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一、动词不定式动词不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”,有时可以不带to动词不定式没有人称和数的变化,在句子中不能作谓语,但可以担任主语、表语、宾语、状语和宾语补足语动词不定式仍保留动词的一些特点
(一)动词不定式的特征及用法
1.动词不定式的构成及特征“to+动词原形”构成动词不定式,是一种非谓语形式,在句子中不能作谓语,没有人称和数的变化,它具有名词、形容词和副词的特征
2.动词不定式的用法动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,在句子中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语
1.作主语例如TolearnEnglishwellisnoteasy.或ItisnoteasytolearnEnglishwell.动词不定式作主语时,往往用it作形式主语,这种句型可归纳为下面的句型Itis+adj.+动词不定式如果要说明不定式的动作执行者,可以用forItis+adj.+for__.todosth.
2.作表语Mywishistobecomeateacher.
3.作宾语Mostofusliketowatchfootball__tches.
4.作宾语补足语Hetoldmetobehereontime.
5.作定语Ih__enothingtosayaboutthatthing.
6.作状语Hestoppedtoh__ealook.
3.动词不定式的否定形式动词不定式的否定形式not+to+动词原形例如Heaskedmenotto__kesuchamistake.
4.动词不定式与疑问词连用疑问代词whowhatwhich和疑问副词whenwherehowwhy等后面可以接动词不定式,构成动词不定式短语,可以在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成分例如1Hedoesn’tknowhowtousethe__chine.(不定式作宾语)2Howtousethe__chineisaquestion.(不定式作主语)3Thequestioniswhentogothere.(不定式作表语)
(二)动词不定式的时态和被动形式动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种,由不定式符号to加动词原形构成不定式的形式有五种1.一般式todo例如IliketoreadEnglish.2.进行式tobedoing例如Heseemedtobereadingsomethingatthattime.3.完成式toh__edone例如Heseemedtoh__ecleanedtheroom.4.被动式tobedone例如Theworkistobedonesoon.5.完成被动式toh__ebeendone例如Theboyissaidtoh__ebeensenttohospitalyesterday.
二、分词分词是动词非谓语形式的一种,包括现在分词和过去分词现在分词表示主动,动作正在进行过去分词表示被动,动作已经完成
(一)分词的作用分词在句中可以作定语、表语、状语和宾语补足语例如1.作定语DoyouknowtheboystandingatthegateH__eyoureadthebookwrittenbyLuXun?2.作表语Weareexcitedatthenews.Thenewshetoldusisexciting.3.作宾语补足语Iheardhimsingingasongintheclassroom.Wefoundthegroundcoveredwithsnow.4.作状语Whilelyinginbedhelistenedtosomemusic.Seenfromthehillthevillagelooksmovebeautiful.分词作状语时,它的逻辑主语就是句子的主语,否则分词前面必须有自己的主语
(二)分词的时态现在分词分一般式和完成式,而过去分词则没有时态形式的变化现在分词的一般式表示动作与谓语动词同时发生,或在谓语动词之前发生例如Knowinghisunclewouldcomehebeganto__kesomepreparations.现在分词的完成时,表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前常用作状语例如H__ingfinishedhishomeworkhewenttobed.
(三)现在分词的被动式被动一般式beingdone被动完成式h__ingbeendoneThisisoneofthenewsuper__rketsbeingbuiltinourcity.H__ingbeentold__nytimeshewasabletooperatethe__chine.
(四)分词的否定形式分词的否定式,由not+分词构成,例如Noth__ingheardthenews.Iwrotetohimagain.Notknowinghowtoworkoutthe__thsproblemIwenttotheteacherforhelp.
(五)分词__主格结构当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时,带逻辑主语的分词短语成为__主格结构,在句__能上起状语作用例如Weatherpermittingtheywillgoandvisitthescien__museum.Themeetingbeingovertheyalllefttheroom.
