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TheTruthAboutLyingJudithViorst
1.Ivebeenwantingtowriteonasu__ectthatintriguesandchallengesme:thesu__ectoflying.Ivefounditverydifficulttodo.EveryoneIvetalkedtohasaquiteintenseandpersonalbutoftenratherintolerantpointofviewaboutwhatwecan—andcannevernever—____liesabout.IvefinallyreachedtheconclusionthatIcantpresentanyulti__teconclusionsfortoo__nypeoplewouldpromptlydisagree.InsteadIdliketopresentaseriesofmoralpuzzlesallcon__rnedwithlying.Ill____youwhatIthinkaboutthem.Doyouagree关于说谎的__朱迪斯·维奥斯特 我一直想写一个令我深感兴趣的话题关于说谎的问题我觉得这个题目很难写所有我交谈过的人都对什么事情可以说谎——什么事情绝对不可以说谎——持有强烈的、常常不容别人分说的个人意见最后我得出结论,我不能下任何定论,因为这样做就会有太多的人立即__我想我还是提出若干都与说谎有关的道义上的难题吧我将向读者阐明我对这些难题的个人看法你们觉得对吗?SocialLies
2.MostofthepeopleIvetalkedwithsaythattheyfindsociallyingac__ptableandne__ssary.Theythinkitsthecivilizedwayforfolkstobeh__e.Withouttheselittlewhiteliestheysayourrelationshipswouldbeshortandbrutishandnasty.Itsarroganttheysaytoinsistonbeingsoincorruptibleandsobr__ethatyoucauseotherpeopleunne__ssaryembarras__entorpainbycompulsivelyassailingthemwithyourhonesty.Ibasicallyagree.Whataboutyou社交性谎言 和我交谈过的大多数人都说,他们认为旨在促进社会交际的谎言是可以接受的,也是必要的他们认为这是一种文明的行为他们说,要不是这类无关紧要的谎言,人与人之间的关系就会变得粗野不快,无法持久他们说,如果你要做到十二分正直、十二分无畏,不由自主地用你的诚实使他人陷入不必要的窘境或痛苦之中,这只能说你是傲慢自大对此,我基本赞同你呢?
3.WillyousaytopeoplewhenitsimplyisnttrueIlikeyournewhairdoYourelookingmuchbetteritssoni__toseeyouIhadawonderfultime 你会不会跟人说“我喜欢你的新发型,”“你气色好多了,”“见到你真高兴,”“我玩得很尽兴,”而实际上根本不是这么回事儿?
4.Willyoupraisehideouspresentsandhomelykids 你会不会对令人憎厌的礼物,或相貌平平的孩子称赞有加?
5.WillyoudeclineinvitationswithWerebusythatnight—sosorrywecantcomewhenthetruthisyoudratherstayhomethandinewiththeSo-and-sos 你婉辞邀请时会不会说“那天晚上我们正好没空——真对不起,我们不能来,”而实际上你是宁肯呆在家里也不想跟某某夫妇一起进餐?
6.AndeventhoughasIdoyou__ypreferthepoliteevasionofYoureallycookedupastorminsteadofThesoup—whichtasteslikewarmed-overcoffee—iswonderfulwillyouifyoumustproclaimitwonderful 虽然像我那样,你也想用“太丰盛了”这种委婉的托辞,而不是盛赞“那汤味道好极了”其实味同重新热过的咖啡,但如果你必须赞美那汤,你会说它鲜美吗
7.Theresone__nIknowwhoabsolutelyrefusesto____sociallies.Icantplaythatgamehesays;Imsimplynot__dethatway.Andhisanswertotheargumentthatsayingni__thingstosomeonedoesntcostanythingisYesitdoes—itdestroysyourcredibility.Nowhewontunsolicitedofferhisviewsonthepaintingyoujustboughtbutyoudontaskhisfrankopinionunlessyouwantfrankandhissilen__atthosemomentswhentherestofusliarsaremutteringIsntitlovelyisforthemostparteloquentenough.Myfrienddoesnotindulgeinwhathecallsflatteryfalsepraiseandmellifluouscomments.Whenothers____fibshewillnotgoalong.Hesaysthatsociallyingislyingthatlittlewhiteliesarestilllies.Andhefeelsthat____ingliesismorallywrong.Whataboutyou 我认识一个人,他完全拒绝说这类社交性谎言“我不会那一套,”他说,“我生来就不会那一套”讲到对人家说几句好听的话并不失去什么,他的回答是“不对,当然有损失——那会损害你的诚信度”因此你不问他,他不会对你刚买来的画发表意见,但除非你想听老实话,否则你也不会去问他的真实想法当我们这些说谎者轻声称赞着“多美啊”的时候,他的沉默往往是极能说明问题的我的这位朋友从来不讲他所说的“奉承话、虚假的赞美话和动听话”别人说些无伤大雅的谎言,他则不他说社交性谎言还是谎言,无关紧要的小小谎言还是谎言他认为说谎不合道德你呢?Pea__-KeepingLies
8.__nypeople____pea__-keepinglies:liesdesignedto__oidirritationorargumentliesdesignedtosheltertheliarfrompossibleblameorpain;liesorsoitisrationalizeddesignedtokeeptroubleatbaywithouthurtinganyone.息事宁人的谎言 不少人为了息事宁人而说谎那种意在避免生气或争吵的谎言,意在使说谎者免受可能的责备或烦恼的谎言;意在或据认为理应不伤害他人而又能帮助避免麻烦的谎言
9.I____theseliesattimesandyetIalwaysfeeltheyrewrong.Iunderstandwhywe____thembutstilltheyfeelwrong.AndwheneverIliesothatsomeonewontdisapproveofmeorthinklessofmeorholleratmeIfeelImabitofacowardIfeelImdodgingresponsibilityIfeel...guilty.Whataboutyou 我有时也说这种谎,不过我总觉得不该说我知道___要说这种谎,但说这种谎终究不对每当我为了不让别人讨厌自己、看轻自己、或冲着自己嚷嚷而说谎时,我总觉得自己有点像个懦夫,觉得自己是在逃避责任,觉得……愧疚你呢?
