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高一英语语法
(4)动词的被动语态
1、常见的被动语态形式主动语态AdoB被动语态B+be+done+byA;A承受者;B执行者
1.以repair为例,写出以下时态的被动语态时态一般进行完成完成进行现在过去将来过去将来
2.情态动词的被动语态(情态动词+be+done)*被动语态的时态是通过助动词be来体现的,与其后的done无关
3.E.X.1You__________bewantonthephone.有电话找你2Thecity__________beliberatein
1949.这座城市是1949年解放的3They__________beinvitetoyourparty.他们将被邀请参加你的晚会4Thecar___________berepair.车正在修理当中5Thisbook__________betranslateintomanylanguages.这本书已被译成多种语言6Theworkersaidthatthetree__________beplant.工人说要把树种上7Thedoor__________bepaintthen.那时,那道门正在被刷漆8Thework__________befinishbeforedark.天黑前工作就完成了9Thework__________bedotoday.今天应该完成这工作10Hishouse__________besell.他的房子卖掉了11Hishouse__________besellsothathedoesn’thaveanyhousetolivein.他的房子已经被卖掉了因此他没有房子可住了
2、被动语态的基本用法(承受者和执行者)
1.当强调动作的承受者,将承受者作为谈话的中心时用被动语态如Howlong__________themachine____________________beuse这台机器用多久了?
2.当没有必要说出动作的执行者或根本不知道动作的执行者是谁时通常用被动语态如Allthework__________(befinish)bynow.
3.当动作的执行者不是人而是无生命的事物时常用被动语态如Thewindowglass__________bebreakbyastonejustnow.
4.有时出于礼貌,不便提到动作的执行者,用被动语态如Enough__________bedoforyoubutyou’vemadelittleprogress.为你做了很多,然而你却进步很少(谦虚)
3、较为特殊的被动语态结构
1.感官动词和使役动词的被动语态doing(现在分词,表正在)1)A+see/hear/notice/find/watch/observe+Bdo(不带to的不定式,表过程)B+be+seen/heard/noticed/found/watched/observed+todo(动词不定式)2)A+let/have/make+B+do(不带to的不定式)B+belet/had/made+todo(动词不定式)如Hewasseen__________entertheroom.
2.带复合宾语的动词在改为被动语态时,常把主动结构中的宾语改为主语,而宾语补足语保留不动*双宾语vt.+间接宾语+直接宾语tellsb.sth.双宾语*复合宾语vt.+宾语+宾语补足语(宾补)tellsb.todo复合宾语宾语+bedone+宾语补足语(宾补)sb.betoldtodo如Mrs.Smithwarnedherdaughternevertodriveafterdrinking.vt.宾语宾语补足语(宾补)Mrs.Smith’sdaughter__________bewarn__________.主语
3.短语动词变为被动语态时,把主要动词变为被动形式如Theyaregoingtopulldowntheoldhouses.Theoldhouses__________.
4.汉语有一类句子不出现主语(无主语主动句),在英语中可用被动结构表示如Itissaidthat…据说……Itisreportedthat…据报道……Itissupposedthat…据推测……Itishopedthat…希望……Itiswellknownthat…众所周知……Itisgenerallyconsideredthat…普遍认为……Itissuggestedthat…有人建议……__________heisfamousinhisowncountry.据说他在自己的国家很出名
4、主动形式表示被动意义
1.表示事物状态特征的连系动词看起来/听起来/摸起来/闻起来/尝起来looksoundfeelsmelltaste似乎appearseem证明prove变得goturnbecomegetgrow+adj.保持keepstayfall(fallasleep)如Theflowers__________sweet.这些花闻起来很香
2.表示主语的某种属性特征的动词readwriteactironcutdrawdrivesellwashcleanwearopencooklockshutdryeatdrink+adv.如1Thispen__________well.这支笔写起来很流畅2Thecoat__________conveniently.这件外套洗起来很方便3Thisbook__________well.这本书很畅销(卖起来很好)
3.表示开始、结束、运动的动词,如beginfinishstartopenclosestopendshutrun(运行)move等如Work__________at8o’clockthismorning.工作在今天早上8点开始
4.“inonunder等+n.”构成prep.短语表被动意义,名词前一般不用冠词(介词的固定搭配)如undercontrol(被控制住)underrepair(在修理中)underdiscussion(在讨论中)underconstruction(在修建中)beyondbelief(难以置信)beyondone’sreach(够不着)beyondourhope(始料不及)forsale(热销中)forrent(以供出租)inprint(已出版)onshow(上演,被展示)ontrial(受审;在试验中)outoffashion(过时),insight(被看见)outofsight(___________)等如Thebikeis__________.自行车在修理中
5.1sth.beworth+doingsth.值得(被)做doing2sth.need/want/require+sth.需要(被)做tobedone如1Thenewspaperisworth__________read.这份报纸值得(被)读2Thisbicycleneeds__________repair.这辆自行车要(被)修了=Thisbicycleneeds______________________________.