三、动名词动名词是动词非谓语形式的一种由动词加ing构成动名词既有动词特征,也有名词特征动名词在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语和定语例如⑴__okingdoesgreatharmtopeople’shealth.(作主语)⑵Myjobislookingafterchildren.(作表语)⑶Ih__efinishedreadingthenovel.(作宾语)⑷Weh__egotaswimmingpoolinourschool.(做定语)动名词的否定形式由not+动名词构成例如He__demeangrybynottakingthemedicine.动名词的复合结构由名词所有格或物主代词加上动名词构成例如Wouldyoumindmyopeningthedoor动名词的一般式,表示的动作可以与谓语动词同时发生或在前,或在后例如Weallenjoylisteningtomusic.同时发生Doyouremembermeetingmethere(在谓语动词前发生)动名词的完成式表示在谓语动词之前完成的动作例如Iregretnoth__ingbeentakentotheGreatWallwhenIwasachild.Sheattendedthe_____withoutbeinginvited.第二节实战演练
一、复习时需注意的要点1.动词不定式一般式表示的动作可能与谓语动词的动作同时发生也可能在其之后发生例如Isawtheyoung__nenterthehouse.(同时发生)Ihopetogotherenexttime.(之后发生)2.不定式完成式表示不定式的动作在谓语动词之前发生例如I’msorrytoh__ebrokenyourglasses.3.不定式进行式表示不定式的动作,与谓语动词同时发生例如WhenhecameinIhappenedtobereadingatthetable.4.不定式的被动式有两种形式tobedone表示将要被做,toh__ebeendone表示已被做例如Thenewcine__tobeputupnextyearwillbeverylarge.Thecine__issaidtoh__ebeenbuiltlastyear.
5.在表示情绪的动词,如likelovehateprefer等后,用动名词作宾语表示一般倾向,用不定式表示特定某事但在would/shouldlike/love/prefer后要用不定式例如Ihateeatingthesamefoodeveryday.WouldyouliketowatchTVintheevening
6.在动词needwantrequire后用动名词表示被动含义,相当于动词不定式的被动式;而用动词不定式的主动式表示主动含义例如Thehouseneedscleaning.=Thehouseneedstobecleaned.Heneedstocleanthehousefirst.
7.在介词后一般用动名词作宾语,但在少数介词,如butex__pt后用动词不定式作宾语,但要注意“to”的省略,如but前有“do”则省去“to”例如Ih__edonenothingbuthelphimwithhisluggage.Ih__enochoi__buttowaitforhimatthebusstop.
8.分词的完成式一般不用来作定语,因此,要表示完成主动的意思常用定语从句例如Theaccidentwhichhappenedyesterdaywasveryserious.
9.如果分词短语的逻辑主语与句子不是相同的,则要用从句或分词__主格结构来表示例如WeatherpermittingwewillgototheCenterPark.
10.分词作状语时,分词的逻辑主语要与句子的主语相一致若它们之间的关系是主谓关系,用现在分词,而动宾关系则用过去分词如果分词的动作先于谓语,分词要用完成时例如H__ingfinishedhiscompositionhewenthome.Whilelookingthroughthepaperhefoundsomeerrors.
二、历届高考试题分析例
1、Thediscoveryofneweviden__ledto_________.A.thethiefh__ingcaughtB.catchthethiefC.thethiefbeingcaughtD.thethieftobecaught答案为C【解析】leadto这个词组中to是介词,后面跟名词,于是B被排除,thethief是动名词逻辑上的主语,构成动名词的复合结构,与catch之间应是被动关系,故排除A常见的带介词to的短语有getbeusedtolookforwardto,lookuptosticktoo__ecttobedevotedtopayattentionto等例
2、Though_______moneyhisparents__nagedtosendhimtouniversity.A.lackedB.lackingofC.lackingD.lackedin答案为C【解析】lack是及物动词,后接宾语moneyhisparents与lack是逻辑上的主谓关系,要用现在分词作状语译文虽然缺钱,他的父母亲还是设法让他上了大学例
3、Hegotwell-preparedforthejobinterviewforhecouldn’trisk____thegoodopportunity.A.toloseB.losingC.tobelostD.beinglost答案B【解析】risk后面只能带动名词做宾语,含义为“冒……之险”例
4、_____tosunlightfortoomuchtimewilldoharmtoonesskin.A.ExposedB.H__ingexposedC.BeingexposedD.Afterbeingexposed答案为C【解析】在非谓语动词中,用动名词或不定式来作主语,而分词和介词短语不能作主语,因此A、D被排除在这个句子中,willdo是谓语,缺少主语,要用动名词作主语expose与onesskin是动宾关系,所以要用动名词的被动式beingexposed译文在阳光下晒太长时间对人的皮肤有坏处例
5、____intouseinApril2000thehotlinewasmeantforresidentsreportingwaterandheatingsupplybreakdowns.A.PutB.PuttingC.H__ingputD.Beingput答案A【解析】putsth.intouse“让……投入使用”显然,put和句子主语thehotline构成被动关系,所以用表示被动的过去分词例
6、Itwasunbelievablethatthefanswaitedoutsidethegymforthreehoursjust____alookatthesportsstars.A.hadB.h__ingC.toh__eD.h__e答案C【解析】动词不定式充当目的状语例
7、Withalotofdifficultproblems_______thenewly-electedpresidentish__ingahardtime.A.settledB.settlingC.tosettleD.beingsettled答案为C【解析】动词不定式tosettle作为difficultproblems的定语表示现在或将来要解决的难题;过去分词settle作定语表示已经解决的难题,现在分词的被动式beingsettled作定语表示正在解决的难题例
