-15RightnowPrinceCharlesisprobablywishinghehadhittheslopesafterall.BritainsPrinceofWalesdecidedlastyeartobeginreducinghiscarbonfootprint—theamountofcarbondioxidecreatedbyhisactivities—bycuttingdownonhisflightsabroadincludinganannualskiingvacationinSwitzerland.ThoughweshouldallbeinthepositiontomakesuchsacrificesCharlesdidntwinplauditsforhisholidaymartyrdom.InsteadBritishgreengroupssecondedbyEnvironmentSecretaryDavidMilibandspankedthePrincefordecidingtoflytotheU.S.onJan.27topickupaprestigiousenvironmentalawardarguingthatthecarbonemissionscreatedbyhistravelcanceledouthisgreencred.ItstooeasytomockHisRoyalHighness;inEnglanditspracticallythenationalsport.Buthiscriticsmaybeontosomething.Jetsareuniquelypollutingandthecarbontheyemitathighaltitudesappearstohaveagreaterwarmingeffectthanthesameamountofcarbonreleasedonthegroundbycarsorfactories.Onanindividuallevelasinglelong-haulflightcanemitmorecarbonperpassengerthanmonthsofSUVdriving.Thoughairtravelisresponsibleforonly
1.6%oftotalgreenhousegasemissionsinmanycountriesitsthefastest-growingsinglesource—andwithannualairlinepassengersworldwidepredictedtodoubleto9billionby2025thatgrowthisunlikelytoabate.TheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeIPCCputitbluntlylastyear:Thegrowthinaviationandtheneedtoaddressclimatechangecannotbereconciled.OneofthebiggestproblemsastheIPCCpointsoutisthatthecarbonemittedbyairtravelcurrentlyhasnotechnofix.Asmessyasourceofpollutionaselectricitygenerationandgroundtransportationaretechnologiesdoexistthatcoulddrasticallycutcarbonfrompowerplantsandcars.Notsoforplanes:thesameaircraftmodelswillalmostcertainlybeflyingonthesamekerosenefuelfordecades.Admittedlytheairlineindustryhasimprovedefficiencyoverthepast40yearswithtechnologicalupgradesmorethandoublingefficiency.Therearetweaksinaircraftoperationsthatcouldnipcarbonemissionsevenfurther.VirginAtlanticairlinestycoonRichardBransonwhopledged$3billioninthefightagainstclimatechangeadvocateshavingplanestowedonthegroundratherthantaxiingwhichhehassaidcouldcutayetunspecifiedportionoffuelonlongflights.Emissionstradingfortheairindustrycouldhelpaswellwithairlinesgivencarboncapsandthenbeingrequiredtopurchasecreditsfromotherindustriesiftheyexceedtheirlimits.Buttheresnothingonthehorizonforaircraftwiththecarbon-cuttingpotentialofhydrogenenginesorsolarenergy.ItsnotlikehavingleakyhomewindowsyoucanfixwithdoubleglazingsaysLeoMurrayaspokesmanforthegreengroupPlaneStupidwhichledthecriticismofPrinceCharles.Noristhereanyreplacementforlong-haulairtravelitself.IcantakeatrainfromBostontoWashingtonbutuntilwecanfigureouthowtotravelviafireplaceHarryPotter-styletheonlywayImgettingfromTokyotoNewYorkCityisinaircraftthatmayemitmorethan5200lbs.about2400kgofcarbonperpassengerround-tripaccordingtooneestimate.Onanindividuallevelyoucantrytomakeyourflightcarbonneutralbydonatingtosayaforestryprojectthatwillsoakupthegreenhousegasesyouhavecreated.Anincreasingnumberofairlinesandtravelagentsdooffersuchoptions.TheLondon-basedCarbonNeutralCompanyreportsthatrequestsforcarbonoffsettingfromindividualtravelershavejumpedoverthepastsixmonths.Butthestilltinynumberofneutralizedflightscanhardlycompensatefortherapidincreasesinglobalairtravel.SoisgroundingourselvestheonlyanswerThatseemstobetheconclusionofenvironmentalistsinBritainwhoalsowentafterPrimeMinisterTonyBlairforarecentholidaytriptoMiami.ThoughBlairbelatedlypromisedtobeginoffsettinghisleisuretravelheinsistedthattellingpeopletoflylesswassimplyimpractical—andhesprobablyright.SomeenvironmentalistssuggestthatwecouldlearntolivemorelocallybutgoodluckkeepingtheminBrightonaftertheyveseenBeijing—andviceversa.Ourbestbetfornowmaybetolimitanybusinessandleisureflightsthatwecanandoffsettherest.SowhenyoureponderingthatluxurySwissvacationaskyourself:WhatwouldPrinceCharlesdo
11.ThesentenceButhiscriticsmaybeontosomething.para.2impliesthat_______.AthecriticsfeelitameasytasktocriticizeBritainsPrinceCharlesBthecriticsbelongtoBritishgreengroupsCthecriticsarerightinpointingoutthecriticalissueinenvironmentalpollutionDthecriticsknowthatlong-haulflightsemitmorecarbondioxidethancardriving
12.WhichofthefollowingwouldbetheauthorsmajorconcernAAirtravelisresponsibleforonly
1.6%oftotalgreenhousegasemissions.BThecarbonemissionbyairtravelisgrowingfasterthanbyotherindustries.CTheannualairlinepassengersworldwidearepredictedtodoubleto9billionby
2025.DThecarbonreleasedbyjetscarsandfactoriesallproducesawarmingeffect.
13.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysayingthatthecarbonemittedbyairtravelcurrentlyhasnotechnofixpara.3ATechnologiesforcarbonreductioninallindustriesincludingaviationdonotexistyet.BTechnologiesarenotavailableforcarbonreductionwiththecurrentaircraftmodels.CTechnologiesdesignedtocutpollutionfromelectricitygenerationandfromairtravelarenotthesame.DTechnologiestocutcarbonfrompowerplantscannotbeusedtocutcarbonfromplanes.
14.ThewordtweaksinthesentenceTherearetweaksinaircraftoperationsthatcouldnipcarbonemissionsevenfurther.para.4canbeparaphrasedas_______.AtheoreticalpossibilitiesBgreatinventionsCminorimprovementsDtechnologicalupgrades
15.Whatdoestheexpressionneutralizedflightspara.5meaninthepassageAYoucompensateforemissionofyourflightbyjoiningenvironmentalactivities.BYoureplacelong-haulairtravelbyseaorbytraintoreducecarbonemission.CYoutravellessbyairsoastocutcarbonemission.DYouneutralizeyourflightcarbonbybeinganenvironmentalistandbytakingasfewbusinessandleisureflightsaspossible.Questions16-20Itishardtoescapethefactthatindevelopedsocietiesdespiteprogressinnovationandprosperitythereissomethingnotquiteright.Insomecasesitishardforpeopletoputafingeronit:afeelingofemptinessandnotbelongingalackofdefinedrelationshipsandsolidsocialstructures.Inotherrespectsitisreadilyquantifiable:ratesofdrugabuseviolentcrimeanddepressionandsuicidearerocketing.WhyarewesounhappyItseemsthattheEnlightenmentbroughtforthunparalleledlibertyineconomicsocialandpoliticallifebutwearenowundergoingamidlifecrisis.Thepoliticsofhappinessisnothingnew.Aristotleoncesaidthathappinessisthegoaloflife.ButformethepersonwhobringsthegreatconundrumofpersonalhappinessaliveisRobertKennedy.Inabeautifullycraftedspeechhesaidwhatmakeslifeworthwhileisthehealthofourchildrenthequalityoftheireducationtheyjoyoftheirplaythestrengthofourmarriages...ourdevotiontoourcountryandourwit...wisdomandcourage.Andhepointedoutthatnoneofthesecouldbemeasuredbygrossnationalproduct.Norshouldwebesurprisedbythepoliticsofhappiness.Askpeoplehowtheyareandtheywillanswerintermsoftheirfamilylifecommunitylifeandworkliferatherthanjustwhattheyarepaid.Despitethisitisanotoriouslydifficultsubjectforpoliticianstograsp.Onereasonisthathappinessandwell-beingaregenerallynotwellservedbystatisticalanalysis.Politiciansobsessedwithinputsandoutputstargetsandcontrolsareflummoxedbyimmeasurableconceptssuchasthevaluepeopleplaceonspendingtimewiththeirfamilies.Anotherreasonisthatelectoralcycleslendthemselvestoacultureofshort-termismwithaneedforimmediateandquantifiablemeasurements.OnesuchmeasurementisGDP.Inmanywaysincreasingthishasbeentheraisondetreformanycenter-rightpoliticalpartiessincethe1980s.Backthenmanydevelopedeconomieswereinastateofeconomicmalaisewithpersistentlyhighinflationandunemployment.Weneededsomethingtoreversethisstagnationandputusbackontothepathofprosperity.Thankfullywegotthat.Todayweneedtobejustasrevolutionarytoputusbackontracktosocialprosperity:torespondtothatyearningforhappiness.ThatiswhyIhavebeenarguinginBritainthatweneedtorefocusourenergiesongeneralwell-beingGWB.Itmeansrecognizingthesocialculturalandmoralfactorsthatgivetruemeaningtoourlives.Inparticularitmeansfocusingonasustainableenvironmentandbuildingstrongersocieties.Andyesitalsomeansrecognizingthatthereismoretolifethanmoney:indeedthatqualityoflifemeansmorethanthequantityofmoney.Ithinkthecenter-rightcanbethechampionsofthiscause.Thecenter-leftneverreallygetthewell-beingagendabecausetheytreatindividualsasunitsofaccount.Andtheyfinditdifficulttounderstandhowitcannotbedeliveredsimplybythepushofalegislatorspen.Insteadthepoliticsofwell-beingisapoliticsthatneedstobefoundedonsharingresponsibility.Ofcoursegovernmentmusttakeitsownresponsibilities.Butthatneedstobepartofawiderculturalchange:aculturalchangethatwilloccurasaconsequenceoflegislationleadershipandsocialchange.WhatsthegovernmentsroleItistoshowleadershipandsettheframework.Showingleadershipmeansleadingthechangeinthemanyareasthatimpactonwell-being.Forexampleeveryonewouldagreethatspendingmoretimewithfamilyiscrucialtohappiness.Heregovernmentsshouldbepioneersofflexibleworkingwithpublic-sectoremployees.Settingtherightframeworkmeanscreatingincentivesandremovingbarrierstoremodelthecontextwithinwhichthewholeofsocietymakeschoices.Taketheenvironment.Everyonewouldagreethatacleanerlocalenvironmentwouldenhanceourwell-being.Bysettingaframeworkthatcreatesapriceforcarboninoureconomyandencouragesgreeninnovationthegovernmentcanhelppeoplemakethebetterchoice.Ultimatelysocietyshappinessrequiresusalltoplayourpart.Indeedplayingourpartispartofbeinghappy.Thatiswhyweneedarevolutioninresponsibility.Corporateresponsibilitymeansbusinessestakingaproactiveroleandtakingaccountoftheiremployeeslives.Civicresponsibilitymeansgivingpowerbacktolocalgovernmentcommunityorganizationsandsocialenterprisessotheycanformulatelocalsolutionstolocalproblems.Andpersonalresponsibilitymeanswealldooutbitbeitincleaningupourlocalenvironmentorparticipatinginlocalpolitics.ProfessorNeilBrowneatBowlingGreenStateUniversityrecentlywroteanarticle:IfMarketsAreSoWonderfulWhyCantIFindFriendsattheStoreItisnotthatmarketsarebadorthatwearedoomedtoalifeofperpetualunhappiness.Rathergivenouradvancesintermsofpoliticalfreedomeconomicenterpriseandculturalingenuitylifecouldandshouldbemoresatisfying.Thatiswhyfocusingongeneralwell-beingcouldbethebigdefiningpoliticalconceptofthe21stcentury.Andbyrecognizingtheresponsibilityeverysectionofsocietyhaswealsohavethemeanstoenhanceit.
16.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethattheauthorsmajorconcernis_______.AthecontinuingsocialprogressandprosperityBthedevelopmentofwesternphilosophyCcorporatecivicandpersonalresponsibilitiesDgeneralwell-beingofthesociety
17.TheexpressionflummoxedbyinthesentencePoliticiansobsessedwithinputsandoutputstargetsandcontrolsareflummoxedbyimmeasurableconceptssuchasthevaluepeopleplaceonspendingtimewiththeirfamilies.para.2canbestbereplacedby_______.AconfrontedwithBfascinatedwithCperplexedbyDhauntedby
18.AccordingtothepassagewhyisthehappinessofthegeneralpublicadifficultsubjectforthegovernmentAItcannotbeadequatelyexplainedbystatisticaldata.BItisnotrelatedtoacultureofshort-termism.CPeopleneedtocopewithinflationandunemploymentfirst.DPeopleplacetoomuchvalueonhappinessandwell-being.
19.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorismostprobably_______.AanAmericancongressmanBaBritishpoliticianCanAmericanjournalistDaBritishenvironmentalist
20.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassageAPoliticiansareobsessedwithinputsandoutputstargetsandcontrols.Bshort-termismleadstothepursuitofimmediateandquantifiablemeasurements.CCenter-rightpoliticalpartieshavelongfocusedontheincreaseofGDP.DThecauseofbuildingGWBcanbeledbythecenter-leftpoliticalparties.SECTION3:TRANSLATIONTEST30minutesDirections:TranslateofthefollowingpassageintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.ThetaskofwritingahistoryofournationfromRomesearliestdaysfillsmeIconfesswithsomemisgivingsandevenwereIconfidentinthevalueofmyworkIshouldhesitatetosayso.Iamawarethatforhistorianstomakeextravagantclaimsisandalwayshasbeenalltoocommon:everywriteronhistorytendstolookdownhisnoseathislesscultivatedpredecessorshappilypersuadedthathewillbettertheminpointofstyleorbringnewfactstolight.CountlessothershavewrittenonthisthemeanditmaybethatIshallpassunnoticedamongstthem;ifsoImustcomfortmyselfwiththegreatnessandsplendorofmyrivalswhoseworkwillrobmyownofrecognition.Mytaskmoreoverisanimmenselylaboriousone.Ishallhavetogobackmorethan700yearsandtracemystoryfromitssmallbeginningsuptotheserecenttimeswhenitsramificationsaresovastthatanyadequatetreatmentishardlypossible.IshallfindantiquityarewardingstudyifonlybecausewhileIamabsorbedinit1shallbeabletoturnmyeyesfromthetroubleswhichforsolonghavetormentedthemodernworldandtowritewithoutanyofthatover-anxiousconsiderationwhichmaywellplagueawriteroncontemporarylifeevenifitdoesnotleadhimtoconcealthetruth.SECTION4:LISTENINGTEST30minutesPartA:Note-takingAndGap-fillingDirections:InthispartofthetestyouwillhearashorttalkYouwillhearthetalkONLYONCE.WhilelisteningtothetalkyoumaytakenotesontheimportantpointssothatyoucanhaveenoughinformationtocompleteagapfillingtaskonaseparateANSWERBOOKLET.YouwillnotgetyourANSWERBOOKLETuntilafteryouhavelistenedtothetalkTodayslectureisaboutthemass________1oftheworldspopulation.Therearetwomajor________2whypeoplearemovingtocities.Thefirstreasonis________
3.Peoplearemovingtothecitiesbecausethatswheretheycanfind________4andearnmoney.Thesecondreasonforthemovetocitieshastodowith________5oflifeissues:comfortand________
6.Citiesoftenofferbetter________
7.Andthenformanycitylifeisjustmore________
8.Aninterestingconsequenceofurbanizationisthattheaverage________9ofpeopleinthecountrysideisincreasingwhilethatofthecitiesis________
10.Threekey________11canbeidentifiedinourcities.Firstofalltheyregettingbigger.Mostcitiesarebiggernowthaneverbefore.Citiesarealsochangingshape.Theyregetting________12becauselandisgettingmoreandmoreexpensive.________13havebecomeasymbolofmoderncities.Citiesarealsochangingshapeinotherways.The________14Modelandthe________15NucleiModelareprobablymoretypicalofthecitiesweknowtoday.Theyshowtheurban________16thatsoccurringincontemporarycities.Thethirdchangeisthatourcitiesarebreakingupinto________17communitiesoftenby________18groupor________19level.Thisoftenmeansthatpeoplestaywithintheircommunityanddonotcomeintocontactwithothersfromdifferent________
20.PartB:ListeningandTranslationI.SentenceTranslationDirections:Inthispartofthetestyouwillhear5Englishsentences.YouwillhearthesentencesONLYONCE.AfteryouhaveheardeachsentencetranslateitintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.12345II.PassageTranslationDirections:Inthispartofthetestyouwillhear2Englishpassages.YouwillhearthepassagesONLYONCE.AfteryouhaveheardeachpassagetranslateitintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Youmaytakenoteswhileyouarelistening.12SECTION5:READINGTEST30minutesDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagesandthenanswerINCOMPLETESENTENCESthequestionswhichfolloweachpassage.UseonlyinformationfromthepassageyouhavejustreadandwriteyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions1-3OnApr.27theDeanofDukesbusinessschoolhadtheunfortunatetaskofannouncingthatnearly10%oftheClassof2008hadbeencaughtcheatingonatake-homefinalexam.ThescandalwhichhascastyetanotherpallovertheleafyGothiccampusisalreadygoingdownasthebiggestepisodeofallegedstudentdeceptioninthebusinessschoolshistory.Almostimmediatelythequestionsstartedswirling.TheaccusedMBAswereonaverage29yearsold.Theywerethecut-and-pastegenerationthechampionsofLinux.Beforegoingtothebusinessschooltheyworkedincorporationsforanaverageofsixyears.Theydidsoatatimewhentheirbossesweretrumpetingthebravenewworldofopensourcewhereonesabilitytoaggregateorripoffotherpeoplesintellectualpropertywastoutedasacrucialcompetitiveadvantage.ItseasytoimaginetheexplanationstheseMBAswhoaremullinganappealmightcomeupwith.Teaminguponatake-homeexam:Thatsnotacademicfrauditspostmodernlearningwikistyle.Text-messagingexamanswersordownloadingessaysontoiPods:Thatssimplyawiseuseoftechnology.Onecanunderstandtheconfusion.ThisisagenerationthatcameofagenabbingmusicoffNapsterandwatchingbootleggedHollywoodblockbustersintheirdormrooms.Whatdoyoumeanyoucanalmosthearthemsaying.WerenotsupposedtoshareThatsnottosaythatuniversityadministratorsshouldignoreunethicalbehaviorifitinfactoccurred.Butinthiswiredworldmaybetheverynotionofwhatconstitutescheatinghastobereevaluated.ThescandalatDukepointstohowmuchtheworldhaschangedandhowacademiaandcorporationsareconfusedaboutitallsendingsplitmessages.Weretolditsallaboutteamworkandsharedinformation.Butthenweregradedandrankedasindividuals.Weassesseverybodyassingleentities.Butthenweplopthemintoaninterdependentworldandtellthemtheirsuccesshingesoncreativecollaboration.Thenewcultureofsharedinformationisvastlydifferentfromtheoldwherehoardinginformationwaspower.Butprofessors—andbossesforthatmatter—needtobeabletotestindividualability.Forallthetalkaboutworkforceteamworkthereareplentyoftimeswhenapersonisonhisorherownarguingacasepreparingaprofitandlossstatementorwritingaresearchreport.Stillmanybelievethatarethinkingoftheassessmentprocessisinstore.TheStanfordUniversityDesignSchoolforexampleissocollaborativethatitwouldbeimpossibletocheatsaysD-schoolprofessorRobertI.Sutton.Ifyoufoundsomebodytohelpyouwriteanexaminourviewthatsasignofaninventivepersonwhogetsstuffdone.IfyoufoundsomeonetodoworkforfreewhowascommittedtoopensourcewedsayWowthatwassmart.Onegroupofstudentsgotthepolicetohelpthemwithaschoolprojecttobuildaroundaboutwheretherewerealotofbikeaccidents.IsthatcheatingThatsfoodforthoughtatatimewhenlearningisbecomingmoreandmoreofasocialprocessembeddedinalargernetwork.Thisisinnowayapassonthosewhoconsciouslybreaktherules.WithcountriesapingAmericanbusinesspracticesabacklashagainstanethicallyrudderlessculturecanthappensoonenough.ButthesagaatDukeraisesaninterestingquestion:IntheageofTwitterasocialnetworkthatkeepsusersinconstantstreamingcontactwithoneanotherwhatischeating
1.WhatistheauthorsattitudetowardsthestudentdeceptioninDukesbusinessschool
2.Accordingtotheauthorwhatarethesplitmessagessentbytheacademiaandcorporationspara.
53.WhydoestheauthorcitetheexampleofStanfordUniversityDesignSchoolQuestions4-6Manyanimalsandplantsthreatenedwithextinctioncouldbesavedifscientistsspentmoretimetalkingwiththenativepeoplewhoseknowledgeoflocalspeciesisdyingoutasfastastheirlanguagesarebeinglost.Potentiallyvitalinformationaboutmanyendangeredspeciesislockedinthevocabularyandexpressionsoflocalpeopleyetbiologistsarefailingtotapintothishugesourceofknowledgebeforeitislostforgoodscientistssaid.ItseemslogicalthatthebiologistsshouldgoandtalktotheindigenouspeoplewhoknowmoreaboutthelocalenvironmentthananyoneelsesaidDavidHarrisonanassistantprofessoroflinguisticsatSwarthmoreCollegeinPennsylvania.Mostofwhathumansknowaboutecosystemsandspeciesisnotfoundindatabasesorlibrariesorwrittendownanywhere.Itsinpeoplesheads.ItsinpurelyoraltraditionsDrHarrisontoldtheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScienceinSanFrancisco.About80percentoftheanimalsandplantsvisibletothenakedeyehavenotyetbeenclassifiedbyscience.Itdoesntmeantheyareunknown;itjustmeanswehaveaknowledgegap.Anestimated7000languagesarespokenintheworldbutmorethanhalfofthemaredyingoutsofastthattheywillbelostcompletelybytheendofthecenturyaschildrenlearnmorecommonlanguagessuchasEnglishorSpanish.HecitedtheexampleofaSouthAmericanskipperbutterflyAstraptesfulgeratorwhichscientiststhoughtwasjustonespeciesuntilaDNAstudythreeyearsagorevealedthatitwasinfact10differentspecieswhosecamouflagedcolourationmadetheadultformsappearidenticaltooneanother.YetifthescientistshadspokentotheTzeltal-speakingpeopleofMexico—descendantsoftheMaya—theymighthavelearntthisinformationmuchsoonerbecauseTzeltalhasseveraldescriptionsofthebutterfliesbasedonthedifferentkindsofcaterpillar.Thesepeopleliveontheterritoryofthatbutterflyhabitatandinfactcareverylittleabouttheadultbutterflybuttheyhaveavery-finegrainedclassificationforthelarvaebecausethecaterpillarsaffecttheircropsandtheiragricultureDrHarrisonsaid.Itscrucialforthemtoknowwhichlarvaiseatingwhichcropandatwhattimeofyear.Theirsurvivalliterallydependsonknowingthatwhereastheadultbutterflyhasnoimpactontheircropshesaid.Therewasaknowledgegaponbothsidesandiftheyhadbeentalkingtoeachothertheymighthavefiguredoutsoonerthattheyweredealingwithaspeciescomplexhesaid.Indigenouspeopleoftenhaveclassificationsystemsthatareoftenmorefine-grainedandmoreprecisethanwhatWesternscienceknowsaboutspeciesandtheirterritories.AnotherexampleoflocalknowledgewasshownbytheMusqueampeopleofBritishColumbiainCanadawhohavefishedthelocalriversforgenerationsanddescribethetroutandthesalmonasbelongingtothesamegroup.In2003theywerevindicatedwhenageneticstudyrevealedthatthetroutdidinfactbelongtothesamegroupasPacificsalmonDrHarrisonsaid.Itseemsobviousthatknowingmoreaboutspeciesandecosystemswouldputusinabetterpositiontosustainthosespeciesandecosystemshesaid.ThatsmyargumentthattheknowledgegapisvastlytothedetrimentofWesternscience.Weknowmuchlessthanwethinkwedo.
4.Whydoestheauthorsaythatindigenouslanguagesholdthekeytosavingendangeredspecies
5.WhatdoesDrHarrisonsexampleofaSouthAmericanskipperbutterflytellus
6.ExplaininyourownwordstheauthorsconclusionthattheknowledgegapisvastlytothedetrimentofWesternscience.Weknowmuchlessthanwethinkwedo.Questions7-10Graduatesfromunder-privilegedbackgroundsaretochallengetheelitismofthebarristersprofessionunderplansoutlinedtoday.ReformsaimedatchallengingthedominanceoftherichandprivilegedclasseswhicharedisproportionatelyrepresentedamongthemembershipoftheBarwilltacklethedeclineinstudentsfrompoorerbackgroundsjoiningtheprofession.Theyincludefinancialassistanceaswellasmeasurestoendtheintimidatingenvironmentofthebarristerschamberswhichyounglawyersmustjoiniftheywanttotrainasadvocates.TheincreasingcostoftheBarandaperceptionthatitisrunbyasocialelitehashaltedprogressinthegreaterinclusionofbarristersfromdifferentbackgrounds.Anumberofhigh-profilebarristersincludingtheprimeministerswifeCherieBoothQChavewarnedthatwithoutchangestheBarwillcontinuetobedominatedbywhitemiddle-classmalelawyers.InaspeechtotheSocialMobilityFoundationthinktankinLondonthisafternoonGeoffreyVosQCBarCouncilchairmanwillsay:TheBarisaprofessionalelitebywhichImeanthattheBarsmembershipincludesthebest-qualitylawyerspracticingadvocacyandofferingspecialistlegaladviceinmanyspecialistareas.Thatkindofelitismismeritocraticandhencedesirable.Unfortunatelyhowevertheelitismwhichfostersthehigh-qualityservicesthattheBarstandsforhasalsoencouragedanotherformofelitism.Thatiselitisminthesenseofexclusivityexclusionandinthecreationofaprofessionwhichisbarelyaccessibletoequallytalentedpeoplefromlessprivilegedbackgrounds.LastmonthMrVoswarnedthatthefutureofthebarristersprofessionwasthreatenedbyanoveremphasisonposhaccentsandpublicschooleducation.MrVossaidthenthatpeoplefromordinarybackgroundswereoftenoverlookedinfavourofthosewhowerefromasnobbybackground.Peoplefromaprivilegedbackgroundweresometimesrecruitedeventhoughtheywerenotuptothejobintellectuallyheadded.InhisspeechtodayMrVoswilloutlinethebarrierstoentrytoacareerattheBarandsomeofthewaysinwhichthesemaybeovercome.TheBarCouncilhasaskedthelawlordLordNeubergerofAbbotsburytoexaminehowthesebarrierscanbeovercomeandhewillpublishhisinterimreportandconsultationpaperbeforeEaster.HeisexpectedtoproposeaplacementprogrammetoenablegiftedchildrenfromstateschoolstolearnabouttheBarthecourtsandbarristersatfirsthand.TheBarCouncilisalsoworkingtowardsputtingtogetheranewpackageofbankloansonfavourabletermstoallowyoungaspiringbarristersfrompoorerbackgroundstofinancetheBarvocationalcourseyearandthenhavethefinancialabilitytoestablishthemselvesinpracticebeforetheyneedtorepay.TheseloanswouldbeavailablealongsidetheInnsofCourtsscholarshipandawardsprogrammes.MrVoswillsaytoday:IpassionatelybelievethattheprofessionsingeneralandtheBarinparticularmustbeaccessibletothemostablecandidatesfromanybackgroundwhatevertheirracegenderorsocioeconomicgroup.TheBarhasdonewellinattractinggoodproportionsofwomenandracialminoritiesandwemustbeaspositiveinattractingpeoplefromallsocioeconomicbackgrounds.
