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2010年高考英语语法精要讲解名词
1、在句子里使用名词应注意的问题 名词的数单数、复数和不可数; 名词的格通格和属格’s 名词的限定特指、泛指、数量和习惯用法,即名词前加冠词或 其它限定词,例如somemanythismy等
2、名词的数和单位词 1复型名词+复数动词 Thetrousersaretoobigforme.Pleaseshowmethesmallerpair. 备用词shoesstockingsglassessocks NOTICE:Apairofglassescostsquitealot. 2复型名词+单数动词 A.ThenewsonTVisseldomsatisfying. 备用词mathematicsphysicspoliticsmeansworkstheUnitedStates B.Twentymilesisalongwaytowalk. 备用词fivepoundstwofeetsixweeks 3集合名词+复数名词 Thepolicehavesurroundedthebuilding. Cattlearesellingforrecordprice创记录. 备用词theenemythepeople NOTICE:表示由若干人组成的集合体的单数词常可作复数用, 但若把这个集合体看作整体就用作单数: Myfamilyarewonderful.Theydoalltheycanforme. Thefamilywhichnowconsistsoffourmembersatmostissmallerthanitusedtobe. 4不可数名词作可数的情况 A.部分不可数名词可以有下列情况 aan+adj.+n. Itlookslikerain.athirstyforknowledge求知欲 aheavyrainHehasagoodknowledgeofpolitics. 备用词snowbreakfastwineoileducation B.口语特例特定场合 AOnebeerplease. Twoteasandfourcoffeesplease. 5既是可数又是不可数的名词 Ibrokeaglassthismorning.杯子 Glassismadefromsand.玻璃 备用词paper/apaperlight光/alight灯; ice冰/anice冰激凌chicken鸡肉/achicken雏鸡 6单位词 A.个数 apieceofinformationfurnitureadvice… B.以形状表示个数 agrainofriceaflightofstairs C.容量 aboxofmatchesacupoftea D.计量 ametreofclothatonofcoal E.其它 anewsetoftoolswiresteethrules
3、名词的格 1’s的用法 A.与时间有关的名词 anight’ssleeptenminutes’walk NOTICE:atwo-hourwalk=twohours’walk B.和else连用 bookcanthisbe A.Whoelse’s B.Whoseelse C.Who’selse D.Whoseelse’s A C.‘s修饰的词,如果前面提到,可省略 ThisisJack’sbooknotTom’s. ThisbookisJack’snotTom’s. D.表示店、铺、家、诊所等,‘s后面的名词省略 attheGreen’shouseatthedoctor’soffice 2OF结构表示所有关系 A.无生命的名词用of thepriceofthesuccess B.有生命的名词被一个短语或从句修饰而表示所有关系时用of Can’tyoulookatthebookoftheboybehindyou 3双重所有格 ‘s与of结构并用,此时of结构所修饰的名词前通常有aantwosomethat等 MissSmithisafriendofMary’smother’s. thatbrotherofthegirl 4名词+名词名词用作形容词 A.单数名词+名词 ashoeflowershopticketoffice NOTICE:thetailor’sshop B.复数名词 + 名词 sportsmeetclothesshopwomenpilots数词
1、数词在使用时应注意的问题 易错数词 年月日及介词 计算用词 和数字相关的词
2、综合 1数字表达 123856709 onehundredandtwenty-threemillioneighthundredandfifty-sixthousandsevenhundredandnine 2年月日 inthemorning;onthemorningofSeptember1; inSeptember;in1988;onSeptember1onthefirstofSeptember
3、计算 + Sixandfiveisareeleven. Sixhundredplusfortyisequalssixhundredandforty. - Fourfromsevenisleavesthree. Sixhundredminusonehundredequalsfivehundred. X16x11=176 Sixteentimeselevenismakesonehundredandseventy-six. ÷9÷3=3 Ninedividedbythreeequalsthree.
4、dozenscore A.threedozeneggs;threedozenoftheseeggs;dozensofeggs B.threescoreyears;athreescoreofpeople;scoresoftimes
5、小数,分数,百分比引导的短语作主语时的主谓一致问题. 分数和百分数引导的短语作主语,其谓语动词的数应根据分数和百分数后面的名词来确定.如果是可数名词的复数,其谓语动词用复数形式;如果是不可数名词或单数可数名词其谓语动词用单数形式. Morethan40percentofthestudentswearglasses. 70percentodthefund资金wassuppliedbytheGovernment.
6、“一个半...”的表达法. onepoundandahalfoneandahalfyears冠词
1、冠词应注意的问题 习惯用法 同一名词前不同名词的比较
2、不定冠词 1成对的名词此类名词间常有一种自然的联系 aknifeandfork 2amost+n.“非常“ Thisisamostbeautifulcountry. 3aan与one之区别 A.数字对比用one Itwasonecoffeeweorderednottwo. B.对比 Aknifeisnogood. 刀子不行 Oneknifeisnogood. 一把刀子不行 C.通用 aonemillionaonequarter 4aan与every之比较: threetimesayear; twiceeverythreeyears 5惯用法 A.Whatasurprise!Whatalovelydress! quiteanicedayratheragoodidea suchafunnyexpression B.toocoldadayHowlovelyadress! sostrangeapersonasgoodamapas
3、定冠词 1普通名词组成的专有名词theGreatWalltheSummerPalace 2江河、海洋、山脉、群岛、海峡、海湾thePacificOcean 3the+adj.-ing;-ed A.指一类人,谓语用复数 Theoldarebeingtakengoodcareof. B.指一类事,谓语用单数 Thebeautifulisnotalwaysthesameasthegood. 4用在radiopianotelephone方位、次序、自然现象rain、身体 部位前Hehatesthetelephone. 5被定语从句、介词短语、副词短语、不定式短语等修饰的名词前 Theboywhoyouarelookingforinbluetherestandingthere dressedinblueisastudent.
4、零冠词 1街道、广场、节假日、季节、月份、星期、棋类、球类等 NationalDay NanjingRoad 2职位充当补语、同位语时 Hewaselectedheadmasteroftheschool. 3成对出现的成语 arminarm手挽手handinhand手牵手facetoface sidebyside肩并肩dayandnightyoungandold fromdoortodoorfrommorningtillnightfrombeginningtoend
5、冠词比较 1gotoschoolhospitalchurch;inprison强调用途 gototheschoolvisittheprison强调建筑物本身 2I’llgotherenextFriday.以说话时间为准 In1989hewas28andthenextyearhewas
29.以所给时间为准 3byairplaneboat… inaspaceshiponthebikeonthebus 4Openthewindowtoletinfreshair.泛指 Theairintheroomisnotfresh.特指 5beattable beatthetable 6acupofcoffee Twocoffeesplease.Ilikewhitecoffee. Thisisaverygoodcoffee.ThecoffeeonthetableisTom’s. 7Mr.Whiteiswaitingtoseeyou. AMr.Whiteiswaitingtoseeyou. TheMr.Whiteyouarelookingforiswaitingtoseeyou. 8Ahorseisausefulanimal.Thehorseisausefulanimal. Horsesareusefulanimals. 9thebestseasonoftheyearthebesttimeofyear.人称代词
1、多个人称代词的排列顺序
①youandI
②heandI
③youandhe
④youheandI
⑤youtheyandwe情况多
2、It的用法
①代替thisthat That’sabookisn’tit
②做某动作的人或婴儿 ---Someoneiscoming.Whocanitbe ---ItmaybeJack. It’salovelybaby.Isitaboyoragirl
③表示时间、距离、自然现象 It’s20milestofromParis.