6.有些adj.后的todo(动词不定式)有被动的含义这些adj.构成的句型为A+be+adj.easy/hard/difficult/heavy/light/comfortable/fit/dangerous+todo.A很容易/难/重/轻/合适/危险(被)做如Theworkishard__________do.这项工作很难做
7.too+adj.原级+todo太……而不能(被)做;adj.原级+enough+todo足以……而能够(被)做如Thestorywasnotinterestingenough__________publish.这个故事趣味性不够,不能(被)发表
8.在“A+have+B+todo”的结构中,当todo与它修饰的B有动宾关系,且与该句的A构成逻辑上的主谓关系时,todo一般用主动形式表被动;反之,需使用tobedone的结构表明被动如主谓Shehasasistertolookafter.动宾主谓AhaveBtodo动宾1Hehasnothing__________eat.他没有什么东西可吃2Doyouseetheletter__________type你看到那封要打的信了吗?3Doyouhavemuchwork__________dotoday你今天有很多工作要做吗?
9.某些动词在以物为主语的句子中,其进行时也可以表示被动意义如Thedinneriscooking.正在烧饭
5、被动语态与系表结构的区别被动语态表示动作,主语是动作的承受者;系表结构表示主语的特征或所处的状态
1.AbedonebyB被动语态;Abedone__________其他prep.搭配系表结构如1Iwasfrightenedbyhisghoststory.我被他的鬼故事吓着了(被动语态)2Iwasfrightenedofsnake.我怕蛇系+表(动词的过去分词做adj.,做系动词的表语,表状态)
2.am/is/are+done+时间状语被动语态;am/is/are+done系表结构如1Thebankisusuallyclosedatsix.银行通常在6点(被)关门被动语态2Thebankisnowclosed.银行现在没开门系+表
3.was/were+done+时间、地点、方式、目的状语被动语态;was/were+done系表结构如1Thapicturewasdrawnlongago.这幅画是很久以前(被)画的(被动语态)2Thepicturewasdrawnwell.这幅画画得很好系+表
6、“get+done”结构的用法
1.表示突然、偶然、意外发生的事如Thestudentgot__________(hurt)onhiswayhomefromschool.这名学生在放学回家的路上受了伤
2.表示反身行为而非被动行为如Ihavetoget__________dressbefore7o’clock.7点前我(自己)必须穿戴好
3.表示说话强调动作比较1Wereyouinvitedtotheparty2Didyougetinvitedtotheparty
4.这种结构比较常见的搭配有getarrested(被捕)getcaught(被抓到)getconfused(发蒙)getdelayed(被推迟了)getengaged(订婚),getmarried(结婚了),getdivorced(离婚了)getdressed(穿好衣服)getdrowned(被淹死了)getdrunk(喝醉了)getelected(获得选票)gethit(挨打)getkilled(毙命)getlost(迷路)getstuck(卡住了)
7、表示“据说”的被动句型
1.Itissaidsupposed/expected/reported…that…
2.Thereis/aresaidsupposed/known…tobe…(is和are的选择根据主谓一致中的就近原则)
3.sb./sth.is/aresaidexpected/believed…todo…E.X.1__________supportedtobeatrainat9:
30.2__________saidthatthirteenisanunluckynumber.3Mr.Brown__________saidtohavediedoflivercancer(肝癌).4__________reportedthatanothersatellitehasbeenputintoorbit(轨道).5__________saidtobeplentyofoiloffourcoast.6He__________believedtohavealreadygotoutofthecountry.7__________knowntobethousandsofdifferentspeciesofbeetles(甲虫).