7.WhatistheelitismofthebarristersprofessionintheUnitedKingdom
8.Whatarethebarriersforgraduatesfromunder-privilegedfamiliestobecomebarristers
9.GiveabriefsummaryofBarCouncilchairmanGeoffreyVossviewonelitismofthebarristersprofession.
10.WhatarethemeasuresofreformtohelppoorergraduatesbecomebarristersSECTION6:TRANSLATIONTEST30minutesDirections:TranslatethefollowingpassageintoEnglishandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.据说,上海男人是最好的丈夫他们总是知道该如何讨妻子的欢心,从而避免了矛盾,一家人其乐融融所以从某种程度上讲,上海男人是社会安定和和谐的象征当妻子快乐时,他也快乐,因而整个城市也充满了快乐气氛虽然上海男人被戏谑为“妻管严”,但他并不屈从于妻子在与妻子有争议时,他要么保持沉默,要么一笑置之有时候他会发火,但事后不久,他也会毫不迟疑地道歉最终他妻子发现,她还是按照他的想法行事上海男人聪明、务实,有时也相当圆滑最令人印象深刻的是,上海男人在事业上有进取心,对家庭有很强的责任感,而且尊重女性参考答案SECTION1:LISTENINGTESTPartA:SpotDictation
1.careercounselor
11.requiremoreskillsandexpertise
2.concernsabouttheirfuture
12.theemployerandtheemployee
3.advancedtechnology
13.differentsocio-economicbackgrounds
4.themajorityoftheUSpopulation
14.morecompetitive
5.findajob
15.secrettopreparingyourself
6.availableinyourfield
16.ever-changingtools
7.makingphonecallstoprospectiveemployers
17.ontheinternet
8.withacoverletter
18.evenothercountries
9.getbacktoyou
19.accessandprintanytime
10.applicationprocess
20.senditthroughemailPartB:ListeningComprehension
1.B
2.D
3.B
4.B
5.C
6.A
7.D
8.A
9.B
10.D
11.D
12.B
13.A
14.C
15.C
16.B
17.D
18.D
19.C
20.ASECTION2:READINGTESTQuestions1-
301.D
2.D
3.A
4.C
5.B
6.C
7.A
8.B
9.C
10.C
11.C
12.B
13.B
14.C
15.A
16.D
17.C
18.A
19.C
20.DSECTION3:TRANSLATIONTEST我承认,撰写我们民族自罗马初期以来的历史使我略怀惴惴之感,即使我对自己著作的价值颇有信心,也不敢贸然以此自诩我知道,历史学家自吹自擂/夸大其词乃是常事,而且历来是屡见不鲜每一位撰写历史的史家/作家都会鄙薄以往学养不如自己的同行,沾沾自喜地认为自己会在(史书)风格上超过他们,或者会揭示前歌后舞史实有关(这个民族的历史)著作汗牛充栋,我的著作很可能淹(YAN)没其中,无人在意,倘若如此,那只能是因为我的对手实在是卓而超群,才华横溢,所以他们的大作才会使得拙著变得默默无闻,我必须藉此聊以自慰而且,我的写作是极其艰辛的,必须上溯700余年,从最细的源头一直探求到支脉纵横交叉、几乎难以详述的近代我发现研究古代历史很有裨益,至少沉浸于远古往事,我就能避而不见长期折磨着现代世界的诸多烦恼,并且能够放手写作,而不会像当代史作者/那些写当代生活的作者那样免不了会顾虑重重——即使此种顾虑尚不至于导致他们去掩盖事实SECTION4:LISTENINGTEST
1.urbanization
11.changes
2.reasons
12.taller
3.economic
13.Skyscrapers
4.jobs
14.sector
5.quality
15.multiple
6.convenience
16.sprawl
7.schools
17.smaller
8.comfortable
18.ethnic
9.age
19.income
10.falling
20.backgroundsPartB:ListeningandTranslationI.SentenceTranslation1网上购物十分便捷,很多人觉得没了它就无法生活然而医生们却警告消费者,在网上购买药品时一定要慎之又慎2俗话说,味道好,营养一定很差然而美味的黑巧克力却可能是个例外,因为黑巧克力可以让血压降低平均达10%3世界经济越来越一体化的趋势在社会和政治上都有深刻的意义同样,还存在着一种文化现象,即全球性文化或文化全球化的兴起4很多人把工作当成生活的核心意义之一,然而与此同时,很多人的生活大部分被工作所占据,因此很少有时间做别的事情5已婚者比未婚者花更多的时间做家务活,前者每天花两小时,后者
1.5小时不管何种婚姻状况,女性要比男性花更多的时间做家务II.PassageTranslation1感谢主席先生让我有机会谈论当今的环境问题能够和在座各位分享想法,我感到十分自豪,因为你们处于拯救这个世界的前沿时不我待,我们必须不断前进,行动迅速我们正处于一个世界历史的关键时刻,海洋和森林在遭到破坏,物种正在逐渐消失,气候发生着变化全球几十亿人缺乏满足健康与尊严的基本生活条件2近期一项关于休闲方式的调查显示,美国人如今每天花4小时看电视,3小时听广播,14分钟看杂志过去五年中,人们的读书时间减少到每月
2.5小时,调查同样显示,三分之一的购书者是年龄为58岁以上的人另一方面,有30%的美国人表示他们唯一想做的休闲活动就是看书,21%的人表示看电视是他们最喜欢做的事,这是好消息坏消息是只有13%的人说他们愿意和家人呆在一起SECTION5:READINGTESTQuestion1:Theauthor’sattitudetowardsthestudentdeceptioninDuke’sbusinessschoolisthathedoesnotthinkthatsuchbehaviorshouldbecalledcheatingordeception.Theworldischangingsorapidlyandbecomingmoreinterdependentwherethenewcultureofsharedinformationisthemainstream.Question2:Themessagesentbytheacademiaisthattheexamortheworkshouldbedoneindependentlyandanykindofsharingofinformationorcooperationisnotallowedandshouldbeabandoned.Whereastheonesentbythecorporationsisthatincontemporarytimesthenewcultureofsharedinformationissurgingandcooperationtogetthingsdoneshouldbeencouraged.Question3:HecitestheexampleofStanfordUniversityDesignSchooltofurtherdemonstratethatsuchbehavioroccurringinDuke’sbusinessschoolcannotbejudgedascheatingorcalledascandal.Question4:Becauseknowingmoreaboutspeciesandecosystemswouldputusinabetterpositiontosustaintheendangeredspeciesandtheknowledgeofthosespeciesexistlargelyinindigenouslanguages.Question5:Theexampletellsusthatifthescientistsmayhaveacquiredtheknowledgetheylearnedafterwardsiftheyhadspokentoindigenouspeopleandmayhavesavedalotoftimeandenergy.Inadditiontheknowledgegaponbothsidesmayhavebeenfoundoutandbothsidesmayhaveacquiredknowledgesooner.Question6:TheknowledgegapwilldoWesternsciencenogoodgreatly.Theknowledgealreadyinindigenouslanguagebutnotyettowesternsciencewouldbeobtainedmuchmoreeasilyandsoonerifwetalktothelocalpeople.Weactuallyhaveacomparativelysmallrangeofknowledgeaboutwildlifeandspeciesbutwedon’trealizethat.Question7:ItmeansthatthedominanceoftherichandprivilegedclassesamongthemembershipoftheBaraswellasthattheprofessioniscomposedoftheelitesthebestqualitypeoplewhopracticeadvocacyandofferspecialistlegaladviceinspecialistareas.Question8:Thebarriersarethatgraduatesfromunder-privilegedfamiliescannotaffordthetrainingtuitionasadvocatesiftheywanttojoinwhichisincreasingcostly.Question9:Thesummaryisasfollows:theprofessionisacompositionofelitesthebest-qualitylawyers.Butnowtheproblemarisingintheprofessionisthatitpreventstalentedpeoplefromunder-privilegedbackgroundsfromjoininginitwiththehighcost.Question10:Themeasuresareasfollows:aaplacementprogrammetoenablegiftedchildrenfromstateschoolstolearnabouttheprofessionwouldbeintroduced.banewpackageofbankloansonfavorabletermstoallowyoungbarristerstofinancetheBarcourses.SECTION6:TRANSLATIONTESTShanghaimenaresaidtobethebestofhusbands.Theyknowhowtowinthefavoroftheirwivesandavoidconflictssothathappinesspervadestheirfamilies.Shanghaimencanberegardedasthesymbolofsocialsecurityandharmony.TheyarejoyfulwhenevertheirwivesarethusfillingthewholecityofShanghaiwithhappiness.Shanghaimenarejokinglycalledhen-peckedhusbands.Howevertheywillneveryieldtotheirwivesbutremainsilentorsmileawaythequarrels.Andtheywillapologizewithouthesitationshortlyaftertheylosetheirtemperwhichisararity.Finallytheirwivesfindthemselvescomplyingwithwhattheirhusbandssay.Shanghaimenaresmartandpracticalandevenslipperybutwhatimpressesmostisthattheyareaggressiveintheircareerandresponsibletotheirfamiliesandrespectfultofemales.2008年3月真题SECTION1:LISTENINGTEST30minutesPartA:SpotDictationDirections:Inthispartofthetestyouwillhearapassageandreadthesamepassagewithblanksinit.Fillineachoftheblankswiththewordorwordsyouhaveheardonthetape.WriteyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.RememberyouwillhearthepassageONLYONCE.TodaywelltalkaboutwhatothereffectswatchingTVmightproduceonchildren.Childrenshouldbe_______1alotoftelevisionmanyexpertsandparentsagreebutthereisatleastonecircumstancewhenitmightbebeneficial:_______
2.ArecentstudyconductedbyItalianresearchersfoundthatchildren_______3immediatelyprecedingandduringbloodtestsexperiencedlesspainthanchildrenwhosemothers_______4duringtheprocedureorchildrenwhosemotherswerepresentbut_______
5.TheresearchledbyCarloBrownMDattheUniversityofSienaispublishedintheArchivesofDiseaseinChildhood_______6thestudy.Nonereceivedanytypeofanesthesia;thechildrenandtheirmothers_______
7.Boththegroupwhosemothersattemptedtodistractthemfromthebloodtestsandthosewhosemotherssimplyobservedreported_______8thanthegroupwhowatchedcartoons.Forthatgroupthelevelsofpainwerelessandthechildrenwerebetterableto_______
9.Oneofthepossibleexplanationsisthatchildrenmighthave_______10duringtheproceduresexacerbatingtheirperceptionofpain.Thehigherpainlevelreportedbychildrenduring_______11showsthedifficultymothershaveininteractingpositively_______12intheirchildrenslifetheauthorswrite.Howevertheystressedthat_______13stillprovidedbenefitsnotingthatthechildrenwould_______14duringtheprocedures.Indeedchildrenstatethathavingtheirparentpresent_______15wheninpainsaytheauthors.Anotherpossibilityofferedforconsiderationisthenotionthatthe_______16mightreleasepain-quellingendorphins.Endorphins_______17producedbythepituitaryglandresembleopiatesintheirabilitytoproduceanalgesiaandasenseofwell-being.Inotherwordstheymight_______
18.Inanycasethestudyresultssuggestthathealthworkersshould_______19towatchtelevisionduringpainfulprocedures_______
20.PartB:ListeningComprehensionDirections:Inthispartofthetesttherewillbesomeshorttalksandconversations.Aftereachoneyouwillbeaskedsomequestions.ThetalksconversationsandquestionswillbespokenONLYONCE.NowlistencarefullyandchoosetherightanswertoeachquestionyouhaveheardandwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions1to5arebasedonthefollowingconversation.
1.AAchangeinFrencheatinghabits.BAboominlong-hourmealsinFrance.CTheoriginofhamburgers.DThehomeofthesit-downmid-daymeal.
2.AAvariationinfoodsupply.BAchangeintheworkforce.CAriseinfoodprices.DAfallinwhite-collarization.
3.ABakeriesnowofferalimitedrangeofalbeitexcellentproducts.BThereareaboutfourkindsofbreadbreakfastanddessertpastries.CBakeriessellsandwichesmainlyintheworking-classareas.DFranceiscurrentlywitnessingaboominsandwichbusiness.
4.AMenusuallyliketoeatmorehamburgersthanwomendoinFrance.BMenmorelikelytobeworkingbehindajackhammerneedtoeatsomuch.CWomenmakeupalmosthalfthelaborforceinFrancenow.DWomenhavetopickupthechildrenlatefromtheday-carecenter.
5.ABecausethebakerieshaveadaptedtheideaoffastfoodandmadeitFrenchproducts.BBecausethebakerieshaveofferedsomethingthatsveryclosetowhatiscalledfastfood.CBecausethehamburgershavehamandbutterinthem.DBecausethehamburgersdonotcostsomuchasthoseofferedbyMcDonald.Questions6to10arebasedonthefollowingnews.
6.AThree.BFour.CEleven.DEighteen
7.ATointensifyTokyosroleinpeacekeepingmissionsabroad.BTostopthecountrysairforcetransportmissioninIraq.CTooverridethelowerhousesdecision.DToapprovetheDemocraticPartysbilltocontinuethemission.
8.AWorseningwaterscarcity.BIncreasingrisksofdiseases.CTriggeringmassdisplacement.DReducingthepopulationinAsia.
9.AToresumepeacetalkswhichhavebeenhaltedforalongtime.BToforgeandsignapeacetreatypledgedbybothsides.CTodispelhisskepticismoverchancesforadealbeforeheleavesoffice.DToopena44-nationconferenceovertheMiddleEastissue.
10.A60%.B26%.C21%.D20%.Questions11to15arebasedonthefollowinginterview.
11.AWhattodotocontrolcrime.BWhatrolealawyerplaysinacourtcase.CHowtotellahardenedcriminalfromafirst-timeoffender.DHowtoconvictacriminalandputhiminprison.
12.ADeterrence.BQuickconviction.CThesocialstructure.DTheeconomy.
13.AEducationprogramsarenotsoeffectiveasrequired.BDrugtreatmentprogramsareinsufficientlyfunded.CSomerehabilitationprogramsinsideprisonshavebeenstopped.DMorepeopleareconvictedthanprisonspacecanaccommodate.
14.ATheseprogramsaremainlyintendedforthekingpinsofdrugdealstogetrehabilitated.BTheseprogramsarecurrentlycarriedoutinmoststatesinthecountry.CTheseprogramsaimtodevelopacultureinsidetheprisons.DTheseprogramshavepsychologicalandeducationalcomponents.
15.ABecausegangsstartinprisonsandmakeprisonarepressiveexperience.BBecausecriminalstendtoberepeatoffenders.CBecausethereisnostigmaattachedtomostcriminals.DBecausesocietydoesntlookatreleasedprisonerswithdisdain.Questions16to20arebasedonthefollowingtalk.
16.AHowtointeractwithcolleaguesandclientsfacetoface.BHowtomakeeffectivetelephoneconversations.CWhatskillsareneededtogetandholddownajob.DWhatmakesforanexcellentabilitytoexpressyourself.
17.AAManagerial.BTechnological.CFinancial.DSocial.
18.ABasictoadvancedknowledgeofcomputerapplication.BAbilitytocalculatealltransactionsprofitsandcosts.CCreativityinmakingpresentationstoclients.DProficiencyinatleastoneforeignlanguage.
19.ATocreateyourowndatabasesonthecomputer.BToenhanceyoursocialskillsbyholdingpartieswithyourfriends.CTousethecomputerinfreetimeandbecomefamiliarwithitsoperation.DTostoreasmanytelephonenumbersandaddressesasyoucan.
20.AGraduatingstudents.BTraineemanagers.CProfessionalsecretaries.DLow-leveladministrativestaff.SECTION2:READINGTEST30miniutesDirections:Inthissectionyouwillreadseveralpassages.Eachoneisfollowedbyseveralquestionsaboutit.YouaretochooseONEbestanswerABCorDtoeachquestion.AnswerallthequestionsfollowingeachpassageonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimpliedinthatpassageandwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Question1-5Lifeexpectancyintherichestcountriesoftheworldnowexceedsthepoorestbymorethan30yearsfiguresshow.ThegapiswideningacrosstheworldwithWesterncountriesandthegrowingeconomiesofLatinAmericaandtheFarEastadvancingmorerapidlythanAfricaandthecountriesoftheformerSovietUnion.AveragelifeexpectancyinBritainandsimilarcountriesoftheOECDwas
78.8in2000-05anincreaseofmorethansevenyearssince1970-75andalmost30yearsoverthepastcentury.Insub-SaharanAfricalifeexpectancyhasincreasedbyjustfourmonthssince1970to
46.1years.Narrowingthishealthgapwillinvolvegoingbeyondtheimmediatecausesofdisease—povertypoorsanitationandinfection—totacklethecausesofthecauses—thesocialhierarchiesinwhichpeoplelivesaysthereportpublishedbytheGlobalCommissionontheSocialDeterminantsofHealthestablishedbytheWHOin
2005.ProfessorSirMichaelMarmotchairmanofthecommissionwhofirstcoinedthetermstatussyndromesaidsocialstatuswasthekeytotacklinghealthinequalitiesworldwide.Inthe1980sinaseriesofground-breakingstudiesamongWhitehallcivilservantsProfessorMarmotshowedthattheriskofdeathamongthoseonthelowerrungsofthecareerladderwasfourtimeshigherthanthoseatthetopandthatthedifferencewaslinkedwiththedegreeofcontroltheindividualshadovertheirlives.Hesaidyesterdaythatthesameruleappliedinpoorercountries.Ifpeopleincreasedtheirstatusandgainedmorecontrolovertheirlivestheyimprovedtheirhealthbecausetheywerelessvulnerabletotheeconomicandenvironmentalthreats.Whenpeoplethinkaboutthoseinpoorcountriestheytendtothinkaboutpovertylackofhousingsanitationandexposuretoinfectiousdisease.ButthereisanotherissuethesocialgradientinhealthwhichIcalledstatussyndrome.Itisnotjustthoseatthebottomofthehierarchywhohaveworsehealth;itisallthewayalongthescale.Thosesecondfromthebottomhaveworsehealththanthoseabovethembutbetterhealththanthosebelow.TheinterimreportofthecommissionintheonlineeditionofTheLancetsaystheeffectsofstatussyndromeextendfromthebottomtothetopofthehierarchywithSwedishadultsholdingaPhDhavingalowerdeathratethanthosewithamastersdegree.Thestudysays:Thegradientisaworldwideoccurrenceseeninlow-incomemiddle-incomeandhigh-incomecountries.Itmeansweareallimplicated.TheresultisthatevenwithinrichcountriessuchasBritaintherearestrikinginequalitiesinlifeexpectancy.ThepoorestmeninGlasgowhavealifeexpectancyof54lowerthantheaverageinIndia.Theanswerthereportsaysisempowermentofindividualscommunitiesandwholecountries.Technicalandmedicalsolutionssuchasmedicalcarearewithoutdoubtnecessary.Buttheyareinsufficient.ProfessorMarmotsaid:Wetalkaboutthreekindsofempowerment.Ifpeopledonthavethematerialnecessitiestheycannotbeempowered.Thesecondkindispsycho-socialempowerment:morecontrolovertheirlives.Thethirdispoliticalempowerment:havingavoice.Thecommissionsfinalreporttobepublishedsoonwillidentifytheilleffectsoflowstatusandmakerecommendationsforhowtheycanbetackled.InBritainacenturyagoinfantmortalityamongtherichwasabout100per1000livebirthscomparedwith250per1000amongthepoor.InfantmortalityisstilltwiceashighamongthepoorinBritainbuttherateshavecomedowndramaticallyto7per1000amongthepoorand
3.5amongtherich.ProfessorMarmotsaid:Wehavemadedramaticprogressbutthisisnotaboutabolishingtherankingsbutbyidentifyingtheilleffectsofhierarchieswecanmakehugeimprovement.
1.WhichofthefollowingCANNOTbefoundfromthepassageALifeexpectancyinLatinAmericaandtheFarEastisincreasingfasterthanAfrica.BInAfricalifeexpectancyhadonlyincreasedbyfouryearssince1970to
46.1years.CThereisagapofmorethan30yearsinlifeexpectancybetweentherichestcountriesandthepoorestcountries.DWithinrichcountriestherearealsogreatinequalitiesinlifeexpectancybetweentherichandthepoor.
2.Accordingtothepassagethetermstatussyndrome_______AwasfirstacceptedbytheWorldHealthOrganisationin2005BwasproposedbyProfessorMarmottodescribesocialchangesCisusedtoexposethemajorcausesofhealthinequalitiesDisusedtoshowthecorrelationbetweensanitationandinfection
3.Accordingtothepassagetheeffectsofstatussyndrome_______.AcanonlybefoundfromthoselivingatthebottomofthesocietyBusuallyaregreateramongthosefromthelowerclassesCarethesameonpeoplefromeachladderofthesocialhierarchyDextenduniversallyfromthebottomtothetopofthesocialhierarchy
4.ProfessorMarmotproposedthatempowermentshould________.AmainlyincludetechnicalandmedicaladvancementBbeequaltoaccesstomaterialnecessitiesCbematerialpsycho-socialandpoliticalDbethefinalanswertothesocialproblemofhealthgap
5.WhatcanbeconcludedfromthepassageAHealthinequalityiscloselyrelatedtosocialhierarchies.BThecausesofthecausesofhealthgaplieinthedifferencesbetweenrichandpoorcountries.CSocialrankingshouldbeultimatelyabolished.DTherichcountriesshouldgivemoreassistancetopoorcountriestofillthehealthgap.Questions6-10InIdahosSnakeRiverValleywherepotatofarmersdependonelectricpumpstowatertheircropsthestateslargestpowercompanyhopestostandtraditiononitsheadandprofitbysellingfarmerslessnotmoreelectricity.TodothatIdahoPowerisvastlyexpandingitsenergy-efficiencyprogramsfor395000residentialcustomerssmallbusinessesandfarmers.Usuallythemorecustomerssavethelessutilitiesmake.ButunderaninnovativedealwithstateregulatorsinMarchIdahoPowergetspaidforitsplantsandequipmentandboostsprofitsbywinningincentivepaymentsforreducingelectricdemand.Itsanideathatappearstobecatchingonaslegislaturesfretaboutglobalwarmingandutilitiesscrambletomeetrisingdemandwithouttheincreasingharassmentandcostofbuildingnewpowerplants.Idahoisamong13stateswhoseregulatorshaveeitheradoptedorproposedmeasuresinthepastyeartodecoupleutilityprofitfromelectricityproduction.Decouplingisadvancingevenfasterfornatural-gasutilitieswith25stateseitheradoptingorproposingdecouplingplansinrecentyears.ThiswavetowarddecouplingisclearlygatheringmomentumsaysMartinKushleroftheAmericanCouncilforanEnergy-EfficientEconomyinWashington.Morestatesseemtobecallingeveryweektofindoutaboutthis.AlthoughCaliforniapioneeredtheidea25yearsago—andstrengthenedincentivesandpenaltieslastmonth—interestispickingupagainbecauseofglobalwarmingexpertssay.Themainideaisthatbyrearrangingtheincentivestructureregulatorscangiveutilitiesclearincentivestopushenergyefficiencyandconservationwithouthurtingtheirbottomlines.UnderthenewrulesinCaliforniaforexampleelectricutilitiescouldmakeasmuchas$150millionextraiftheycanpersuadeCalifornianstosavesome$2billionworthofpoweraccordingtotheNaturalResourcesDefenseCouncil.Thisisavitalstepintheglobal-warmingfightsaysAudreyChanganNRDCresearcher.Itrepresentswehopeahistoricshifttowarddecouplingthatisgoingtohelpbendtheenergydemandcurvedownwards.BesideIdahostatesthatthisyearadopteddecouplingforsomeorallofitselectricpowerindustryincludeNewYorkConnecticutandVermont.Atleastnineotherstateshaveseenmajordecouplingproposalsthisyear.IdahoPowerishappythatitskeyfixedcosts—plantsandequipment—arenowseparatedfromvariablecostsofelectricitysalessuchasfuel.Regulatorsannuallyreadjustthosefixedrates—upordown—amaximumof3percenttoensurethatthecompanygetsnomoreorlessthanithasbeenregulatedtoreceive.Butcustomersshouldbenefittooasutilityefficiencyprogramscutenergyuseandenergybills—somethingthecompanyistryinghardtodosoitcanwinabonusifitmeetsorexceedsenergy-cuttinggoals.BeforetherewasalmostadisincentivetogohardatefficiencybecausewewerentrecoveringourfixedcostssaysMikeYoungbloodananalystforIdahoPower.Nowtheanticipationisthatwewillrecoverourfixedcostnomoreorless.Andourcustomerswillseetheirbillgodowniftheyinvestinenergyefficiency.Onekeyreasonutilitiesareoftenwillingtodecoupleorevenleadingproponentsoftheproposalsisbecausethecostsofbuildingapowerplanthasrisendramatically.A500-megawattcoal-firedplantthatcost$1billionjustafewyearsagomightcost$
1.5billiontodayindustryexpertssay.Addtothatgrowinguncertaintyaboutfuturecosts.Global-warminglegislationcouldputapriceof$30pertononcarbon-dioxideemissionsfrompowerplants.Thatcouldmakecoalthecheapestpowertodaymorecostly.Anotherfactoristherisingcommunityoppositiontocoal-firedpowerplantconstruction.InNorthCarolinawhereregulatorsrecentlyrefusedaDukeEnergyCorp.proposaltobuildapowerplantthecompanyhasinsteadputforwardacontroversialdecouplingproposal.Theplanwouldpaythecompanytomeetefficiencystandardsalthoughconsumeradvocatesandevenenvironmentalgroupsquestionwhetheritsagooddealforratepayers.Infactsomeconsumeradvocateshavemajorreservationsaboutdecouplingoverall.UnfortunatelywereseeingutilitiestryingtousedecouplingasablankchecksaysCharlesAcquardexecutivedirectoroftheNationalAssociationofStateUtilityConsumerAdvocatesinSilverSpringMd.Werenotabsolutelyopposedtodecoupling.Itshowyoudoitthatscritical.