8、MoreandmorepeoplearesigningupforYogaclassesnowadays____advantageofthehealthandrelaxationbenefits.A.takingB.takenC.h__ingtakenD.h__ingbeentaken答案A【解析】takeadvantageof(利用)和句子主语Moreandmorepeople构成主动关系,且和句子谓语signupfor报名参加同时发生,所以选择A例
9、Sandycoulddonothingbut________tohisteacherthathewaswrong.A.admitB.admittedC.admittingD.toadmit答案为A【解析】该句中的but是介词,后接动词不定式当谓语动词是do,does或did时,后接不带to的不定式;是其他动词时,后接带to的不定式该句的谓语是coulddonothing,要填动词原形admit译文山德不得不向老师承认自己错了例
10、Hesentmeane-__il________togetfurtherinfor__tion.A.hopedB.hopingC.tohopeD.hope答案为B【解析】现在分词hoping表示与sendmeane-__il同时发生的动作一些考生认为应该填不定式作目的状语不定式作目的状语时,句子的正确形式是Hesentmeane-__iltogetfurtherinfor__tion.不需要hope一词,如果要选择“hoped”时,句子的正确形式是Hesentmeane-__ilandhopedtogetfurtherinfor__tion“hope”和“sent”作并列谓语第三节巩固练习Direction:Beneatheachofthefollowingsenten__stherearefourchoi__s__rkedABCandD.Choosethebestanswerthatcompletesthesenten__.
1._____anythingabouttheaccidenthewenttoworkasusual.A.Notknown B.Knownnot C.Knowingnot D.Notknowing
2.—H__eyoudecidedwhen_____—Yestomorrowmorning.A.tole__e B.tobele__ing C.willyoule__eD.areyoule__ing
3.Ireallyenjoy_____thatkindofjob.A.do B.doing C.todo D.tobedoing
4.—There’saholeinyourbag.—lknow.Iamgoingtoh__eit_____.A.mendB.mendingC.mendedD.tobemended
5.Thenextmorningshefoundthe__ninbed_____dead.A.lying B.lie C.lay D.laying
6.____him_____thewindow.A.toshutnotB.nottoshut C.tonotshut D.notshut
7.Thefurniture______onOctober15wasseriouslyda__gedbecauseofaroadaccident.A.beingdeliveredB.h__ingdeliveredC.h__ingbeendeliveredD.delivered
8.Hehadhisleg_____inthe__tchyesterday.A.tobreak B.broken C.break D.breaking
9.Ican’ti__gine_____thatwiththem.A.do B.todo C.beingdone D.doing
10.Mostofthepeople_____tothe_____werefamousscientists.A.invited B.toinviteC.beinginvitedD.inviting
11.—Goodmorning.CanIhelpyou—I’dliketoh__ethispackage_______dam.A.beweighed B.tobeweighed C.toweigh D.weighed
12.Slowlysheopenedtheletter_____.A.herhandstrembledslightlyB.slightlyherhandsweretrembledC.herhandsslightlytremblingC.tremblingherhandsslightly
13.All______willbepresentattheconferen__.A.partiescon__rnedB.partiescon__rningC.con__rnedpartiesD.con__rningparties
14._____moreattentionthetreescouldh__egrownbetter.A.Given B.Togive C.Giving D.H__inggiven
15.Shereachedthetopofthehillandstopped_____onabigrockbythesideofthepath.A.toh__erested B.resting C.torest D.rest
16.LastsummerItookacourseon_______.A.howto__kedresses B.howdressesbe__deC.howtobe__dedresses D.howdressestobe__de
17.Themurdererwasbroughtinwithhishands_____behindhisback.A.beingtied B.h__ingtied C.tobetied D.tied
18.Thesecretaryworkedlateintothenight_____alongspeechforthepresident.A.toprepare B.preparing C.prepared D.waspreparing
19.Icanhardlyi__ginePeter_____acrosstheAtlanticOceaninfivedays.A.sail B.tosailC.sailing D.toh__esailed
20.—Thelightintheoffi__isstillon.—OhIforgot_____.A.turningitoff B.turnitoffC.toturnitoffD.h__ingturneditoff
21.TheOlympicGames______in776B.C.didnotincludewomenplayersuntil
1912.A.firstplaying B.tobefirstplayedC.firstplayedD.tobefirstplaying
22.Noth__ingfinishedhishomework_____towatchthegame.A.sohewasforbidden B.heforbadeC.hewasforbidden D.motherforbidhim
23.The_____worldpopulationistheresultofre__ntadvan__sinmedicalscien__.A.increasedB.increase C.beingincreasingD.Increasing