10.Doyouwhenyourelateforadatebecauseyouoversleptsaythatyourelatebecauseyougotcaughtinatrafficjam 你由于睡过头赴约会迟到了,会不会说是因为碰上堵车才晚到的?
11.Doyouwhenyouforgettocallafriendsaythatyoucalledseveraltimesbutthelinewasbusy 你忘了给朋友打__,会不会谎称打过好几次,可__老占线?
12.Doyouwhenyoudidntrememberthatitwasyourfathersbirthdaysaythathispresentmustbedelayedinthe__il 你忘了父亲的生日,会不会说寄给他的礼物准是给耽搁了?
13.AndwhenyoureplanningaweekendinNewYorkCityandyourenotinthemoodtovisityourmotherwholivestheredoyoucon__al—withalieifyoumust—thefactthatyoullbeinNewYorkOrdoyouh__ethecourage—orisitthecruelty—tosayIllbeinNewYorkbutsorry—Idontplanonseeingyou 你打算去纽约市度周末,但又不想去看望住在那里的母亲,你会——必要的话用谎言——隐瞒你将到纽约的事实,还是会勇敢地——或者说狠心地——说“我要来纽约,可是抱歉,我不打算来看望你”?
14.D__eandhiswifeElaineh__etwoquitedifferentpointsofviewonthisverysu__ect.Hecallsheracoward.Shesaysshesbeingwise.HesaysshemustassertherrighttovisitNewYorksometimesandnotseehermother.Towhichshealwayspatientlyreplies:Whyshouldweh__euselessfightsMymotherstoooldtochange.WegetalongmuchbetterwhenIlietoher. 戴夫和妻子伊莱恩正是在这个问题上有两种颇不相同的观点他称她为懦夫她说自己处理这事是明智的他说她应该维护自己有的时候去纽约但不去看望母亲的权利对此她总是耐心地回答说“我们何必无谓地争吵呢?我母亲年纪大了,不会改了我对她说个谎,我们相处得就更好”
15.Finallydoyoukeepthepea__by____ingyourhu__andliesonthesu__ectofmoneyDoyouredu__whatyoureallypaidforyourshoesAndingeneraldoyoufindyourselfreadywillingandabletolietohimwhenyou__keabsurdmistakesorloseorbreakthings 最后一点,你会不会在钱的问题上对丈夫说谎,以求太平?你会不会少报买鞋子的钱?你出了什么荒唐的错误或丢失了物品打碎了器皿时是不是常常想对他撒谎,而且会对他撒谎?
16.Iusedtoh__earo__nticideathatpartofinti__cywasconfessingeverydumbthingthatyoudidtoyourhu__and.ButafteracoupleofyearsofthatsaysLaurah__eIchangedmymind! “过去我往往不切实际地以为亲密关系的一个组成部分就是把自己做的每件蠢事都如实告诉丈夫可这么过了几年之后,”劳拉说,“我就改了主意!”
17.Andh__ingchangedhermindshefindsherself____ingpea__keepinglies.AndyesI____themtoo.Whataboutyou 改主意后,她在不知不觉中说谎话求太平了没错,我也说这种谎你呢?ProtectiveLies
18.Protectiveliesareliesfolks____—oftenquiteseriouslies—becausetheyreconvin__dthatthetruthwouldbetooda__ging.Theyliebecausetheyfeelthereare__rtainhu__nvaluesthatsupersedethewrongofh__inglied.Theylienotforpersonalgainbutbecausetheybelieveitsforthegoodofthepersontheyrelyingto.Theylietothosetheylovetothosewhotrustthemmostofallonthegroundsthatbreakingthistrustisjustified.保护性谎言 保护性谎言就是因为人们认为事实__危害性太大而说的谎言,这类谎言通常事关重大他们说谎,因为他们认为,人的某些价值观念压倒了说谎这一错误行为本身他们说谎不是为个人__,而是因为他们相信,那是为他们对之说谎的人好他们对自己所爱的人撒谎,对最信任自己的人撒谎,就是因为他们认为这样做是有正当理由的
19.They__ylietotheirchildrenonmoneyor__rital__tters. 他们会在金钱或婚姻问题上对子女说谎
20.They__ylietothedyingaboutthestateoftheirhealth. 他们会对垂死者隐瞒真实病情
21.They__ylietotheirclosestfriendbecausethetruthabouthertalentsorsonorpsychewouldbe—orsotheyinsist—utterlydevastating. 他们会对密友说谎,因为关于其才能、其爱子或其精神状态的实话会——不妨说他们坚持这么认为——使其身心受到极大伤害
22.Isometimes____suchliesbutImawarethatitsquitepresumptuoustoclaimIknowwhatsbestforotherstoknow.ThatscalledplayingGod.Thatscalled__nipulationandcontrol.Andwenevercanbesureon__westarttojuggleliesjustwheretheylllandexactlywheretheyllroll. 有时我也说这种谎,可我明白,声称自己懂得什么事他人应该知道,这未免太自以为是了这无异于充当上帝这无异于操纵和控制他人而我们一旦开始玩起谎言戏法,就再也无法知道谎言何时会收场,究竟会滑向何方
23.Andfurthermorewe__yfindourselveslyinginordertobackuptheliesthatarebackingupthelieweinitiallytold. 而且,我们会不知不觉地为了圆先前说的谎言而说谎
24.Andfurthermore—letsbehonest—ifconditionswerereversedwe__rtainlywouldntwantanyonelyingtous. 而且——我们不妨直说——如果情形倒过来,我们当然不愿意别人对自己说谎
25.Yeth__ingsaidallthatIstillbelievethattherearetimeswhenprotectiveliesmustnonethelessbetold.Whataboutyou 不过,话虽如此,我还是觉得有时保护性谎言还非说不可你呢?Trust-KeepingLies
26.Anothergroupofliesaretrust-keepingliesliesthatinvolvetriangulationwithAthatsyou____ingliestoBonbehalfofCwhosetrustyoudpromisedtokeep.Mostpeoplecon__dethaton__youveagreednottobetrayafriendsconfiden__youcantbetrayitevenifyoumustlie.ButIvetalkedwithpeoplewhodontwantyou____ingthemanythingthattheymightbecalledontolieabout.信守承诺的谎言 另一类谎言是信守承诺的谎言,涉及三方的谎言,即A(你)为了C(你答应为其信守承诺者)而对B说谎大多数人承认,一旦你答应不背叛朋友的信任,你就不能背叛,哪怕你必须说谎但我与之交谈过的人中也有人不想听那些他们也许得为之说谎的事
27.Idont____liesformyselfsaysFranandIdontwanttoh__eto____themforotherpeople.Whichmeanssheagreesthatifherbestfriendish__inganaffairsheabsolutelydoesntwanttoknowaboutit. “我不为自己说谎,”弗兰说,“我也不愿为别人说谎”她承认,这就意味着如果她最好的朋友有风流韵事的话,她绝对不想知道
28.Areyousayingherbestfriendasksthatyoudbetrayme “你是说,”她最好的朋友问,“你会__我?”
