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高考英语语法复习---状语从句
一、状语从句的分类及常用连接词定义在句中作状语的从句是状语从句状语从句的分类常用连接词时间状语从句when;as;while;before;after;till;until;since;once;assoonas;themoment;theinstant;nosooner---than;hardly/scarcely---when/before;theinstant;eachtime;everytime地点状语从句where;wherever;everywhere原因状语从句because;since;as;for;seeingthat;nowthat;consideringthat;inthat目地状语从句that;sothat;inorderthat;forfearthat;incase结果状语从句that;sothat;so---that;such---that条件状语从句if;unless;providing;providedthat;supposing;supposethat;aslongas;solongas;onconditionthat;incase;onlyif;ifonly;where让步状语从句though;although;evenif;eventhough;as;whether---or;however;whatever;whatever;whenever;wherever;whoever;whichever;however;nomatterhowwhat;when;which;who;where比较状语从句as---as;notso---as;than;the+比较级---the+比较级---方式状语从句as;asif;asthough;justas;accordingasEg:WhenIwasachildIlikedreading.IfoundthebookwhereIleftit.PleasedoasItellyou.Hewassoexcitedthatheforgottosaybye.Thoughhewastiredhewentonworking.AslongasyoulikeIwillagreewithyou.Eg:Whenhewillcomeisstillunknown.Idon’tknowtheplacewherehewasborn.在时间条件和让步状语从句中,注意时态和省略
二、相似连词的用法区别
1.whileaswhen三者都可以引导时间状语从句,表示主句动作发生的背景例如When/As/Whilewewerestilllaughingtheteachercamein.区别1when既可以引导一持续性动作,又可引导一短暂性动作;它可以表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时发生,或从句的动作发生在主句的动作之前例如WhenIwasaboyIusedtogototheseashoreonSundays.(同时)Whenyouhavefinishedyourworkyoumayhavearest.(从句动作发生在主句动作之前)2as引导一持续性动作,侧重于表示主句和从句的动同时发生,但持续时间一般较短例如Johnsangasheworked.从句表示“随时间推移”,也只能用as例如Asthedaywentontheweathergotworse. 日子一天天过去,天气越变越坏3while所引导的从句谓语必须是延续性动词,含义相当于duringthetimethat它也强调主句动作和从句动作的同时发生,往往侧重于主句动作和从句动作的对比例如Pleasedon’ttalksoloudwhileothersareworking.WhileJohnwasreadingIwaswatchingTV.
2.tilluntil和notuntil1till和until可以通用,表示主句谓语动词所表达的动作继续到从句谓语动词所表达的动作发生时为止,在肯定句中,主句要用延续性动词例如We’llstayheretill/untilitstopsraining.2在否定句中,until或till可以和非延续性动词连用,这时until和before同义until引导的从句可以放在句首,till引导的从句一般放在句末例如UntilBeforeyoutoldmeIhadnoideaofwhathesaid.Jonesdidnotannouncethenewstill/untilbeforehewassureofit.3notuntil放在句首时,主句的主谓要倒置,表示加强语气例如NotuntilMaryhadheardthatsoundwasshereallyfrightened.
3.becausesinceas和forbecause表示原因的语气最强,常用于回答以疑问词“why”引导的疑问句用来说明直接的、根本的原因或人所不知的原因,because从句一般位于主句后面For引导的从句并不说明主句行为发生的直接原因,只是提供一些有助于说明情况的补充说明,且不可位于主句前since表示一种附带的原因,或者表示已知的显然理由,意为“既然”,引导的从句常放在句首As所表示的理由最弱,只是对主句的附带说明,重点在主句As通常放在主句前,有时也可改用so引导的分句例如Theenginestoppedrunningbecausethefuelranout.Sinceyouarefreetodayyouhadbetterhelpmewithmymathematics.Asthedaywasfinetheydecidedtogoonatrip.Thedayisfinesotheydecidedtogoonatrip.Itmusthaverainedlastnightfortheroadiswet.