3、简略回答中用sonotit的情况
①肯定答语中,下列动词后面常用so: thinkhopebelieveI’mafraidItseemsappearsetc. ---Isittruethathehadaheartattack ---I’mafraidso./Ibelieveso./Itseemsso.
②否定答语中用not: ---HasAnnegotintouniversity ---I’mafraidnot./Ithinknot./Itseemsnot.
③协力动词中也可以用not…so: believethinksupposeexpectetc Idon’tbelieveso./Idon’tthinkso.
④do代替上下文动词,并且表示一个已完成的动作时, do后常用so/it: ---Pleaselaythetable. ---I’vejustdonesoit.指示代词 thatoneit的区别
①one代替可数名词,表示泛指;theone表示特指;that代替不可数名词,表示特指;它们都可以代替前面提到的同一类事物;it指前面提到的同一事物 ●Thereisanoldengineerandayoungonehere. ●Hisattitudetomeisthatofafriend. ●I’velostmypen.HaveyouseenitHaveyoulendmeone
②the/this/that/these/those+adj.+one/ones I’lltryonafewoftheseshirts.Pleasepassmethatwhiteone.
③theone后面可以接介词短语或定语从句 ●Theboyinyourclassistallerthantheoneinourclass. ●Theskirtthatshemadeherselfismorebeautifultowearthan theonethatsheboughtlastyear.
④one不能代替前面提到的不可数名词 Don’tusepowderedmilk.Usethisfreshmilk.不可用freshone
⑤thoseones ●Thesemachinesarebetterthanthosewemadelastyear. ●---I’dlikeapoundofapples. ---Whichones ---Theredones. ●---Whydon’twetakealittlebreak ---Didn’twejusthaveNMET2000 A.it B.that C.one D.this C物主代词
1、名词性物主代词可作主语、表语、宾语,不能作定语 Thisismycup.Yoursistheonethat’sgreen. Thesethingsaremine.Thosearetheirs.
2、名词性物主代词与of结构连用 Thatbrotherofyourslookshealthy. Heisanoldfriendofmine.
3、下列结构用the代替物主代词 HepulledJackbythehairarm. Hewaswoundedintheleg. Hewasblindintherighteye.反身代词、
1、加强语气可前可后 Theheadmasterspoketomehimself. →Theheadmasterhimselfspoketome. Tomfeltthathekneweverybody’sbusinessbetterthantheyknewit.NMET1996 A.themselves B.oneself C.itself D.himself A
2、own反身代词无所有格形式,用own表达 I’dlovetohavemyownroom/aroomofmyown.不定代词
1、everyeach
①every指时间:everyotherday everythreedays=everythirdday
②each放在复数主谓语之间: Weeachhaveabook.
③each放在句尾: Shegaveherchildrenanappleeach.
2、some-any-every-no-
①作单数看:Isthereanyoneherewhoisadoctor
②不与of连用: 不说 someoneof;nooneof.etc 可说someoneof;noneofetc.
③+adj./todovt.:Isthereanythingformetositon
④+else:Thisisn’tmine.It’ssomeoneelse’s.
3、someany
①表示请求、建议的问句用some Wouldyoulikesomemorecoffee
②some+n.singl. Youwillrealizeitsomeday.
③any在肯定句中表示任何一个无论哪个 Anychildcananswerthat. Givemeaplate.Anyoneplatewilldo.
④anysomeof+ 限定词 + n. someoftheoilanyofmywater
4、bothall
①常用于助动词或情感动词后,但在简答中放在前面 ●Thegirlsarebothready. ●---Areyouready---Yeswebothallare.
②放在作宾语的宾格代词后面 Hegavesometousallboth.
③all单独用,指人时谓语用用复数;指物时谓语用单数 ●Allislost. ●Allarehere.
5、eitherneither
①either…or;neither…nor作主语,谓语的使用是邻近原则 NeitherhenorIamgoingtoLondon.
②作定语,修饰单数名词 NeitherEitherbookissatisfactory.
6、anothertheothertheothers
①another 另外的,另一个的 Pleaseshowmeanotherone. Doyouneedanothercup
②another+ 基数词few+ n. Ineedanotherthreedays.threemoredays
③theother+n.theother theothersixpersons/theothers/theotherday
7、afewalittle
①few的搭配 ●Wehadagoodfewletterthismorning很多. ●Notafewletterswerewrittentothemagazines.不少 ●---Howmanydoyouwant ---Justafewplease.不多 quiteafew相当多 onlyafew只有几个,几乎没有
②little的搭配 ●There’sonlyalittlesoupleft. ●---Howmuchdoyouwant ---Justalittleplease.
8、muchmany
①much/fartoomuchfartoomany Yoursongotmuchfartoomuchpocketmoney. Therearefartoomanyaccidentsatthiscrossing.
②much修饰 ●形容词和副词的比较级或最高级 ●比较级+不可数名词 There’smuch/farlesswaterintheriverthanusual. many修饰“比较级+可数名词复数” Therearemany/farmorepeoplethanIexpected.
9、全部否定与部分否定
①全部否定用词 neithernothingnoonenobodynone
②not与allbotheveryevery-连用时表示部分否定 Notallhisworkissuccessful.形容词
1、多个形容词得排列顺序 限定词冠词、物主代词、所有格、序数词+基数词+描述性形容词+大小新旧+颜色+产地+物质材料、用途+名词 abeautifulnewreddress alittlebrownbox
2、系动词+adj.除be外的其它连系动词 Thecakelooksgoodbutittastesawful.
3、subj.+be+adj.+todovt. Themaniseasytogetalongwith. Thebedistoosmallforhimtolieon.
4、Itiswas+adj.+offorsb.todosth. 下列形容词后用of:goodkindnicebraveclevercarelessfoolishsillystupidcrueletc. 其它形容词后用for
5、themoreofthetwo Heisthestrongerofthetwobrothers.
6、倍数 threetimesasbigas Thisroomistwicebiggerthanthatone. threetimesthesizeof
7、比较级和最高级的被修饰
①比较级可以被下列词修饰muchfaranyevenstillratheralittlealotabitnobyfar It’snouseaskingme.Idon’tknowanymorethanyou.