29.Franisverypainedbutveryada__nt.Iwouldntwanttobetrayyouso…dont____meanythingaboutit. 弗兰心里很为难,但态度十分坚决“我不想__你,所以……别跟我说这事”
30.Fransbestfriendisshocked.Whataboutyou 弗兰最好的朋友深感震惊你呢?
31.Doyoubelieveyoucanh__eclosefriendsifyourenotpreparedtore__ivetheirdeepestsecrets 你是不是认为,如果你不愿意了解朋友最深的隐密,你仍会有好朋友?
32.Doyoubelieveyoumustalwayslieforyourfriends 你是不是认为你必须一直为朋友说谎?
33.Doyoubelieveifyourfriend____sasecretthatturnsouttobequiteimmoralorillegalthaton__youvepromisedtokeepityoumustkeepit 你是不是认为,如果朋友透露的一个秘密是违反道德或法律的,而一旦你答应保密,你就得真的保密?
34.Andwhatifyourfriendwereyourboss—ifyouwereperhapsoneofthePresidentsmen—wouldyoubetrayorlieforhimoversayWatergate 如果你的朋友正好是你的上司——如果你恰好就是总统班底的人——比如说在水门__这个问题上,你是背叛他还是为他说谎?
35.Asyoucanseetheseissuesgetterriblysticky. 可以想见这些问题非常棘手
36.Itsmybeliefthaton__wevepromisedtokeepatrustwemust____liestokeepit.Ialsobelievethatwecant____Watergatelies.Andifthesetwostatementsstrikeyouasquitecontradictoryyoureright—theyrequitecontradictory.ButfornowtheyrethebestIcando.Whataboutyou 我以为,一旦我们答应信守承诺,我们就是说谎也得信守承诺同时我也认为,在水门__这类事情上我们___谎如果你觉得这两点自相矛盾,那你就对了——这两者的确自相矛盾但目前我只能如此你呢?
37.Therearethosewhoh__enotalentforlying. 有些人不擅说谎
38.OvertheyearsItriedtolieafriendofmineexplainedbutIalwaysgotfoundoutandIalwaysgotpunished.IguessIg__emyselfawaybecauseIfeelguiltyaboutanykindoflying.ItlooksasifImstuckwith____ingthetruth. “许多年来,我一直试图说谎,”一位朋友解释说,“可我总是露馅,总是为此受罚我想人家看出我说谎是因为我一说谎就觉得内疚看来我只能说真话了”
39.Forthoseofushoweverwhoaregoodat____ingliesforthoseofuswholieanddontgetcaughtthequestionofwhetherornottoliecanbeahardandseriousmoralproblem.Ilikedthere__rkofafriendofminewhosaidImwillingtolie.Butjustasalastresort—thetruthsalwaysbetter. 可是,对我们这种擅于说谎的人来说,对我们这种说谎又不露馅的人来说,说谎还是不说谎会成为一个严肃的道德难题我颇为赞同一位朋友的话,他说,“我愿意说谎但只把这作为最后一手——真话总比谎话好”
40.Becauseheexplainedthoughothers__ycompletelyac__ptthelieIm____ingIdont. “因为,”他解释说,“哪怕别人对我的谎话完全信以为真,我自己可无法相信”
41.Itendtofeelthatwaytoo. 本人也有同感
42.Whataboutyou 你呢?WhiteLiesSisselaBok1Whiteliesareattheotherendofthespectrumofde__ptionfromliesinaseriouscrisis.Theyarethemostcommonandthemosttrivialformsthatduplicitycantake.Thefactthattheyaresocommonprovidestheirprotectivecoloring.Andtheirverytrivialitywhencomparedtomorethreateninglies__kesitseemunne__ssaryorevenabsurdtocondemnthem.Someconsiderallwell-intentionedlieshowevermomentoustobewhite;inthisbookIshalladheretothenarrowerusage:awhitelieinthissenseisafalsehoodnotmeanttoinjureanyoneandoflittlemoralimport.Iwanttoaskwhethertherearesuchlies;andiftherearewhethertheircumulativeconsequen__sarestillwithoutharm;andfinallywhether__nyliesarenotdefendedas“white”whichareinfactharmfulintheirownright.无伤大雅的小谎西塞拉·博克 无伤大雅的小谎处于欺骗这个范畴的另一端,与重大时刻撒谎大不一样它们是最常见的、最轻微的欺骗行为这类小谎经常听到,这一事实本身就使之披上一层保护色相比那些更具危害性的谎言,小谎的无关紧要使得对其进行谴责都显得没有必要甚至荒唐有人把所有用心良善的谎言,无论多么事关重大,都看作是无伤大雅的小谎在本书中,笔者取的是较为狭窄的意义在这一意义上,无伤大雅的小谎指的是无意伤害他人的、没有道德含义的谎言我想问是否真有这类谎言;如果有的话,其日积月累的最终结果是否果然不具有伤害性;最后,许多实际上原本就具有伤害性的谎言是否没有被说成“无伤大雅”2__ny__allsubterfuges__ynotevenbeintendedtomislead.Theyareonly“whitelies”inthemost__rginalsense.Takeforexamplethe__nysocialexchanges:“Howni__toseeyou!”or“Cordiallyyours.”Theseandathousandotherpoliteexpressionsaresomuchtakenforgrantedthatifsomeonedecidedinthenameoftotalhonestynottoemploythemhemightwellgivetheimpressionofanindifferen__hedidnotpossess.Thejustificationforcontinuingtousesuchac__ptedformulationsisthattheyde__ivenooneex__ptpossiblythoseunfamiliarwiththelanguage. 许多无关紧要的遁词也许根本就无意误导他人它们不过勉强算是无伤大雅的小谎如许多客套话“见到你真高兴!”