4.sothatso---thatsuch---that1sothat意为“以便”,“结果”可以引导目的状语从句和结果状语从句sothat引导目的状语从句时,在从句中往往有cancouldmaymight等情态动词,通常主句在前,从句在后,主句和从句之间没有逗号隔开;sothat引导结果状语从句时,从句之前常有逗号与主句隔开例如Theysetoutearlysothattheymightarriveintime.目的Theysetoutearlysothattheyarrivedintime.(结果)2so…that和such…that这两个词组意为“如此…以至于”,正确使用so(副词)和such(形容词)是掌握这两个句型的关键二者常用结构如下
①so+形容词/副词+that…
②so+形容词+aan+可数名词单数+that…
③so+many/much/few/little+名词+that…
④such+aan+形容词+可数名词单数+that…
⑤such+形容词+可数名词复数+that…
⑥such+形容词+不可数名词+that…Theboxissoheavythatnobodycanmoveitaway.Itissoheavyaboxthatnobodycanmoveitaway.Itissuchaheavyboxthatnobodycanmoveitaway.Thereweresomanypeoplethatwecouldhardlymoveon.Thereweresuchalotofpeoplethatwecouldhardlymoveon.HemadesuchrapidprogressthathesoonbegantowritearticlesinEnglish.
5.sothat和inorderthat二者都表示“为了,以便”,用来引导目的状语从句sothat较常用,一般放在主句之后,有时sothat还可以分开;inorderthat用于正式文体,引导的从句可放在主句前面或后面,不可分开使用例如Youmustspeakloudersothat/inorderthatyoucanbeheardbyall.Inorderthatyoucanbeheardbyallyoumustspeaklouder.Soliveyourlifethatoldagewillbringyounoregrets.(好好生活以使老年无悔)
6.thoughalthoughasthough和although的用法基本一样,只是前者口语化,后者较正式,常位于句首;as引导让步状语从句时,从句部分须用倒装语序,即把表语、状语或动词(原形)提前,如果名词提前放在句首,该名词前不可加定冠词或不定冠词;though引导的让步状语从句可以倒装,也可以不倒装,但although不可以这样用例如Though/Althoughhewaswornouthekeptonworking.Childas/thoughhewasheknewalot.Fastasyoureadyoucan’tfinishthebooksosoon.Smartas/thoughhewashewasnotabletosolvetheproblem.TryasImightIcouldn’tliftthestone.
7.Onlyif和ifonlyOnlyif引导的从句用陈述语气,意为“只要”ifonly引导的从句要用虚拟语气,意为“但愿…”,“要是…就好了”例如Onlyifyoustudyhardyouwillpassthetest.IfonlyIhadwingsIwouldbeabletotravelaroundtheworldeasily.
三、常见考点分析综合分析近几年的高考试题,我们会发现命题者一般不会单独考查状语从句的用法,而是主要从以下几个方面测试考生是否掌握了状语从句
1.测试状语从句中连接词的选择,特别是引导同种类型状语从句的连接词的选择【例1】Asthedaywentontheweathergotworse.【例2】Sinceyouarefreetonightwhynotdropinandplaychesswithme【例3】—Howfarapartdotheylive—AsfarasIknowtheyliveinthesameneighbourhood.
2.测试状语从句中时态和语态的用法【例4】—IhavedecidedtogotoShanghaiforholidayDarling.Whataboutyou—Wellsinceyou’regoingsowillI.【例5】Idon’tknowifitwillrain.You’llgetwetifitrains.You’dbettertakeanumbrella.
3.测试状语从句和定语从句的区别【例6】Hereissobigastoneasnoonecanmove.【例7】Hereissobigastonethatnoonecanmoveit.【例8】IwashalfwaybacktothecottagewheremymotherlivedwhenSusancaughtupwithme.
4.测试状语从句的语序【例9】I’vealreadytoldyouthatI’mgoingtobuyithowevermuchitcosts.【例10】Cleverasheishedoesn’tstudywell.【例11】Hardlyhadhegotintotheroomwhenthetelephonerang.
5.测试状语从句的省略【例12】Althoughtoldtostophekeptonworking.【例13】JohnplaysfootballaswellasifnotbetterthanDavid.
