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翻译中的选词法diction*I.选择语法意义choi__ofgram__ticalmeanings----语法结构分析*Thesamewordwhenusedasdifferentpartsofspeechandplayingdifferentrolesinasenten__hasdifferentmeanings.*
1.Takethecartbacktothebackyardandbackitintotheshedatthebackofthestable.*
2.Hehadnosto__chtofollowus.*Ican’tsto__chthisjobanylonger.*II.选择搭配意义choi__ofcollocativemeanings----语义分析*Somewordsh__ethesamebasicmeaningsbutdifferincollocation.Thatistheyh__edifferentcollocativemeanings.Forinstan__“sense”and“meaning”aresynonymousbut“Johnisa__nofsense”isac__ptablewhile“Johnisa__nofmeaning”isunac__ptable.*OneproblemwithcollocationistranslationisthatveryoftenwhatisgoodcollocationinEnglish__ynotbesowhenrenderedinto*Chineseorvi__versa.Forinstan__“pretty”and“handsome”arerenderedinto“漂亮的”and“英俊的”respectively.Itisperfectlyallrighttosay“ahandsomecar”but“英俊的车子”*Buildahouse/aship/afire/acar/one’sconfiden__/scholarsoftomorrow/ananswer/abridge/adam/astampcollection*III.选择情感意义choi__ofafffectivemeanings-----语义分析(情感)*Affectivemeaningsreferstowhatiscommunicatedofthefeelingsandattitudesofthewritertowardsthereader.You__yaddresssomebodyasan“idiot”toconveyyourdespiseordescribesomethingas“__rvelous”toexpressyourpositiveevaluation.Therearebasicallythreetypesofaffectivemeanings:positive褒义neutral中性andderogatory贬义.*PositiveneutralderogatoryPortly发福的Overweight超重的Obese臃肿的)Slenderslim苗条的Underweight体重不够的)Skinny瘦削的Seniorelder长者Old__n/wo__n老人Fossil老朽*Examples:*
1.Aggressivenationsthreatenworldpea__.*侵略成性的国家威胁世界和平.*Asale__anmustbeaggressiveifhewantstosuc__ed.*推销员要成功必须有闯劲.*
2.Heincitedthesol___rstofightbr__ely.*Hewaschargedwithincitingpeopletoviolen__.*
3.Everydoghashisday.*“Youchicken!”hecriedlookingatTomwithcontempt.*Ⅳ.选择模糊意义choi__ofambiguousmeanings------语义分析歧义*AmbiguityaccordingtoD.Bolingerisdefinedasonesu_____structurecoveringtwoormoredeepstructuresthatisonelinguisticexpressionallowsmorethanoneudnerstandingsorinterpretations.Ambiguitycanbeclassifiedaslexicalambiguity词汇歧义andstructuralambiguity结构歧义.*
1.lexicalambiguity词汇歧义*Themultiplemeaningsoftheutteran__dependsonthemeaningofthesingleword.E.g.*⑴Shecannotbearchildren.*
①Shecannotgivebirthtochildrenbecausesheissterile.*
②Shecannottoleratethechildren.*⑵AsGreendesigedthe__chinehemusth__erealizeditscapability.*
①因为这台机器是格林设计的他一定事先知道它的性能.*
②格林设计这台机器的时候一定事先知道它的性能.*
2.structuralambiguity结构歧义*Themultiplemeaningsoftheutteran__dependsonthesenten__structure.Eg.*Sheshowedherbabypictures.*
①她拿出了自己婴儿时期的照片.*
②她把婴儿的照片拿给她看.*
③她把一些照片/__拿给孩子看.*Ⅴ.选择引申意义choi__ofextendedmeanings----语义分析(关联义)*ItisoftendifficulttofindasuitableChinesetranslationforanEnglishwordorexpressioninE-Cdictionariesandamechanicaltranslation__ybeunin____igibletoourreaders.Onewayoutistoextendthemeaningfromtheconcreteorspecifictotheabstractorgeneralorvi__versa.*