或信末写的“你至诚的”这些和许许多多其他礼貌用语并无不妥,理当使用要是有人为了要绝对诚实决定不用的话,他很可能给人一种为人冷漠的印象,而实际上此人并非如此一直使用这些公众认可的套语的理由是它们骗不了人,那些并不通晓这一语言的人或许是例外3Asocialpracti__moreclearlyde__ptiveisthatofgivingafalseexcusesoasnottohurtthefeelingsofsomeone__kinganinvitationorrequest:tosayone“can’t”dowhatinrealityone__ynotwanttodo.On__againthefalseexcuse__ypreventunwarrantedinferen__sofgreaterhostilitytotheundertakingthanone__ywellfeel.Merelytosaythatonecan’tdosomethingmoreoverisnotde__ptiveinthesensethatanelaboratelyconcoctedstorycanbe. 一种显然更具有欺骗性质的社会惯例是假造一个理由,以便不伤害邀请人或请求者的感情对自己其实不欲为的事推托说“不能为”同样的,这一假造的理由或许会防止他人莫须有地推断自己对所说之事抵触多多再者,仅仅说一句自己不能做某事,不像煞费苦心编造的一通谎话那样带有欺骗性4Stillotherwhiteliesaretoldinanefforttoflattertothrowacheerfulinterpretationondepressingcircumstan__sortoshowgratitudeforunwantedgifts.Intheeyesof__nysuchwhiteliesdonoharmprovideneededsupportandcheerandhelpdispelgloomandboredom.Theypreservetheequilibriumandoftenthehu__nenessofsocialrelationshipsandareusuallyac__ptedasexcusablesolongastheydonotbecomeex__ssive.__nyarguemoreoverthatsuchde__ptionissohelpfulandattimessone__ssarythatitmustbetoleratedasanex__ptiontoageneralpolicyagainstlying.ThusBaconobserved:Dothany__ndoubtthatifthereweretakenoutofmen’smindsvainopinionsflatteringhopesfalsevaluationsi__ginationsasonewouldandthelikebutitwouldle__ethemindsofanumberofmenpoorshrunkenthingsfullofmelancholyandindispositionandunpleasingtothemselves 还有一些无伤大雅的小谎旨在讨好他人、对令人沮丧的境况做出使人高兴的解释,或者对别人赠送的无用礼物表示感谢在许多人看来,这类无伤大雅的小谎没有害处,给人以必要的支持和安慰,有助于驱除忧郁和厌烦它们保障人际关系的平衡,而且常常帮助人们在交往中保住人情味只要不过分,这类谎话一般被看作是可以原谅的更有甚者,许多人认为,这类欺骗行为裨益良多,有时还必不可少,故应作为__撒谎这一总原则的例外加以容忍培根曾这样说如果把自视过高的看法、奢望、不实的评价、一厢情愿的想法等等都从人们的脑海里赶走,那会使一些人感到空虚、悲哀、不舒服、讨厌自己,对此有人怀疑过吗?5Anotherkindoflie__yactuallybeadvocatedasbringingamoresubstantialbenefitor__oidingarealharmwhileseemingquiteinnocuoustothosewho____thelies.Sucharethepla__bosgivenforinnumerablecommonailmentsandthepervasiveuseofinflatedgradesandrecommendationsforemploymentandpromotion. 另一种谎言,实际上人们也许认为,既能带来更为实在的好处,或能避免真正的伤害,而对那些撒谎者又看似无害比如对无数常见疾病开的并无药效的安慰剂,以及为了求职或提升而普遍拔高的成绩和多有溢美之词的推荐信6Alargenumberoflieswithoutsuchredeemingfeaturesareneverthelessoftenregardedassotrivialthattheyshouldbegroupedwithwhitelies.Theyaretheliestoldonthespurofthemomentforwantofreflectionortogetoutofascrapeorevensimplytopassthetime.Sucharetheliestoldtoboastorexaggerateoronthecontrarytodeprecateandunderstate;the__nyliestoldorrepeatedingossip;Rousseau’slies[1Rousseaus’lies:Rousseau/ru:s/卢梭(JeanJacquesRousseau1712-1778),法国启蒙思想家、哲学家、教育家和文学家.InReveriesoftheSolitaryStrollerJeanJacquesRousseausays:“Neverh__eIliedinmyowninterest;butoftenIh__eliedthroughshameinordertodrawmyselffromembarras__entinindifferent__tters…whenh__ingtosustaindiscussiontheslownessofmyideasandthedrynessofmyconversationfor__dmetoh__erecoursetofictionsinordertosaysomething.”]1toldsimply“inordertosaysomething”;theembroideringonfactsthatseemtootediousintheirownright;andthesubstitutionofaquicklieforthelengthyexplanationsonemightotherwiseh__etoprovideforsomethingnotworthspendingtimeon. 