②最高级可以被下列词修饰muchtheverybyfar ThiscakeoughttobegoodbecauseIusedtheverybestbutter副词
1、程度副词quiteratherfairly ★quite:不修饰比较级,但:Heisquitebetter. ●表示程度,和可显示程度的词连用,如oldinterestingpolitetiredetc. ●类似completely完全地和absolutely绝对地,和下列词连用, 如perfectimpossibledifferentetc. 此时,可修饰adj.adv.v.等. Thejobisquiteimpossible. That’snotquitewhatIwant. ★rather:可与比较级及too连用 ratherolderrathertoomanypeople ●ratherthan 表示选择,“宁愿前面不愿后面” I’dprefertogoinAugustratherthaninJuly. Idecidedtowriteratherthantotelephone. ●orrather 表示“更确切地说“ I’llmeethimorratherI’llaskhimtomeetme. ★fairly 不可与比较级连用,与积极意义的词连用 ●强弱程度的顺序 very→rather→quite→fairly→not Thisfilmisverygood.rathergood胜过多数影片; quitegood值得一看;fairlygood勉强还可以看看
2、频度副词oftenusuallyalwayseverneverseldomhardly等放在行为动词前、系动词及助动词后 Heisalwaysmakingajoke. ●neverhardlyseldom等放在句首时,用倒装 NeverhaveIseenanythingsowonderfulasthat. ●简答中频度副词放在助动词及系动词前 ---Heislateagain.---Yeshealwaysis.
3、toomuchmuchtoo ●toomuch
①+不可数名词,意思“太多” Idrankfarmuchalotalittlerathertoomuchbeerlastnight.
②作adv. Youworktoomuch.
③作pro. Toomuchwashappeningallatonce. ●muchtoo+adj.“实在太…” Youaremuchtookindtome.
4、形近词 ●
①deep/deeplydeepintothenightthewoodsthefuture bedeeplymovedhurtsorrydeeplyregret
②late/lately/later/latestarrivecomelate Whathaveyoubeendoinglately
③near/nearlygocomelivenearnearlyfinishedmidnight
④loud/loudly/aloud ●--adj.--adv. anearlytrainafastdriverhardworkadeephole arriveearlydrivefastworkharddrinkdeep.介词
1.be+adj.+prep. begoodatbeafraidofbeanxiousaboutofbekindtobefitforetc.
2.be+v.-ed+prep. besatisfiedwithbeworriedaboutbesurprisedatbepleasedatby
3.v.+prep. agreewithto/onapologizeforarriveatinbelieveindependon
4.v.+n.+prep. payattentiontotakepartinmakeuseofhaveawordwith
5.v.+adv.+prep. goonwithgoinforgoaheadwithkeepupwithmakeupfor
6.prep.+n.+prep. inchargeofintimeofinplaceofontopofattheendedgeof
7.outof+n. outofbreathoutofcontroloutofdateoutofsightoutofworkorder
8.n.+after+n. hourafterhouryearafteryearbattleafterbattledefeatafterdefeat
9.n.+by+n. stepbystepsidebysideonebyone
10.n.+to+n. facetofacehearttoheart
11.n.+in+n. handinhandarminarm
12.from+n.+to+n. fromsidetosidefromplacetoplacefromdoortodoor
13.a+n.+of abitofagreatdealofafewofadropofalineof
14.with+n. withalonghistorywithsatisfactioncarewithpleasurewithone’shelp
15.on+n. onatripjourneyonavisittoonfireonbusinessonsaleonwatch ontheteamonshowondutyonfoot
16.without+n. withouthelpwithoutmercywithoutdelay
17.in+n. insilenceindangertroublesurprisefearinhighspiritsinlovereturn
18.as+n. asamatteroffactasaruleasawhole
19.by+n. bynowthenbyhandbymistakebythismeansbychancebytheyear
20.at+n. atseaatsunsetatChristmasatthedoctor’satthestationatatime
21.for+n. foramomentforatimeforeverforexample
22.to+n.…+to toone’sdelightjoysurprisetotheeastwesttotherightdueto thankstoaccordingtotothisday.基本句型 英语的五种基本句型结构 主语+不及物动词SV 主语+连系动词SVC 主语+及物动词+宾语SVO 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语SVOD 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语SVOC
1.S+V Heworks.Heisstudying.
①主语 + 谓语vi.+状语从句 Thesunsetsinthewest.Hewentnowhere
②主语 + 谓语vi.+名词短语 Wehadcomealongway.Hewaitedfortwoyears.
2.S+V+C Heisastudent/inyellow/there…
①主语+be+表语 表语由下列词充当名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词短语、动名词、从句等
②主语+其它连系动词+表语 这些连系动词包括appearcontinuefeelgo变成keeplie处于…状态lookproveremainseemsmellsoundstaytastebecomecomefallgetgrowturn Boblaysick. Hisdreamcomestrue.
3.S+V+O Anideastruckme.
①主语 + 谓语v.+prep + 宾语 Itdependsontheweather.备用词actasagreeon/with/to arriveinatcomeacrossbaseonbreakintosufferfromleadto prefertothinkoffireatreachforquarrelaboutworryabout
②主语 + 谓语v.+adv. + 宾语 Ithoughtovertheplan.Ithoughtitover. 备用词bringoutupthinkoutturnoffonoutdowngivein NOTICE:●v+adv.+prep. getalongwithadduptodoawaywith breakawaywithkeepupwithgoaheadwithgothroughwith ●v.+n.+prepmakeuseofmakefunofcatchsightof takecareoftaketheplaceoftakealookattakepridein
③主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 介词 + 宾语 Theteacherpunishedhimforbeinglate. Congratulatehimonhissuccess. Comparethiswiththat.
4.S+V+O+D间接宾语由代词和名词充当
①主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 Willyoulendmeyourpenplease Sheboughthimmanytoys.
②主语+谓语+直接宾语+介词+代词或名词 Willyoulendyourpentomeplease Sheboughtmanytoysforhim. 备用词paygivehandsellpassofferexplainsingleave
5.S+V+O+C宾语和宾补之间的关系有两种●主表关系; 主谓关系宾语可由形容词、副词、介词、动词不定式充当 主表
①Ifindthebookinteresting.主谓宾+形容词
②Isawhimthere. 主谓宾+副词
③Ifoundthebookonthedesk. 主谓宾+介词
④Weelectedhimmonitor.主谓宾+名词 主谓
①Theysawthethiefrunningaway.主谓宾+现在分词
②Wheredidyouseehimknockeddown 主谓宾+过分词
③Whatmakesyouthinkso 主谓宾+动词不定式It句型
1.It+be+adj.+forsbtodosth→sth+be+adj.+todo ItisnoteasytolearnEnglish.Englishisnoteasytolearn. 备用词difficultnecessaryimportantquickhardetc.
2.It+be+adj.+ofsbtodosth→sb.+be+adj.+todosth ItwasfoolishofTomtosellsuchasuitasthattoamillionaire. Tomwasfoolishtosellsuchasuitasthattoamillionaire. 备用词wisecleverbrightkindnicesillystupidcrueletc.