1.”实”→虚”.词义从具体引向抽象从特殊引向一般从局部引向概括*⑴Nowadaysastudentheadingforcollege__ypackafryingpanalongwithhisbooks.*实译:如今上大学的学生除了带他的书上学校以外还可以带上一个煎烙饼的平底锅了.*虚译:如今大学生在学校里也可以自己做点吃的了.*⑵WhenIgoaroundonspeakingengagementstheyallexpectmetoassumeaQuakerOatslook.*实译:我应邀外出演讲时他们都指望我摆出一副像麦片商标中的老头那样的表情.*虚译:我应邀外出演讲时他们都指望我摆出一副毫无表情一本正经的面孔.QuakerOats是欧美一种有名的麦片商标商标中画的老头模样毫无表情我国读者不熟悉应虚译.*
2.“虚”→”实”.词义从抽象引向具体从一般引向特殊从概括引向局部*⑴Thereismoretotheirlifethanpoliticalandsocialandeconomicproblems;morethantransienteverydayness.*虚译:他们的生活远不止那些__的社会的和经济的问题远不止一时的日常性.*实译:他们的生活远不止那些__的社会的和经济的问题远不止每天的柴米油盐.*⑵Heisavaluableacquisitiontotheteam.*虚译:他是该队一种宝贵的获得.*实译:他是该队不可多得的队员.*Ⅵ.选择对应意义choi__ofequivalentmeanings-----语义分析(对概念义的误解)*SomeEnglishwordsorexpressionslookequivalenttotheirChinesecounterpartsbutactuallytheyaredifferent.*Theyarecalled“falsefriends”.Careshouldbetakennottobeconfinedortakenawaybywhatweseeintheoriginaltext.*Eg.*Busybody≠忙人=贬义好管闲事的人=apersonwhotakestoomuchinterestinotherpeople’saffairs.*Thelongandtheshortofit≠它的长短处=总的结果/情况/要点*Shehasaweaknessforpork≠吃猪肉她可不行.=她有爱吃猪肉的嗜好.*Ⅶ.选择准确意义choi__ofexactmeanings----语义分析(所指意义)*AcarefultranslatorshouldweighthemeaningoftheoriginalbefroechoosingasuitableChinesewordorexpression.Threecriteriaareproposedhereforchoosingsuitablewords:preciseness准确conciseness精练andgra__fulness优美commonmistakesinthisrespect__ybechieflyduetothefollowing:*⑴lappingupawordorexpressionwithoutdigestingit囫囵吞枣*⑵extendingthemeaningbeyonditslimits引申过头*⑶Rigidlyadheringtoletterorform拘泥字面*Thusacomparativestudyofsynonymousexpressionsinthetwolanguagesisalwaysne__ssaryforappropriatetranslation.Ingivencontextthechoi__ofwordsisa__tterofdictioncallingforourcarefulconsideration.*Eg.inChinese:**词义轻重不同*祝贺轻—庆祝重批评轻—批判重轻视轻—鄙视重*欺侮轻—欺压重损坏轻—毁坏重责备轻—责骂重**词义范围大小不同*信件大—信小树木大—树小时代大—时期小*河流大—河小战争大—战役小车辆大—车小**词语搭配不同*充足阳光—充分理由侵犯__—侵占土地*发挥作用—发扬精神召集众人—召开会议*Ⅷ.选择语境意义Choi__ofcontextualmeanings----大语境分析*Thesamewordwhenusedindifferentcontextsorfieldsofdiscoursebusinesslawmedicineeducationpoliticsforestryetc.hasdifferentmeanings.Forinstan__insomecontexts“__d”means“foolish”insome“angry”andinothers“insane”.*Eg.Book*
1.Showmethecomplaintbookplease.*
2.Milton’sParadiseLostconsistsoftwelvebooks.*
3.That’sallIremembersirontheBook.*
4.Heclaimstoh__ebeengraduatedfromthiscollegebuthisnameisnotonthebooks.*
5.Heisalwayspainstakinglyathisbooks.*
6.Themusicwasfinebutthebookwasverypoor.*
7.Areyouinthebook*Ⅸ.选择文体意义choi__ofstylisticmeanings----大语境分析*Somewordsconveythesameideabutdifferinstylisticfeatures.Thesewordsareknownasstylisticsynonyms.Insomedictionariesthesestylisticfeaturesareclearly__rkedas“for__l”“infor__l”“literary”“archaic”“slang”andsoon.*Wordsthatoccurindifferentsettingsarestylistically__rked.Thoseusedforsomeseriouspurposeforexampleinofficialreportsbusinesslettersandregulationsarelabeledasfor__lwhereasthoseused*inprivateconversationorpersonallettersarelabeledasinfor__l.Inmostcasesfor__llanguageoccursinwrittenlanguageandinfor__llanguageinspokenlanguage.*Translatorsh__etochooseamongfor__lwordsneutralwordsandinfor__lwordstoensurethatthestyleisappropriatetotheoriginalcontext.Theymustalsodeterminewhethertousestandarddialectsorregionaldialectsarchaicwordsorcontemporarywordsgeneralwordsortechnicaltermsetc.*Table