6.WhatisthemainideaofthepassageAElectricutilitieslosemoreprofitsfromreducingelectricdemand.BElectricutilitiesgainmoreprofitsfromincreasingelectricdemand.CThemoreelectricitycustomerssavethelessprofitsutilitiesmake.DThemoreelectricitycustomerssavethemoreincentivepaymentsutilitiesget.
7.Whichofthefollowinggivesthebestdefinitionoftheexpressiontostandtraditiononitsheadpara.1ATocriticizetradition.BTogoagainsttradition.CTocarryforwardtradition.DTointegratetradition.
8.Inthepassagethemeasuresofdecouplingusedinutilityefficiencyprogramsrefertothepracticeof________.AseparatingtheutilityprofitsfrompowerproductionBcombiningfixedcostswithvariablecostsCstrengtheningbothincentivesandpenaltiesDrearrangingtheincentivestructure
9.AccordingtothepassagewhenIdahoPowerisbuildingplantsandpurchasingequipmentsuchfixedcosts_______.AwillnolongerbetreatedasthecostsofelectricitysalesBwillpartiallybecoveredbystateregulatorsCarestilltoberecoveredbythecompaniesDarepaidfromcustomerselectricitybills
10.AllofthefollowingarethereasonswhyelectricutilitieswelcomedecouplingEXCEPT______.AtherapidlyrisingcostofbuildingpowerplantsBtheuncertaintyaboutfuturecostsCthecommunityoppositiontothebuildingofcoal-firedpowerplantsDthereservationsconsumeradvocateshaveaboutenergy-savingmeasuresQuestions11-15HistoricallyTVsinterestingreenissueshasbeenlimitedtothegreenthatspend:andmakestheworldgoround.ThatandMartians.AsforenvironmentalismTViswherepeoplewatchSUVadsonenergy-suckinggiantscreensthatareasthirstyasaBavarianatOktoberfest.Butwiththegreeningofpoliticsandpopculture—fromAlGoretoLeoDiCapriotoHomerandMargeinTheSimpsonsMovie—TVisjumpingonthebiodiesel-fueledband-wagon.InNovemberNBCplusBravoSciFiandothersisterchannelswillrunaweekofgreen-themedepisodesfromnewstositcoms.CBShasaddedaGoingGreensegmenttoTheEarlyShow.AndFoxsaysitwillworkclimatechangeintothenextseasonof
24.DammitChloetheresnotime!Thepolaricecapsgoingtomeltin15minutes!OnHGTVsLivingwithEdactorEdBegleyJr.offerstipsforeco-livingfromhissolar-poweredhouseinStudioCityCalif.—seehimenergy-auditCherylTiegs!—whileSundanceairsitsdocumentaryblockTheGreen.MTVwillsetTheRealWorld:Hollywoodinagreenhouse.NextyearDiscoverylaunches24-houreco-lifestylechannelPlanetGreenaplanvalidatedthisspringwhentheeco-mindeddocumentaryPlanetEarthbecameahugehitforDiscovery.Greenispartof[Discoverys]heritagesaysPlanetGreenpresidentEileenONeill.Butaspopculturewasstartingtorecognizeitwerealizedwecoulddoabetterjobpositioningourselves.Clearlythisisnotallpurealtruism.Thosepopularenergy-stingycompactfluorescentbulbsNBCsownerGeneralElectrichasmanagedtoselloneortwo.Whenyouhavethembeingamarketleaderandsayingthismakesgoodbusinesssensepeoplelistentothaton[theTV]sidesaysLaurenZalaznickBravoMediapresidentwhoisheadingNBCseffort.Andgreenpitchesresonatewithyoungandwell-heeledviewersthetypewhobuyPriusesand$2-a-lb.organicapplestwogroupsthenetworksarefondof.NBCisconfidentenoughinitsgreenweeksappealtoscheduleitinsweeps.Itsanunlikelymarriageofmotives.Ad-supportedTVisaconsumptionmedium:itpersuadesyoutowantandbuystuff.TraditionalhomeshowsaboutrenovatinganddecoratingarecatnipforretailerslikeLowesandHomeDepot.Ofcoursetherearegreenalternativestocommonpurchases:renewablewoodEnergyStarapplianceshybridcars.Butsometimesthegreenerchoiceissimplynottobuysomuchjunk—notthefriendliestselltoadvertisers.Thebiggerhurdlethoughmaybecreative.HowtheNBCshowswillworkinthemessagesisstillupintheair.WilltheDealorNoDealbabeswearhempminiskirtsWilltheBionicWomangetwiredforsolarInterviewedafterthe24announcementexecutiveproducerHowardGordonhedgedabitonFoxsgreenpromises:Itllprobablybemoreintheprops.Wemightseesomebodydriveahybrid.WillitworkGreenisanaturalfitoncablelifestyleshowsornewsprograms—thoughenlistinganewsdivisiontodoadvocacyhasitsownissues.ButcommandingasitcomlikeTheOfficetoworkinanearnestenvironmentalthemesoundslikethekindofhigh-handedp.r.directivethatmightbesatirizedonwellTheOffice.EvenBegley—formerlyofSt.Elsewhere—notesthatthemovieChinatownworkedbecauseitkeptthesubplotaboutthewatersupplyinLosAngeleswellinthebackground:Itsastoryaboutgettingawaywithmurderandthewaterstoryiswovenin.OfcourseinaneraoframpantproductplacementthereareworsethingsthanpersuadingviewerstobuyalesswastefullightbulbbyhangingoneoverJackBauerashetorturesaterrorist.Thegreatestchallenge—forviewersaswellasprogrammers—isnotlettingentertainmentbecomeasubstituteforaction;makingandwatchingright-mindedshowsisntenoughinitself.The2007EmmyAwardsforastartaimstobecarbonneutral:solarpowerbiodieselgeneratorshybridsforthestarsbikesforproductionassistants—thoughtheAcademycancelledFoxsideatochangetheredcarpetnokiddingtogreen.ThemostpotentmessagemaybeseeingHollywoodwalkthewalkinatowninwhichpeopleprefertodrive.
11.WhichofthefollowingdoesnotserveastheexampletosupportthestatementTVisjumpingonthebiodiesel-fueledbandwagonpara.2AMTV:TheRealWorld:Hollywoodwillbesetinagreenhouse.BNBC:TheprogramoftheDealorNoDealwillbecontinued.CNBC:Aweekofgreen-themedepisodesisbeingplanned.DCBS:AGoingGreenprogramhasbeenaddedtoTheEarlyShow.
12.BystatingthatClearlythisisnotallpurealtruism.para.4theauthoris_______.AhighlyappreciativeBsomewhatcriticalCironicandnegativeDsubjectiveandpassionate
13.Whydoestheauthormentioninparagraph4thetwogroupsthenetworksarefondofATheyarethemaintargetoftheconsumptionmedium.BTheyaretheadvocatesofgreenmovement.CTheyaremostrepresentativeoftodaysaudience.DTheyareyoungadultsandseniorcitizens.
14.WhichofthefollowingbestexplainsthesentenceItsanunlikelymarriageofmotives.para.5AAd-supportedTVhasconsistentmotives.BThemaintargetofad-supportedTVistopersuadeviewerstobuymore.CItsimpossibleforTVtoreadjustitsopposingmotives.DItsquitedifficultforTVtointegrateitsmotives.
15.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethatproductplacementpara.8isakindof_______.AcommodityexhibitionBdisplayofproductsCindirectadvertisingDdirectpromotionstrategyQuestions16-20Militaryvictoriestrademissionaryzealracialarroganceandageniusforbureaucracyallplayedwell-documentedrolesinmakingtheBritishEmpirethelargesttheworldhasknown.Ratherlesswellunderstoodwastheimportanceofthemoustache.AmonumentalnewhistoryTheDeclineandFalloftheBritishEmpirebyPiersBrendonpromisestorestorethisneglectednarrativetoitsrightfulplaceinthenationalstory.DrBrendonaFellowofChurchillCollegeCambridgeUniversityarguesthatcolonialmoustacheshadaclearpracticalpurpose:todemonstratevirilityandintimidatetheEmpiressubjectpeoples.ThewaxingandwaningoftheBritishmoustachepreciselymirroredthefortunesoftheEmpire—bloomingbeneaththenosesoftheEastIndiaCompanysofficersfindingfullexpressioninLordKitchenersbushyappendageandfadingoutwiththeSuezcrisisinAnthonyEdensapologeticwisps.ThisanalysisofthegrowthofthestiffupperlipisanessentialstrandofDrBrendonsepic650-pagepoliticalculturaleconomicandsocialhistoryoftheEmpirewhichispublishedonOctober
18.Itisarunninggaginaseriousbookbutitdoesgiveoneapointofreferencehesaidyesterday.Inthe18thandearly19thcenturysophisticatedBritonsworewigsbutspurnedfacialhair.TheexceptionwastheKingGeorgeIIIwhoseunshavenappearancewasmockedasasignofhismadness.Howeverbythe1830sthemoustachemovementwasintheascendancy.BritishofficerscopyingtheimpressivemoustachesthattheyencounteredonFrenchandSpanishsoldiersduringtheNapoleonicWarsstartedthecrazebuttherealimpetuscameformIndia.JustasBritishtroopsinAfghanistantodayareencouragedtogrowbeardstoeasetheirdealingswithlocaltribesmensotheattitudesofIndiantroopsunderthecommandofEastIndiaCompanyofficersinthefirsthalfofthe19thcenturyalteredtheappearanceoftheBritishsoldier.FortheIndiansepoythemoustachewasasymbolofvirility.TheylaughedattheunshavenBritishofficersDrBrendonsaid.In1854moustachesweremadecompulsoryforthecompanysBombayregiment.ThefashiontookBritainbystormasciviliansimitatedtheirheroes.DrBrendonwrites:DuringandaftertheCrimeanWarbarbersadvertiseddifferentpatternsintheirwindowssuchastheRaglanandtheCardigan.Moustacheswereclippedtrimmedandwaxeduntiltheycurvedlikesabresandbristledlikebayonets.After1918moustachesbecamethinnerandhumblerastheEmpirebegantogaspforbreathevenasitcontinuedtoexpandterritorially.IthadbeenfatallywoundedDrBrendonsuggestsbytheverybeliefinthefreedomthatithadpreached.AfterthevictoryoverGermanyandJapanin1945independencemovementsacrossthered-paintedsectionsoftheworldmapandBritainsownurgentdomesticprioritiesmeantthattheEmpirewasdoomed.Themoustachetoowasinterminaldecline.IthadbecomeajokethankstoCharlieChaplinandGrouchoMarx.IthadbecomeaninternationalsymbolofvillainythankstoHitlerstoothbrushwritesDrBrendon.InBritainitwasalsosynonymouswiththeColonelBlimpsclingingtoanoutmodedideaofcolonialgreatness.InEdensfaintmoustacheBritainsdiminishedinternationalstatusfoundafittingsymbol.ItallbutdisappearedonTVandmomentsbeforehisbroadcastontheeveofthefatefuloccupationoftheSuezCanalin1956hiswifehadtoblackenthebristleswithmascara.HissuccessorHaroldMacmillanwasthelastBritishPrimeMinistertofurnishhisupperlip.HaroldWilsontheself-styledmanofthepeoplehadbeencleanshavensincethe1940sDrBrendonnotes.Heobviouslybelievedthatthewhitehottechnologicalrevolutionwasnottobeoperatedwithamoustache.
16.ItcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethattheBritishmoustache_______.AhasbeenwelldocumentedinthehistoryoftheBritishEmpireBhaslongbeenconsideredsignificantintheformationandexpansionoftheBritishEmpireChasoftenbeenridiculedinthecolonialhistoryoftheUnitedKingdomDhaslongbeenignoredandconsideredinsignificantinthemakingoftheBritishEmpire
17.Thewordvirilityinthesentencethatcolonialmoustacheshadaclearpracticalpurpose:todemonstratevirilityandintimidatetheEmpiressubjectpeoplespara.2canbestbeinterpretedas_______.AbraveryBmasculinityCmaturityDpuberty
18.AccordingtothepassagetheCrimeanWarwhichwitnessedthedevelopmentofdifferentpatternsoftheBritishmoustachewasfought________.Aintheearly19thcenturyBinthe18thcenturyCinthemiddleofthe19thcenturyDinthelate18thcentury
19.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatfromthe1950stothe1960sthethreestatesmenheldthepostofBritishPrimeMinisterbytheorderof_______.AHaroldWilsonAnthonyEdenandHaroldMacmillanBAnthonyEdenHaroldWilsonandHaroldMacmillanCAnthonyEdenHaroldMacmillanandHaroldWilsonDHaroldMacmillanAnthonyEdenandHaroldWilson
20.WhichofthefollowingCANNOTbetrueaccordingtothepassageADrBrendonpointsoutthatcolonialmoustachesarethedecidingfactorwhichledtothedownfalloftheBritishEmpire.BDrBrendonhasmadeitclearthatthehistoryofcolonialmoustachesreflectsfromoneanglethedeclineoftheBritishEmpire.CDrBrendonhastriedtorestoretheroleofcolonialmoustachesinthehistoryoftheBritishEmpire.DDrBrendonhasmadeadetailedstudyoftheriseanddeclineoftheBritishmoustacheinthepastcenturies.SECTION3:TRANSLATIONTEST30minutesDirections:TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Whattodaysglobalmarketeconomyteachesmanyofuswhoareinvolvedinpoliticallifeisthatevenwhentheyareinconvenientthelawsofeconomicslikethelawsofphysicscannotberepealedfortheconvenienceofgovernments.Theeconomicprinciplesfornationalsuccessareasdifficulttoimplementastheyareeasytostate.Thereisaparadoxinallourcountries.Justasanewglobaleconomycreatesmoretolookforwardtothaneverbeforeitalsobringsmoreuncertaintyandmorechangetoworryaboutthaneverbefore.Thatiswhythechallengeofcraftingeconomypolicyinyourcountryasinmineisoneofbalance.Abalancebetweenmovingtowardnecessaryobjectivesandmaintainingstability.Abalancebetweenrespondingtoglobalrealitiesandupholdingdomestictraditions.Andabalancebetweenthevirtuesofcompetitionasthebestknownmotivatoranddriverofsuccessandtheimportanceofcohesionandcooperationassourcesofstrengthforoursocieties.Thesebalanceswillhavetobestruckandcalibratedeveryyearineverycountryinthisnewglobaleconomy.Ifonelooksatthesuccessoverthelongtermoftheeconomyinanydevelopedcountrymorethananyscientificinnovationwhathasbeenimportantisapotentsocialinnovation.Thisiswhatonemightcalltheintangibleinfrastructureofamodernmarketeconomy.SECTION4:LISTENINGTEST30minutesPartA:Note-takingandGap-fillingDirections:Inthispartofthetestyouwillhearashorttalk.YouwillhearthetalkONLYONCE.Whilelisteningtothetalkyoumaytakenotesontheimportantpointssothatyoucanhaveenoughinformationtocompleteagap-fillingtaskonaseparateANSWERBOOKLET.YouwillnotgetyourTESTBOOKandANSWERBOOKLETuntilafteryouhavelistenedtothetalk.AccordingtotraditionalCherokeebeliefswearepartof_______
1.Wedont_______2withitandwerenottryingto_______3it.WeareapartoftheGreatLife.AndwithintheGreatLifetherearethreegreatLawsofNaturewhichtellushowwehavetolivein_______4witheverythingelse.TheFirstLawofNatureisthatyoudonttakeanylifewithoutreal_______
5.Soweshouldnt_______6needlessly.Webelieveeverythingisaliveincludinganimalsplantsand_______
7.Andsotoustakingthelifeofaplantisjustasgravea_______8astakingthelifeofananimal.TheSecondLawisthateverythingwedoshould_______9theGreatLife.Andeverythingwedo_______10theGreatLifeandeverythingthat_______11withintheGreatLifeaffectsus.Soitsveryimportantthatwhatwedowillnot_______12otherpartsoftheGreatLife.TheThirdLawbasicallyisthatwedont_______13wherewelive.Andwhereweliveisnotour_______14smallcommunity.Itsthis_______
15.Wedontpourchemical_______16downthedrainbecausetheyallwindupinthewater.Itmightseemalittledifficulttolivebythosethreelawsinthis_______17society.Buttherearestillalotofthingsthatwecandotobringtheselawsintoourlivessuchas_______18usingthe_______19aslittleaspossibleand_______20gardening.PartB:ListeningandTranslationI.SentenceTranslationDirections:Inthispartofthetestyouwillhear5Englishsentences.YouwillhearthesentencesONLYONCE.AfteryouhaveheardeachsentencetranslateitintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.12345II.PassageTranslationDirections:Inthispartofthetestyouwillhear2Englishpassages.YouwillhearthepassagesONLYONCE.AfteryouhaveheardeachpassagetranslateitintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Youmaytakenoteswhileyouarelistening.12SECTION5:READINGTEST30minutesDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagesandthenanswerINCOMPLETESENTENCESthequestionswhichfolloweachpassage.UseonlyinformationfromthepassageyouhavejustreadandwriteyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions1-3AccordingtolegendKingCanuteofDenmarkfacetiouslytriedtostoptherisingtidebysimplyraisinghishandandcommandingthewaterstorollback.Thetideofcoursekeptrising.YetpolicymakersthroughouthistoryhavefollowedCanuteslead.FromHillaryClintonandJohnEdwardstoMittRomneyandArnoldSchwarzeneggerpoliticiansacrossthespectrumhavetriedorvowedtosolveAmericashealth-carewoesbyenactinganindividualmandate—alawrequiringeveryadulttopurchasehealthinsurance.Despiteitsbipartisansupporttheindividualmandateisbadpolicyavainattempttocommandabetterresultwhiledoingnothingtoachieveit.Individualmandatesupporterstypicallyjustifythepolicybycitingtheproblemofuncompensatedcare.Whenuninsuredpatientsreceivehealthservicesbutdontpayforthemtherestofusendupfootingthebillonewayoranother.Soadvocatesofinsurancemandatescontendplausiblyenoughthatweshouldmakethefreeriderspay.Buthowbigisthefree-riderproblemreallyAccordingtoanUrbanInstitutestudyreleasedin2003uncompensatedcarefortheuninsuredconstituteslessthan3%ofallhealthexpenditures.Eveniftheindividualmandateworksexactlyasplannedthatstheeffectiveupperboundaryonthemandatesimpact.Ofcourseitwillnotworkexactlyasplanned.Asanyonewhohaseverdrivenabove55mphknowsmandatingsomethingisnotthesameasmakingithappen.Somepeoplewillnotcomply:47statesrequiredriverstobuyliabilityautoinsuranceyetthemedianpercentageofuninsureddriversinthosestatesis12%.Grantedthatnumbermightbeevenhigherwithoutthemandates.Thepointhoweveristhatanyamountofnoncompliancereducestheefficacyofthemandate.Noneofthismeanstheuninsuredarenotaproblem.Yetthetrueissueisntthattheycosttherestofustoomuch.Itsthattheysimplygetlesscarethanmostpeopleonereasonuncompensatedcareissuchasmallfractionofhealth-carespending.Andiftherealconcernismakinghealthinsuranceandhealthcareavailabletothoseinneedweshouldfocusonreducinghealth-carepricesandinsurancepremiums.Theindividualmandateisatbestadistractionfromthatgoal.Someproposalscouplemandateswithsubsidiesforthepurchaseofprivateinsurance.Asfaraspoliciestoencouragemoreprivatecoveragegoyoucoulddoworse.Butaslongasthepublichastosubsidizetheformerlyuninsuredtheproblemwithfreeridershasnotbeensolved.Werejustpayingfortheminadifferentway.Toenactanymandatelegislatorsandbureaucratsmustspecifyaminimumbenefitspackagethataninsurancepolicymustcover.Yetthispackagecantbedefinedinanapoliticalway.Eachmedicalspecialtyfromtumortreatmenttoacupuncturewillpushforitsservicestobeincluded.Dittootherinterestgroups.Ingovernmentbloatistherulenottheexception.Evennoweverystatehasalistofbenefitsthatanyhealth-insurancepolicymustcover—fromcontraceptiontopsychotherapytohairtransplants.Allstatestogetherhavecreatednearly1900mandatedbenefits.Ofcoursemoregenerousbenefitsmakeinsurancemoreexpensive.A2007studyestimatesexistingmandatesboostpremiumsbymorethan20%.Ifinterestgroupshavefounditworthwhiletolobby50statelegislaturesforlawsaffectingonlyvoluntarilypurchasedinsurancepoliciestheywillsurelyredoubletheireffortstoaffectthecontentsofafederallymandatedinsuranceplan.Consequentlyevenmorepeoplewillfindthemselvesunabletoaffordinsurance.Otherswillbuyinsurancebutonlyviapublicsubsidies.IsntthatjustwhatthedoctordidntorderAbetterapproachtohealthreformwouldfocusonremovingmandatesthatdriveupinsurancepremiums.Statesoughttorepealsomeoralloftheirmandatedbenefitlawsallowingfirmstoofferlower-pricedcatastrophiccarepoliciestotheircustomers.Thefederalgovernmentcouldassistbyguaranteeingcustomerstherighttobuyinsuranceofferedinanystatenotjusttheirownenablingpatientstopatronizecompaniesinstateswithfewercostlymandates.Indeedremovingmandateswoulddofarmoretoexpandhealth-carecoveragethanaddingnewmandatesevercould.
1.WhatistheindividualmandatementionedatthebeginningofthepassageWhydoestheauthorsaythattheindividualmandateisbadpolicypara.
12.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysayingmandatingsomethingisnotthesameasmakingithappenpara.
43.WhatistheauthorsproposalabouthealthinsurancereformWhatishisreasonQuestions4-6OnFeb.172009itcouldsnowallacrossAmerica.NotoutsidebutinlivingroomsonTVsets.ThatsthedatewhenbroadcasterswillswitchtodigitaltransmissionrenderingmillionsofstandardanalogTVsuseless.Consumerscanavoidthiswhiteoutbutonlyiftheyreprepared.Andtheresthechallenge:Howtoinformtheroughly20millionhouseholdsrelyingexclusivelyonanalogsetsthatpullintheirreceptionforfreethroughrabbitearsorarooftopantenna.AnalogTVsthatreceivecableorsatellitewillnotbeaffected.Consumerswhoownthesesetsdontnecessarilyneedtoknowwhythefederalgovernmentismandatingthechangetofreeuptheairwavesforotherpurposessuchaswirelessandpublicsafetycommunications—thoughaddedbenefitsarebetterpicturesandmorechannels.Buttheydoneedconsistentandunbiasedinformationonwhattodoandtheyneedtobeabletoactonit.Withfewerthan18monthstogothough56percentofviewerswithanalogsetshaveneverevenheardoftheswitch.TheGeneralAccountabilityOfficethegovernmentwatchdogisconcernedthatwithtwogovernmentagenciesinvolvednooneisincharge.TheFederalCommunicationsCommissionisworriedtoo.IfwedontdoabetterjobofplanningwellhaveoneofthebiggestoutragesCongresshaseverseenFCCcommissionerJonathanAdelsteintoldUSsenatorslastmonth.Theoptionsforconsumersarefairlystraightforward.Startingwiththeleastexpensiveonetheyare:abuyingaconverterboxusinggovernmentcouponsbsubscribingtocableorsatelliteTVserviceswhichwillmakethetransitionontheirendorcbuyingadigitalTV.Butsharingthisinformationisanythingbutsimple.Becauseithasonly$5milliontogetthemessageoutthegovernmentisturningtotheprivatesectorforhelpwithpublic-serviceannouncementsandeducatingconsumersinstores.Thispartnershipmakessenseifdoneright.Certainlythebroadcastingindustrywantsviewerstokeeponwatching.Howevertheresadangerintheirself-interest.Naturallyretailersalsowant-peopletobuynewdigitaltelevisionsinsteadofoptingforlow-costconvertersandcableandsatelliteproviderswantnewsubscribers.Andindustrymaynothaveenoughofafinancialincentivetoreachouttocertainanalogviewinggroupssuchasthepoororelderlyseniorsmakeup40percentofanaloghouseholds.Otherseriousissuesremain.Oneiswhethertheconverterboxeswillbeuniformlyavailableinstores.BeginninginJanuaryhouseholdsshouldbeabletoapplytotheCommerceDepartmentsNationalTelecommunicationsandInformationAdministrationforuptotwo$40couponstooffsetthecostsofconverterboxesexpectedtobepricedfrom$50to$
70.Butsomeretailersmaynotstocktheboxesiftheydonthavemuchdemandforthem.Andwhataboutrecyclinganalogtelevisionsofwhichthereareanestimated70millionMorethananythingwhatsneededisoversightandcoordinationoftheconversion.Congressshoulddesignateoneofthetwogovernmentagenciesinvolvedinthisprojecttotaketheleadorempoweranindependentgrouptooverseethetransition.
4.WhatisthemajortopicofthispassageGivealistoftheseriousissuesrelatedtothetopic.
5.WhydoestheauthorsaythatButsharingthisinformationisanythingbutsimple.para.