3.Ittakessb+sometime+todosth→sbspendstimeindoingsth Ittookhimtwodaystofindtheelephant. Hespenttwodaysinfindingtheelephant.
4.Itisnousedoingsth. Itisnouseregrettingyourpastmistakes. 备用词nogooduselessetc.
5.Itcostssb.+money+todosth Itcostthem36000francstobuythenecklace. →Thenecklacecostthem36000francs. Theyspent36000franconthenecklace. Theyspent36000francsinbuyingthenecklace. Theypaid36000francsforthenecklace. Theyboughtthenecklacefor36000francs.
6.It+be+adj.n.+that-clause Itisveryclearthathe’sroundandtalllikeatree. Itisapitythatshehasmadesuchamistake. 备用词naturalsurprisingtruewonderfuletc.
7.It+be+adj.+that-clauseshoulddosth Itisnecessarythatheshouldbepresentatthemeeting. 备用词strangeimportantimpossble
8.It+be+p.p.+that-clause itissaidthathehasbeenillforyears.Heissaidtohavebeen… 备用词reportedknownbelieveddecidedannouncedetc.
9.It+be+p.p.+that-clauseshoulddosth. Itisdemandedthatthehomeworkshouldbefinishedatonce. 备用词orderedsuggestedrequiredrequestedetc.
10.Itseems+that-clause→sb.+seems+todosth. Itseemsthattheyaretalking.Theyseemtobetalking. 备用词happen
11.Itis+sometimesince-clause→sb.has+p.p.+fortime Itisthreeyearssincehecamehere.Hehasbeenhereforyears.
12.Itis+被强调部分+thatwho Itisthroughstrugglethatwelearnthistruth.
13.It+betime+forsth/todosth./that-clause Itistimeforsupper.Itistimetohavesupper. Itistimethatweshouldhavesupper. Itistimethatwehadsupper.
14.It+be+long时间段+before-clause Itwillnotbelongbeforeweturnourhopeintoreality.
15.Itisjustlikesb.todosth. 该句型为“某人恰恰是这个样子”用来表示赞扬或不满,若用否定式,则表示怀疑 It’slikehimtoleavetheworktoothers. 他就是这样的一个人,把工作推给别人 Itisn’tlikehimtohavesaidanythinglikethat.他可不是说出那种话的人
16.Itisuptosb.todosth. 该句型为“该由某人做”该句型中up后的to是介词There Be结构
1、主谓一致 Thereisapenandtwobooksonthedesk.
2、反意问句 Thereusedtobeawellthereusedn’t/didn’tthere
3、各种时态 Therewillbeafilmthisafternoon. Thereisgoingtobealecturetomorrow. Therehavebeengreatchangeinourcitysince
1988.
4、therebe中的非谓语形式 Therearealotofstudentswaitingoutside. Therewereelevenpeoplekilledinthisaccident. There’ssomeoneatthedoortoseeyou. Therebeingnobuswehadtowalkhome.
5、含情态动词 Theremustmaymightberaintomorrow. Thereoughttobenotrouble
6、与其它动词连用 Thereseemstobeareasonforchangingtheirplan. Therearelikelytobemoredifficultiesthanexpected. Therehappenstobenobodyintheroom. Idon’twanttheretobeanytrouble.
7、there+v. Theregoesthebell. Onthehilltherestandsahouse.
8、Thereisnodenyingthefact+that从句不可否认的...... 例句不可否认的,我们的生活质量已经每况愈下 Thereisnodenyingthefactthatthequalitiesofourlivinghavegonefrombadtoworse.主谓一致原则
1、oreither…orneither…nornotonly…butalso连接并列主语时,谓语与邻近主语一致 NotonlyshebutalsoIamgoingthere.
2、aswellastogetherwithalongwith连接并列主语时,谓语与前面主语一致 Dr.SmithtogetherwithhistwosonsisgoingParis.
3、therebe中主语并列时,可随紧挨be的词一致或用复数 Thereisareaboyandtwogirlsintheroom. NOTICE:Thereisapairoftrousershere.
4、bothmanyseveralfew作主语时,谓语用复数 Fewareherethismorning.
5、时间、距离、重量、金钱等的复数作主语,当整体看,谓语用单数 Twofeetisn’tlongenough.
6、and连接并列主语的情况
①Myfatherandmotherareawayonbusiness.
②TheworkerandwriterisfromParis.
③TheworkerandthewriterarefromParis.
④BreadandbutterisadailyfoodintheWest.
⑤EveryEachNodeskandeveryeachnochairismadeofwood.
⑥oneandahalf后面应接复数名词,但其谓语动词应用单数
7、the+adj.-ing-ed表示一类人,谓语用复数;表示一类事物,谓语用单数 Therichgetricherandthepoorgetpoorerinmanycountries.
8、NeitherofEitherofEachof作主语,谓语用单数 Neitherofthemisadriver.
9、any-every-some-no-作主语,谓语用单数 Iseverybodyhere
10、动词不定式、动名词、主语从句作主语,谓语用单数 Toseeistobelieve. WhatIhavedoneiswhatIshoulddo.
11.allofsomeofanyofmostofnoneofplentyofpercentofhalfof等作主语,根据of后的词决定 thehousesareonshow. Mostof theworkhasbeendone. thestudentsaregirls. Ninetypercentofthemoneyishers.
12.kindof+n.由kind决定 Thiskindofapplesisverygood. →Applesofthiskindareverygood.
13.Such倒装 Suchiswhathesaid.→Sucharehiswords.
14.eastwestsouthnorth的倒装 Eastofthecityisliesalake.are/lietwolakes
15.强调句中It’sIwhoamgoingtoJapan.
16.定语从句中Iwhoamastudentwillbeadoctor.
17.agreatdealofalargeamountofalargequantityofalotof+不可数名词,谓语动词用单数
18.anumberofalargequantityofalotof+可数名词的复数,谓语动词用复数但thenumberof+主语,其谓语动词用单数
19.代词noneneither作主语时,主要根据说话人的意思来决定
20.一些只有复数形式的词作主语时clothestrousersshoes...,谓语动词应用复数形式;但前面有apairof修饰时,则用单数
21.关系词whothatwhich引起的定语从句中的谓语动词应该与先行词在数和人称取得一致但oneof+复数名词+that从句从句的谓语动词应用复数,而theonlyoneof+复数名词+that从句,从句的谓语动词应用单数
22.以what引起的主语从句theresttheremainder等引起的主语,谓语动词按意思一致的原则处理时态的综合问题 在说或写一句话时,通常要选择一个中心时态,这个中心时态影响其它时态,即时态要前后一致 以“现在”为中心若开始叙述或描述着眼于“现在”,则常以“现在”为起点,从而会出现一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时或一般将来时连用的情况 Ourpostmanusuallydeliversourarrivalat7everymorning.Itbenearlylunchtimeandthemailstillnotarrive.Isupposethemailcomesoon.Perhapshebeill.ishasn’tarrivedsupposewillcomeis 以“过去”为中心若着眼于“过去”,则常以“过去某时”为基点,从而出现一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时和过去完成时连用的情况 Welivedinthestreet.Theybuildhousesallaroundusthen.Webetherefor10yearsandimaginewestaytherefortherestofourlives.werebuildinghadbeenimaginedwouldstay一般现在时
1、所有或任何时候都发生的动作或情况,即重复发生的动作 ---Howoftendoesshevisitherparents ---Twiceamonth.