然而,许多谎言并不像上述那样尚有好处可言,但人们常常认为它们无关紧要,所以应归为无伤大雅的谎言一类那都是些脱口而出、不假思索的谎言,或是为了摆脱窘境、甚或仅仅是为了打发时间而说的谎言这类谎言有的出于溢美夸大,有的则相反,出于有意贬低或缩小事态;许多来自流言蜚语;而卢梭式的谎言仅仅是“为有话可说”;有的则是对本身太乏味的事实添油加醋;还有的则是因为与其为了不足道的事情费过多口舌还不如找个简短的托词了事7Utilitariansoftencitewhiteliesasthekindofde__ptionwheretheirtheoryshowsthebenefitsofcommonsenseandclearthinking.Awhitelietheyholdistrivial;itiseithercompletelyharmlessorso__rginallyharmfulthatthecostofdetectingandevaluatingtheharmismuchgreaterthantheminuteharmitself.Inadditionthewhiteliecanoftenactuallybebeneficialthusfurthertippingthescalesofutility.Inaworldwithso__nydifficultproblemsutilitariansmightask:Whytakethetimetoweightheminuteprosandconsin____ingsomeonethathistieisattractivewhenitisanabominationorofsayingtoaguestthatabrokenvasewasworthlessWhybothereventodefinesuchinsignificantdistortionsor__kemountainsoutofmolehillsbyseekingtojustifythem 功利主义者常称,说无伤大雅的小谎说明你思维清晰、明白事理,他们的理论表明,这样的欺骗有好处他们认为,无伤大雅的小谎无关紧要;这种谎言没有丝毫害处,即使有也是微乎其微,若去探究、估计它的害处,其代价比微小的害处本身要大得多再者,无伤大雅的小谎其实常常会有助益,这就使它的实用性显得更加突出尘世间本已烦恼多多,功利主义者或许会问在恭维一个人领带很漂亮其实很难看时,或宽慰客人说那个打破的花瓶并不值钱时,又何苦去耗费时间衡量这样做的微不足道的得失?何苦为了试图证明说无伤大雅的小谎是合理的就费心去解释这类无关紧要的失实,去使并不重要的事显得那么重要?8Trivialitysurelydoessetlimitstowhenmoralinquiryisreasonable.Butwhenwelookmorecloselyatpracti__ssuchaspla__bo-givingitbecomesclearthatallliesdefendedas“white”cannotbesoeasilydi__issed.Inthefirstpla__theharmlessnessofliesisnotoriouslydisputable.Whattheliarper__ivesasharmlessorevenbeneficial__ynotbesointheeyesofthede__ived.Secondthefailuretolookatanentirepracti__ratherthanattheirownisolatedcaseoftenblindsliarstocumulativeharmandexpandingde__ptiveactivities.Thosewhobeginwithwhiteliescancometoresorttomorefrequentandmoreseriousones.Wheresome____afewwhiteliesothers__y____more.Becauselinesaresohardtodrawtheindiscriminateuseofsuchliescanleadtootherde__ptivepracti__s.Theaggregateharmfromalargenumberof__rginallyharmfulinstan__s__ythereforebehighlyundesirableintheend—forliarsthosede__ivedandhonestyandtrustmoregenerally. 事物的琐碎性质的确限制了什么时候作道德质询是理智的但如果我们仔细观察说安慰话这样的行为,很显然,不是所有被辩解为无伤大雅的小谎都能轻易开脱的首先,众所周知,谎言的无害性大可商榷说谎者认为无害甚或有益的在被欺骗者看来未必如此第二,对某种行为不看整体效果,只看孤立的个案常常使说谎者对日积月累的伤害、日渐加剧的欺骗行为视而不见那些起初撒些无伤大雅的小谎的人渐渐地可能会经常说谎,谎言越发出格只要有人撒几个无伤大雅的小谎,其他人就可能说更多这类谎由于界限如此难以划分,随意撒这类谎能导致其他的欺骗行为最终,大量微小伤害合在一起形成的总的伤害会招致相当大的麻烦——对说谎者、被欺骗者是如此,更笼统地说,对诚实、信任也是如此9Inthepost-Watergateperiodnooneneedregardacon__rnwiththecombinedandlong-termeffectsofde__ptionasfar-fetched.Butevenapartfrompoliticallifewithitspeculiarandengrossingtemptationsliestendtospread.Disagreeablefactscometobesugar-coatedandsadnewssoftenedordeniedaltogether.__nylietochildrenandtothosewhoareillabout__ttersnolongerperipheralbutquite__ntralsuchasbirthadoptiondivor__anddeath.De__ptivepropagandaandmisleadingadvertisingabound.Alltheseliesareoftendi__issedonthesamegroundsofharmlessnessandtrivialityusedforwhiteliesingeneral. 在水门__之后的年代里,谁也不会对欺骗行为造成的多方面的、长远的影响表示忧虑看作很离奇可是即使不把__生活考虑在内,由于说谎具有独特的诱惑力,谎言也呈现蔓延之势令人不快的事实被裹上了糖衣,使人伤心的消息被粉饰,或干脆被掩盖许多人对孩子撒谎,对那些有疑难问题的人撒谎,且涉及的问题已并非无关紧要,而是关系到出生、____、离婚等大事骗人的宣传以及误导的__比比皆是所有这些谎言,如同普通无伤大雅的小谎一样,往往以无害和不值一提为理由而听之任之了10Itisworthtakingacloselookatpracti__swhereliesbelievedtrivialarecommon.Trivialityinanisolatedliecanthenbemoreclearlyseentodiffer__rkedlyfromthecostsofanentirepracti__—bothtoindividualsandtocommunities. 被认为无关紧要的谎言时常能够听到,这种说谎行为值得仔细研究一下一经研究,我们就可以更加清楚地看到,在一个孤立的谎话中看到的极轻微伤害,与整个欺骗行为付出的代价之间有着明显的差异——对个人和对社会都如此TakeThisFishandLookatItSamuelScudder1ItwasmorethanfifteenyearsagothatIenteredthelaboratoryofProfessorAgassizandtoldhimIhadenrolledmynameintheScientificSchoolasastudentofnaturalhistory.Heaskedmeafewquestionsaboutmyo__ectincomingmyante__dentsgenerallythemodeinwhichIafterwardsproposedtousetheknowledgeImightacquireandfinallywhetherIwishedtostudyanyspecialbranch.TothelatterIrepliedthatwhileIwishedtobewellgroundedinalldepartmentsofzoologyIpurposedtodevotemyselfespeciallytoinsects.