1.ExamplesofChinesestylisticsynonyms*书面语词母亲诞辰清晨__散步恐吓*口语词妈妈生日早上死溜达吓唬*古语词/旧词殆乘致木匠厨子大夫*现代词/新词危险坐给木工厨师医生*普通用语给现在办法安排私下这*公文用语给予兹措施部署擅自此*普通用语飞心静半夜寂寞*文艺作品用语飞翔心灵安静子夜寂寥*Table
2.examplesofEnglishstylisticsynonymswiththeirtranslations*For__lliteraryPoverty-strikenpennilessinwantunderprivilededimpecuniousindigent*身无分文一文不名穷困贫困*NeutralPoor贫穷*Infor__lBrokeflatbrokehardup穷衣袋空空穷光蛋一个子儿也没有*Table
3.examplesofEnglishwordswiththeirChinesestylisticsynonyms*Wordsexplanatorydescriptive*lively生动的栩栩如生*Irrelevant无关的风马牛不相及*identical相同的千篇一律*thick厚的稠的如胶似漆*withdiscretion小心谨慎稳扎稳打*witheloquen__以雄辩的口才娓娓动听*greatcontribution巨大贡献丰功伟绩*invulnerability无法攻破固若金汤*meagerfood简单的食物粗茶淡饭*frightened害怕胆战心惊*Agoodtranslatorshouldrepresentnotonlytheoriginalthoughtbutalsotheoriginalstyleaswellinthetargetlanguage.*译句比较comparisonoftranslatedsenten__s*
1.Whoevertriestotwistyouup__ytheendofhisnosetakeatwist.*
①谁要是想捉弄你谁的鼻子尖就会歪.*
②谁要是捉弄你就叫谁的鼻子尖歪了.*
③谁骗你谁就____.谁骗你谁就是小狗.*
2.Eitheraflat“yes”oraflat“no”---gobackwhereyoucamefrom.*
①要么干脆说”行”要么干脆说”不行”要不然你从什么地方来还是回到什么地方去吧.*
②干脆说”行”或者”不行”----否则你哪里来就回哪里去.*
③要就要不要就拉倒----你请便吧.行就行不行就拉倒----你请便吧.*
3.Ignoreitasyouignorethecoldoflastwinter.*
①你别去理他就像别理上一个冬天有多冷一样.*
②别理睬它就像你不理睬去年冬天的寒冷那样.*
③管他们干什么他们的话当作耳边风好了.*
4.TheyconfusedmesothatIdidn’tknowthebigendfromthe__all.*
①我连粗细大小都分不清了.*
②他们使我真假不分.*
③他们把我搞得不知东西南北了.*
5.退休工人邵劝帮对小__在春说”那时候干一天活累得连炕都上不去浑身疼得要命睡也睡不着.”*
①ShaoQuanbangaretiredworkersaidtohislittlesonZaichun“AtthattimeIwassofatiguedafteraday’sdrudgerythatIfounditveryhardtomountthekang.MywholeframeachingacutelyIcouldn’tgotosleephoweverhardItried.*
②ShaoQuanbangaretiredworkersaidtohislittlesonZaichun“InthosedaysIwasusuallysodoneupafteraday’shardworkthatIcouldn’tgetonthekang.AsmywholebodyachedlikeanythingIsimplycouldn’tgettosleepevenItriedto.”*
6.无论是街道、房屋或公园这个地方都有一种难以描绘的难过情调.随便走到哪里我都可以看到新鲜有趣的东西.*
①Allstreetshousesandparkshereh__eanindescribablelookofthesouth.No__tterwhereIgoI’msuretofindthingsnewandinteresting.*
②Thepla__withitsstreetsitshousesanditsparkswearsanindescribableairofthesouth.Everycornerbringsmeintoacquaintan__withsomenewinterest.*译句比较:*
1.Thejewelswerewortha__allfortune.*原译:这些珠宝价值连城.*改译:这些珠宝颇值一些钱.*
2.Hervoi__roseandfellwithemotion.*原译:她慷慨陈辞声音抑扬顿挫.*改译:她的嗓音时高时低充满了__.*
3.WhenJoshuawastwoyearsoldhewasimpossibleatypical“TerribleTwo”.Hewasdestructivestubbornandviolent.*原译:乔舒亚两岁时变得异常调皮是个典型的”第二号可怕人物”.他固执爱动武常常损坏东西.*改译:乔舒亚两岁时变得异常调皮是个不折不扣的淘气”两岁魔王”.他固执爱动武常常损坏东西.“TerribleTwo”心理学术语用来概括两岁儿童的心里和行为特征其中的two指年龄.*
4.The__ximwasthatwhena__rriedcouplesawredlawyerssawgreen.*原译:俗话说夫妻俩吵得脸红而赤的时候正是律师挣钱的好机会.*改译:俗话说夫妇吵得脸红耳赤之时便是律师招财进宝之日.*
5.Timewasaswiftlyflowingriverthathadnoshorenoboundaries.Itsseasonswerenot*winterspringfallorsummerbutbirthdaysandjoysandtroublesandpain.*原译:岁月似急速流动的江河.一年四季似乎不是春、夏、秋、冬而是生日、乐趣、烦恼和痛苦.*改译:岁月似无边无涯的急流.一年四季似乎不是春、夏、秋、冬春的更迭而是由生日的欢悦、生活的乐趣、烦恼和痛苦所交织而成的.。