2、永恒的真理 Summerfollowsspring.
3、
①在条件或时间状语从句中 I’llletyouknowassoonashegetsthere.
②讨论计划和时间表或日程表时 Weleaveat11:15andarriveat17:50tomorrow.
4、固定词组如Isee明白、Ihear听说、Ithink认为、想、Ifeel感觉以引出已经了解的情况 Iseethere’ssometroubleinLondon现在进行时
1、说话时正进行的动作或情况 Someone’sknockingatthedoor.Canyouanswerit
2、发展中的或正在改变的情况 Theweatherisgettingbetterandbetter.
3、任何时候都可能在进行中的事情 Idon’tliketobedisturbedifI’mworking. Youlooklovelywhenyou’resmiling.
4、表示将来
①可用下列词gocomearriveleavestart He’sarrivingtomorrowmorning.
②通过一个表示将来的的时间状语 Whatareyoudoingthisevening
5、现在进行时与一般现在时的对比
①现在进行时用来谈论暂时的情况,一般现在时用来表示永久的情况,或经常发生的事情或习惯 He’snotworkingveryhardatthemoment.目前工作不努力 Hedoesn’tworkveryhard.通常工作不努力
②讲故事、评论事情、解说体育运动等用一般现在时来叙述故事中一件又一件发生的事情 Harrisonshootsbuttheballhitsthepostand Jacksonclear. 哈里森射门,但是球碰倒柱子上,接着杰克逊解了围一般将来时
1、用willshall表示
①决定谈及正在作出的一项决定时,常用I’ll----Iwill,不能用begoingto因为它表示事先就已经作出的决定 ---Thephone’sringing.---I’llanswerit. ---Cometoaparty.---OK.I’llbringmyfriend.
②威胁和允诺第一人称用will‘ll;第二人称用shall I’llhityouifyoudothatagain. HeshallhaveagiftforChristmas.
③提议和请求用ShallI…/Shallwe…表示提议; 用Willyou…表示请求 ShallIcarryyourbagWillyougivemeahand
④Iwill/Wewill表示有强烈意图、提议、坚持或自愿做某事;不能用shall Iwillstopsmoking---Ireallywill.
2、用begoingto表示
①已经决定要做的事情 We’regoingtoFrancenextsummer.
②现在肯定讲会发生的事情 Lookatthoseclouds---it’sgoingtorain.
③强烈的决心 I’mgoingtokeepaskingheroutuntilshesaysyes.
3、用beabouttodosth表示最近的将来,“正要”,“马上就要” Iamabouttoleavewhenthereisaknockatthedoor.
4、用betodosth表示预定要做的事情 TheFrenchPresidentistovisitJapannextweek
5、begoingto与will/shall的对比
①都可以表示预言 Doyouthinkthecarwillstart/isgoingtostart
②讲到条件时即如果一事发生,另一事也就发生,用will/shall对将来进行预测,不用begoingto,即使条件没有说出来 IfIgiveyoumoneyyou’llonlyspenditondrink. ---Comeoutforadrink. ---NomyTVprogram. A.I’mgoingtomiss B.I’llmiss B现在完成时
1、开始于过去并将持续到现在的动作,常与下列词连用for…since…recentlylatelysofarallthisyearuptillnowetc. I’veplanted14treessofarthismorning. ---Howareyoutoday ---OhIasillasIdonowforalongtime. A.didn’tfeel B.don’tfeel C.wasn’tfeeling D.haven’tfelt DNMET2000
2、在过去某个不确定的时间发生的动作,但与现在有某种联系,因为我们所关心的是“现在”还存在着“过去”发生某事的结果,常和下列词连用ever问句或肯定句,already肯定句never否定句yet问句或否定句before ---myglasses ---YesIsawthemonyourbedaminuteago. A.Doyousee B.Hadyouseen C.Wouldyousee D.Haveyouseen NMET86D eg.1--Haveyoupassedyourtest --Yes. --Whendidyoupassit --IpasseditLastweek. 2—Haveyoupassedyourtest --Notyet. --Whenwillyoupassit --Nextweek. 对比Haveyouseenthisfilm曾经经过 Didyouseethisfilm某特定时间
3、可表示反复性或习惯性,常与oftenthreetimes等词连用 I’vewatchedhimonTVseveraltimes.
4、终止性动词可用完成时,但不能和forhowlong等时间词连用,此时常用替换词 Thisfilmhasbegun Howlonghasthisfilmbeenon beginborrowcomediebeonkeepbeherebedead joinbuyleave beinhavebeaway
5、其它和现在完成时连用的词:justinwithinthepastlast+时间段; 对比Hehasjustfallendownstairs. Hefelldownstairsjustnow.
6、特殊结构
①Thisisthefirstmost/only+n.+that-clause ThisisthebestfilmIhaveeverseen.
②It’s+时间段+since-clause从句用过去时 It’stwoyearssincehedied. Hehasbeendeadfortwoyears. Hediedtwoyearsago.
7、现在完成时与现在完成进行时 现在完成进行时强调动作延续到未来或仍在进行. I’vewrittenanarticle.已完成 I’vebeenwritinganarticle.还在写一般现在时
1、所有或任何时候都发生的动作或情况,即重复发生的动作 ---Howoftendoesshevisitherparents ---Twiceamonth.
2、永恒的真理 Summerfollowsspring.
3、
①在条件或时间状语从句中 I’llletyouknowassoonashegetsthere.
②讨论计划和时间表或日程表时 Weleaveat11:15andarriveat17:50tomorrow.
4、固定词组如Isee明白、Ihear听说、Ithink认为、想、Ifeel感觉以引出已经了解的情况 Iseethere’ssometroubleinLondon一般过去时
1、过去已经完成的动作、结束的事情,或在过去重复发生的动作 WhenIwasachildwealwayswenttotheseasideinAugust.
2、usedto:表示过去的习惯,现在不存在 IusedtosmokebutIdon’tanymore.
3、用在it’stimewouldratherwish后面的从句中 It’stimeyouwenthome. IwishIhadabettermemory. I’dratheryoucametomorrow.
4、在从句中用来说明现在还存在着“过去”的情况 I’msorryweleftParis.Itwassuchaniceplace.
5、couldmightwouldshould等“过去”的情态动词可用来指现在或者将来 Couldyouhelpmeforamoment Ithinkitmightrainsoon. Wouldyoucomethiswayplease Aliceshouldbeheresoon.