36.ExplainthestatementHowevertheresadangerintheirself-interest.para.4Questions7-10Whatatriumph.BanksharesarerisingtheFTSE100indexisbackwhereitwasaweekagoandthequeueshaveevaporated.NotmanypeopleareputtingnewdepositsinNorthernRockbutafewaretakingapuntonitsshares.Orderisrestored.Actuallythat8%riseinNorthernRockssharepriceisveryembarrassingfortheauthorities.ItreflectsthefactthebankisworthmorebecauseitsdepositsareguaranteedbytheTreasury.Thatlookslikeastraightforwardbail-outforNorthernRocksshareholdersexactlytheoutcometheBankofEnglandhaswarnedwouldstoreuptroubleforthefuture.TheBankisrightofcourse.Ifalldepositsatallbanksweretobeguaranteed—whichseemstobetheimplicationofthechancellorsstatement—thestateispotentiallyacceptinganenormousliability.Worseanoddincentiveiscreated:managementswhoareinsulatedfromarunontheirbankmightbeinclinedtotakewilderriskswiththecash.ThechancellorandtheBankalsoknowthatwhichiswhyMondaysemergencystickingplasterwillbereplacedbysomethingmorepermanentandmoresensibleoncethestormpasses.TheUSmodelseemstobetheonetheBankhasinmind.Overthere100%guaranteesaregivenonsumsupto$100000£50000anddepositsarereturnedwithindaysofabanksfailure.ThereislittleneedtofillinformswhichseemedtobeanotherworryforthosequeueingatNorthernRocksbranches.TheUS-stylesystemseemsinfinitelyfaireroncustomerswhocantreasonablybeexpectedtoassessthemeritsofvariousbanksbusinessmodelsbeforedecidingwheretoplacetheirsavings.Itshouldalsopreventbankrunsthatlastfordaysandprovokepanicatmoresolidoutfits.ButwhatabouttheincentivetomanagementstobetsuchguaranteeddepositsinwackywaysThatiswherereformbecomescomplicated.Ifdepositsuptoacertainsumaretobeguaranteedbythestatethenthestateneedstobecompensatedfortakingonthatrisk.HowaboutahigherrateoftaxonbanksprofitsorsomeotherformofannualchargebasedonabankscapitalratiosBankingbossesandtheirinvestorswouldscreamattheideabutitsperfectlylogical.Infactaspartofthedealthestateshouldprobablyalsodemandtighterregulationofbanksactivities.ThatmeansrethinkingtheroleoftheFinancialServicesAuthoritywhichhasresponsibilityforbankingsupervision.UntilnowtheFSAslighttouchapproachhasbeenapplaudedaroundtheworldespeciallyonWallStreetwherebankerslookenviouslyataBritishsystembasedonthesensibleapplicationofprinciplesratherthanhard-and-fastrules.ButNorthernRockisnotaterrificadvertfortheFSAsstyleofdoingthings.Itisunfairtosaytheregulatorwasasleep—ithaswarnedasmuchasanybodyoftherisksposedbythecomplexityofmodernfinancialmarkets.Butitisfairtosaythatbanksandfinancialinstitutionsarelessinclinedtolistentoawatchdogthatpreferstobarkratherthanbite.Overkillwouldbeevenworsebutthebalancemayhavetobeaddressed.OverintheUStheyhaveadifferentwayofdealingwiththeglobalcreditcrunchwhichcausedsomanyproblemsforNorthernRock.Theycutinterestratesatthefirstsignoftrouble.TruetoformtheUSFederalReservecutratesby
0.5%lastnight.Thestockmarketlovedit.Butsnapreactionsareoftenwrong.TheDowJonesIndustrialAveragesoaredatnewsofthecut.ItwasreminiscentofJanuary2001whenacutofthesamesize—designedtoeasetheeffectsofthedeflatingdotcombubble—provokedaone-day299-pointriseintheDow.OverthenexteightweekshowevertheDowfellby1600points.WhySimplytherealizationthattheFedsfearsofarecessionwerewell-founded.CouldweseeasimilarstorylinethistimeQuitepossibly.Thedangerina
0.5%cutisthatBenBernanketheFedchairmandoesseriousdamagetothevalueoftheUSdollarwhichisalreadyatanall-timelowagainsttheeuro.TheUSisstrugglingtoattractinvestmentfromoverseastofunditscurrentaccountdeficit;Bernankehasjustmadethetaskharder.HeisalsosendingadirectsignalthattheriskofrecessionintheUSisreal.TheideathatanaggressivecutisgoodnewsmaynotlastlongandindeedtheFedsstatementspokeaboutpromotingeconomicgrowthovertime.Thephrasingwashardlybullish.
7.WhydoestheauthormentionthebankofNorthernRockatthebeginningofthepassage
8.WhatdoestheauthormeanbysayingthatbankersonWallStreetlookenviouslyataBritishsystembasedonthesensibleapplicationofprinciplesratherthanhard-andfastrulespara.
49.ParaphrasetheunderlinedpartinthesentenceButitisfairtosaythatbanksandfinancialinstitutionsarelessinclinedtolistentoawatchdogthatpreferstobarkratherthanbitepara.
510.ExplainthesentenceTheideathatanaggressivecutisgoodnewsmaynotlastlongpara.7SECTION6:TRANSLATIONTEST30minutesDirections:TranslatethefollowingpassageintoEnglishandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.青浦地区江河纵横海上贸易自古繁盛建于唐代作为舟船航行之航标的泖塔,是朱家角日趋繁荣的见证自上海建县后,朱家角即因利乘便,蔚然兴盛,一跃成为商贾云集、烟火千家的贸易集镇朱家角之繁华日胜一日,历史文化含蕴也日渐浓厚明末清初,朱家角已成为棉布交易中心后来米业兴起,遂有了“衣被天下,粮油江南”之美誉伴随着经济的步步繁荣,文化也渐趋多姿多彩朱家角历来水木清华,文儒辈出如今,历史已逝,泖塔犹存,随着时代的变迁,朱家角逐渐发展成为雄踞一方的经济、文化中心参考答案SECTION1:LISTENINGTESTPartA:SpotDictation
1.discouragedfromwatching
11.mothers’effortsatdistraction
2.mutingpain
12.atadifficultmoment
3.whoviewedcartoons
13.themothers’presence
4.attemptedtodistractthem
14.appreciatenotbeingleftalone
5.didnotinteractwiththem
15.providesthemostcomfort
6.69childrenparticipatedin
16.thepleasureofwatchingTV
7.determinedtheirpainscores
17.biochemicalcompounds
8.substantiallyhigherpainratings
18.functionasnaturalpainkillers
9.toleratethepaintheydidexperience
19.considerallowingchildren
10.pickedupontheirmothers’anxiety
20.tominimizetheirdistressPartB:ListeningComprehension
1.A
2.B
3.D
4.C
5.A
6.D
7.B
8.D
9.C
10.A
11.A
12.B
13.C
14.D
15.D
16.C
17.B
18.A
19.C
20.ASECTION2:READINGTEST
1.B
2.C
3.D
4.C
5.A
6.D
7.B
8.A
9.C
10.D
11.B
12.C
13.A
14.D
15.D
16.D
17.B
18.C
19.C
20.ASECTION3:TRANSLATIONTEST当今全球市场经济教给我们许多从政者的道理是,经济学法则如同物理法则一样,即使会带来诸多不便,政府也不能为了做事情方便而将它们取消使国家取得成功的经济准则说起来容易,执行起来难所有国家都面对着一个矛盾的现实一个新的全球经济给我们带来了前所未有的期盼,同时也使我们对前所未有的不确定性和多变性而忧虑不安这就是为什么贵国和我们国家制定本符合本国国情的经济政策时,挑战就在于如何平衡既要追求必要的目标,又要维持稳定;既要顺应全球趋势,又要维护民族传统;既要发挥在竞争的优越性与又要注重团结和合作的重要性,因为竞争被视为获得成功的最佳推动力,而团结和合作则被认为是我们社会的力量源泉在新的全球经济中,每个国家年年都要设法达到两者兼顾,校准这些平衡只要从长远角度看一下任何一个发达国家所取得的经济上的成功,我们可以发现,比起任何科技创新来说,有影响力/强有力的社会创新更为重要这就是人们所说的现代市场经济中的无形基础设施SECTION4:LISTENINGTESTPartA:Note-takingAndGap-filling
1.nature
11.happens/occurs
2.compete
12.harm/affect/damage
3.tame/control/harness
13.pollute/spoil
4.harmony
14.intimate/friendly/related/neighboring
5.reasons
15.planet/earth/world
6.kill
16.wastes/pollutants/trash/rubbish
7.stones/rocks
17.industrialized/modernized
8.responsibility/duty
18.recycling
9.serve/benefit/help
19.car/auto/vehicle
10.affects/influence
20.organic/environmentally-sound/environmentally-friendlyPartB:ListeningandTranslationI.SentenceTranslation1该报道指出,肥胖可能引发严重的健康问题,如糖尿病、中风以及癌症然而不幸的是,在美国,肥胖症正愈演愈烈2该公司有着很好的口碑,因为它不仅提供很好的职业保障,并且对员工照顾有加,包括福利待遇、食堂伙食乃至带薪假期等等这些东西真能激发员工工作热情吗?3很多公司职员认为他们白天工作的时候是受监视的大部分美国公司通过摄像头、录音机以及电脑监控系统来监视他们的员工4离婚法案颁布十年以来,离婚率从1989的14%上升到2006年的30%5自从2005年7月中国政府开始允许人民币对美元进行
0.3%区间以内的日浮动率以来,人民币已经升值超过8%II.PassageTranslation1越来越多的美国教育界人士开始质疑电脑在课堂教学中的益处究竟有多大争论愈演愈烈,引起了欧洲和亚洲教育界人士的密切关注,他们不排斥科技,但也想从美国人的错误中吸取教训数据显示,5到9岁的美国孩子当中有26%的在学校使用电脑,但是人们很少开展研究调查电脑对于儿童认知和情感发展的影响我们担心的是,电脑是非常强大的科技,但是我们不了解它所带来的影响2今天上午,我要简要谈谈五个主要国家的消费物价变化让我们先看看美国的数字大家都可以看到,美国的物价从2002年的4%上涨到2004年的不到6%目前,在这五个国家中,美国的通胀率排第二现在,让我们看看法国的情况法国的物价上涨速度没有英国和美国快通货膨胀在2005年上升到超过3%以上到2006年,法国的通货膨胀速度降低,比德国要慢,基本和日本相当SECTION5:READINGTESTQuestion1:1Theindividualmandateisalawwhichrequireseveryadulttopurchasehealthinsurance.ThepolicyispropsedbyAmericanpoliticiansinordertosolveAmerican’shealth-careproblems.2Theauthorsaysthattheindividualmandateisbadpolicybecauseitaimedtocovertheuncompensatedcarebutdidn’thaveachievements.Insteaditdroveupinsurancepremiumsasmoregenerousbenefitshavetobeofferedandeffortsneedtobemadetocarryoutthemandate.Asaresultmorepeoplewillbeunabletobuytheinsuranceandthepolicywillnotsettletheproblemofmedicalinsurance.Question2:Bysayingthattheauthormeansthatproposingtheinsurancemandateisonethingbutimplementingitandrealizingitisanother.Notallpeoplewillobeythemandate.Asisintheexampleofautoinsurancetheaveragepercentageofuninsureddriversinsomestatesis12%.Theeffectivenessofthemandatewillbereducedbythosewhodonotpaytheinsurance.Question3:Theauthor’sproposalabouthealthinsurancereformistoremovemandatesandabolishthemandatedbenefitlawsbecausetheycausetherisingofinsurancepremiums.Othersuggestionsarethatinsurancefirmsshouldbeallowedtooffer“lower-pricedcatastrophiccarepolicies”andthatthecompetitionofinsurancecompaniesbetweendifferentstatesshouldbeencouragedinordertolowerthepremium.Question4:ThemajortopicofthepassageisthetransitionofanalogTVtodigitaltransmissioninaperiodofabout18months.Theseriousissuesrelatedtothetopicare1Howtoinformthe“roughly20millionhouseholds”whichonlyuseanalogTVsetsinsuchashorttime2Noagencyhassteppedforwardtobeinchargeofthetransition3Thefundsavailablearequitelimited4Theprivatesectorwillprobablytrytomakemoreprofitswhentheygivehelp“withpublic-serviceannouncements”5Theproblemofavailabilityofconverterboxes6Therecyclingof70millionanalogtelevisions.Question5:Thereasonswhysharingthisinformationisquitetougharethree-fold.1Thereareabout20millionhouseholdstoinformwhichisaquitelargenumber.What’sworseisthat56%ofthemhaven’tevenheardofthetransition.2Thetransitioninvolvestwogovernmentagenciesneitherofwhichisinchargeyet.3The$5million-fundisclearlynotenoughQuestion6:The‘self-interest’meansthatthebroadcastingindustryandtheretailersnaturallywanttosellmoredigitaltelevisionsandgainmoresubscriberssoastogainprofit.SotheymaynothavethemotivationtomakeeffortsininformingthepoorandtheelderlywhoaccountforalargepercentageofanalogTVusers.Question7:BankofEngland’semergencymeasuressavedNorthernRockfromthebankingstormthusrestoringtheorderofthebank.TheauthormentionsthebankofNorthernRockatthebeginningofthepassageasastartingpointtointroducethe“globalcreditcrunch”andtodiscusstheconsequencesandpossibleapproachestodealwiththecrisis.Question8:TheauthormadeananalysisandcomparisonbetweentheUSmodelandtheBritishsystem.TheBritishsystemusedmoresensibleinotherwordsmoreflexibleapplicationswhiletheUSmodelisrelativelyrigidandtight.BankersonWallStreetenvytheBritishsystembecauseintheBritishsystemthegovernmenthelpedshouldermoreoftheliabilitywhichotherwisewillallgotothebanks.Question9:Herethewatchdogmeansthegovernmentbodyofbankingsupervision.Theauthorused“bark”and“bite”metaphoricallytoimplythemeaningof“talk”and“takeaction”.Thesentencemeansthatthegovernmentsupervisionbodyortheregulatorreliesmainlyontheoralwarningbutdoesnottakefirmactionlosingthetrustofthebanksandfinancialinstitutionsasaresult.Question10:Thedirectreductionofinterestratesisaratherradicalandmediateapproach.Itiswelcomerightnowespeciallybythestockmarketbutonthelongrunitsresultmaynotnecessarybepositive.TheauthorcitedtheexampleoftherisingandfallingofDowJonesin2001toshowthepossibledamagesamediatecutofinterestratesmaybringtotheAmericaneconomy.SECTION6:TRANSLATIONTESTFacilitatedbyanetworkofwaterwaysoverseastradeinQingpuareahasthrivedsinceancienttimes.MaoTowerthelighthousebuiltintheTangDynastytoguideshipswitnessedthegrowingprosperityofZhujiajiao.AfterShanghaiwasestablishedasacounty-leveladministrationZhujiajiaotookadvantageofShanghai’sdevelopmenttoflourishintoadensely-populatedmarkettownthrongedwithmerchantsfromallpartsofthecountry.It’shistoricalandculturalheritageaccumulatedwithitsdaily-increasingprosperity.AttheendoftheMingDynastyandthebeginningoftheQingDynastyZhujiajiaowasalreadyatradingcenterforcottoncloth.WithanupsurgeofthericetradeafterwardsZhujiajiaoearnedthereputationasasupplierofclothandquiltsforthewholecountrygrainandoilfortheregionssouthoftheYangtzeRiver.AccompaniedbyitsboomingeconomyZhujiajiaopresentedanincreasinglycolorfulanddiversepictureofitsculturalactivities.Zhujiajiaohasalwaysbeenalandoftranquilwaterssereneflowersandbusheswherescholarsandintellectualscameforthinlargenumbers.NowwhatisgoneisgoneforeverwhileMaoTowerstillstandsthereasawitnesstoitsgloriouspast.WiththechangeofthetimesZhujiajiaohasnowdevelopedintoaprominenthubofeconomicandculturalactivities.2008年9月真题SECTION1:LISTENINGTEST45minutesPartA:SpotDictationDirections:Inthispartofthetestyouwillhearapassageandreadthesamepassagewithblanksinit.Fillineachoftheblankswiththewordorwordsyouhaveheardonthetape.WriteyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.RememberyouwillhearthepassageONLYONCE.WhenyoustopandthinkaboutyourhighschoolorcollegealmamaterwereyouresperiencesmorepositiveornegativeDoyourfeelingsof________1inthatschoolhaveanythingtodowithwhetherornotyourschoolwassingle-sexorcoed________2tosendtheirchildrentosingle-sexschoolsbecausetheyfeelboth________3whentheystudyinthecompanyofstudentsofthesamesex.They________
4.Foryearsonlyparentswhocouldaffordtosendtheirchildrentoprivateschoolsorwhohad________5chosesingle-sexeducationfortheirchildren.Single-sexschoolingwas________6formostAmericanfamilies.Todayhoweveralongwith________7publicschoolsareexperimentingwiththeideaof________
8.Girlsmaybetheoneswhobenefitmostfromsingle-sexschooling.Studieshaveshownthat________9incoedclassroomsbecauseteacherssometimespaymoreattentiontoboys.Girls’________10towardtheirstudiestendstodisappearastheybegintofeellesssuccessful.Theystartto________11outperformtheminmathandscience.Asboys________12girlsstarttoloseit.Moreoveradolescenceis________13forgirls.Astheyexperienceadolescentchangessomegirlsbecomedepresseddevelopanaddictionorsufferfrom________
14.Intheearly1990ssomeinfluentialpeoplesaidthatbeinginsingle-sexclassescould________
15.Schoolsacrossthecountrybegancreatingsingle-sexclassroomsandschools.Butmanycriticsclaimthat________16manyactuallybedetrimentaltoagirl’seducationbecausethey________17ofsexdifferences.Therenewedinterestinsingle-sexschooling________18amongAmericans.Thosewhogiveitfullendorsementbelivegirlsneedanall-femaleenvironmenttotakerisksandfindtheirownvoices.Thosewho________19ofsingle-sexschoolingwonderwhetherstudents’lackofachievementwarrantsreturningtoaneducationalsystemthatdividesthesexes.Theybelievethereisno________
20.PartB:ListeningComprehensionDirections:Inthispartofthetesttherewillbesomeshorttalksandconversations.Aftereachoneyouwillbeaskedsomequestions.ThetalksconversationsandquestionswillbespokenONLYONCE.NowlistencarefullyandchoosetherightanswertoeachquestionyouhaveheardandwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions1to5arebasedonthefollowingconversation.
1.AAcourierforatouroperator.BAnagentformodels.CAnagencymanager.DApersonalassistant.
2.ATokeeptheaccounts.BTowritelettersandanswerthetelephone.CToorganizebusinesstripsandconferences.DTolookafterthemodelsandkeepthemhappy.
3.ASpanishandFrench.BFrenchandItalian.CItalianandEnglish.DEnglishandSpanish.
4.AAround
15000.BNotlessthan
18000.CSomewherebetween20000and
22000.DAtleast
25000.
5.AShehasauniverstitydegreeinaccountingandeconomics.BSheisinherearlytwenties.CSheisapplyingforthejobofaconferencecoordinator.DShehasadequateformalqualificationsforthejob.Questions6to10arebasedonthefollowingnews.
6.A11B57C106D
1757.AThetradedesicithitanall-timehighinthepreviousquarter.BTheriseingrossdomesticproductwasequalto
6.8percentinthethirdquarter.CTheimbalancebetweenimportsandesportsimprovedfromJulytoSeptember.DTherateortheBritishcurrencyagainsttheUSdollarsurgedtoarecordhign.
8.AAcarbombwasexplodedneartheAssociatedPressoffice.BASpanishbusinessmanwaskidnappedbyunidentifiedarmedmen.CAdealerinVokswagencarswasarrestedbyPalestinianpolice.DAnA.P.photographerwastakenawaybymaskedgunmen.
9.ADealinginlionsandotherbigcatswillberetrained.BKillinglargepredatorsbredincaptivetywillbemadeillegal.CThebiggamehuntingwillbeoutlawedthroughoutthewholecountry.DTranquilizinganimalsinacontrolledenvironmentwillbeforbidden.
10.AThegovernormobilizedthestate’sNatingalGuardatshortnotice.BTheearthquakecausedextensivedamageandseriousinjuries.CThestatereceivedfederalemergencyfundsimmediatelyafterthequake.DLandandairtrafficandcommunicationswereconsiderablyaffected.Questions11to15arebasedonthefollowinginterview.
11.APeoplewanttousetheirsickdayswhenthey’renotactuallysick.BPeoplegetintroublewiththeirbossattheirplaceofwork.CEmployeesarededicatedtotheirjobalthoughthey’reundernopressure.DEmployeesgotoworkevenwhentheyaresick.
12.AItcostsmoreproductivityforcompaniesthanactuallyabsenteeism.BItcanbetakenasanindicationthatthereissomuchpressuretogotowork.CThecompanieshavetopaysickemployeesagreatdealtostayhome.DTheremightbetoomanypeoplewhostayhomewhenthey’renotsick.
13.A22%B40%C56%D72%
14.AEducatingtheirworkersabouttheimportantceofstayinghomewhensick.BLettingpeopletelecommutesothattheycanstayathome.CAnnouncingdisciplinarymeasuresagainstthoseworkingwhensick.DFosteringanenvironmenttoencourageandpayingsickemployeestostayhome.
15.ATelephonesBRespiratorydroplets.CDoor-knobs.DComputerkeyboards.Questions16to20arebasedonthefollowingtalk.
16.AThewidespreaduseofillegaldrugsisthegreatestconcernoftheAmericans.BAlmostalldrugsaresoldinthepoorestneighborhoodsinthecountry.CMostAmericansagreethattheyhavewonamajorvictoryinthedrugwar.DThelengthydebateoverlegalizingdrugshasbeenrecentlyresolved.
17.A$15million.B$50millionC$15billion.D100timesgreaterthanthecostofproducingthesedrgs.
18.AOpiumbeingmadelegalinmid-nineteenth-centuryChina.BTheendofprohibitionofalcoholinAmericainthe1920sand1930s.CDrugpushersmakingbillionsofdollarseachyear.DMoremoneybeingneededineducationandmedicalcare.
19.ALegalizingdrugswouldbeconsideredunconstitutional.BDecriminalizingdrugswouldbeasurrenderinadrugwarthathasnotreallyevenbegun.CTheblackmarketwouldnotreallydisappearwiththelegalizationofdrug.DLegalizationwouldleadtoanincreaseinviolentcrimeandchildabuse.
20.AAmericationshavenotchosenlegalizationasasolutiontothedrugproblemBThecurrentdrugwarisnotworkingandlegalizationmaybetheonlysolution.CTheblackmarketwouldreallydisappearwiththelegalizationofdrugs.DPoliticianswhohaveanswerstothedrugproblemclaimthemostvotes.SECTION2:READINGTEST30minutesDirections:Inthissectionyouwillreadseveralpassages.Eachoneisfollowedbyseveralquestionsaboutit.YouaretochooseONEbestanswerABCorDtoeachquestion.AnswerallthequestionsfollowingeachpassageonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimpliedinthatpassageandwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions1-5YearsagowhenIfirststartedbuildingwebsitesfornewspapersmanyjournaliststoldmethattheysawtheInternetastheendofreliablejournalism.Sinceanyonecouldpublishwhatevertheywantedonline“realjournalism”wouldbeoverwhelmedtheysaid.WhowouldneedprofessionalreportersandeditorsifanyonecouldbeareporteroraneditorIwouldtellthemnottoworry.WhilemypersonalbeliefisthatanyonecanbeareporteroreditorIalsoknowthatqualitycounts.Andthatthe“viral”natureoftheInternetmeansthatwhenpeoplefindqualitytheyletotherpeopleknowaboutit.Evennontraditionalmediasitesonlinewillsurviveonlyifthequalityoftheirinformationistrusted.Thefutureofonlinenewswilldemandmoregoodreportersandeditorsnotfewer.SoIwasintriguedwhenNewsweekrecentlypublishedastorycalled“RevengeoftheExpert.”Itarguedthatexpertisewouldbethemaincomponentof“Web
3.
0.”“Thewisdomofthecrowdshaspeaked”saysJasonCalacanisfounderoftheMaholo“people-poweredsearchengine”andaformerAOLexecutive.“Web
3.0istakingwhatwe’vebuiltinWeb
2.0–thewisdomofthecrowds–andputtinganeditoriallayeronitoftrulytalentedcompensatedpeopletomaketheproductmoretrustedandrefined.”Wellyesandno.Sureitisimportantforpeopletotrusttheinformationtheyfindonline.AndastheNewsweekarticlearguestheneedforpeopletofindtrustedinformationonlineisincreasingthustheneedformoreexpertise.Butthearticlefailstomentionthemostimportantfeatureoftheworldofdigitalinformation.It’snotexpertise–it’schoice.Inmanycasesthesitesthatpeoplecometotrustarebuiltonnontraditionalmodelsofexpertise.LookatsiteslikeDigg.comReddit.comorSlashdot.com.Thereusersprovidetheexpertiseonwhichothersdepend.Whenmanyusersselectaparticularstorythatstoryaccumulatesvotesofconfidencewhichoftenleadotheruserstochoosethatstory.Thechoicesoftheaccumulatedcommunityareseenasmoretrustworthythanthe“gatekeeper”modeloftraditionalnewsandinformation.Sometimessuchsiteshighlightgreatreportingfromtraditionalmedia.Butoftentheybringforwardbitsofimportantinformationthatareignoredormissedby“experts.”It’ssortofthe“opensource”ideaofinformation–amillioneyeslookingontheWebforinformationisbetterthanafew.JayRosenwhowritesthePressThinkblogsaysinane-mailthathe’sseenthiskindofstorybeforecallingita“kindofpathetic”trendreporting.“Isaidin2006whenstartingNewAssignment.Netthatthestrongesteditorialcombinationswillbepro-am.Istillthinkthat.WhyBecauseformostreporterscoveringabigsprawlingbeatit’sstilltruewhatDanGillmorsaid:‘MyreadersknowmorethanIdo.’Andit’sstillthecasethattappingintothatknowledgeisbecomingmorepracticalbecauseoftheInternet.”J.D.Lasicaasocial-mediastrategistandformereditoralsosaysheseesnodeparturefromthe“wisdomofthecrowds”model.“I’veseenverylittleevidencethatthesweepingculturalshiftswe’veseeninthepasthalfdozenyearsshowanysignsofretreating”Mr.Lasicasays.“Youngpeoplenowrelyonsocialnetworks...totakecuesfromtheirfriendsonwhichmoviestoseebookstoread....Anddidn’t‘LonelyPlanetGuide’explorethisterrainfortravelandZagat’sfordiningbackinthe‘90s”Inmanycasestraditionalmediaisstillthefirstchoiceofonlineusersbecausethereportersandeditorsofthesemediaoutletshavecreatedaleveloftrustformanypeople–butnotforeveryone.WhenyoucombinetheideaofexpertisewiththeideaofchoiceyoudiscovernontraditionalinformationsitesthatbecomesomeoftheInternet’smosttrustedplaces.TakeSCOTUSblog.comwrittenbylawyersaboutcasesintheSupremeCourt.Ithasbecometheplacetogoforotherlawyersreportersandeditorstofindin-depthinformationaboutimportantcases.TheInternetalsoallowsindividualstoachievethisleveloftrust.ForinstancetheScobleizer.comblogwrittenbyRobertScoble.Mr.ScobleaformerMicrosoftemployeeandtechexpertiswidelyseenasoneofthemostimportantpeopletoreadwhenyouwanttolearnwhat’shappeningintheworldoftechnology.Hebuilthislargeaudienceonthefactthatpeopletrusthiswriting.Tomeit’sthebestofallpossibleinformationworlds.