把这条鱼拿去好好看看___·斯卡德 我是在15余年前进入阿加西兹教授的实验室的,告诉他我已在科学学院注册读博物学他略略询问了我来此的目的、我大致的经历、以后准备如何运用所学知识,最后问我是否希望修__一特别学科对最后一个问题我回答说,我希望自己在动物学各个领域都具有一定的基础,但特别想研究昆虫2Whendoyouwishtobeginheasked. “你想什么时候开始呢?”他问3NowIreplied. “就现在,”我回答说4ThisseemedtopleasehimandwithanenergeticVerywell!hereachedfromashelfahugejarofspecimensinyellowalcohol.Takethisfishhesaidandlookatit;wecallitahaemulon;byandbyIwillaskwhatyouh__eseen. 他听了显然挺高兴,劲头十足地说道“很好”,便从架子上取下一个黄色酒精里浸有标本的大罐“把这条鱼拿去看看,”他说,“我们叫它石鲈过一会儿我会问你都看到些什么”5Withthatheleftmebutinamomentreturnedwithexplicitinstructionsastothecareoftheo__ectentrustedtome. 说着他走了,但一会儿又回来跟我详细说明如何保管交给我的标本6No__nisfittobeanaturalistsaidhewhodoesnotknowhowtotakecareofspecimens. “一个人如果连怎样保护标本都不知道,”他说,“他就不配当博物学家”7Iwastokeepthefishbeforemeinatintrayandoccasionallymoistenthesu_____withalcoholfromthejaralwaystakingcaretorepla__thestoppertightly.Thosewerenotthedaysofground-glassstoppersandelegantlyshapedexhibitionjars;alltheoldstudentswillrecallthehugenecklessglassbottleswiththeirleakywax-be__earedcorkshalfeatenbyinsectsandbegrimedwith__llardust.Entomologywasacleanerscien__thanichthyologybuttheexampleoftheProfessorwhohadunhesitatinglyplungedtothebottomofthejartoprodu__thefishwasinfectious;andthoughthisalcoholhadaveryancientandfishlike__ellIreallydarednotshowany__ersionwithinthesesacredprecinctsandtreatedthealcoholasthoughitwerepurewater.StillIwasconsciousofapassingfeelingofdisappointmentforgazingatafishdidnotcommenditselftoanardententomologist.Myfriendsathometoowereannoyedwhentheydiscoveredthatnoamountofeau-de-Colognewoulddrowntheperfumewhichhauntedmelikeashadow. 我得把放在一个锡盘里的鱼摆在面前,过一段时间用罐里的酒精润湿它的表面,每次都要记住把瓶塞塞紧那个时候还没有毛玻璃瓶塞和外形精美的展示用瓶,过去的大学生都会记得那种硕大的无颈玻璃瓶,软木瓶塞全是洞孔,涂过蜡,被虫啃去一半,被地下室的灰尘弄得很脏昆虫学这门科学比鱼类学干净,可教授没半点犹豫就伸手探入罐底捞出了鱼,他的榜样颇具感染力尽管酒精散发着一种“陈腐的鱼腥味”,我却不敢在这神圣的场所流露出丝毫厌恶,只能把酒精当作纯净水对待但我心头还是感到一丝失望,因为盯着看一条鱼实非一位满怀热情的昆虫学家之所爱回家后我的那些朋友也不怎么高兴,他们发现,用再多的科隆香水也驱不走幽灵般附在我身上的那股异味8IntenminutesIhadseenallthatcouldbeseeninthatfishandstartedinsearchoftheProfessor—whohadhoweverlefttheMuseum;andwhenIreturnedafterlingeringoversomeoftheoddani__lsstoredintheupperapartmentmyspecimenwasdryallover.Idashedthefluidoverthefishasiftoresuscitatethebeastfromafaintingfitandlookedwithanxietyforareturnofthenor__lsloppyappearan__.Thislittleexcitementovernothingwastobedonebuttoreturntoasteadfastgazeatmymutecompanion.Halfanhourpassed—anhour—anotherhour;thefishbegantolookloathsome.Iturneditoverandaround;lookeditinthefa__—ghastly;frombehindbeneathabovesidewaysatthree-quartersview—justasghastly.Iwasindespair;atanearlyhourIconcludedthatlunchwasne__ssary;sowithinfinitereliefthefishwascarefullyrepla__dinthejarandforanhourIwasfree. 才十分钟,我就把那条鱼能看的全都看了个遍,接着开始找教授,他却已经离开了博物馆我在楼上存放着奇异动物的__里转悠了一会儿,等我回去时,我的鱼标本全都干了我急忙把酒精洒上去,就像是要把它从昏迷中救醒过来似的,急切地等着它回复到平时那湿漉漉的样子一阵小小的兴奋过后就无事可干了,只好继续凝视着我那一言不发的伙伴半个小时过去了,一个小时,又是一个小时看着看着觉得那条鱼讨厌得很我把鱼翻来翻去,瞧瞧头部——怪可怕的;再从后面看,从下面、上面、侧面看,再从展示面部四分之三的角度看——也是怪可怕的我都绝望了时间还早,可我觉得应该去吃午饭了,于是我如释重负地把鱼小心翼翼地放回到罐里,便去逍遥了一个小时9OnmyreturnIlearnedthatProfessorAgassizhadbeenattheMuseumbuthadgoneandwouldnotreturnforseveralhours.Myfellow-studentsweretoobusytobedisturbedbycontinuedconversation.SlowlyIdrewforththathideousfishandwithafeelingofdesperationagainlookedatit.Imightnotusea__gnifying-glass;instrumentsofallkindswereinterdicted.Mytwohandsmytwoeyesandthefish:itseemedamostlimitedfield.Ipushedmyfingerdownitsthroattofeelhowsharptheteethwere.IbegantocountthescalesinthedifferentrowsuntilIwasconvin__dthatwasnonsense.Atlastahappythoughtstruckme—Iwoulddrawthefish;andwithsurpriseIbegantodiscovernewfeaturesinthecreature.JustthentheProfessorreturned. 