6、一般过去时与现在完成时在时间上的比较
①现在完成时所用的时间词:sinceeversincefor…recentlylatelysofaryetallthisyearallmylifeeverneveralreadybeforejustin/duringthelast/past+时间段etc.
②一般过去时所用的时间词yesterdaylastweekin1999whenyearsagothenjustnowetc.过去进行时
1、过去某时正发生的事情 Whatwereyoudoingyesterdayatsevenp.m.
2、在一个句子里,过去进行时常与一般过去时连用,此时,进行时表示较长的正在进行的动作,而一般时表示较短暂的动作或事情 ThephonerangwhileIwashavingmybath. WhenshearrivedIwastelephoningHarry. WhenshearrivedItelephonedHarry.到后做 ThereportersaidthattheUFOwastravelingtowestwhenhesawit.
3、可用while强调同时进行的两种或几种动作 WhileIwasworkinginthegardenmywifewascookingdinner.过去完成时
1、过去发生的两个动作,先发生的用过去完成时 WiththeirhelpIrealizedthatIhadbeenwrong.
2、过去某时以前发生的动作或情况 Hehasn’tfinishedyet. Hedidn’tfinishyesterdayevening. Hehadn’tfinishedbyyesterdayevening.
3、常用过去完成时的情况
①Nosooner…than….Hardly…when… Nosoonerhadhebegunhisspeechthanhewasinterrupted
②expecthopethinkwantsuppose等动词的过去完成时或一般时表示想做而未做的事 IhadplannedtosendhimatelegrambutIdidn’tmanageit.
4、使用过去完成时的必要性和非必要性
①句意十分清楚时,可用一般时 AfterIfinishedIwenthome.
②常用一般过去时表示依次发生的动作 Igotoutofthetaxipaidthefare车费andmanagedit.
③有时必须明确,特别是含when时 WhenIarrivedAnnleft. 同时见到见到Ann WhenIarrivedAnnhadleft. 先后发生没见到
5、常用过去完成时的时间主状语 bytheendof+ 过去时间;by+过去时间 bythetime+过去时间; 过去时间+before 比较 Bythetimehewas11hehadlearned3000words. Bythetimeheis11hewillhavelearned3000words. BythetimelastweekIhadlearned3000words. BythetimenextweekIwillhavelearned3000words.过去将来时
1、从过去的观点来看未来,常用在宾语从句中或间接引语中 Lastweekhepromisethatcometodaybuthenotarriveyet. promised/wouldcome/hasn’tarrived
2、过去将来时的其它主要形式 was/weregoingto was/wereaboutto WewerejustgoingtoabouttoleavewhenTomfellandhurthisankle.语态
1、含有被动意义的主动动词 sellwashwriteread ThenewtypeofTVreceiversellswell. Thisbookreadsinteresting. Thepenwritesquitesmoothly. Thiskindofclothwashesverywell. Thisclothiswashed.洗好了
2、常用被动结构的动词 bebornbemarriedbeobligedbehurt becaughtintherainbecoveredwith Iwascaughtintherainonthewayback.
3、主动表示被动的情况
①知觉动词 +adj. Thematerialfeelsverysoft. Themusicsoundstooloud.
②非谓语动词 A.needwantrequirebeworth Yourcoatwantsmendingtobemended. B.Subj.+be+adj.+todovt. Thechairiscomfortabletositon ★betoblame该受责备 C.Therebe Therearesixletterstowritetobewritten.
③prove -vi. 被证明是 Hewillprovetobethewinner.
4、get+p.p. Shegotcaughtintherain. Fromthenonherleggottreatedfourtimesaday.
5、人+be+情感动词-ed besurprisedastonishedetc.atwith…. Hiswordsastonishedeveryoneintheroom. →Everyonewasastonishedathiswords. bedelightedatwith;bepleasedatbywith; betiredoffrom;besatisfiedwith; beworriedabout;beinterestedin; befrightenedterrifiedat
6、自动和它动 很多动词既可以用vt. 又可以用vi但要注意 Thedooropenedbyitself.Thedoorwasopened. Thevillagesincewelastvisitedit. A.haschanged B.hasbeenchangedA Theplannedhasbeenchanged.
7、被动语态+bywith+行为主体 by后接人或物做某事 with后接手段、方式、工具 Hewaskilledbyafallingstone Hewaskilledwithaknife.
8、注意下列被动形式
①bebeingdone
②havebeendone
③begoingtobe Thebridgeissaidtobebeingbuilt. Thebridgeissaidtohavebeenbuilt.情态动词
1、情态动词+havedonesth 这个结构有着特殊意义用来表示猜测设想可能发生过什么事情或 想象设想可能出现过什么不同的情况
①shouldoughttohavedonesth本来该做而未做 Thiswalloughtn’ttohavebeenpaintedblue.
②needhavedonesth本来有必要做而未做 Youneedn’thavetoldherthenews.
③musthavedonesth对过去所做动作的肯定推测 ---WewenttoParis. ---Thatmusthavebeennice.
④canhavedonesth对过去所做动作的否定或疑问推测 Idon’tthinkhecanhaveheardyou.Callagain. WherecanJohnhaveputthematches
⑤maymighthavedonesth过去可能发生某事,与could相比,may和might可能性较小,might可能性更小;might也可表示过去可能发生而未发生的事情 Polly’sverylate----shemaymighthavemissedheretrain. Youwerestupidtotryclimbingthere.Youmighthavekilledyouself
⑥couldhavedonesth ●推测过去”可能“发生某事同can但can不用肯定句 Shecouldhavegoneoffwithsomefriends. ●表示过去没有实现的可能性某事可能发生,但却没有发生 Youwerestupidtogoskiingthere----youcouldhavebrokenyourleg. ●表示有能力做而未做虚拟语气 Youcouldhavehelpedme! Youwereabletohelpmebutyoudidn’t.
2、cancouldbeableto表示”能力“ ●can通常表示现在的或”一般的能力“---即你无论什么时候想做就能 做到的能力指单纯的表示一个人有某种能力 Youcancertainlycookevenifyoucan’tdoanythingelse. ●beableto表示某人通过努力、克服困难做成某事 willbeableto表示将来的能力 I’llbeabletospeakGermaninanotherfewmonths. ●could表达”一般的能力“---即你过去想干什么就可以干什么 Shecouldsinglikeanangelwhenshewasakid. 但could不能表达过去某种具体的能力,此时用wasabletomanagedto或succeededin等 Howmanyeggswereyouabletoget
3、cancouldmay和might表示”可能性“ ●可用来表示
①理论上的可能性不涉及是否真发生;
②提出建议 提出解决某个问题的可能办法或者采取的行动;
③在问句或否定句中表达现在的可能性 Anybodywhowantstocanbecomeaprisonvisitor.
①---Whatshallwedo ---WecantryaskingLucyforhelp.
② WhocanthatbeatthedoorCanitbePolly
③ ●may 可用来表达
①将来的可能性;
②说话时某事可能是真实的 Wemaygoclimbingthissummer.
① Youmayberight.