1.Accordingtothepassagetheexpression“realjournalism”isusedtoreferto________.AtraditionalnewspapersandmagazinesBonlinenewsandinformationprovidedby“thecrowds”ConlinenewsandinformationprovidedbyprofessionalreportersandeditorsDnewsandinformationfrombothtraditionalmediaandnontraditionalmediasites
2.Whentheauthorisdescribingthe“viral”natureoftheInternalpara.1heusesthemetaphoricalexpressiontotellthereadersthat________.AwhentransmittedthroughtheInternetanythingharmfulwouldquicklybedestroyedBanymessagerevealedthroughtheInternetwouldsurvivewhetheritistrustedornotCand“quality”messagewouldbequicklyacceptedandpassedonfromoneanotherDonlythetrustedonlineinformationwouldsurviveandbeacceptedbythecrowds
3.WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTsupportthestatement“It’snotexpertise—it’schoice.”para.2AExpertisedeterminesthechoicebythecrowds.BTheworldofdigitalinformationisbuiltontheselectionofnetizens.CNontraditionalmodelsofexpertisearebuiltontheselectionofusers.DTheaccumulatedvotesofconfidenceleadtotheestablishmentofexpertise.
4.WhatisthemajorargumentofthepassageAWiththedevelopmentofdigitaltechnologyanyonecanbeareporteroreditor.BProfessionalreportersandeditorsarealwaysthetrusted“gatekeeper”ofTraditionalnewsandinformation.CThechoicesoftheaccumulatedonlineusersshouldbeconsideredmoretrustworthyandreliablethatthoseofthefewwithexpertise.DExpertisewouldbethemaincomponentofbothtraditionalmediaandnontraditionalinformationsites.
5.TheauthorintroducestheNewsweekarticle“RevengeoftheExpert”________.AasastartingpointforhisargumentanddiscussionBtCasanexampletoindicatetheendof“realjournalism”Dtoprovethatthefutureofdigitalinformationwillbebasedmoreonexpertise.Questions6-10Perhapswecouldhaveourchildrenpledgeallegiancetoanationalmotto.SothickandfastandinchoatetumbletheideasaboutBritishnessfromtheGovernmentthattheridiculousnolongerseemsimpossible.FortheverydebateaboutwhatitmeanstobeaBritishcitizenlongaparticularpassionofGordonBrownbrutallyillustratestheever-decreasingcirclethatnewLabourhasbecome.Theideaofanationalmottohasalreadyattractedderisiononagloriousscale--andthere’snothingmoreBritishthantherefusaltobedefined.Timesreaderschoseastheirnationalmotto:Nomottopleasewe’reBritish.UndauntedherecomestheGovernmentwithanotherone:areviewofcitizenshipwhichsuggeststhatschoolchildrenbeaskedtoswearanoathofallegiancetotheQueen.ItwouldbehardtothinkofsomethingmoreprofoundlyundemocraticlessalignedtoMrBrown’ssupposedbeliefinmeritocracyandenablingallchildrentoachievetheirfullpotential.TodayyouwillheartheChancellorprofesstheGovernment’scontinuingcommitmenttotheabolitionofchildpovertyencapsulatingaviewofBritaininwhichtheStatetweakstheoddsandthetaxcreditsystemtoironoutinheritedinequalities.YoudonotneedtoaskhowthisvisionofBritaincansiteasilyalongsideaproposaltoaskkidstopledgeallegiancetotheQueenbeforeleavingschool:itcannot.Theonelooksuptowardsanequalsocietyeveryonerewardedaccordingtomeritandnotthelotteryofbirth;theotherbendsitskneeinobeisancetoinheritedprivilegeandanundemocraticsocialandpoliticalsystem.InMrBrown’sviewoftheworldasIthoughtIunderstooditanoathofallegiancefromchildrentotheQueenoughttobeanathemagrotesqueoffthescalenotevenworthconsidering.WhythencouldNo10notdismissitoutofhandyesterdayAskedrepeatedlyatthemorningbriefingwithjournalistswhetherthePrimeMinistersupportedtheproposalhisspokesmanhedgedhisbets.MrBrownwelcomedthepublicationofthereport;hethinksthethemesareimportant;hehopesitwilllaunchadebate;heisveryinterestedinthethemeofBritishness.[]Butnoviewastothesuitabilityoftheoath.Itisbafflingintheextreme.DoesthisPrimeMinisterbelieveinnothingthenAnumberofthingsneedtobeunpickedhere.FirsttogivehimduecreditthereportfromtheformerAttorney-GeneralLordGoldsmithcontainsmuchmorethantheoathofallegiance.Thatisbut“apossibilitythat’sraised”.TheoathformsatinypartofadetailedreportaboutwhatBritishcitizenshipmeanswhatitoughttomeanandhowtostrengthenit.ItisaseriousdebatethatMrBrowniskeentofosteraboutchangingthecategoriesofBritishcitizenshipanddefiningwhattheymean.Butitisinhimthatthecentralproblemresides:thePrimeMinisterhimselfisuncertainwhatBritishnessiswhileinsistingweshouldallbeweddedtotheconcept.Nowonderthereisaproblemoverwhatamottooranoathofallegianceshouldcontain.Britainisasetoflawsandancientinstitutions-monarchyParliamentstatutesarguablytodayEUlawaswell.Anoathofallegiancenaturallytendstowardsthese.Itwasn’tsupposedtobelikethis.InitsyoungerandbolderdaysnewLabourusedtoarguethatthetraditionalversionofBritainisoutdated.WhenLabourleadersbegandebatingBritishnessinthe1990stheyarguedthattheinstitutionsinwhichasenseofBritainisnowvestedorshouldbevestedarethosesuchastheNHSoreventheBBCalliedwithvaluesofcivicparticipationallembodyingnotionsoffairnessequalityandmodernityabsentinthetraditionalinstitutions.GordonBrownhimselfwroteatlengthaboutBritishnessinTheTimesinJanuary2000:“ThestrongBritishsenseoffairplayanddutytogetherembodiedintheidealofavibrantcivicsocietyisbestexpressedtodayinauniquelyBritishinstitution--theinstitutionthatfortheBritishpeoplebestreflectstheirBritishness--ourNationalHealthService.”AnoathofallegiancetotheNHSAhthosewerethedays.Theyreallythoughttheycoulddoit;changetheverynotionofwhatitmeanttobeBritish.TodaytenyearsontheyhesitatinglyproposeanoathofallegiancetotheQueen.CouldtherebeamoreperfectillustrationofthevanquishedhopesandaspirationsofnewLabourLookonmyworksyeMightyanddespair.AhbutIseethereistobeanationaldayaswell“introducedtocoincidewiththeOlympicsandDiamondJubilee-whichwouldprovideanannualfocusforournationalnarrative”.AnarrativeanationaldayglorifyingthemonarchyandsportYuck.IthinkImightsettleforanationalmottoafterall.
6.Whichofthefollowingdoesnotsupportthemotto“Nomottopleasewe’reBritish”AItismoreorlessparadoxicalandsatirical.BIthasbeenacceptedbythewholenation.CItshowsarefusalofthedefinitionofBritishness.DItdisplaysthenatureofBritishvalues.
7.Theword“tweaks”intheexpression“encapsulatingaviewofBritaininwhichtheStatetweakstheoddsandthetaxcreditsystemtoironoutinheritedinequalities”para.2canbestbeparaphrasedby________.AchangesBindicatesCimitatesDexemplifies
8.AccordingtotheauthorthecentralproblemoftheoathofallegianceoranationalmottotowardsBritishnessis________.AtheallegiancetowardtheancientBritishinstitutionsBhowtoimplementtheNationalHealthServiceChowtodefineBritishnessDtheBritishsenseoffairplayandduty
9.Inwritingtheessaytheauthordemonstratesanattitudeof________towardstheissueofBritishness.AindifferenceBenthusiasmCpatriotismDirony
10.Whentheauthorwritestherhetoricalquestion“AnoathofallegiancetotheNHS”para.7sheistryingtoexpressthat________.AeventheLabourPartytodaywillnotacceptthisasanoathofallegianceBthedefinitionofBritishnesscouldfinallybesettledCsuchanoathofallegianceshouldbeaccompaniedbyanationaldayDsuchanoathofallegianceshouldbeacceptedwhenNHSwasfirstimplementedQuestions11-15Overlunchawriteroutlinedanewbookideatohiseditor.Itwastobeanicheconcernbutpromisedmuch.Thewriterlefttherestaurantwithaglowanddecidedtogetanoutlineoverpronto.Butdaysandweeksofbeingtoobusyturnedtomonthsandtheneventuallycametheshockingdiscoverythathiseditorhadbeenratherelusiveoflateforareason:hehadbeenbusycraftingabookbasedonthewriter’sideaanditwasnowintheshops.Anapocryphaltalemaybebutitwillsendshiversdownanywriter’sspine.What’smoreifthewriterweretoturntothelawinsuchadreadscenariothelawwouldbeofnousetohimatall.PhilSherrellamedialawyerwithEvershedsexplains:“Intellectualpropertylawprotectstheexpressionofideasnottheideasthemselves.”Sherrellagreesthat“thedistinctionisnotalwayssatisfactory”butsaysthatthereneedstobealimittotheprotectionconferredoncreativitybythelaw.“Toextendtheambitofcopyrightprotectiontoembraceideaswouldbedifficultinpractice—howwouldtheartistprovethattheyhaveconceivedtheideaifithasnotbeenreducedtoatangibleformItwouldalsoopenthedoortoundesirablywidemonopolies.”Butcopyright’s300-yearpedigreemightbeacauseforconcernratherthanveneration.Themeansbywhichwecommunicatehaschangedoutofallrecognitionfromthetimewhencopyrightwasinvented.Todayinthepost-modernistworldwhatconstitutesanartisticliteraryormusicalworkisradicallydifferentnotleastinthefieldofconceptualart.Herecopyright’stimehonouredreluctancetoprotectideasisofdubiousmeritaccordingtoHubertBestamedialawyerwithBestSoames.“IfyoulookatMartinCreed’s[artinstallation]WorkNo.227TheLightsGoingOnandOffwhereisthework”asksBest.“IsitinthefactthatalightbulbgoesonandofforintheconceptIsuspectit’sthelatter.Butold-fashionedcopyrightlawdoesnotcoverthiskindofthing.”Creed’sWorkNo.227wasanemptyroominwhichthelightsperiodicallyswitchedonandoff.ItwontheTurnerPrizein2001toapredictablechorusofcontroversy.Thisgoeswiththeterritoryinconceptualartbutotherartistshavefoundtheirworkinspiresnotmerelylivelydebatebutaccusationsofplagiarism.Lastyearthreeweeksafterheunveiledhisdiamond-encrusted£50mskullDamienHirstwasallegedtohavestolentheideafortheworkfromanotherartistJohnLeKay.In2006RobertDixonagraphicsartistsaidthatHirst’sprintValiumwastoocloseforcomforttooneofhiscirculardesignsinThePenguinDictionaryofCuriousandInterestingGeometry.HirsthadanotherbrushwithintellectualpropertylawwhenNormanEmmscomplainedabouta£1mbronzetorsowhichhesaidwascopiedfroma£
14.99plasticanatomicaltoy.Emmslaterreceiveda“goodwillpayment”fromtheartist.Asoneoftheworld’swealthiestartistsHirstiswell-placedtofightsuchbattlesbutdueallowanceshouldbegivenforart’sintertextualessence.Writersborrowplotsandembedallusionstotheirforebearsartistsadaptwell-knownmotifsmusiciansplayeachother’ssongsandsampleexistingriffsandmelodies.ButthereisafinelinebetweenplagiarismandcreativeallusionanditwasconsideredbythecourtsinthecaseofDanBrown’sTheDaVinciCode.TheCourtofAppealupheldtheinitialrulingthatBrownhadnotreproducedsubstantialcontentfromTheHolyBloodandtheHolyGrail.ThedecisionwasalsowidelyseenasconfirmingEnglishlaw’sdisinclinationtoprotectideas.Yetifideascan’tbeprotectedwheredoesthatleavethewriteraggrievedbytheappearanceofhisideainanother’sbook“Itsoundsharsh”saysSherrell“butunlessawriterhasgonesomewaytocreatingthework—bywayofanoutlineandperhapsachapterortwo—thereisnoremedyifthesameideaappearsunderanotherauthor’sname.Howevergiventhateverythingisdoneoncomputersthesedaysitwouldberelativelyeasytoprovefirstcreationbylookingattheharddrive.Otherthanthatanyoneinthecreativearenashouldkeepfullanddatedrecordstoevidencetheirwork.”Thereisanotherthingthatcanbedone.“Youcanimposeaconfidentialityobligationonthosewithwhomyouwanttodiscussyouridea”saysBest.“NondisclosureagreementsNDAsareoftenusedinthecorporateworldtogiveacontractualremedyforbreachofconfidenceifanideaisstolen.ButthetroubleisthatawritermusicianorartistwhocomesintoameetingwieldinganNDAisn’tlikelytomakefriends.It’safairlyaggressivewaytoproceed.”Bestisdoubtlesscorrectwhenhesays:“You’vejustgottogetonwithitanddoit.Onceyourworkexistsinmaterialformyoucansueifanyonestealsit.”
11.Thestorytoldatthebeginningofthepassage________.AshowsthedifficultiesofturninganideaintoabookBdescribedhowthewriterentertainedtheeditortogetthebookpublishedCdemonstratedhowtheeditorbetrayedthepromisehehadgivenDindicatesthetrickyissueoftheprotectionofintellectualproperty
12.Theword“ambit”inthesentence“Toextendtheambitofcopyrightprotectiontoembraceideaswouldbedifficultinpractice”para.2canbestreplacedby________.AambitionBrestrictionCrangeDmargin
13.ThepassageintroducedtheartistMartinCreed’sWorkNo.227________.AasitwasmostseverelycriticizedbythemedialawyerHubertBestBbecauseitdisplaysthedubiousnatureofsomecontemporaryworksofartCbecauseitwontheTurnerPrizein2001toachoresofcontroversyDasitwasanexampleofconceptualartwhichcausesaccusationsofplagiarism
14.WhichofthefollowingCANNOTbetrueaboutDamienHirstaccordingtothepassageAHeisoneofthewealthiestartistsintoday’sworld.BHepaidNormanEmmstosettletheissueofaccusationof“copying”CHewassaidtohavestolentheconceptforhisworkofdiamond-encrustedskull.DHeisreadytofightallthosewhohaveaccusedhimofplagiarism.
15.Theconcludingparagraphsmainlytellusthat________.AnondisclosureagreementscanbeusedtoprotectideasBconfidentialityobligationisthemoralstandardCthebestwaytoprovefirstcreationistousecomputerDthereisnootherwaytoprotectideasunlesstheworkexistsQuestions16-20Anewgoldenageofcartographyhassuddenlydawnedeverywhere.Wecanallbemap-makersnownavigatingacrossalandscapeofideasthatthecartographersofthepastcouldneverhaveimagined.Mapswereoncethepreserveofaneliteanexpressionofpowercontrolandlatterlyofminutescientificmeasurement.Todaymap-makinghasbeendemocratisedbytheinternetwheredigitaltechnologyisspawninganastonishingarrayofmapsreflectinganinfinitevarietyofinterestsandconcernssomebeautifulsomepoliticalandsomeextremelyodd.IftheBudgethasmadeyoufeelgloomyyoucanlogontoamapthatwilltellyoujusthowdepressedyouandtherestoftheworldarefeeling.Formorethantwoyearsthemakersofwefeelfine.orghaveharvestedfeelingsfromawidevarietyofpersonalblogsandthenprojectedtheseontotheglobe.HowhappyaretheyinHappyValleyHowgrimisGrimsbyYoucanfindout.Wheremapsoncedescribedmountainsforestsandriversnowtheydepictthecontoursofhumanexistencefromquitedifferentperspectives:mapsshowingtheincidenceofUFOsspeedcamerasorthedensityofdoctorsinanypartoftheworld.AremarkablenewmapreflectsglobaltelephoneusageasithappensstarklyillustratingthetechnologicalgapbetweensayNewYorkandNairobi.Almostanymeasurablehumanactivitycanbeprojectedusingacomputer“mash-up”.Anewonlinemapcalledwhoissick.orgallowsAmericanhypochondriacstotrackwhoisillwithwhatandwhereatanygivenmoment.Ahilariousdisclaimeradds:“whoissickisnotintendedtobeasubstituteforprofessionalmedicaladvice.”Thenewgenerationofamateurmap-makersaredoingforthetraditionalatlaswhatWikipediahasalreadydonetotheencyclopaediaaddinglayeruponlayerofnewinformationsomethatisfascinatingandusefulmuchthatispointlessandmisleadingandalmostallfromadistinctlypersonalperspective.Thenewdigitalgeographymarksareturntoanearlierformofcartographywhenmapsweredesignedtorevealtheworldthroughaparticularprism.Theearliestmapseachtoldastoryframedbypoliticscultureandbelief.AncientGreekspaintedmapsdepictingunknownlandsandstrangecreaturesbeyondtheknownworld.EarlyChristianmapsplacedJerusalematthemiddleoftheworld.Britishimperialmapsshowedthegreatadvanceofpinkcolonialismspreadingoutwardsfromourtinyislandsatthecentre.Mapswereusedtosettlescoresandscorepointsjustastheyaretoday.WhenJesuitmap-makersdrewupachartoftheMoonssurfacein1651cratersnamedafterhereticalscientistssuchasCopernicusandGalileoweredumpedintheSeaofStormswhilemoreacceptablethinkerswereallowedtofloatintheSeaofTranquillity.The19thcenturyheraldedamorescientificapproachtomap-making;muchoftheartistryandsymbolismwasstrippedawayinanattempttocreateatwo-dimensionalrepresentationofthree-dimensionalreality.Mapsbecamemuchmoreaccuratebutlessimaginativeandculturallyrevealing.Theboominamateurmappingbycontrastmarksareturntotheearlierwayofimaginingtheworldwhenmapswereusedtotellstoriesandimposeideastointerprettheworldandnotsimplytodescribeitsphysicalcharacter.NewmapsshowinghowtoavoidsurveillancecamerasortheroutestakenbyCIAplanescarryingterroristsuspectson“extraordinaryrendition”arepoliticalstatementsratherthangeographicaldescriptions.Theearliestmapswerealsophilosophicalguides.Theyshowedwhatwasimportantandwhatwasperipheralandwhatmightbeimaginedbeyondtheedgesoftheknown.AstunningtapestrymapoftheMidlandsmadearoundthetimeofShakespeareandrecentlyrediscovereddepictsforestschurchesandthehousesofthemostpowerfulfamiliesyetnotasingleroad.Itdoesnotpurporttoshowaphysicallandscapebutamentalone.Mapshavealwaystriedtoshowwhereweareliterallyorphilosophically.Theexplosionofonlinemappinghoweverofferssomethingevenbroader:asetofmapsthatcombinetoexpressindividualpersonality.OscarWildewrotethat“amapoftheworldthatdoesnotincludeUtopiaisnotworthevenglancingatforitleavesouttheonecountryatwhichHumanityisalwayslanding.AndwhenHumanitylandsthereitlooksoutandseeingabettercountrysetssail.”IfUtopiameansknowingwhereyoufitinyourownworld-knowinghowmanyUFOshoveraboveyouhowmuchgraffitihasappearedovernighthowhappyyournext-doorneighbourisandwhetherheislikelytohavepickedupanythingcontagious-thenhumanitymayfinallyhaveamapshowinghowtogetthere.
16.Accordingtothepassagethemakersofwefeelfine.org________onthemaps.AhavemarkedhowhappypeoplearearoundtheworldBhaveshowndifferentfeelingspeoplehaveindifferentpartsoftheworldChavedepictedhowdepressedpeopleareintheworldtodayDhaveillustratedthechangesofpersonalfeelingforpeopleoftheworld
17.Theword“preserve”inthesentence“Mapswereoncethepreserveofanelite”para.1canbestbeparaphrasedas________.AuniquepreservationBprivilegedrightCexclusiveenjoymentDadvantageousactivity
18.CopernicusandGalileoarementionedinthepassagebecause________.AtheywereconsideredacceptablethinkersbyJesuitmap-makersthenBtheywerecondemnedbyJesuitmap-makersintheirchartingoftheMoon’ssurfaceCtheywerefamousfortheirannouncementofthesun-centeredtheorytotheworldDtheywerethefirstscientistswhohaddrawnthemapoftheMoon’ssurface
19.AttheendpassagetheauthorquotedOscarWilde________.Atogivetherationaleforallthesechangesinmap-makingwithdigitaltechnologyBtotellthereadersthedefinitionofmapsgivenbythefamousBritishplaywrightCtointroducethechangesinthedefinitionofthewordUtopiaoverthecenturiesDtoprovidethebackgroundforallthesechangesinthepracticeofcartography
20.WhichofthefollowingcanbestexpressthemainideaofthepassageAThenewdigitalgeographymarksareturntoanearlierformofcartography.BAnymeasurablehumanactivitycanbeprojectedandshownthroughdifferentmaps.CWithdigitaltechnologymap-makinghasbeenundergoingamostradicalchange.DDifferenttypesofmapscanrevealawidevarietyofpurposesandperspective.SECTION3:TRANSLATIONTEST30minutesDirections:TranslateofthefollowingpassageintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.IngeneralinvestmentintheUniteStateswillbeintheformofasubsidiary.Itispossibleforanon-U.S.corporationtooperateabranchofficeintheUnitedStatesbuttherearesignificantdisadvantagestoabranchparticularlywithrespecttoitstaxtreatment.Branchesofnon-U.S.corporationsarenotsubjecttofederalregulationorregistrationrequirements.Howevereachstatewillrequirea“foreign”corporationto“qualify”before“doingbusiness”inthatstate.Acorporationwillbeconsidered“foreign”ifitisorganizedunderthelawsofanothercountryoranotherstateandsothisisnotarequirementimposedonlyonnot-U.S.investors.“Doingbusiness”isatechnicaltermthatimpliesasubstantialpresenceinthestate.Thiswouldincludetheownershiporleasingofrealpropertythemaintenanceofastockofgoodsforlocalsaleemployeesandthelike.Sellingproductstolocalcustomerseitherdirectlyorthroughanindependentsalesrepresentativeordistributorwouldnotinitselfconstitute“doingbusiness.”Thestatesactuallyexerciselittlecontroloverthequalificationprocessotherthantoensurethatthequalifyingentity’snameisnotconfusinglysimilartoanalreadyregisteredentityandthatallregistrationfeesandtaxesarepaidqualificationisbasicallyaformoftaxation.Inmoststatesqualificationforanon-U.S.corporationconsistsofarelativelyeasyapplicationaregistrationfeeandanotarizedorlegalizedcopyofthecorporation’sarticlesofincorporationinEnglishoracertifiedtranslation.SECTION4:LISTENINGTEST30minutesPartA:Note-takingAndGap-fillingDirections:InthispartofthetestyouwillhearashorttalkYouwillhearthetalkONLYONCE.WhilelisteningtothetalkyoumaytakenotesontheimportantpointssothatyoucanhaveenoughinformationtocompleteagapfillingtaskonaseparateANSWERBOOKLET.YouwillnotgetyourANSWERBOOKLETuntilafteryouhavelistenedtothetalkResearchstudiesshowthattherearesomefundamental___________1betweenmenandwomenintheirattitudesto_________2matters.Womenarefarmorelikelytosavefortheirchildren’s_______3andtosaveuptobuya______________
4.Mentendtosavefora________________5andfortheir________________
6.Butinfacttheneedforwomentosavefortheiroldageisfar____________7thanformen.Throughouttheworldwomenarelikelytolivemanyyears_____________8thanmen.Furthermoreitisthe___________9womenwhowillmostoftenhavetolookafterthechildrenandthustheyneedmore_________________10tolookafternotjustthemselvesbutothers.Womentodayneedtolookaheadthinkaheadnotwaituntilthey’reunder__________________11Anumberof__________________12havebeensetuptohelpthemdothis.Someeducationalinstitutionsoffernight_______________13inmoney________________
14.Theycanbegiven___________15ondifferentwaysofsaving.Itisusuallyadvisedthatatleast________________16ofaperson’ssavingsshouldbeinlow-riskinvestmentsbutfortherest________17advisorsoftenadvisetalkingsome_________18risks.Initiativessuchasthiscangivewomentheeconomic_____________19andknowledgetheyneedforacomfortable_________________20retirement.PartB:ListeningandTranslationI.SentenceTranslationDirections:Inthispartofthetestyouwillhear5Englishsentences.YouwillhearthesentencesONLYONCE.AfteryouhaveheardeachsentencetranslateitintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.12345II.PassageTranslationDirections:Inthispartofthetestyouwillhear2Englishpassages.YouwillhearthepassagesONLYONCE.AfteryouhaveheardeachpassagetranslateitintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Youmaytakenoteswhileyouarelistening.12SECTION5:READINGTEST30minutesDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagesandthenanswerINCOMPLETESENTENCESthequestionswhichfolloweachpassage.UseonlyinformationfromthepassageyouhavejustreadandwriteyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions1-3JoeHarbergbecameanenergy-efficiencygurubecausehedidn’tknowthefirstthingaboutenergyefficiency.In2003hewasconstructinganewhomeinDallasandwantedtoworkwithhisbuildertomaketheplaceasenvironmentallyfriendlyaspossible.ButneitherHarbergnorhisdesignerhadanytraininginhowtoturnanordinaryhousegreenandtheyfoundfewresourcestohelpthem.“Itwassofrustrating”saysHarberg46aDallas-basedentrepreneur.RelyingprincipallyontheInternetHarberg—whopreviouslyhadworkedasamarketingexpertandrealestatedeveloper—didmanagetobuildanenergy-efficienthome.Heboaststhathiselectricitybillsareregularly50%lessthanthoseofsimilarhomesinhisneighborhoodandtheentrepreneurinhimsawanopportunity.Lotsofpeopleworryaboutglobalwarmingnottomentionthesoaringcostsofpoweringahomebuttheydon’tknowwhattodoaboutit.Workingwithhisbrother-in-lawJoshSternHarberghopedlaunchwhatwouldbecomeCurrentEnergyin2005toprovidetheneededexpertise.“Weaspiretobetheoneswhoputitalltogetherforyou”Harbergsays.TodayCurrentEnergyoperateswhatisprobablythefirstdedicatedenergy-efficiencyretailstoreintheU.S.ahipspaceinCallas’tonyHighlandParkwhereshopperscanbuyultraefficientairconditionerstanklesswaterheatersandevenelectricvotivecandles.Butwhilethestoreitselfisgreencool—reminiscentoftheAppleretailshopsthatHarberghelpedrolloutinhispreviouscareer—therealvalueinCurrentEnergyisn’tinitsgadgetsbutintheserviceitoffers.“It’sanarttofigureouthowtosavemoneyathome”Harbergsays.“Wedothework.”HomeownerswhocometoCurrentEnergycanorderanenergyaudit—asocket-to-faucetanalysisofhowtoeliminateenergyandwaterwaste.AfterreceivingthereportcustomerscanfollowasmanyoftherecommendationsastheywishwithCurrentEnergyemployeesinvolvedintheinstallationwork—downtochangingthelightbulbs.JosephVanBlarganawritersecuredanassessmentforhisDallashomeandestimatesthattheupgradessavetimeabout30%onhismonthlyenergybill.“IcouldhavedoneitonmyownbuttherewouldhavebeenbitsandpartsIwoldhavemissed”hesays.Joe’sGreenshoppingListAtitsretaillocationandonlineCurrentEnergysellsawiderangeofenergy-efficiencygadgets:1DigitalPowerCostMonitorprovidesreal-timedataonyourenergyconsumption$1852MagicGlobeasolar-poweredlight$503SoliosolarChargerisawaytopowerallthoseelectronicdeviceswiththesun$994SolarBackpackletsyoucarryyourlaptop—andchargeitforfree$1405KillAwattElectricityMetermonitorsthepoweruseandcostofanyappliance$40GreenieswholiveoutsideDallaswillsoonbeabletogetanenergyassessmentfromcurrentenergy.comandthecompanywillworkwithlicensedauditorsinyourtowntocarryouttheimprovements.WhatCurrentEnergydoesisn’taseasyasitlooks.Maximizingtheefficiencyinyourhomemeansmorethanjutchuckingyourincandescentlightbulbs.Youmightimproveyouratticinsulationtopreventthelossofheatinthewinterbutgooverboardandyoucouldendupchokingonindoorairpollution.Justasahouseismorethanfourwallsandadoorenergyefficiencyshouldbeholisticwithinsulationapplianceslightingandcleanelectricityallworkingtogether.That’samessagethetirelessHarberg—whocouldprobablypowerTexasStadiumifyoupluggedhimintothegrid—spreadswithzeal.Hehostsaweeklyradiocall-inshowandwasrecentlyontheTVshowGoodMorningTexastoutingthebenefitsofanindoorair-qualitymonitor.“You’resavingpeoplemoneyandsavingtheearthatthesametime”hesaysexcitedly.Asbusinessplansgothat’sanawfullygoodone.