24._____itwithmeandI’llseewhatIcando.A.Whenleft B.Le__ing C.Ifyoule__e D.Le__e
25.Cleaningwomeninbigcitiesusuallyget______bythehour.A.pay B.paying C.paidD.topay
26.Europeanfootballisplayedin80countries______itthemostpopularsportintheworld.A.__king B.__kesC.__deD.to__ke
27.Robertissaid_____abroadbutIdon’tknowwhatcountryhestu___din.A.toh__estu___dB.tostudyC.tobestudyingD.toh__ebeenstudying
28.Thepurposeofnewtechnologiesisto__kelifeeasier_____itmoredifficult.A.not__ke B.notto__keC.not__king D.donot__ke
29.WhenIgotbackhomeIsawamessagepinnedtothedoor______“Sorrytomissyou;willcalllater.”A.readB.readsC.toread D.reading
30.I’veworkedwithchildrenbeforesoIknowwhat______inmynewjob.A.expected B.toexpect C.tobeexpectingD.expects
31.Itisimpossibleto__oid______byadvertisementsinamodernsociety. A.tobeinfluen__dB.beinginfluen__dC.toinfluen__D.influen__d
32.Somepeoplebelievethatsomenumbersshowthe______sideofaperson’spersonality. A.hidingB.hidC.hiddenD.hide33—Howdoyoudealwiththedisagreementbetweenthecompanyandthecustomers—key______theproblemistomeetthede__nd_______bythecustomers. A.tosolving…__kingB.tosolving…__deC.tosolve…__king D.tosolve…__de
34.H__ingatripabroadis__rtainlygoodfortheoldcouplebutitre__ins______whethertheywillenjoyit. A.toseeB.tobeseen C.seeingD.seen
35.ItissaidinAustraliathereismorelandthanthegover__entknows______. A.itwhattodowithB.whattodoitwithC.whattodowithitD.todowhatwithit
36.Theresearchissodesignedthaton________nothingcanbedonetochangeit. A.begins B.h__ingbegunC.beginning D.begun
37.Theteacheraskedus______somuchnoise. A.don’t__ke B.not__ke C.not__king D.notto__ke
38.______timehe’ll__keafirst-classtennisplayer. A.H__inggiven B.Togive C.GivingD.Given
39.WalkingpasttheparkIcouldn’thelp______somechildrenflyingkites. A.stoptowatchB.stoppingwatchC.stoppingtowatchD.tostoptowatch
40.Generallyspeaking______accordingtodirectionsthedrughasnoside-effect. A.whentaking B.whentaken C.whentotake D.whentobetaken
41.Anarmyspoke__anstressedthatallthesol___rshadbeenordered_______clearwarningsbeforefiringanyshots.A.toissue B.beingissued C.toh__eissuedD.tobeissued
42.Thereisanewprobleminvolvedinthepopularityofprivatecars_______roadconditionsneed______.A.that…tobeimproved B.which…tobeimprovedC.where…improvingD.when…improving
43.—Whatdoyouthink__dethewo__nsoupset?—_____weight. A.AssheputonB.PutonC.PuttingonD.Becauseofputtingon
44.The__nager______hisfactory’sproductswerepoorinqualitydecidedtogivehisworkersfurthertraining. A.knowingB.knownC.toknowD.beingknown
45.The__nwefollowedsuddenlystoppedandlookedasif_______whetherhewasgoingintherightdirection. A.seeingB.h__ingseen C.toh__eseen D.tosee
46.Don’tbediscouraged.______thingsastheyareandyouwillenjoyeverydayofyourlife. A.TakingB.Totake C.Take D.Taken
47.Friendshipislikemoneyeasier__dethan____. A.kept B.tobekept C.keepingD.beingkept
48.______themeetinghimselfg__ethemagreatdealofencouragement.A.ThepresidentwillattendB.Thepresidenttoattend C.Thepresidentattended D.Thepresident’sattending
49.Unless______tospeakyoushouldre__insilentattheconferen__.A.invitedB.inviting C.beinginvited D.h__inginvited
50.Timeshouldbe__degooduseof____ourlessonswell.A.learningB.learnedC.tolearnD.h__inglearned。