我回来后,得知阿加西兹教授回过博物馆,可又走了,要过几个小时才回来我的那些同学都在忙着,不能一直跟他们谈话打搅他们我慢吞吞地取出了那条面目可憎的鱼,怀着绝望心情接着看我不能用放大镜,任何器材都不许用一双手,两只眼,还有这条鱼这个观察场地也未免太狭小了我把一根手指伸进它的喉部,试试它的牙齿有多锋利我开始数一排排鱼鳞,一直数到自己也觉得荒唐最后我想出了一个绝妙的主意——把鱼画下来我惊讶地发现这家伙身上还真有不少新特征就在这时教授回来了10Thatisrightsaidhe;apencilisoneofthebestofeyes.Iamgladtonoti__toothatyoukeepyourspecimenwetandyourbottlecorked. 对了,”他说,“笔的目光也是最敏锐的而且,令人高兴的是,我还注意到你的标本没有干,瓶子也是塞住的”11Withtheseencouragingwordsheadded:Wellwhatisitlike 说了这番鼓励话之后,他接着问“好了,看得怎么样了?”12Helistenedattentivelytomybriefrehearsalofthestructureofpartswhosenameswerestillunknowntome:thefringedgill-archesandmovableoperculum;theporesoftheheadfleshylipsandlidlesseyes;thelaterallinethespinousfinsandforkedtail;thecompressedandarchedbody.WhenIfinishedhewaitedasifexpectingmoreandthenwithanairofdisappointment: 他专注地听我简要叙述鱼体的结构,许多部位我还不知道叫什么带边缘的鳃弓、活动鳃盖骨、头部细孔、肉质唇部、无睑眼;侧线、刺状鳍、叉状尾;扁曲身体我讲完了,他仍等着,似乎还想听下去,接着带着失望的神情说13Youh__enotlookedverycarefully;whyhecontinuedmoreearnestlyyouh__entevenseenoneofthemostconspicuousfeaturesoftheani__lwhichisplainlybeforeyoureyesasthefishitself;lookagainlookagain!andheleftmetomymisery. “你看得不够仔细唉,”他满脸认真地接着说道,“你连这条鱼最明显的一项特征都没看出来,跟这条鱼一样,那特征就明摆在你的眼前再看,再看!”说着他走了,留下我沮丧不已14Iwaspiqued;Iwasmortified.Stillmoreofthatwretchedfish!ButnowIsetmyselftomytaskwithawillanddiscoveredonenewthingafteranotheruntilIsawhowjusttheProfessorscritici__hadbeen.Theafternoonpassedquickly;andwhentowardsitsclosetheProfessorinquired: 我怒从心生,我深感屈辱还要看那条该死的鱼!不过,这次我看时憋了一股劲,于是发现了一个又一个新特征,到最后我明白教授的批评的确有道理一个下午很快过去了下午将尽时,教授问道15Doyouseeityet “发现了没有?”16NoIrepliedIam__rtainIdonotbutIseehowlittleIsawbefore. “还没有,”我回答说,“肯定还没有,可我看出了原先自己的确没观察到什么”17ThatisnextbestsaidheearnestlybutIwonthearyounow;putawayyourfishandgohome;perhapsyouwillbereadywithabetteranswerinthemorning.Iwillexamineyoubeforeyoulookatthefish. “这是仅次于最好的结果了,”他认真地说,“不过现在我不打算听你讲把鱼放好,然后就回家吧说不定到了明天早上你会回答得更好明天在你看鱼之前我再问你”18Thiswasdiscon__rting.NotonlymustIthinkofmyfishallnightstudyingwithouttheo__ectbeforemewhatthisunknownbutmostvisiblefeaturemightbe;butalsowithoutreviewingmydiscoveriesImustgiveanexactaccountofthemthenextday.Ihadabadmemory;soIwalkedhomebyCharlesRiverinadistractedstatewithmytwoperplexities. 这真是太为难人了我不仅得整晚想着这条鱼,要在实物不在眼前的情况下仔细琢磨这一未知却又极其显著的特征是什么;而且,第二天要在无法回顾我所作发现的情况下对我所观察到的东西作一精确描述我记性不好,因此我沿着查尔斯河走回家时心烦意乱,想着自己的两个难题19ThecordialgreetingfromtheProfessorthenextmorningwasreassuring;herewasa__nwhoseemedtobequiteasanxiousasIthatIshouldseeformyselfwhathesaw. 第二天早上,教授热情的问候让人感到安慰眼前这人跟我一样,急切地希望我能__看出他业已观察到的事物20DoyouperhapsmeanIaskedthatthefishhassymmetricalsideswithpairedorgans “您的意思是不是说,”我问,“这条鱼两侧对称,器官成对?”21HisthoroughlypleasedOfcourse!Ofcourse!repaidthewakefulhoursofthepreviousnight.Afterhehaddiscoursedmosthappilyandenthusiastically—ashealwaysdid—upontheimportan__ofthispointIventuredtoaskwhatIshoulddonext. 他那听上去极为满意的“当然是,当然是!”的回答补偿了前一晚多少个不眠的小时等他高兴而又热情地——他一向如此——讲述完这一发现的重要性,我斗胆问接下来我该做什么22Ohlookatyourfish!hesaidandleftmeagaintomyowndevi__s.Inalittlemorethananhourhereturnedandheardmynewcatalogue. “哦,看你那条鱼!”他说着走了,又不管我了过了一小时多一点,他回来了,听我汇报新的发现23Thatisgoodthatisgood!herepeated;butthatisnotall;goon;andsoforthreelongdayshepla__dthatfishbeforemyeyesforbiddingmetolookatanythingelseortouseanyartificialaid.Looklooklookwashisrepeatedinjunction. “很好,很好!”