1.WhoisJoeHarbergHowdidhestarthisenergy-efficiencybusiness
2.WhatisCurrentEnergyWhatisitsmajorbusiness
3.Whydoesthepassagesaythat“WhatCurrentEnergydoesisn’taseasyasitlooks.”Questions4-6WhatisglobalizationMostanswersleadquicklytoabstractionsabouttradefinanceandthemovementofpeople.CarloRattibycontrasthascomeupwithsomethingfarmoreconcrete.WorkingwithdatafromATTtheU.S.telecommunicationsoperatorRattiandhisteamattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyhavedevelopedluminousandfluctuatingmapsthatshowhowinternationalphonecallsanddatatraffictravelbetweenNewYorkandmorethan200countries.“It’slikehavingareal-timeviewofglobalization”saysRattiwhodirectsmappingresearchatMIT.Phonecallsanddataflowsaregoodindicatorsofhowtheworldisorganizingitself.Thewall-sizemapsondisplayatNewYork’sMuseumofModernArtare“asengagingasagoodmovie”sayscuratorPaolaAntonelli.Themapscalled“NewYorkTimeExchange”arepartofanexhibitionentitled“DesignandtheElasticMind”whichrunsthroughMay
12.Asflowsoftelecommunicationsdatachangearcsoflightglowingdotsandlandmassesexpandandshrink.Theresultisavividandemotionalpictureofaunitedworld.Theinformationmayalsoyieldinsightsintosocialpatterns.OnonemapregionsexpandasthenumberofphoneconnectionswithNewYorkincreases.Thisrevealsaglobalpeckingorderofsorts:whenitisdayinNewYorkcallersinothertimezonesgetupveryearlyorstayupverylatetotalktotheBigApple.Butthereverseisn’ttrue;theworldaccommodatesNewYorkbutNewYorkersdon’taccommodatetheworld.“It’sasifthese[time-zone]linesgetdistortedandbendinwardsintothecityofNewYork”saysKristianKloecklprojectleaderatMIT’sSENSEableCityLaboratorywhichdesignedthemaps.Themapsarenotpureartbutpartofongoingresearchintohowtheworldexchangesdata.MITresearchersstudiedBritishTelecomdatatogaugeamongotherthingstheinfluenceofNewYorkwiththatofrivalLondon.MIT’sfindingsNewYorkhasmoretelephonecontactthanLondonnotjustwithLatinAmericaaswasexpectedbutalsowithAsia.ThisshowsupasmorecallsandmoreminutesconnectedevenforcertainpartsoftheMiddleEastdespitethegreatertimedifference.SaskiaSassenaglobalizationsociologistatColumbiaUniversitywhowasprivytotheBTdatareferstothesemappedphonecallsas“ageographyofpower.”Shenotesthattalliesofinternationalphonecallsisagoodapproximatemeasureofglobalization.Unlikestatisticsthatmeasurehigh-leveleconomicactivitysuchasforeigninvestmenttelephonyalsocapturesglobalinteractionsamongpeopleinlowersocioeconomicgroupssuchaspoorimmigrantsthusgivingamorecompletepictureofoverallactivity.MIT’sapproachtomappinglivedatamayappealtoaudiencesbeyondmuseum-goers.Mapsoftelecommunicationswouldcomeinhandyfortheairlineindustrywhichisalwayslookingforwaystobetterunderstandthedegreeof“connectedness”betweencities.Atpresenttogaugethepotentialprofitabilityofarouteairlinesrelyessentiallyonpassengerrecordsfromotherflights.Knowinghowmuchtalking“connects”anytwocitieswouldbe“incrediblyhelpful”torouteplannerswhomustestimatethenumberoflikelypassengerssaysJonWoolfseniorconsultantatASManairline-routeconsultancyinManchesterUK.Thelocaldetailprovidedinthemapsisanotherpotentialtreasuretroveofinformation.TheMITchartsbreakdownATTphonetrafficat100pointsor“switches”throughoutNewYork.Thisbreakdownallowsforahighlevelofdetail—downtotheneighborhood—whichwouldbeusefultoadvertisersorpoliticalcampaignoperatives.Globalization’slosersalsostandoutstarklyonMIT’smaps.AglanceshowsthattheinformationagehasleftmuchofAfricabehind:fewofthegoldarcsrepresentingintenseInternettraffictouchthecontinent.JagdishBhagwatianeconomicsprofessoratColumbiaUniversityinNewYorkwhohasservedasanadviseronglobalizationtotheUnitedNationssaysawell-developedtelecommunicationsinfrastructureandculturecanhelpnudgepopulationsinthedevelopingworldtowardwealthbutalsodemocracy.WhenpeopleareabletocommunicatewideandfarandaccessinformationonlinetheyseethemselvesasempoweredstakeholdersinasocietythattheycanimproveBhagwatisays.Phonenetworksinparticulararepowerfultoolsfordemocracyandmodernitybecauseimmigrantscalllovedonesabroadtodelivereyewitnessreportsunfilteredbythemediaofnewwaysofliving.MIT’smapsareapoignantreminderthathumanityhasneverbeensoconnected.WilliamMitchellaprofessoratMIT’sMediaLabsaysthe“tremendousemotionalcharge”ofthemapsmatchestherushhefeltdecadesagowhenhefirstlookedataNASAphotographofablueEarthfloatingindarkspace.
4.WhatisCarloRatti’sresearchWhatdoeshisresearchtellusaboutglobalization
5.Whydoestheauthormentiontheairlineindustryinintroducingmapsoftelecommunications
6.Accordingtothepassagewhatistheconnectionbetweenglobalization’slosersandthedevelopmentoftelecommunicationsinfrastructureQuestions7-10IftherewereanOscarformostconsistentlyprofitableHollywoodstudioitprobablywouldgoto20thCenturyFox.Hollywoodisahit-drivenbusinessandmoststudiosbouncefrombox-officehittodudwithdepressingregularity.ButforthepastsevenyearsFoxhasscoredwithbothblockbustersAlvinandtheChipmunksandindiehitsJunothathavegeneratedthekindofdouble-digitreturnoninvestmentyoumightexpectfromabusinessmakingwidgetsnotfilms.TomPollockaformerUniversalPictureschairmanwhoproducesmoviesforFoxandotherstudiossays:Foxissimplythebest-runstudiointown.YouwereexpectinganythinglessfromRupertMurdochsguysAtFoxthemantraistobecreativelydrivenbutfiscallyastutesaysJamesN.Gianopuloswhoco-chairsthestudiowithThomasRothmanofFoxFilmedEntertainment.Translation:tobealmostpathologicallyobsessedwithcosts.Notthattheco-chairsrunfromrisk.TheyoutbidmostofHollywoodin2004forthescripttotheapocalypticTheDayAfterTomorrowbutmadeitfor$100millionrelativelycheapforaspecial-effectspicture.Itgrossedmorethanhalfabilliondollarsworldwide.Double-digitprofitsarerareinHollywood.YetforthepastsixyearsFoxhasdelivered12%to18%operatingmargins.Halfwaythroughitsfiscalyearitearnedoperatingincomeof$765milliononnearly$
3.6billioninrevenues—a
21.5%operatingmargin.AndthatdoesntincludeHortonHearsaWho!whichgrossedahefty$45milliononitsMar.14openingweekendandwasmadeforjustover$85millionnearlyhalfwhatananimatedPixarAnimationStudiosfilmcosts.NooneinHollywoodnegotiatestougherthantheseguyssaysproducerJohnDaviswhomadeIRobotandGarfield:ATaleofTwoKittiesforFox.ThehardballingstartswithdevelopmentwhichDavissaystypicallycostsFox10%to15%lessthanusualbecauseitholdsthelineoncostlyrewrites.OntopofthatFoxrarelygivesanyonebutthebiggies—StevenSpielbergsay—apieceoftheprofits.Italsosetstoughbudgetsandstickswiththem.ForhisLordoftheRings-esqueEragonDavishada$100millionbudgetwhichforcedhimtocutsomespecialeffectsandlimitstarssuchasJohnMalkovichtocameos.Itearnedjust$75milliondomesticallybutdidwellglobally.Specialeffectsofteneatupanactionfilmsbudget.NotatFox.Thestudiolearneditslesson10yearsagowithTitanicwhichcostFoxandParamountPicturesathen-unthinkable$200milliontomake.AfterTitanicFoxhiredanin-houseeffectsczarwhosemainjobisridingherdonspecialeffectshousesoftenplayingthemagainsteachothertogetthebestprice.TheybeatyouovertheheadsaysX-MenproducerAviArad.Ifitcosts$30milliontheyllaskwhyitcantcost$20million.TokeepdowntimetoaminimumAradusedseveralshopsonFantastic4:RiseoftheSilverSurfer.Foxsbiggesthitsareitssmallestfilms.PeterRicerunsthestudiosindependentunitFoxSearchlightPictureswhichisinthebusinessoffindingtinyfilmslikeLittleMissSunshinethatweremadeonashoestring.Riceslimit:$15million.Hislatesttriumph:Juno.Itcost$
7.5milliontoproduceandpulledin$135million-plusintheU.S.alone.Whichbringsustomarketinganexpensethathasbeenknowntoaccountforone-thirdofafilmsoverallbudget.WhileexecutivessaytheypayfullfreightforadsonFoxsfar-flungglobalpropertiestheirstarspopupallover.SamuelL.JacksonwhostarredintheflickJumperwalkedthecarpetattheSuperBowlontheFoxNetwork.AndwasntthatJimCarreywhoprovidedHortonsvoicerecentlygrinninginsanelyintheaudienceofFoxsmegahitAmericanIdolFoxhasstumbledbefore.Its2005pictureKingdomofHeavenbombedintheU.S.andcostaveryunFoxlike$130milliontomake.ButeventhenFoxturnedthingsaround.IthadloadedthefilmwithinternationalstarsincludingOrlandoBloomsoitmadeenoughoutsidetheU.S.tobreakeven.
7.Whatisa“hit-drivenbusiness”Explainbrieflythesentence“moststudiosbouncefrombox-officehittodudwithdepressingregularity.”para.
18.ExplainGianopulos’commentthat“Atfoxthemantrais‘tobecreativelydriverbutfiscallyastute’”.para.
29.WhatarethehardballingmeasuresinFox’scontrolofitscotsinmakingfilms
10.Citeexamplestoillustratethestatement“Foxbiggesthitsareitsamallestfilms.”SECTION6:TRANSLATIONTEST30minutesDirections:TranslatethefollowingpassageintoEnglishandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.中国古代圣人孔子曾说过“劳心者治人,劳力者治于人”这句话反映了中国传统文化中人的地位等级的划分,也直接影响了人们对职业的选择现代意义上的“白领阶层”是让人羡慕的对象,而“蓝领阶层”即使工资较高,仍有被人看不起的压力在中国,还有另外一句流传甚广的话,叫做“无商不奸”,认为商人“唯利是图”,与君子重义轻利的追求背道而驰,所以在传统文化中经商是被人看不起的职业但是,随着社会主义市场经济的发展,从商“下海”已经变成许多年轻人择业时第一选择现代年轻人选择职业时,已较少传统观念,更具有现代意识参考答案SECTION1:LISTENINGTESTPartA:SpotDictation
1.successorfailure
11.watchtheirmalepeers
2.MoreandmoreAmericansareelecting
12.begintogainconfidence
3.boysandgirlsblossom
13.suchafragiletime
4.tendtoachievemore
14.anobsessionwithweight
5.strongreligiousorculturalreasons
15.raiseagirl’sself-esteem
6.outofreach
16.all-femaleschools
7.costlyprivateschools
17.reinforcetheregressivenotion
8.separatingthesexes
18.hasfosteredacontroversy
9.manygirlsgetshort-changed
19.questionthevalidity
10.positiveexuberantattitude
20.suchthingasseparatebutequalPartB:ListeningComprehension
1.D
2.C
3.B
4.B
5.C
6.C
7.B
8.D
9.B
10.D
11.D
12.A
13.D
14.C
15.B
16.A
17.C
18.B
19.A
20.ASECTION2:READINGTEST
1.B
2.C
3.A
4.C
5.A
6.B
7.A
8.C
9.D
10.A
11.D
12.C
13.B
14.D
15.D
16.B
17.C
18.B
19.A
20.CSECTION3:TRANSLATIONTEST在美国进行的投资一般都采用分公司的形式当然美国以外的企业也可以在美国设立办事处,不过办事处的形式在很多方面,特别是税收待遇问题上,还是有诸多不便美国以外的公司所设立的办事处不受联邦政府规定的约束,登记注册也没有什么条件然而,各个州都要求,任何一个“外来的”公司要想开始“经营”,必须有“足够的资格”只要在基于别的国家或者美国的另一州的法律建立起的公司,每个州都视之为“外来的”公司所以这一规定也并不仅仅针对美国以外的投资者“经营”是一个技术术语,表示这个公司事实存在于这个州所谓事实存在的形式包括在该州拥有或者租赁房地产,为当地的销售业务保持一定量的存货,在当地雇用员工等等仅仅向该州的顾客销售产品,这本身并不构成“经营”,不管这种销售是直接进行还是通过独立销售代表或者经销售进行的各州对公司资格审查的过程实际控制很少,更多的是确保这家合格实体的名称不与已登记注册的公司名称相近而造成混淆,并且确保该实体支付所有的登记注册费和税款(资格审查本身也就是赋税的一种形式)在大多数州,一家美国以外的公司要经过资格审查,申请过程还是比较容易的,只要交注册费并出示经过公证或者法律认可的公司章程即可(英文版或经过鉴证的英译本)SECTION4:LISTENINGTESTPartA:Note-takingAndGap-filling
1.differences
11.pressure
2.economic
12.initiatives
3.education
13.classes/courses
4.house
14.management
5.car
15.advice
6.retirement
16.70%
7.greater
17.financial
8.longer
18.well-informed
9.divorced
19.skills
10.money
20.independentPartB:ListeningandTranslationI.SentenceTranslation1我们有幸与美国和世界各地各类公司合作伙伴有密切关系他们向我们的学生提供正式就业与暑期实习机会2不要放弃正业缺钱是任何一个艺术家职业生涯中最糟糕的部分,而艺术家能有另外一项收入才是最好的事情3除了健康和环境方面的考虑之外,我要成为素食者的主要原因在于对动物权利的考虑和精神上的需求就动物权利而言,一想到现如今的工厂化农场里动物是如何遭到虐待的,我就不寒而栗4当地股票指数暴跌至3000点交易员认为市场处于低迷状态,很多人因担忧公司盈利前景而选择离场5来自包括新加坡、印度、菲律宾、德国、英国等10多个国家的442名制造商设立了560处展位,这些展位用来展示他们的最新系列产品II.PassageTranslation1如果有人说你象猴子,恐怕我们中绝大多数人都会勃然大怒但事实上,我们与猴子有很多重要的相似之处从进化的角度来看,人类起源于几百万年前的类人猿,通常又称作猿人除此之外,人类与猴子在社会组织架构方面也存在着明显的相似之处人类是群居的动物,猴子也是成群地生活、玩耍和行动,且由一只猴王统领,猴王对其它猴子有着绝对权威2有多种不同的社会关系,包括配偶、好友、兄弟姐妹、同事,以及工作中的上下级关系等社会学家在世界各国开展了一系列调查研究人员发现,有5条基本准则对上述关系中半数以上都适用一,尊重他人的隐私二,在谈话时直视他人的眼睛三,不要讨论与他人私下交流的东西四,不要当众批评他人五,欠他人的债务和人情,以及接受他人的赞扬,无论多么微不足道,都要还SECTION5:READINGTESTQuestion1:JoeHarberg46aDallas-basedentrepreneurpreviouslyhadworkedasmarketingexpertandrealestatedeveloper.Hemanagedtobuildanenergy-efficienthome.In2003hewasconstructinganewhomeinDallasandwantedtoworkwithhisbuildertomaketheplaceasenvironmentallyfriendlyaspossible.Withthesuccessofhisenergy-savingeffortshefoundtheopportunityinlaunchinghisownenergy-efficientbusiness.Workingwithhisbrother-in-lawhehelpedlaunchwhatwouldbecomeCurrentEnergyabusinessprovidingneededexpertiseinenergy-saving.Question2:CurrentEnergyisabusinessco-launchedbyHarbergandhisbrother-in-law.Itisprobablythefirstdedicatedenergy-efficiencyretailstoreintheUS.Shopperscanbuyenergy-savinggadgets.Thestoreitselfis“greencool”.Besidessellinggadgetsitalsooffersservices.Homeownerswhocometoitcanorderanenergyauditananalysisofhowtoeliminateenergyandwaterwaste.Afterreceivingthereportcustomerscanfollowasmanyoftherecommendationsastheywish.PeoplewholiveoutsideDallaswillsoonbeabletoenjoytheservice.Question3:CurrentEnergydoesprovidecustomerswithenergy-savinggadgetsandservices.Butmaximizingtheefficiencyinourhomesismorethanthat.Onemeasuretakenheremaycauseproblemsandtroublessomewhereelse.Energyefficiencyshouldcoveraspectsincludinginsulationapplianceslightingandcleanelectricitywhichallworktogether.Question4:CarloRattilaunchedaveryinterestingresearchaboutglobalization.WorkingwithdatafromATTheandhisteamatMIThavedevelopedluminousandfluctuatingmapsthatshowhowinternationalphonescallsanddatatraffictravelbetweenNewYork.Asflowsoftelecommunicationsdatachangearcsoflightglowingdotsandlandmassesexpandandshrink.Thisresearchisagoodapproximatemeasureofglobalizationgivingamorecompletepictureofoverallactivity.ItalsoshowstheimportanceofNewYorkintheeraofglobalization.Question5:Mapsoftelecommunicationareveryhelpfultoairlineindustry.Airlinecompanieshavelongbeensearchingforwaystobetterunderstandhowconnectedtwocitiesare.Byobservingthedataflowbetweenthetwocitiesrouteplannerscanimprovetheirestimationsofthenumberoflikelypassengers.Thiswayofgaugingpotentialprofitabilityofanewrouteismuchbetterthanthetraditionalwaysofestimationusedbytheindustry.Question6:Globalizationlosersarethosecountriesleftbehindintheinformationagemostlydevelopingandunderdevelopedcountries.Awell-developedtelecommunicationsinfrastructurecanhelpleadpopulationsinthedevelopingworldtowardnotonlywealthbutalsodemocracy.Phonenetworksarepowerfultoolsfordemocracyandmodernitybecauseimmigrantscallfamilymembersandfriendsabroadtodelivereyewitnessreportsunfilteredbymediaofnewwaysofliving.Question7:The“hit-drivenbusiness”referstoHollywood’sfilmbusinessinwhicheverystudiostrivestomakeblockbusterswhichmaybecomeboxofficeshits.Bythesentence“moststudiosbouncefromboxofficehittodudwithdepressionregularity”theauthorreferstothedilemmaconfrontedbymostfilm-makingcompaniesinHollywood.Inordertomakeafilmsuccessfulinrevenuetheyhavetospendhugeamountofmoneyinitsmaking.Soitisahugechallengeforthosecompaniestomakeprofits.Question8:Tobeappealingtoaudiencetoday’sHollywoodblockbusterswouldemployhugeamountofspecialeffectswhichshowfilm-makers’remarkablecreativitybutalsoareextremelycostly.BythissentenceGianopulosstressesFox’sruleinfilmmaking:creativityisimportantbutFoxsparesnoeffortsincuttingcosts.Question9:1Fox’shardballingmeasuresoncostcontrolstartwithdevelopmentwhichcostsFox10%to15%lessthanusualbecauseitholdsthelineoncostlyrewrites.2Foxrarelygivesanyoneapieceoftheprofits.3Italsosetstoughbudgetsandstickswiththem.4Foxhiredspecialiststocontrolthecostonspecialeffectsbyaskingthespecialeffectscompaniestocompetewitheachother.5Fox’ssmallbudgetfilmsarealsoverysuccessfulinboxoffices.6Foxalsocutsalotofcostsonthemarketingofafilm.Question10:Foxearnslotsofmoneybyitssmallbudgetfilms.ForexampleLittleMissSunshinewiththebudgetof$15millionwasverysuccessfulintheboxoffice.Junothecostisonly$
7.5milliongainstherevenueof$135million-plusintheUSalone.SECTION6:TRANSLATIONTESTConfuciustheancientChinesesageonceremarked“Hewhoruleslivesbymentalperplexity;Hewhoisruledlivesbyphysicallabor”.ThisremarkreflectedthedistinctdemarcationofsocialstatusintraditionalChineseculturalsettingwhichdirectlyaffectedpeople’spreferencesincareerchoosing.The“white-collar”employeesinthemodernsensearetheenvyofthesocietywhile“blue-collar”onesareunderthepressureofbeingdespiseddespitetheirsometimeshighersalaries.AsanotherpopularChinesesayinggoes“nobusinessmantradeswithoutfraud”businessmenaregenerallybelievedtobesolelyorientedtowardsprofitshunningdiscardingallothervirtuescherishedbynoblemenwhomaintainthatspiritualintegrityshouldalwaysoutweighmonetaryconsideration.Butthefastboomingsocialistmarketeconomyhastodayfashionedyoungpeople’schoiceincareerandtraditionalvalueshavegivenwaytomodernmentalitiesthoughts/consciousness.Theirprimarychoicewouldbeventuringintotheworldofbusiness.2009年3月真题SECTION1:LISTENINGTEST30minutesPartA:SpotDictationDirections:Inthispartofthetestyouwillhearapassageandreadthesamepassagewithblanksinit.Fillineachoftheblankswiththewordorwordsyouhaveheardonthetape.WriteyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.RememberyouwillhearthepassageONLYONCE.WhenAmericansthinkabouthungerweusuallythinkintermsofmassstarvationinfar-awaycountries.Buthungertoooftenlurks_________
1.In
200635.1millionpeopleincluding_________2childrenintheUnitedStatesdidnothaveaccesstoenoughfoodforanactivehealthylife.Someoftheseindividualsreliedonemergencyfoodsourcesand________
3.Althoughmostpeoplethinkofhungrypeopleandhomelesspeopleasthesametheproblemofhungerreaches_________
4.Whilethenumberofpeoplebeinghungryor_________5maybesurprisingitisthefacesofthosehungryindividualsthatwouldprobably_________
6.Thefaceofhungeris_________7whohasworkedhardfortheirentirelivesonlytofindtheirsavings_________8;orasinglemotherwhohastochoosewhetherthesalaryfrom_________9willgotobuyfoodorpayrent;orachildwhostrugglesto_________10becausehisfamilycouldntafforddinnerthenightbefore.ADecember2006surveyestimatedthat_________11thoserequestingemergencyfoodassistancewereeitherchildrenortheirparents.Children_________12toliveinhouseholdswheresomeoneexperienceshungerandfoodinsecuritythanadults.________13comparedtooneinfivechildrenliveinhouseholdswheresomeonesuffersfromhunger________
14.ChildpovertyismorewidespreadintheUnitedStatesthanin_________15;atthesametimetheU.S.governmentspendslessthananyindustrializedcountryto________
16.Wehavelongknownthatthe________17ofsmallchildrenneedadequatefood_________
18.Butscienceisjustbeginningtounderstandthefullextentofthisrelationship.Aslateasthe1980sconventionalwisdomheldthatonlythe_________19actuallyalterbraindevelopment.Thelatestempiricalevidencehowevershowsthatevenrelativelymildunder-nutrition_________20inchildrenwhichcanlastalifetime.PartB:ListeningComprehensionDirections:Inthispartofthetesttherewillbesomeshorttalksandconversations.Aftereachoneyouwillbeaskedsomequestions.ThetalksconversationsandquestionswillbespokenONLYONCE.NowlistencarefullyandchoosetherightanswertoeachquestionyouhaveheardandwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions1to5arebasedonthefollowingconversation.