8、使用被动语态应注意的问题
1.混淆被动语态的时态
2.根据汉语意思误用被动语态如汉语说“发生变化”,但英语习惯说“变化发生”,此时不能用“变化被发生”如Greatchanges__________takeplaceinmyhometowninthepastyears.E.X.Ⅰ.将下列各句的主动语态变成被动语态
1.Thepolicewillsurelyarrestthethieves._____________________________________________________________________
2.Thearmyengineersandsoldiershavebuiltabridgeovertheriver._____________________________________________________________________
3.Theworkerscouldnotfindthemanageranywhereinthefactory._____________________________________________________________________
4.Mysistermadethesoup._____________________________________________________________________
5.Hegavemeapresent._____________________________________________________________________
6.Mymotherinvitedhimtodinneryesterdayevening._____________________________________________________________________
7.Themanageroftensendsthemtorepaircars._____________________________________________________________________
8.Thestudentshaveputupthepicturesonthewall._____________________________________________________________________
9.Ourschoolbuiltanewteachingbuildinglastyear._____________________________________________________________________
10.Wewerecleaningourclassroomatthattime._____________________________________________________________________Ⅱ.单项选择
1.Thenumberofdeathsfromheartdiseasewillbereducegreatelyifpeople__________toeatmorefruitandvegetables.A.persuadeB.willpersuadeC.bepersuadedD.arepersuaded
2.Goodmedicine__________bitter.A.aretastedB.tastesC.willbetastedD.wouldbetasted
3.---Willyougoskiingwithmethiswintervacation---It__________.A.alldependB.alldependsC.isalldependedD.isalldepending
4.---Howaretheteamplaying---They’replayingwellbutoneofthem__________hurt.A.gotB.getsC.areD.were
5.Accordingtotheartdealerthepainting__________togoforatleastamilliondollars.A.isexpectedB.expectsC.expectedD.isexpecting
6.Thepoliceman’sattentionwassuddentlycaughtbyasmallboxwhich__________placedundertheMinister’scar.A.hasbeenB.wasbeingC.hadbeenD.wouldbe
7.Hundredsofjobs__________ifthefactorycloses.A.loseB.willbelostC.arelostD.willlose
8.Rainforests__________andburnedatsuchaspeedthattheywilldisappearfromtheearthinthenearfuture.A.cutB.arecutC.arebeingcutD.hadbeencut
9.Whenheturnedprofessionalattheageof11Mike__________tobecomeaworldchampionbyhiscoachandparents.A.expectB.wasexpectingC.wasexpectedD.wouldbeexpected
10.---WhydoesLinglinglooksounhappy---Shehas__________byherclassmates.A.laughedB.laughedatC.beenlaughedD.beenlaughedat
11.Themomentthe28thOlympicGames__________openthewholeworldcheered.A.delaredB.havebeendeclaredC.havedeclaredD.weredeclared
12.ThisisTed’sphoto.Wemisshimalot.He__________tryingtosaveachildintheearthquake.A.killedB.iskilledC.waskilledD.waskilling
13.Bytheendoflastyearanothernewgymnasium__________inBeijing.A.wouldbecompletedB.wasbeingcompletedC.hasbeencompletedD.hadbeencompleted
14.---GeorgeandLucygotmarriedlastweek.Didyougototheirwedding---NoI__________.DidtheyhaveabigweddingA.wasnotinvitedB.havenotbeeninvitedC.hadn’tbeeninvitedD.didn’tinvite
15.Hewas__________tobecleverbutdishonest.A.thoughtasB.thinkingC.thinkD.thoughtof
16.Thehero’sstory__________differentlyinthenewspaper.A.wasreportedB.wasreportingC.reportsD.reportedⅢ.用所给动词的适当时态和语态填空
1.Heaskedhismotherforsomemoneybut__________giveagoodscolding(斥责).
2.Becausehewashurtthethiefhadtothrowawaythethingsthat__________notbelongtohim.
3.I__________catchinthehardrainonmywaytotheschool.
4.I’mafraidyoumust__________feelterriblenow.
5.Theysaidthattheproblem__________discusssoon.
6.Anewbridge__________buildovertherivernextyear.
7.Atthattimethedesk__________make.
8.Thehall__________paintatthemomentsoit__________notlookitsbest.
9.Itisthethirdtimethatyou__________belateforschoolthisweek.