② ●could/might 可用来表示
①说话时某事可能是真实的;
②将来 某事有可能发生,但不表示特别可能发生 YoucouldberightbutIdon’tthinkyouare.
① Itcouldrainlateronthisevening.
②
4、cancouldmay和might表示“允许”
①请求允许它们都可以表示请求允许做某事could和might并不是表示过去 CanMayCouldIborrowyourumbrella
②允许当我们允许某人做某事时,我们用can和may来表达,而不能使用could和might Youmay/canwatchTVforaslongasyoulike.不用couldmight;mustn’t有“拒绝”的意思 ---CouldIuseyourphone ---Yesofcourseyoucan/may.Noyoucan’t/maynot.
5、can和could表示提议和请求 它们常用来提议为某人做某事或请求别人做某事,could更客气,更 含尊敬的成分,这种用法常见于陈述句和疑问句中
①提议 CanIcarryyourbag Icould/candotheshoppingforyouifyou’retired.
②请求和命令 Could/Canyouhelpmewiththisletter Youcan/couldstartbycleaningthecar.
6、情态动词will
①预测未来第一人称用shall,或发布命令 ---There’ssomeonecomingupthestairs. ---That’llbeMary. You’llstartworkatsixo’clock.
②自愿与意向 ●Iwill不用Ishall表示自愿做某事,或主动提出做某事,或表达坚定的意图 ---Cansomebodyhelpme ---Iwill. I’llbreakyourneck. ●willyou常用来提出要求或下命令,或提出请求 Willyoucomethiswayplease Willyouhavesomemorewine ●用won’t表示拒绝 NoIwon’t! Shewon’topenthedoor.
7、shall 用于第一人称,表示征求对方的意见说话人做某事 用于第
一、第三人称疑问句中,表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示 用于第
二、第三人称,表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁
8、常用情态动词的回答
①---Mustwehandinourplan ---Yesyoumust.Noyouneedn’t.
②---NeedIcome ---Yesyoumust.Noyouneedn’t.
③---MayIsmokehere ---Yesplease.Certainly./Yesyoumay. Noyoumustn’t./maynot./Pleasedon’t.
④---Could/CanIofferyousomecoffee提议 ---Will/Wouldyouhavesomecoffee ---Yesplease./YesI’dlikesomeplease.不用Yesyoucan. Nothankyou.不用Noyoucan’t.
⑤---Could/Can/Would/Willyoupleaseopenthedoor请求 ---YesofcourseIwill.NoI’mafraidIcan’t.特殊疑问句 WHAT ●what…like
①人或事物的外观特征;
②天气 What’syourbrotherlike长相或人品 What’sttheweatherliketoday Howdoyoulikethefilm Whatdoyoulike ●whattime/date/year… --What’sthedatetoday --It’sOctober
15. --Whatdatewillhearrive --He’llarriveonOctober
15. ●what…for=why --What’sitfor --it’sforcuttinggrass. --Whatdidyoudothatfor --BecauseIwantedtosavetime. Tosavetime. ●whatkinds/sortsof… Whatkindofpicturesdoyoulikebest ●whatsize --Whatsizeshoesdoyoutake --Size
41. ●whatheight/length/depth/age →howhigh/long/deep/old What’stheheightofthatmountain Whatheightisthatmountain Howhighisthatmountain WHICH ●whichday/month/year…比when更具体 --Don’tforgethisbirthday --Iwon’t.Which/Whatdayisit ●which/what/who比较 which更具体,或用whichone Whichbookareyougoingtobuy哪本书 Whatbookareyougoingtobuy哪种书 Whodoyoulikebest WhichonedoyoulikebestTomorJack WHY ●Whynotdon’tyoubuyanewcoat ●--Letssetouttonight. --Yeswhynot. HOW ●Howisyourmother Howisyourmothergettingalong ●Howistheweatherthere What’stheweatherliketoday ●Howdoyoufindthefilm Howdoyoulikethefilm How/Whataboutthefilm Whatdoyouthinkofthefilm ●--Howoftendoyougotothezoo --Onceeverytwomonths. ●--Howsoonwillyoubereadytostart --Intwodays. ●Howfarisitfromheretotheairport 综合问题
①简答中介词跟在疑问词之后 --Iwanttoleavethisparcel. --Whoforleavesthforsb
②else跟在疑问词后which和whose除外 Whereelsedidyougo
③用do作简略回答 --Whowantsalift搭便车 --Ido. --Howmanystudentsunderstoodthis --Theyalldid.
④用everonearth或intheworld放在疑问词后强调 Whereonearth/intheworld/everdidyoupickthatup反意疑问句
1、陈述句主语是-one-body时,疑问部分主语用they Nobodysaysaworddothey
2、陈述句主语是-thingthisthat时,疑问部分主语用it Everythingseemsallrightdoesn’tit
3、陈述句主语是从句、动词不定式、动名词时,疑问部分用it Swimmingisgreatfunisn’tit
4、感叹句的反意疑问句感叹句的附加疑问句,其谓语要求用否定句 Whatfineweatherisn’tit
5、祈使句的反意疑问句 Dothatwillyouwon’tyou
6、Let’s…Letus… Let’sgoshallweLetusgowillyou
7、I’m I’minterestedinEnglisharen’tI
8、Iwish… IwishIwereyoumayI
9、含hadbetterwouldratherwouldliketodo You’dbettercomeearlyhadn’tyou You’dratherworkthanplaywouldn’tyou
10、陈述句部分含下列否定词时,疑问部分用肯定 fewlittlehardlynevernooneno Thereislittleinkinyourpenisthere
11、加前后缀构成的否定,疑问部分仍然用否定 It’sunfairisn’tit
12、陈述部分有must
①mustbe对现在情况进行推测 Hemustbeverytiredisn’the
②musthavedone对过去推测有过去时间状语 Hemusthavecomeyesterdaydidn’the
③musthavedone由过去延续到现在 Hemusthavelivedhereatleast10yearshasn’the
④must+v.一定要,必须 Youmustrenewthebookneedn’tyou
13、当陈述部分是一个带that引导宾语从句的主从复合句时,附加疑问句的主谓要和主句的主谓保持对应关系但是,当陈述部分的主语是IsupposeIthinkIbelieveIimagineIexpect等结构时,附加疑问句的主语和谓语要和从句的主语,谓语保持一致关系而且要注意到否定的转移问题
14、当陈述部分是I’msurethat;wearesure;I’mafraidthat;Wearesurethat;Ifeelsurethat等后面跟宾语从句时,反意疑问句与后面的宾语从句一致
15、当陈述部分是并列句时,附加疑问句的主谓语要合离它最近的句子的主谓保持对应关系
16、在口语和非正式文体中,为了加强语气,只是表示某种惊奇、怀疑、反感、讽刺等感情而并不是为了寻求回答,这时前后两部分的肯定、否定是一致的 如Ohheisawriterishe You’llnotgowon’tyou否定句
1.not…and;not…or;not…norneither…nor It’snottallandwide.部分否定 It’snottallorwide.全部否定 Notaflowernoragrasswillgrowinthisarea.全部否定
2.no;not ●no-adv.-adj.=notanotany Sorrythere’snotimetotalk. ●not-adv. Askhimnothiswife. IcanseeyoutomorrowbutnotonTuesdayorFriday. Hefailednotbecauseheisn’tcleverbutbecause hedidn’tworkhard.