1.AHerpursewasstolenonthemetro.BHerhomewasbrokenintowhenshewasvacationingCShewasrobbedonherwayhome.DShewasattackedbytwokidsonthestreet.
2.ALastweek.BOnasummerday.CTowardsevening.DLateatnight.
3.AFourdollars.BThirtydollars.CFortydollars.DThreehundreddollars
4.AShehailedataxi.BShejustwenthome.CShereportedthecrime.DShephonedherbestfriend
5.ATheyneedprosecuting.BTheyhavetobepunished.CTheyshouldgetsupervision.DTheymustbeheldresponsibleQuestions6to10arebasedonthefollowingnews.
6.AANATOnavalforcehassuccessfullyreducedpirateattacksinthatregionBAUNresolutionhasbeenpassedtostemtheupsurgeinpirateattacksonshippingCSeveralAfricancountrieshavejoinedhandstopatrolthecoast.DAnEUteamofwarshipsandaircraftwillstartitsanti-piracyoperations.
7.AToresumeatalkonimprovingitsrelationswithIndia.BTocooperatefullywithIndiainlookingintotheterroristattacks.CToactswiftlytoarrestthe10militantswhorampagedthroughMumbaiDToquickenthe5-year-oldpeaceprocessbetweenthetwonuclearrivals
8.AToseekthetemporarysuspensionofParliament.BTosignadealwiththeoppositionparties.CToformacoalitiongovernmentwiththeLiberalsDTotacklethefalloutfromthefinancialcrisis.
9.APresidentArroyohasescapedanattemptbytroopstoseizepower.BPhilippinelawmakershavevotedtounseatthecurrentpresident.CAnimpeachmentcomplaintagainstPresidentArroyowasthrownout.DAmajorityoflawmakersaregoingtoabstaininvotingovertheimpeachment
10.A$8billion.B$22billion.C$
36.9billionD$39billion.Questions11to15arebasedonthefollowinginterview.
11.AProfessionsandwaysweactuallywearBTrendsandfashionsinclothing.CFashiondesigning.DPsychologyofclothing.
12.AAnawarenessofimpressingothers.BAnurgetolooksmartandtrendy.CAconsciousactofindicatingindividualtasteDAgeneralfeelingofinsecurity.
13.APeoplewhoareabsorbedbyotherthingsBPeoplewhoaresociableandoutgoing.CPeoplewithanaggressivepersonality.DPeoplewithapreferenceforlightcolors.
14.AThecolorsofonesclothing.BThelengthoftrousersonewearsCStickingtogreyordarksuits.DWearingoutrageousclothing.
15.AYounghairdressersBPopmusicfans.CMinoritygroups.DAgeingpopstars.Questions16to20arebasedonthefollowingtalk.
16.AParticipatinginlnternetchats.BWritingandreceivingemailmessagesCPurchasingthingsonline.DDoingresearchbyclickingamouse.
17.ABecausethelnternetbindsfewerpeopletogetherthanweactuallyneed.BBecausethehyperlinksoftensendustocommercialWebsites.CBecausetheWebcantalwaysshowclearlyhowtogetwherewewant.DBecausetheWebisoftenadatabaseorganizedforcommercialpurposes
18.ATheinconvenienceofplacingorders.BThedroppingoutrateofonlineshoppersCTimewastedinfillingoutinformation.DIssuesrelatedtoprivacy.
19.ATheyarebecomingsociallyisolated.B60percentofthemspendlesstimewithfamilyandfriends.CHowlongtheystayontheWebisthemostfrequentcausefordivorceDTheynolongerhaveclosefriendsastheyusedtodo.
20.AComputersofferaperfectsystemforworkandcommunications.BTheeffectsoftheInternetonourlivesarestilldebatable.CTheInternethasrevolutionizedthewaywedothings.DWecangetinformationproductsandfriendsquicklywiththeInternetSECTION2:READINGTEST30minutesDirections:Inthissectionyouwillreadseveralpassages.Eachoneisfollowedbyseveralquestionsaboutit.YouaretochooseONEbestanswerABCorDtoeachquestion.AnswerallthequestionsfollowingeachpassageonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimpliedinthatpassageandwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Question1-5Theytreatuslikemulestheguyinstallingmywashertellsmehiseyesnarrowingashewipeshishands.Ihadjustcomplimentedhimandhispartneronthespeedandassuranceoftheirwork.Heexplainsthatitsrarethatcustomersspeaktohimthisway.Iknowwhathestalkingabout.Mymotherwasawaitressallherlifeincoffeeshopsandfast-pacedchainrestaurants.Itwashardworkbutshelikeditlikedbeingamongthepublicasshewouldsay.Butthatworkhaditsstingtoo—thecustomerwhowouldtreatherlikeaservantorherbiggestcomplaintlikeshewasnotthatbright.Theresalessonhereforthispoliticalseason:thesubtleandnot-so-subtleinsultsthatblue-collarandserviceworkersendureaspartoftheirworkinglives.Andthoseinsultsoftenhavetodowithintelligence.WeliketothinkoftheUnitedStatesasaclasslesssociety.ThebeliefineconomicmobilityiscentraltotheAmericanDreamandweprideourselvesonourspiritofegalitarianism.Butwealsohaveatroublingstreakofaristocraticbiasinournationaltemperamentandonewayitmanifestsitselfisintheassumptionswemakeaboutpeoplewhoworkwiththeirhands.Workingpeoplesensethisbiasandreacttoitwhentheyvote.Thecommonpoliticalwisdomisthathot-buttonsocialissueshavedrivenblue-collarvotersrightward.ButthereareotherculturaldynamicsatplayaswellAndDemocratscanbeasoblivioustothesedynamicsasRepublicans—thoughtheGrandOldPartydidappealtotheminSt.Paul.Letsgobacktothosetwomeninstallingmywasheranddryer.Theydoalotofheavyliftingquickly—minewasthefirstof15deliveries—andefficientlytoavoidinjury.Betweenthemthereisongoingcommunicationverbalandnonverbaltocoordinatetheliftnegotiatethetightfitmoveinrhythmwitheachother.Andallthewhiletheyareweighingoptionsmakingdecisionsandsolvingproblems—aswhenmynewdryerdidntmatchupwiththegasoutlet.Thinkaboutwhatagoodwaitresshastodointhebusyrestaurant:rememberordersandmonitorthemattendtoadynamicquicklychangingenvironmentprioritizetasksandmanagetheflowofworkmakedecisionsonthefly.Theresthecarpenterusinganumberofmathematicalconcepts—symmetryproportioncongruencethepropertiesofangles—andvisualizingtheseconceptswhilebuildingacabinetaflightofstairsorapitchedroof.Thehairstylistspracticeisamixoftechniqueknowledgeaboutthebiologyofhairaestheticjudgmentandcommunicationskill.Themechanicelectricianandplumberaretroubleshootersandproblemsolvers.Eventheroutinizedfactoryfloorcallsforworkingsmarts.WhenhasanyofthismadeitswayintoourpoliticalspeechesFromeitherparty.EvenonLaborDay.LastweektheGOPmasterfullyinvokedsomeoldculturalsuspicions:countryfolkversuscityandeast-coastversusheartlandeducation.Butthesearesymbolicpopulistgesturesnotthestuffoftrueengagement.Judgementsaboutintelligencecarrygreatweightinoursocietyandwehaveatendencytomakesweepingassessmentsofpeople’sintelligencebasedonthekindofworktheydo.Politicaltributestolaboroverthenexttwomonthswillrenderthemuscledarmsleeverolledtightagainstbiceps.Butfewwillalsocelebratethethoughtbrightbehindtheeyeorofferanimagethatlinkshandandbrain.Itwouldbefittinginacountrywithanegalitarianvisionofitselftohaveatruerrichersenseofallthatisinvolvedinthewiderangeofworkthatsurroundsandsustainsus.Thosepoliticianswhocancommunicatethatsensewilltapadeepreserveofneglectedfeeling.Andthosewhocanhonoranduseworkinexplainingandpersonalizingtheirpolicieswillfindawelcomereception.
1.ToillustratetheintelligenceoftheworkingclasstheauthorcitestheexamplesofallofthefollowingEXCEPT________.AhairstylistandwaitressBcarpenterandmechanicCelectricianandplumberDstreet-cleanerandshop-assistant
2.Inthesentenceweprideourselvesonourspiritofegalitarianismpara.3thewordegalitarianismcanbereplacedby________.AindividualismBenlightenmentCequalityDliberalism
3.Wecanconcludefromthepassagethat________.AinAmericajudgmentsaboutpeoplesintelligenceareoftenbasedonthekindofworktheydoBthesubtleandnot-so-subtleinsultstowardsblue-collarsareadailyphenomenoninAmericaCtheUnitedStatesisaclasslesssocietyDtheoldculturalsuspicionsofcountryfolkversuscityandeast-coastversusheartlandeducationshowtheRepublicanstrueengagement
4.Oneofthemajorgroupsoftargetedreadersoftheauthorshouldbe________.Ablue-collarAmericanworkersBmiddle-classAmericanbusinessmenCAmericanpoliticiansDAmericancompanyleaders
5.WhichofthefollowingsummarizesthemainideaofthepassageATheDemocraticPartyandtheRepublicanPartyshouldstopsymbolicpopulistgestures.BPoliticaltributesshouldmindthesubtlebiasagainsttheintelligenceoftheworkingclass.CTherulingpartyshouldacknowledgetheworkingsmartsofblue-collars.DThewholeAmericansocietyshouldchangetheattitudetowardstheblue-collarworkers.Questions6-10Fromcyborghousemaidsandwater-poweredcarstodogtranslatorsandrocketbootsJapaneseboffinshaverackedupplentyofnear-missesmthequesttoturnsciencefictionintoreality.NowthefinestscientificmindsofJapanaredevotingthemselvestocrackingthegreatestsci-fivisionofall:thespaceelevator.Manhassofarconqueredspacebypainfullyandinefficientlyblastinghimselfoutoftheatmospherebutthe21stcenturyshouldbringamoreleisurelyridetothefinalfrontier.Forchemistsphysicistsmaterialscientistsastronautsanddreamersacrosstheglobethespaceelevatorrepresentsthemosttantalizingofconcepts:cablesstrongerandlighterthananyfibreyetwoventetheredtothegroundanddisappearingbeyondtheatmospheretoasatellitedockingstationingeosynchronousorbitaboveEarth.Upanddownthe22000mile-long36000kmcables—orflatribbons—willruntheelevatorcarriagesthemselvesrequiringhugebreakthroughsinengineeringtowhichthebiggestJapanesecompaniesanduniversitieshaveturnedtheircollectiveattention.InthecarriagesthescientistsbehindtheideatoldTheTimescouldbeanynumberofcargoes.Aspaceelevatorcouldcarrypeoplehugesolar-poweredgeneratorsorevencasksofradioactivewaste.ThepointisthatbreakingfreeofEarthsgravitywillnolongerrequiresomuchenergy—perhaps100timeslessthanlaunchingthespaceshuttle.JustliketravelingabroadanyonewillbeabletoridetheelevatorintospaceShuichiOnochairmanoftheJapanSpaceElevatorAssociationsaid.ThevisionhasinspiredscientistsaroundtheworldandgovernmentorganizationsincludingNasa.Severalcompetingspaceelevatorprojectsaregatheringpaceasvariousgroupsvietobuildpracticalcarriagestethersandthehundredsofotherpartsrequiredtocarryouttheplan.Thereareprizesofferedbyspaceelevator-relatedscientificorganizationsforbreakthroughsandcompetitionsforthebestandfastestdesignofcarnage.FirstenvisionedbythecelebratedmasterofsciencefictionArthurC.Clarkeinhis1979workTheFountainsofParadisetheconcepthasallthebestqualitiesofgreatsciencefiction:itisbolditisaleapofimaginationanditwouldchangelifeasweknowit.UnlikethewarpdrivesinStarTrekorH.G.WellssTheTimeMachinetheideaofthespaceelevatordoesnotmesswiththelawsofscience;itjustpresentsaseriesofveryverycomplexengineeringproblems.Japanisincreasinglyconfidentthatitssprawlingacademicandindustrialbasecansolvethoseissuesandhasevenputtheastonishinglylowpricetagofatrillionyen£5billiononbuildingtheelevator.Japanisrenownedasagloballeaderintheprecisionengineeringandhigh-qualitymaterialproductionwithoutwhichtheideacouldneverbepossible.Thebiggestobstacleliesinthecables.ToextendtheelevatortoastationarysatellitefromtheEarthssurfaceworldrequiretwicethatlengthofcabletoreachacounterweightensuringthatthecablemaintainsitstension.Thecablemustbeexceptionallylightstaggeringlystrongandabletowithstandallprojectilesthrownatitinsideandoutsidetheatmosphere.Theansweraccordingtothegroupsworkingondesignswilllieincarbonnanotubes—microscopicparticlesthatcanbeformedintofibresandwhosemassproductionisnowafocusofJapansbigtextilecompanies.AccordingtoYoshioAokiaprofessorofprecisionmachineryengineeringatNihonUniversityandadirectoroftheJapanSpaceElevatorAssociationthecablewouldneedtobeaboutfourtimesstrongerthanwhatiscurrentlythestrongestcarbonnanotubefibreorabout180timesstrongerthansteel.PioneeringworkoncarbonnanotubesinCambridgehasproducedastrengthimprovementofabout100timesoverthepastfiveyears.Equallythereistheissueofpoweringthecarriagesastheyclimbintospace.WearethinkingofusingthetechnologyemployedinourbullettrainsProfessorAokisaid.Carbonnanotubesaregoodconductorsofelectricitysowearethinkingofhavingasecondcabletoprovidepowerallalongtheroute.JapanishostinganinternationalconferenceinNovembertodrawupatimetableforthemachine.
6.Cyborghousemaidswater-poweredcarsdogtranslatorsandrocketbootsare________.AsomeoftheillusoryimaginationsofJapanesescientistsandtechnologistsBtheinventionsJapanesescientistsarestillmakingonthebasisofsciencefictionCsomeoftheexamplesofinventionscreatedinsciencefictionDafewexampleswhichwillleadtotheinventionofthespaceelevator
7.AllofthefollowingwouldbethefeaturesofthecablesofthefuturespaceelevatorEXCEPTthattheywouldbe________.A22000mileslongBexceptionallylightC180timesstrongerthansteelDmadeoffibrescurrentlyavailable
8.Accordingtothepassagetheideaofthespaceelevator_______.AwasfirstsuggestedbyH.G.WellsinhisTheTirneMachineBwasbasedonthewarpdrivesfromStarTrekbyArthurC.ClarkeCwasfirstproposedbyArthurC.ClarksinhisTheFountainsofParadiseDwastheimaginationofscientistsfromtheJapanSpaceElevatorAssociation
9.AccordingtothepassagehowistheideaofthespaceelevatordifferentfromsomeotherimaginationsinsciencefictionAItisinagreementwiththelawsofscience.BItislessfunctionalbutmoreexpensive.CItiseasiertolaunchthanotherspacevehicles.DItismoreessentialforthespaceelevatortobreakfreeofEarthsgravity
10.Ifcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat________.AsciencefictionstimulatesthedevelopmentofspacescienceBsciencefictionusuallydoesnotfollowthelawsofscienceCsciencefictionhasgreatlychangedlifeasweknowitDsciencefictionwillneverequaltheresearchofspaceexplorationQuestions11-15WhentheBritishartistPaulDayunveiledhisninemetre-highbronzestatueoftwoloverslockedinanembraceatLondonsbrandnewStPancreasInternationalstationlastyear-itwaslambastedaskitschoverblownandtrulyhorrific.NowabriefglimpseofanewfriezetowraparoundaplinthlotTheMeetingPlacestatuehasbeenrevealeddepictingdream-likescenesinspiredbytherailways.PassengersarrivingfromthecontinentwillbegreetedwithaseriesofimagesincludingaTubetraindrivenbyaskeletonasabeardeddrunkswaysprecariouslyclosetothepassingtrain.Anothershowstheattemptedsuicideofajiltedlovertinderatrainreflectedinthesunglassesofafellowpassenger.Anothersectionrevealsawomaninshortskirtwithherlegswrappedroundherloverwhiletheywaitforthenexttrain.OtherlesscontroversialpartsoftheterracottadraftfriezedepictssoldiersleavingontrooptrainsfortheFirstWorldWarandtheevacuationofLondonsundergroundnetworkaftertheterrorattacksof7July
2005.UntiltheunveilingofTheMeetingPlacelastyearDaywholivesinFrancewasbestknownfortheBattleofBritainmemorialonEmbankment.Hisnewfriezelookssettobeareturntothesortofcrammedbronzemontagesthathasmadehimsowellknown.Daysaidhewantedthenewplinthtoactastheyingtothelargerstatuesyang.Formethissculpturehasalwaysbeenabouthowourdreamscollidewiththerealworldhesaid.Thecouplekissingrepresentanidealaperfectdreamrealitythatultimatelywecannotobtain.Thesameistrueoftherailways.TheywereadreamcometrueanincrediblefeatofengineeringbuttheyalsobroughtwiththemmechanizedwarfareBlitzkrieganddeath.DayisstillworkingonthefinalbronzefriezewhichwillbewrappedaroundthebottomoftheplinthinJunenextyearbuthesayshewantsthe50millionpassengersthatpassthroughStPancraseveryyeartobeabletogetupcloseandpersonalwiththefinalproduct.Thestatueislikeasignposttobeseenandunderstoodfromfarawayhesaid.Itssizeismeasuredintermsofthestationitself.Thefriezeontheotherhandisintendedtocapturethegazeofpassers-byandleadthemonashortjourneyofreflectionsabouttravelandchangethatechoestheirpresenceinStPancrasaddingaverydifferentexperiencetoTheMeetingPlacesculpture.BrushingasidesomeofthecriticismleveledathisworkthathascomparedittocartoonsorcomicstripsDaysaidhebelievedhisworkwouldstandthetestoftime.Allthecrapthatwashurledatthesculpturewasjustthatcraphesaid.ThereactionfromthecriticswassostrangelyhostilebutIbelievetimewilltellwhetherpeoplenottheartpresswillvaluethepiece.Whenpeoplecriticizemyreliefsforlookinglikecomicstripstheyhavegotthewrongendofthestick.Throughouttheagesmanhasbeentellingstoriesthroughaseriesofpictureswhetheritsstainedglasswindowssculpturesorphotojournalism.MyfriezesarepartofthattraditionStephenJordanfromLondonandContinentalRailwayswhichcommissionedthepiecesaid:TheMeetingPlaceseekstochallengeandhasbeenwellreceivedbyvisitorswholovetophotographit.InadditionitperformsanimportantrolewithinthestationbeingvisiblefromprettymuchanywhereontheupperlevelofStPancrasInternationalanddoingexactlywhatwasplannedmakingtheperfectmeetingplaceforfriends.
11.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutTheMeetingPlacesculptureAIthasbeencompletedwiththerebuildingoftheStPancrasInternationalstationBItislocatedatLondonsnewStPancrasInternationalstation.CIthasbeendesignedbytheBritishartistPaulDay.DItisaninemetre-highbronzestatueoftwoloverslockedinanembrace.
12.Thewordlambastedfromthesentenceitwaslambastedas‘kitsch’‘overblownandtrulyhorrificpara.1canbeparaphrasedas________.AapplaudedBevaluatedCcriticizedDslandered
13.WhenPaulDaysaysbuttheytherailwaysalsobroughtwiththenmechanizedwarfareBlizkrieganddeathpara.5hemeansthat________.AwithoutrailwaystherewouldbenomechanizedwarfareBlitzkrieganddeathBrailwaysledtomechanizedwarfareBlitzkrieganddeathCthebuildingofrailwayscameinthewakeofwarfareBlitzkrieganddeathDthebuildingofrailwaysshowsthattechnologyalsohashorribledestructive
14.WhenPaulDaysaysthattheythecriticshavegotthewrongendofthestickpara.8hewastellingusthat________.AtheyshouldnotbesohostiletohiscreationBtheyarewrongtocomparehiscreationtocartoonsorcomicstripsCtheydonotgettheessenceofhisfriezesDtheyshouldknowmoreaboutthetraditionofhumanstorytelling
15.AccordingtoPaulDayTheMeetingPlacesculptureisintended_________.AtodisplaythecontroversialworldofthepastcenturyBtodemonstratehowtheyingandtheyangaccommodatieeachotherCtopicturethelifeofLondonpeopleduringthosewaryearsDtoshowhowhumandreamscomeintoconflictwiththerealworldQuestions16-20BritainsomewhatproudlyhasbeencrownedthemostwatchedsocietyintheworldThecountryboasts
4.2millionsecuritycamerasoneforevery14peopleanumberexpectedtodoubleinthenextdecade.AtypicalLondonermakesanestimated300closed-circuittelevisionCCTVappearancesadayaccordingtotheBritishnonprofitsurveillanceStudiesNetworkanaverageeasilymetintheshortwalkbetweenTrafalgarSquareandthet-lousesofParliament.Publicopiniononthisstaleofaffairsisgenerallypositiveaccordingtorecentpolls.AndhowusefulisCCTVinbustingbadguysNotmuchaccordingtoScotlandYard.Intermsofcostbenefittheenormousexpenditurehasdoneverylittleinactuallypreventingandsolvingcrime.RightunderBigBrothersnoseanewclassofguerrillaartistsandhackersarecommandeeringtheboringgrainyimagesofvacantparkinglotsandemptycorridorsfortheirownpurposes.Forabout$80atanyelectronicssupplystoreandsometechnicalknow-howitispossibletotapintoLondonsCCTVhotspotswithasimplewirelessreceiversoldwithanyhome-securitycameraandabatterytopowerit.Dubbed“videosniffing”thepastimeevolvedoutofthedaysbeforebroadbandbecamewidelyavailablewhenwar-chalkersscoutedthecityforunsecuredWi-Finetworksandmarkedthemwithchalkusingspecialsymbols.SniffingiscatchingoninotherpartsofEuropespreadbyasmallbutgloballyconnectedcommunityofpractitioners.ltsactuallyareallyrelaxingthingtodoonaSundaysaysJoaoWilbertamastersstudentininteractivemediawhoslowlypacesthestreetsinLondonlikeatreasurehuntercarefullywatchingatinyhandheldmonitorforsomethingtoflickerontothescreen.Theexcursionspickupobscurerandomshotsfromtheuppercoinersofrestaurantsandhotellobbiesorofayoungcoupleshoppinginahousewaresdepartmentnearby.Eerilybabycribsarethemostcommonimages.Wirelesschildmonitorsworkonthesamefrequencyasothersurveillancesystemsandarealmostneverencryptedorsecured.Giventhatsniffingisillegalsomeartistshavefoundanotherwaytoobtainsecurityfootage:theyaskforitinaletteralongwithacheckfor£
10.inmakingherfilmFacelessAustrian-bonaartistManuLukschmadeuseofalittle-knownlawincludedwithinBritainsDataProtectionActrequiringCCTVoperatorstoreleaseacopyoftheirfootageupontherequestofanyonecapturedontheircameras.Withinthemaximumperiodof40daysIreceivedsomerecordingsinmymailsaysLuksch.AndIthoughtWowthatworkswell.Whynotmakeafeaturelengthscience-fictionlovestoryAfterfouryearsofperformingstaginglargedanceensemblesinpublicatriumsandsubmittingtheproperpaperworkLukschproducedahauntingbeautifullychoreographedfihnandsocialcommentaryinwhichtheoperatorshaveblockedouteachandeveryperformersfaceincompliancewithBritainsprivacy:laws.TheDuelistsoneofthemorewellknownCCTVmovieswasshotbyfilmmakerDavidValentineentirelywiththesecuritycamerasinamallinManchester.Hewasabletocajolehiswayintothecontrolboothfortheprojectbutheisalsocreditedwithhavingadvancedvideosniffingtoanartformandsocialtool.He’scollaboratedwithMediaShedanorganizationbasedinCouthend-on-SeajustoutsideLondonthatworkswithhomelessyouthusingsniffingasawaytogaintheirinterestandre-engagethemwithsociety.Insomecasesvideosniffinghasmorphedintoaformofhackinginwhichthesnifferdoesmorethanjustwatch.Usingatransmitterstrongenoughtooverridethefrequencythatmostcamerasusesnifferscanhijackwirelessnetworksandbroadcastdifferentimagesbacktothesecuritydesk.MostsniffershijackersandartistsusingCCTVarecriticalofthepresentlevelofsurveillancebuttheyrealsointerestedinestablishingadialogueaboutwhatistypicallyasecretivearrangement.TheabilitytotapintowirelesssurveillancesystemsandlakethemoverpointsOutaflawintheelaboratesecurityapparatusthathasevolvedaroundtisAsanthropologiststellustheactofobservationchangeswhatsbeingobserved.CamerasreordertheenvironmentsaysGrahamHarwoodartisticdirectorofthegroupMongrelwhichspecializesindigitalmedia.ThatsespeciallytrueofsaturatedLondon.Likeflashmobsandwifipicningbothlargespontaneousgatheringsofpeoplecenteredaroundcommunicationstechnologysniffingandhijackingcouldbecomethenexthigh-techsocialphenomenon.Ofcourseitwilllikelydisappearquicklyoncethesurveillanceindustrycatchesontotheshenanigansandbeefsupitssecurity.Butthecameraswillremain.