10.Aquarrel__________breakoutbetweenthetwoneighbours.Ⅳ.单项选择
1.Whydon’tyouputthemeatinthefridgeItwill__________freshforseveraldays.A.bestayedB.stayC.bestayingD.havestayed
2.Withmoreforestbeingdestroyedhugequantitiesofgoodearth__________eachyear.A.iswashingawayB.isbeingwashedawayC.waswashingawayD.arebeingwashedaway
3.WhileyouwereinLondonthatyeartheLondonBridge__________.A.wasbeingrepairedB.hadbeenbeingrepairedC.wouldberepairedD.wasrepaired
4.Thefifthgenerationofcomputerswithartificialintelligence__________andperfectednow.A.developedB.havedevelopedC.arebeingdevelopedD.willhavebeendeveloped
5.Iwasshockedtohearthatyourhouse__________into.A.wasbrokenB.brokeC.hasbeenbrokenD.hadbeenbroken
6.Morethanadozenstudentsinthatschool__________abroadtostudymedicinelastyear.A.sentB.weresentC.hadsentD.hadbeensent
7.Withthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologypeople’slife__________inthepastfewyears.A.improvedB.hasimprovedC.isimprovedD.hadimproved
8.---Doyouhaveanyproblemsifyou__________thisjob---WellI’mthinkingaboutthesalary…A.offerB.willofferC.areofferedD.willbeoffered
9.QQapopularnetchattingtool__________animportantpartinourdailyinstantcommunication.A.hadbeenplayingB.haveplayedC.isplayingD.willbeplaying
10.Itissaidthatanewrobot__________byhiminafewdays.A.designedB.hasbeendesignedC.willbedesignedD.willhavebeendesigned
11.Wearelate.Iexpectthefilm__________bythetimewegettothecinema.A.willhavealreadystartedB.whouldalreadeyhavestartedC.shallhavealreadystartedD.hasalreadybeenstarted
12.Shewillstopshowingoffifnonotice__________ofher.A.istakenB.takesC.willbetakenD.hastaken
13.---Haveyoumovedintothenewflat---Notyet.Theroom__________.A.hasbeenpaintedB.ispaintedC.paintsD.isbeingpainted
14.Mypictures__________untilnextFriday.A.won’tdevelopB.aren’tdevelopedC.don’tdevelopD.won’tbedeveloped
15.Tim__________sincehelosthisjobthreeweeksago.A.hadbeenunemployedB.wasunemployedC.hasbeenunemployedD.hasunemployed
16.I’llhavetopushthecartothesideoftheroadbecausewe__________ifweleaveithere.A.wouldbefinedB.willbefinedC.willbeingfinedD.willhavebeenfined
17.__________twoticketsforthenewplayattheGrandTheatreonSaturday.ShallwegoandseeittogetherA.TheyhavebeengivenB.IhavebeengivenC.IamgivenD.Theyhavegiventome
18.Thegoods__________whenwearrivedattheairport.A.werejustunloadingB.werejustbeenunloadingC.hadjustunloadedD.werejustbeingunloaded
19.Mostenvironmentproblemsexistbecauseadequatemeasuresforpreventingthem__________takeninthepast.A.wasnotB.werenotC.werenotbeingD.hadnotbeen
20.Yououghttohaveputthemilkintherefrigerator;now__________sour(酸).A.IsmellB.itissmeltC.itsmellsD.itissmelling
21.Theyoungteacherhas__________competent(有能力的,可以胜任的).A.beenprovedtobeB.provedtobeC.beenprovedD.provedbeing
22.Aftersynthetic(合成纤维)__________engineershadabetterchoiceofmaterial.A.createdB.hascreatedC.hasbeencreatedD.hadbeencreated
23.Ithinkmuchattention__________yourpronunciation.A.mustbepaidtoB.oughttobepaidC.mustpaytoD.shouldbepaid
24.Since1970millionsofenthusiasts(狂热者)__________VitaminCwhichtheybelievecanremedy(治疗)thecommoncold.A.havetakenB.havebeentakenC.havebeentakingD.havebeentaking
25.Idon’tremember__________thechancetotrythismethod.A.havingbeengivenB.tohavebeengivenC.havinggivenD.tohavegiven
26.Wecouldasksomeonetodotheworkprivatelywithoutit__________.A.knowB.beknownC.beingknownD.tobeknown
27.TheywouldtellhowtheAfrican__________onashiptoanAmericanport.A.wasbroughtB.couldhavebeenbroughtC.hadbeenbroughtD.wastobebrought
28.Hedoesnotpossessabicycle;theoneheuses__________toPeter.A.isbelongedB.belongedC.belongsD.isbelonging
29.Negotiation__________againwithMoscowtomorrow;agreateventwillbediscussedthen.A.istobeopenedB.isonthepointof(即将)openingC.isgoingtoopenD.opens。