3.nomorenot…anymore; nolongernotanylonger Timelostwillreturnnomore.动作的重复次数 Hedoesn’tworkhereanylonger.动作的延续
4.no;none;noone: no是一个限定词,用在单数可数或不可数名词和复数名词前面,也就是说一个名词前面没有冠词、物主代词或者代词的时候,才可以用它;而在themyyourthisthesethat等词前面,应该使用noneofnone可指人或物,而noone指人 TherewerenolettersforyouthismorningI’mafraid. Noneofmyfriendslivenearhere. Istayedinalleveningwaitingbutnoonecame. ☆Alittlemoneyisbetterthanatall.none Iwantedtwoticketsbuttherewasleft.none Thereistellingwhenhewillbeback.no --Whoisintheroom --.Noone
5.否定转移下列词后接从句,如果否定,否定词前移,但hope例外,thinkbelieveexpectsuppose Idon’tthinkthathewillcome. Ihopethatitwon’train.
6.避免否定误用 Heaskedmeasecondquestionbefore Ianswerthefirstone.A.couldB.couldn’t
7.Nothingis+比较级+thanto+V. Nothingis+more+形容词+thanto+V. 例句没有比接受教育更重要的事了 Nothingismoreimportantthantoreceiveeducation.
8.cannotemphasizetheimportanceoftoomuch. 再怎么强调......的重要性也不为过 例句我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过 Wecannotemphasizetheimportanceofprotectingoureyestoomuch.倒装句 ◇全部倒装
1.由herethere引起,谓语通常用becomego Look!Herecomesyoursister.Theregoesthebell.
2.由介词短语引起,谓语通常用bestandlielivelivesitcomegorise Alongthewallstandfourbigchairs. Atthetopofthehilllaythedyingsoldiers.
3.由updownoninoffawayoutback引起,谓语通常用comegorunrushfly Outrushedtheboy. Downcametherainandupwenttheumbrellas.
4.以上情况主语如果是代词,主谓不倒装 Here’syourwatch.Hereitis. Upitwent.
5.由个别副词引起,谓语通常是belie Northofthecityliesisarailway.
6.由such引起,谓语通常用be Suchiswhathesaid.Sucharehiswords. ◇部分倒装 指谓语的一部分放在主语之前而引起的倒装,通常是助动词或情态动词提前或连系动词提前
1.由neverhardlyseldomlittlenotuntil引起 Seldomdidhemakeanymistakes. NotuntilyesterdaydidIreceivehisletter.
2.notonly…butalso连接两个单句时,前面的倒装 Notonlywassheworkinghardbutalsoshewasverypolite.
3.neither…nor连接两个单句时,两个句子都倒装 Neitherishestudyingnorisheworking.
4.nosooner…thanhardlyscarcely…when Nosoonerhadwegotintotheroomthanthetelephonerang.
5.由only+状语,so+adj.adv.引起 OnlythenOnlyattheageof18didherealizetheimportanceoftheproblem.
6.由as引起 Childasheishecanworkouttheproblem.
7.虚拟语气的倒装 WereIyouIwouldworkharder. Hadyoucomeyesterdayyouwouldhaveknownthat. Shoulditraintomorrowyouwouldn’tleave. ◇soneithernor+bedohave情态动词,助动词+主语 YoushouldworkharderandsoshouldI. Shehasn’tbeentoBerlinandnorhaveI. --Iwenttothezooyesterday. --Soyoudid. --Sheisatailor. --Soisshe./Sosheis.祈使句
1.do强调祈使句 Dohaveanothercupofcoffee.
2.And可连接两个祈使句 Waitandsee. Comeandseethisgoldfish. Tryandtoseehispointofview.
3.祈使句+andor+简单句 Hurryuporyou’llbelate. Ifyoudon’thurryupyou’llbelate. Useyourheadandyou’llfindagoodway. Ifyouuseyourheadyou’llfindagoodway.
4.对祈使句的回答 --Drivecarefully! --YesIwill. --Don’ttakeanyrisk. --NoIwon’t.叹句、省略与替代
1.How adj.Subj.+beHowlovely! adv.Subj.+v.Howwellyousing! subj.+v.Howyouwork! adj.+aan+n.Howgoodamapitis!
2.What aan+adj.+n.Whatarudeman! +adj.+n.可数名词复数Whatlovelyflowers! +adj.+n.不可数名词Whatfineweather! 高考英语语法精要讲解三十五省略与替代 Ⅰ、动词不定式中的省略
1.在下列动词see,watch,notice,observe,lookat,make,have,let,hear,listento,feel等后的不定式做宾补,要省略不定式符号
2.在...donothingbut/exceptdo...的结构中,在介词but或except后作宾语时不定式符号要省略
3.在wouldrather和hadbetter后不定式符号要省略
4.在几个不定式并列时,第二个、第三个不定式的不定式符号要省略
5.在expect,forget,like,want,wish,try,have,need,used,ought,beable,begoing等动词和动词词组后接的不定式中,不定式符号后面的动词原形常省略 Ⅱ、从句中的省略
1.在if,asif,while,when,where,although,unless,what,whether等引起的状语从句中可以省略主谓部分 Mistakes,ifany,shouldbecorrected.=ifthereareanymistakes Pleasecomeagain,ifpossible.=ifitpossibleforyoutocome Fillintheproperarticleswherenecessary.=wheretheyarenecessary Hewon’tcome,unlessinvited.=unlessheisinvited Heopenedhislipsasiftosaysomething.=asifheweregoingtosaysomething
2.在if引起的从句中如有等词倒装时,省略if WereIyouIwouldnotdoit. HadweknownyourtelephonenumberIwouldhavegivenyouaphonecall.
3.Wehavefinishedourhomeworksohavethey.=andtheyhavefinishedtheirhomeworktoo Ifyoudon’tgototheconcertneithershallI.=Ishallnotgototheconcerteither
4.宾语从句中连词that引起的宾语从句和定语从句中的关系代词that、which,whom等 在定语从句中作宾与可以省略that Ⅲ、介词的省略 preventsbfromdoingsth. stopsbfromdoingsth. havetrouble/difficultyindoingsth. spendtime/moneyindoingsth. bebusyindoingsth. Ⅳ、替代 省略与代替的作用是什么
1.so代替前面句子中已经表达过的词短语或句子多是宾与从句.与so连用的常用动词有hopebelievethinkbeafraidexpectsurpriseimagine等.
2.用not代替so的情况.
3.用不定式符号代替不定式.
4.用do在句子中代替其它动词.。