16.WhichofthefollowingcanbestbeusedasatitletorthepassageAUnderBigBrothersNoseBWatchingtheWatchersCSecurityandSurveillanceIndustryDBritainsPrivacyLaws17AccordingtoScotlandYardthesurveillanceapparatusestablishedinBritain________.AmustbefurtherexpandedandperfectedBhasplayedlittleroleinactuallypreventingandsettlingcrimeCwillturnBritainintoatotalitarianstateunderthenoseofBigBrotherDhasdemonstratedtheefficiencyofhigh-technologyinmaintainingsocialsecurity
18.TheauthorintroducestheAustrian-bornartistManuLukschtotellusAhowBritainsDataProtectionActcanbemademorepopularamongthepublicBhowtoobtainsecurityfootagethroughillegalmeansChowtocomplywithBritainsprivacylawsinobtainingsecurityfootageDhowshemadeherfilmFacelesslegallywithrecordingsreceivedfromCCTV
19.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutDavidValentinesCCTVmovieTheDuelistsAItwasmadethroughtheartisticuseofadvancedvideosniffingtechnique.BItwasbasedonthestoriesofthosehomelessyouthinManchester.CItwasshotwiththesecuritycamerasinamallinManchester.DItwasproducedthroughcollaborationwithMediaShedbasedinSouthend-on-Sea.
20.Inwritingthelastparagraphofthepassagetheauthorwastryingtotellthereadersthat________.ApeopleusevideosniffingandhijackingtomakefulluseofwirelesssurveillancesystemBvideosniffingandhijackingisthemaintrendemergingwiththedevelopmentofcommunicationstechnologyCvideosniffingandhijackinghasbecomethenewhigh-techsocialphenomenonDwiththefurtherperfectionofsurveillanceindustryvideosniffingandhijackingwillmostprobablydisappearsoonSECTION3:TRANSLATIONTEST30minutesDirections:TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.In-statetuition.FordecadesitwastheoneadvantagebigstateschoolshadthateventheIvyLeaguecouldntmatchintermsofrecruitingthebestandthebrightesttotheircampuses.Butthesedaysthatsnolongernecessarilythecase.StartingthisSeptembersomestudentswillfindaHarvarddegreecheaperthanonefrommanypublicuniversities.HarvardofficialssentshockwavethroughacademialastDecemberbydetailinganewfinancial-aidpolicythatwillchargefamiliesmakingupto$180000just10%oftheirhouseholdincomeperyearsubstantiallysubsidizingtheannualcostofmorethan$45600forallbutitswealthieststudents.Themovewasjustthelatestinwhathasamountedtoafinancial-aidbiddingwarinrecentyearsamongtheU.S.seliteuniversities.ThoughHarvardsisthemostgeneroustodatePrincetonYaleandStanfordhavealllaunchedsimilarplanstocaptuitioncontributionsforstudentsfromlow-andmiddle-incomefamilies.IndeedstudentsonfinancialaidatnearlyeveryIvystandagoodchanceofgraduatingdebt-freethankstoloan-eliminationprogramsintroducedoverthepast5years.Andotherexclusiveschoolshavefollowedtheirleadbyreplacingloanswithgrantsandwork-studyaid.Andseveralmoreschoolsarejoiningtheno-loanclubthisfall.Evenmoreschoolshavetakenstepstoreducedebtamongtheirneedieststudents.SECTION4:LISTENINGTEST30minutesPartA:Note-takingandGap-fillingDirections:Inthispartofthetestyouwillhearashorttalk.YouwillhearthetalkONLYONCE.Whilelisteningtothetalkyoumaytakenotesontheimportantpointssothatyoucanhaveenoughinformationtocompleteagap-fillingtaskonaseparateANSWERBOOKLET.YouwillnotgetyourTESTBOOKandANSWERBOOKLETuntilafteryouhavelistenedtothetalk.HowisurbanizationnegativelyaffectingoursocietyGrowing_________1isassociatedwithurbanism.Urbanism________2urbanviolencepoliticalinstabilitycrimeand_________3behavior.Italsoperpetuatespovertyand_________4thetraditionalfamilystructure.Otherproblemsincludefailing_________5safetytransportationhousingeducationandelectricity._________6aremuchhigherinurbanareas.Withdivorceratesrising_________7isbecomingmoreofaproblemthanbefore.Peopleare_________8byracereligiouspractices_________9heritageaswellaseconomicandsocialstatus.Thisoftencreatesmuch_________10andprejudicebetweensocialgroups.Thiscancausephysicalormentaldamagetoindividualsor_________
11.Thegovernmentassumesmajor_________12fordevelopmentattemptingtomeetrapidlyincreasingdemandsfor_________13housingtransportationandemployment.Buttheyarenotableto_________14alltheproblemsinurbanareas.Americahashiredapproximately_________15moreteachersinthelastfewyearsthanhavebeenhiredinthepastbuttheincreaseinpopulationkeepsthe_________16justaslarge.Duetothe_________17inurbanareasandthelackof_________l8opportunitythecrimerateisstillahugeproblem.Theproblemsinurbanareasarefarmore_________l9thancanbehandledinany_________20efforts.PartB:ListeningandTranslationI.SentenceTranslationDirections:Inthispartofthetestyouwillhear5Englishsentences.YouwillhearthesentencesONLYONCE.AfteryouhaveheardeachsentencetranslateitintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.12345II.PassageTranslationDirections:Inthispartofthetestyouwillhear2Englishpassages.YouwillhearthepassagesONLYONCE.AfteryouhaveheardeachpassagetranslateitintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Youmaytakenoteswhileyouarelistening.12SECTION5:READINGTEST30minutesDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagesandthenanswerINCOMPLETESENTENCESthequestionswhichfolloweachpassage.UseonlyinformationfromthepassageyouhavejustreadandwriteyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions1-3IwantthisnewschoolyeartobeagoodoneformystudentsastheylearnabouteverythingfromcalculustoShakespearetofailure.Thatsright.Failure.Weallneedtofailalittle.Infactthesecretofsuccessmightjustbethat.ConsiderthepathofHenryDavidThoreau.BymanyaccountsThoreauwasafailure.Folksthoughtheshouldhavebeenacivicleader.Hecouldhavebeenadoctoralawyerateacher.Hemightevenhavemadecongressmanorgovernor.InsteadtheHarvardmanseemedtospendmostofhistimeloafinginthewoodsnearhishometownovernearWaldenPond.Everyonejustscratchedtheirheadsandwonderedwhysuchapromisingyoungfellowwasntasuccess.ImnotsuggestingthatmystudentsdropclassesforthewoodsbutitsimportanttorememberthatideasonsuccessvaryevenintheseenlightenedtimesSomemeasuresuccessbythesizeofthecarheorshedrivesotherspointtothewidthoftheirwalletorthenumberofbathroornsintheirhouse.ThetroubleisbythatwayofthinkingAmericabecomesthelandofnumbersandthehigherthenumberthegreaterthesuccess.Baseballsnumbershelpustorememberthatfrequentfailurecanbeconsideredasuccess.Playerswhoroutinelyfailtogetahit7outofevery10at-batsareconsideredAllStars.Buttheyarereallystarsbecausetheylearnfromtheirmistakes.Thelessonsoffailureareanimportantpartofthecurriculumofsuccess.Welearnfromthem.Theypushustodobetter;theyteachushumility.AsteacherIexpectstudentstorevisetheirworktobuildonthefailureofthefirstdrafttoachieveclarityandinsightinthefinaldraft.Thatsagoodmodelformostthingsinlife.Partoftheproblemthoughisthatweliveinacountryobsessedbyresults.InschoolitistheAstudentwhogetsalltheperkseventhoughgettinganAdoesntalwaysmeasurehown-inchapersonreallyknows.Asareiconsofhonor.Fsarebadgesofdefeat.WeidealizeiconsandlookuptoheroessuchasGeorgeWashingtonorJohnGlenn.Yetweshouldntdiscounttheheroeswholaboroutsidethelimelight.Thosearethemenandwomenwhoquietlygoaboutthebusinessofraisingafamilyandtakingcareoftheirneighbors.Themostadmirableareoneswhoinventtheirownsuccess.Theyknowhowtoseizethemomentandletthechipsfallwheretheymay.Theyknowthatthebestwaytomeasuresuccessisbylivingeachdaytothefullest.Truesuccessisgivingsomethingback.Andyoudonthavetohavealotinthewallettoauainit.Therearemanypeopleyoungandoldwhogivebackbyservinginliteracycampaignsandsoupkitchens.Asmyfatherusedtosay:Makesureyouleavetheworldabelierplacethanitwaswhenyouenteredit.AtleastcleanupafteryourselfThebeginningoftheschoolyearisagoodtimetostartreorientingourselves.Itsagoodtimetoseeourfailuresinanewlight.AfterThoreaudiedin1862hismentorRalphWaldoEmersonlamentedthatHenryhadntblossomedintoagreatleaderofthenation.Hisbookswerelittlereadhisideasseemedskewed.Andyetlessthan100yearslaterDr.MartinLutherKingJr.pointedtoThoreausessayCivilDisobedienceasoneofthesparksthatignitedthecivilrightsmovementandprofoundlyshapedAmericansociety.Notabadlegacyforafailure.
1.WhoisHenryDavidThoreauWhydoestheauthormentionHenryDavidThoreauatthebeginningofthepassageandattheendofthepassageagain
2.ExplaintheauthorsstatementAmericabecomesthelandofnumberspara.
4.
3.WhatisyourunderstandingoftheauthorsstatementTruesuccessisgivingsomethingbackpara.8Questions4-6Sixty-threeyearsafterU.S.forcesvanquishedtheJapaneseandplantedtheStarsandStripesatopIwoJimasMountSuribachitheremoteoutpostintheVolcanoIslandsisthefocusofanotherpitchedbattle.ThistimefilmdirectorsClintEastwoodandSpikeLeearesparringovertheaccuracyofEastwoodstwofilmsabouttheclashFlagsofOurFathersandLettersfromIwoJima.Leehasclaimedthatbysoft-pedalingtheroleofAfricanAmericansinthebattleEastwoodhaswhitewashedhistory.ClintEastwoodmadetwofilmsaboutIwoJimathatranformorethanfourhourstotalandtherewasnotoneNegroactoronthescreenLeesaidlastmonthattheCannesFilmFestival.InhisversionofIwoJimaNegrosoldiersdidnotexist.Eastwoodbristledatthecharge.Hasheeverstudiedhistory[African-Americansoldiers]didntraisetheflaghecounteredinaninterviewwiththeBritishnewspapertheGuardian.If1goaheadandputanAfrican-AmericanactorintherepeopledgoThisguyslosthismind.EastwoodalsosuggestedLeeshouldshuthisface.Thatdidntgodownsowell.EastwoodisnotmyfatherandwerenotonaplantationeitherLeefumed.Imnotmakingthisup.Iknowhistory.Historyasitturnsoutisonboththeirsides.LeeiscorrectthatAfricanAmericansplayedakeyroleinWorldWarIIinwhichmorethan1millionblackservicemenhelpedtoppletheAxispowers.HeiscorrecttooinpointingoutthatAfrican-AmericanforcesmadesignificantcontributionstothefightforIwolima.Anestimated700to900AfricanAmericanstrainedinsegregatedbootcampsparticipatedinthelandmarkbattlewhichclaimedthelivesofabout6800servicemennearlyallMarines.RacialprejudiceshuntedblacksintosupplyrolesinIwoJimabutthatdidn’tmeantheyweresafe.UnderenemyfiretheybravedperilousbeachlandingsunloadedandshuttledammunitiontothefrontlinesandweatheredJapaneseonslaughtsontheirpositions.“Shellmortarandhandgrenadesdon’tknowthedifferenceofcolor”sayspositions.“Shellsmortarandhandgrenadesdon’tknowthedifferenceofcolor”saysThomasMcPhatteranAfrican-AmericanMarinewhohauledammoduringthebattle.“Everybodyouttherewastryingtocovertheirbuttstosurvive.”ButEastwood’sportrayalofthebattleisalsoessentiallyaccurate.FlagsofOurFatherszeroesinonthesoldierswhohoistedtheU.S.flagonMountSuribachi.NoneofthesixservicemenseeninJoeRosethal’sfamousphotograph—theiconicimagedepictsthesecondflag-raisingattempt:thefirstwasn’tvisibletootherU.S.troopsonIwoJima—wereblack.Eastwood’sotherfilmLettersfromIwoJimaistoldlargelyfromtheperspectiveofJapanesesoldiers.Eastwoodisalsocorrectthatblacksoldiersrepresentedonlyasmallfractionofthetotalforcedeployedontheisland.ThatmaybetruebutitisnotenoughtoplacateYvonneLarrytheauthorofabookaboutAfrican-Americanveterans.GiventhehazardsoftheirmissionandthevirulentracismtheyenduredMcPhattersayshehastoexecutehismissionwithoutgivingorderstowhitetroopseveniftheywereneeded--Lattyarguesthatblacksoldierswarrantmorethanfleetinginclusioninthefilm.ChristopherPaulMooreauthorofabookaboutblacksoldiersinWorldWarIIpraisesEastwoodsrenderingofthebattlebutlamentsthelimitedroleitaccordsAfricanAmericans.Withoutblacklaborhesayswewouldveseenamuchdifferentendingtothewar.AddsLatty:ThewayAmericalearnshistoryunfortunatelyisthroughmovies.EastwoodpoignantlymemorializedaheroicchapterinAmericanwarfare.Butusingawider-anglelensmighthavebroughtintosharperfocusagroupoftenelbowedtohistorysfringes.
4.WhatisthedebatebetweenfilmdirectorsClmtEastwoodandSpikeLee
5.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysayingthathistoryasitturnsoutisonboththeirsides.para.
46.WhatdoweknowabouttheopinionsofthetwoauthorsYvonneLattyandChristopherPaulMooreQuestions7-10JoshCorlew’sgrocerybilliszero.ThefurnitureinhisNashvillehomedidn’tcosthimanythingeither.HisfridgeTVandmicrowave—allfree.It’sbeentwoyearsnowsincehelastboughttheingredientsforhissignaturesausagedish.Corlewa26-year-oldnonprofitmanagerhaseffectivelydroppedoutofConsumerNation.Hegoesshoppinginthedisposableculture’sgarbageinstead.CorlewispartofagrowingnumberofAmericansforwhomgettingstuffforfreeisnexttogodliness.Yesmosteveryoneiscuttingback.Butthesefolkslakefrugalitytoitsextreme.IncitieslikeNewYorkandwealthysuburbslikeGrossePointeMich.andPianoTexitispossibletolivelikeakingwelladukeanywayoutofadumpster.SushicashmeresweatersevenApplecomputers--allforthetaking.WereusedtofulfillingmostofourneedsthroughthemarketplacesaysSyracuseUniversitycultureprofessorRobertThompson.Butnowwithtechnologythereisaccesstomorethatisfreethaninanytimeinthehistoryoftheworld.Asyoumightexpectthetreemovementisheavyonidealism.Nonemoresothantheso-calledfleegans.TheybelieveAmericasconsumersocietyisinherentlycorruptandwastefulandtheywantnopartofit.Skepticsmightseeanothermotiveatwork:Freegansdontpayforanything.Corlewwhoprefersthetermconsciousconsumeroverfreeganinsistshisbindivingordumpsteringisasmuchawaronwretchedexcessasanythingelse.ThisisaboutdistancingmyselffromtheconsumerismofAmericasaysCorlew.Everytimewebuysomethingweresayingwesupportthesystemthatbroughtitabout.AlexiAhrenswholivesnearMinneapolisislessidealisticabouthersecrethobby.Itsalittlebitofadventureinsuburbiashesays.Ahrens33doesherroundsbetween2and3a.m.andscavengesforfoodclothingandfurnituresheoncefoundaTiffanylampbutgaveittoaneighbor.Morerecentlysheturnedherdumpsteringintoakindofbusiness.Whenhercomputertechnicianjobatafinancial-planningfirmbecamepart-timeAhrenswentintooverdrive.Shestartedhauntingcorporateloadingdocks.Ataphoto-processingfactorythatwasclosingshefoundlate-modelprocessingequipmentcomputersandunusedofficesupplies.AhrenssoldthemoneBayfor$
2000.NotbadrightButwhatifyoudontwanttoclimbintoagiantgarbagecantogetyourfreegroceriesorbarelyusedPCMaybeFreecycleismoreyourthing.ACraigslist-typeWebsiteFreecycleletspeoplepostitemstheydontwantandonestheydo.Giveawayshaveincludedeverythingfromacampingtrailertoapairofrats.Freecyclenowhas6millionmembersinternationallyandsinceWallStreetimplodedithasbeenregistering50000moreeachweekupfrom25000previously.FreecycleandtheFreegansareamongthefastest-growinggroupsonYahoo!ManyoftheadherentsofthefreemovementsaytheygotthethrifttraitfromtheirDepression-eraforebears.Imapenny-pincher.IworkhardformymoneyandIwantittolastaslongaspossible”says58-year-oldRogerLatzgowhobuilthisPennsylvaniahomeentirelyofmaterialshefoundforfree.“Iwantedtofreemyselffromtheweightofamortgagetherootofwhichbythewaymeansdeath.”ThinkthissoundscrazydearmanagerThefreemovementisalreadystartingtoinvadetheworkplace.AtYahooFreecycleevents—whereemployeesswaptheirstuff—arealltherage.TheyhavefeaturedplentyofPradaclothesoriginalEameschairs—evenfounderDavidFilo’ssmellyAdidassneakers.
7.Explainthesentence“Hegoesshoppinginthedisposableculture’sgarbageinstead.”para.
18.Whatisthe“freemovement”introducedinthepassageWhydoestheauthorsaythat“freemovementisheavyonidealism”para.
39.AccordingtothepassagewhatisthemajordifferencebetweenJoshCorlewandAlexiAhrensintheirattitudestowardsAmerica’sconsumerism
10.Whatdoesthesentence“Thefreemovementisalreadystartingtoinvadetheworkplace.”para.8meanSECTION6:TRANSLATIONTEST30minutesDirections:TranslatethefollowingpassageintoEnglishandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.人们通常喜欢听好听的话,一听到拂耳之言就容易产生不悦甚至愠怒一个人特别是身居要职的人要能够心悦诚服地倾听逆耳之言并从中获得智慧,就需要容忍和大度的雅量,而这往往依赖于人们的心性修养和对人性缺陷的克制;否则,就会给善于运用花言巧语和投其所好的人提供可乘之机,并伤害直言不讳的忠诚之人在理智上,人们大概愿意接受“兼听则明,偏信则暗”、“忠言逆耳利于行”等一类古老的真理,或者乐于信服老子说的“美言不信,信言不美”的哲理但在行为上,人们又容易背离这些古训,不愿意听或听不进“逆耳”之言,最终犯下严重的过失参考答案SECTION1:LISTENINGTESTPartA:SpotDictation
1.inourbackyards
11.48percentof
2.
12.4million
12.aretwiceaslikely
3.someexperiencedhunger
13.Oneintenadults
4.farbeyondhomelessness
14.andsomefoodinsecurity
5.attheriskofhunger
15.otherindustrializedcountry
6.mostshockyou
16.pullitschildrenoutofpoverty
7.theoldercouple
17.mindsandbodies
8.wipedoutbyunavoidablemedicalbills
18.todevelopproperly
9.herminimumwagejob
19.mostsevereformsofmalnutrition
10.concentrateonhisschoolwork
20.producescognitiveimpairmentPartB:ListeningComprehension
1.C
2.D
3.A
4.B
5.C
6.D
7.B
8.A
9.C
10.A
11.D
12.D
13.B
14.B
15.C
16.A
17.C
18.D
19.A
20.BSECTION2:READINGTEST
1.D
2.C
3.B
4.C
5.D
6.B
7.D
8.D
9.A
10.A
11.A
12.C
13.D
14.C
15.D
16.A
17.B
18.C
19.B
20.BSECTION3:TRANSLATIONTEST州民学费,数十年来是大规模的州立大学所拥有的一大优势,各州立大学籍此吸引众多品质优良、天资聪慧的莘莘学子,在这方面,即使是长春藤盟校也无法与之比肩但近年来,情况已经全然不同从今年九月起,部分学生会发现,从哈佛大学拿一个学位所需的花费也许比许多公立大学还要低去年十二月,哈佛的管理者们出台了一份详尽的学费资助政策,规定年总收入在18万美元以下的家庭,只需支付其年总收入的10%作为自己孩子的学费即可,由此,除了那些来自极为富裕的家庭的学生以外,哈佛大学的学子每人每年所获的学费补贴可高达45600美元这一政策在美国学界引起一阵轩然大波美国顶级大学近几年来竞相出台学费资助计划,并在幅度上相互比拼,哈佛这一政策不过是其中最新的一步哈佛的政策可算是至今为止最为慷慨的,不过普林斯顿、达特茅斯、耶鲁和斯坦福都启动了类似的计划,限制好了来自中低收入家庭学生们的学费上限事实上,由于过去五年中所推行的学费贷款减免计划,每个长春藤盟校的学生,如果他是接受学费资助的,都很有可能在毕业时无债一身轻其他的高收费学校也纷纷效法今年秋季更多的学校会加入减免学费贷款的行列还有更多的学校已经采取措施逐步减轻家境困难的学生们学费贷款的压力SECTION4:LISTENINGTESTPartA:Note-takingAndGap-filling
1.population
11.society
2.promotes
12.responsibility
3.aggressive
13.education
4.breaks
14.repair
5.sanitation
15.50%
6.products
16.classrooms
7.delinquency
17.overpopulation
8.segregated
18.employment
9.ethnic
19.serious
10.tension
20.short-termPartB:ListeningandTranslationI.SentenceTranslation1我认为父母对我的影响是最大的,在我家里不崇拜物质财富、地位和权利从小父母教给我重视诚实、公正和为他人考虑2创新犹如竹笋,竹笋要在地下生长许多年,然后像幼苗一样把头抬,飞速窜高3我强烈认为一个人所取得的成功归于态度如果我有一个员工,他天资聪慧但是态度极差,我不会在他们身上浪费时间的4个人贷款纪录、成千上万破产和利率下降,经济学家和银行家已经警示,加拿大人面临的金融危机危机会进一步影响到经济增长5欧洲,2007有26%的5至9岁的学生在校学习电脑,但是并没有多少试验结果能够表明电脑对于孩子的认知和情感发展是否有影响II.PassageTranslation1如果你需要做演讲或报告,记得要把你要讲内容的结构和要点对听众讲清楚不要害怕解释和总结你的主要论点以便于让观众听明白为了让听众听听得开心,可以在合适的时候穿插幽默或者用佚事或对比把自己的观点讲清楚太抽象和理论性的东西如果听久的话可能会让听众觉得单调无聊大家选了主题后,我们在这个问题上可以进一步讨论2根据卫生部最近发布的一份报告显示,已经有十三个州的成人肥胖人口比例超过1/4和去年的报告相比,内华达是唯一一个肥胖率有所下降的州总体来说,成人肥胖率已经从1985年的15%上升到2007年的32%超重和肥胖的人口总地加起来占美国成人总人口的64%儿童中的肥胖率在以惊人的速度上升,在过去二十年中已经至少增长了三倍SECTION5:READINGTESTQuestion1:HenryDavidThoreauisasuchapromisingyoungfellowthatmanypeoplethinkhewouldhavebecomeacivicleaderadoctororlawyerifhedidn’tspentmostofhislifeloafinginthewoodsnearhishometown.HisteacherisRalphWaldoEmerson.AlthoughHenry’sideasseemedskewedDr.MartinLutherKingspokehighlyofhisessay“CivilDisobedience”./TheauthormentionedHenryisbecausehebelievesfailureissometimesthesecretofsuccessandHenrywasbymanyaccountsconsideredafailurebutMartinLutherattributedhiscivilrightsmovementtoHenry’sideaswhichshowsHenryisnotarealfailure.Question2:ThissentencemeansAmericansaretendingtomeasuresuccessbymaterialthemorematerialonepossessesthemoresuccessfuloneis.Question3:Truesuccessisnotmeasuredbytheamountofmoneyormaterialbutethicprogress.Thoselivingeachdaytofullestordoingvoluntaryworkarerealsuccessorsandtheywillgetaward.Question4:ThedebateisabouttheaccuracyofEastwood’stwofilmsinwhichLeeclaimedthatEastwoodhaswhitewashedhistorybylesseningtheroleofAfricanAmericansoldiers.Question5:BothEastwoodandLeearecorrectashistoryproves.AfricanAmericansplayedanimportantroleinWWIIandAfricanAmericanforcesmadesignificantcontributionstothefigthtforIwoJima.Eastwood’sdepictionofthebattleisalsoaccuratebecauseblacksoldiersrepresentedonlyasmallfractionofthetotalforcedeployedontheisland.Question6:Lattyarguesthatblacksoldiersplaysamoreimportantrolethanwhatfilmsdescribed.ButunfortunatelyAmericanslearnhistorythroughmovies.ChristopherthinksEastwood’sfilmmemorializedaheroicchapterinAmericanwarfarebutitfailedtoreflectAfricanAmerican’srealroleinthebattle.Question7:ThesentencemeansinsteadofgoingtoshopsJoshcangetwhatheneedsfreeofchargebysearchingthegarbage.Question8:Freemovementreferstogettingstuffforfreebysearchingdumpedorwastefulgoods./BecausethoseadvocatingfreemovementbelieveAmericanconsumersocietyisinherentlycorruptandwastefulandtheydon’twanttogetinvolvedsotheywanttokeepfarawayfromtheconsumerismofAmerica.Question9:ComparedwithJoshAlexiislessidealisticaboutfreemovement.ShetakesitasahobbyorfunnotasseriousasJosh.Question10:Theideaoffreemovementhasalreadystartedtoinfluenceworkplace.Inotherwordsmoreemployersandemployeeshavegotusedtothisgetting-stuff-for-freeculture.SECTION6:TRANSLATIONTESTToenjoypleasantcomplimentshuman.Onceencounteredwithoffensivewarningsorcriticismswemaybesourorevenresentful.Foranybodyespeciallythoseofsuperiorstatustolistentofaithfulbutoffensivewarningsorcriticismsandtogainwisdomoutofthemtakeselegancetoleranceandnobilityflowingoutofafinely-cultivatedpersonalityandthestoicalcurbofhumanweaknesses.Otherwisevillainsequippedwithsoothingflatteriesmaysqueezeintotheloopholesofourdefensewhilemenwithintegritymaybewrongedfortheirboldfrankness.Ourmindsaregenerallyguardedbyoldproverbssuchas“benightedbeingmisledbyone-sidedopinionenlightenedbydifferencevoices”or“truthhurtsbuthelps”.“Embellishedwordsarenottruewhiletruewordsarenotembellished”anenlighteningquotationbyLaoZiarenownedancientChinesephilosopherisalsowidelyaccepted.Butinrealitythesetime-honoredmottosarealwaysignored.Ourunwillingnessorevenreluctanceinlisteningto“offensive”wordsfinallyleadstodisastrousmistakes.。