6.测试状语从句和强调句型的不同【例14】ItwasnotuntilshetookofftheglassesthatIrealizedshewasafamousfilmstar.【例15】Didyouknowthatitwaswhentheguestshadalreadyleftthattheywentonwiththeirdiscussion
7.测试状语从句的语气【例16】Ifithadnotbeenforthesnowwecouldhaveclimbedthemountainyesterday.
四、语法概括
(一)时间状语从句
1.when/while/asEg:___When___Iarrivedatthestationitwasrainingheavily.Pleaseclosethewindow___when/while__yousleep.__As__timewentbyIbegantounderstandmyparents.Iwaswanderinginthestreet__When__Iheardmynamecalled.Iwasdoinghomework___while___hewasplayingfootball.总结:when
①表示”当…时”可替换while;
②表示“在那时突然…”beabouttodo…when=since既然nowthatwhile表示“当…时”,从句中的谓语动词必须是延续性的.=though尽管as
①表示“一边…一边…”强调同时性.
②表示“随着…”
2.before/after
3.since+句子/名词
4.till/untilEg:____Iwaited_____untilhecameback.__Ididn’tgotobed___untilhecameback.ItwasuntilhecamebackthatIwaited.ItwasnotuntilhecamebackthatIwenttobed.总结before
1.…之后才…Eg:Itwasn’talongtimebeforewemetagain.Twomonthspassedbeforewefoundoutthetruth.
2.趁着…还没…Eg:You’dbetterhaveyoureyesexaminedbeforetheygoworse.Iputthefoodintheiceboxbeforeitwentbad.
5.assoonas/immediately/themomentEg:Thebabycried__assoonas__hesawhismother.他一听哭声就冲出了房间Herushedoutoftheroomimmediatelyheheardthecry.一看见她,我就爱上她了IfellinlovewithherthemomentIsawher.
6.nosooner…than…hardly…when…刚…就…Eg:NosoonerhadIenteredtheroomthanitbegantorain.HardlyhadIenteredtheroomwhenitbegantorain.Eg:我刚进屋,天就开始下雨
7.一些表示时间的词组,如eachtime/everytime/thefirsttime/theyear/bythetime…也可以引导时间状语从句Eg:我们第一次见面的时候,就是好朋友了Thefirsttimewemetweweregoodfriends.每次我遇到困难,他都会帮助我EverytimeIamintroublehewillhelpme.到他十四岁的时候,他已经自学完了数学Bythetimehewas14yearsoldhehadlearnthemathsbyhimself.
(二)条件状语从句
1.if/unlessEg:__If__heinvitesmeIwillgo._Unless_heinvitesmeIwon’tgo._If__IwereyouIwouldgaveuptheplan.注意suppose/provided/providing/aslongas
2.incasethat/onconditionthatEg:Iwillgowithyou__onconditionthat__Ihaveadayoff.Pleasetaketheraincoatwithyou__incasethat_itrains.
(三)让步状语从句
1.though/although/eventhough/evenif
2.特殊疑问词+evernomatter+特殊疑问词Eg:__Whatever__happensIwillnevergiveup._Howeverdifficultitis__Iwilltrymybesttopersuadehimtogiveitup.
3.adj./adv./n.+as/though+剩余从句,Eg:Thoughheislittleheknowsalot.Littleas/thoughheisheknowsalot.ThoughIlikeitverymuchIwon’tbuyit.MuchasIlikeitIwon’tbuyit.Thoughheisachildhecanspeakthreelanguages.Childasheishecanspeakthreelanguages.
(四)在时间条件让步状语从句中,注意省略问题Eg:Unlessheisspokentohewon’tsayaword.Unlessspokento…Thoughhewastiredhewentonworking.Thoughtired…Whenyouarecrossingthestreetpleasebecareful.Whencrossingthestreet…在时间条件让步状语从句中如果主句的主语和从句的主语一致从句中的谓语动词是be的某种形式有类似用法的还有 asif…/as…Eg:Hegotupasifhewastoleave.Hegotupasiftoleave.Hemadegreatprogressashewasexpected.Hemadegreatprogressasexpected.Hewaslookingaroundasifhewassearchingforsomething.Hewaslookingaroundasifsearchingforsomething.由此可以省略从句中的主语和be动词。