他重复说道“可这还不够,接着看”于是,整整三天,他把那条鱼置于我眼前,不让我看别的东西,也不让我借助任何工具“看看,看看,再看看,”就是他不断重复的指令24ThiswasthebestentomologicallessonIeverhad—alessonwhoseinfluen__hasextendedtothedetailsofeverysubsequentstudy;alegacytheProfessorhadlefttomeashehasleftittoso__nyothersofinesti__blevaluewhichwecouldnotbuywithwhichwecannotpart. 这是我上过的最好的昆虫学课——其影响延伸到以后每一项研究的各个细节这是阿加西兹教授留给我以及其他许多人的遗产,其价值无法估量,__难买,我们决不会割舍25Thefourthdayasecondfishofthesamegroupwaspla__dbesidethefirstandIwasbiddentopointouttheresemblan__sanddifferen__sbetweenthetwo;anotherandanotherfolloweduntiltheentirefamilylaybeforemeandawholelegionofjarscoveredthetableandsurroundingshelves;theodorhadbecomeapleasantperfume;andevennowthesightofanoldsix-inchworm-eatencorkbringsfragrantmemories. 第四天,另一条同类的鱼摆在了前一条鱼的旁边,我被要求指出两者之间的异同接着一条,又一条,直到这一科的全部成员都摆放在我的眼前,许许多多罐子占满了桌子和周围的架子那气味也变得如香水般迷人直到今天,只要看见一个被蛀虫咬过的6英寸长的旧软木塞,都会引起我美好的回忆26Thewholegroupofhaemulonswasthusbroughtinreview;andwhetherengageduponthedissectionoftheinternalorgansthepreparationandexaminationofthebonyframeworkorthedescriptionofthevariouspartsAgassizstraininginthemethodofobservingfactsandtheirorderlyarrangementwaseveraccompaniedbytheurgentexhortationnottobecontentwiththem. 就这样,整个石鲈一群全都拿来观察过了无论是在解剖内脏,在制作和检查骨架,还是在描述各种不同的部位,阿加西兹在训练学生观察事实及其有序排列的能力时,始终谆谆告诫大家不能满足于已有的发现27Factsarestupidthingshewouldsayuntilbroughtintoconnectionwithsomegenerallaw. “事实是枯燥无聊的,”他常说,“除非与某种普遍规律__在一起”28Attheendofeightmonthsitwasalmostwithreluctan__thatIleftthesefriendsandturnedtoinsects;butwhatIhadgainedbythisoutsideexperien__hasbeenofgreatervaluethanyearsoflaterinvestigationinmyf__oritegroups. 快满8个月时,我依依不舍地离开了这些鱼类朋友,转向昆虫类可是,我从这次自己选修学科以外的经历中得到的收获,其价值超过以后我对自己喜欢的动物群所作的多年研究UnforgettableMissBessieCarlT.Rowan1Shewasonlyaboutfivefeettallandprobablyneverweighedmorethan110poundsbutMissBessiewasatoweringpresen__intheclassroom.Shewastheonlywo__ntoughenoughto__kemereadBeowulfandthinkforafewfoolishdaysthatIlikedit.From1938to1942whenIattendedBernardHighSchoolinMcMinnvilleTenn.shetaughtmeEnglishhistorycivics—andalotmorethanIrealized.难忘恩师贝西小姐卡尔·T·罗旺 她身高不过5英尺上下,体重可能从来不超过110磅,但贝西小姐在教室里形象极其高大她是个厉害女人,只有她能逼得我去读《贝奥武甫》,而且有那么几天,我还真傻乎乎地觉得自己挺喜欢这首史诗从1938年到1942年,我在田纳西州麦克敏维尔的伯纳德高中上学,她教我英语、历史、公民学,还有许多当时我未能领悟的东西2IshallneverforgetthedayshescoldedmeintoreadingBeowulf. 我永远忘不了她训斥着要我读《贝奥武甫》的那一天3ButMissBessieIcomplainedIaintmuchinterestedinit. 可是,贝西小姐,我抱怨说,我对它不怎么感兴趣4Herlargebrowneyesbecamedaggerishslits.Boyshesaidhowdareyousayainttome!Ivetaughtyoubetterthanthat. 她那双褐色的眼睛眯成一条缝,射出的目光犀利如刀小伙子,她说,你竟敢对我说aint!我教过你该怎么说5MissBessieIpleadedImtryingto__kefirst-stringendonthefootballteam.AndifIgoaroundsayingitisntandtheyarenttheguysaregonnalaughmeoffthesquad. 贝西小姐,我恳求道,我正在努力争取当上橄榄球队的正式边锋要是我老是说itisnt和theyarent,那帮人会嘲笑我,把我撵出球队的6Boysherespondedyoullplayfootballbecauseyouh__eguts.ButdoyouknowwhatreallytakesgutsRefusingtoloweryourstandardstothoseofthecrowd.Ittakesgutstosayyouvegottoliveandbesomebodyfiftyyearsafterallthefootballgamesareover. 小伙子,她回答说,你打橄榄球是因为你有勇气可你是不是知道什么事情真正需要勇气?那就是决不把你的做人标准降低到和那帮子人一样你要鼓起勇气对他们说,橄榄球比赛全部结束后你还想出人头地生活50年呢7IstartedsayingitisntandtheyarentandIstill__defirst-stringend—andclassvaledictorian—withoutlosingmybud___srespect. 我开始说itisnt和theyarent了,而且照样当上了正式边锋——还成为班级里致告别辞的毕业生代表——却一点也没有失去伙伴们的尊重8Duringherre__rkable44-yearcareerMrs.BessieTaylorGwynntaughthundredsofeconomicallydeprivedblackyoungsters—includingmymothermybrothermysistersandme.Irememberhernowwithgratitudeandaffection—especiallyinthiserawhenAmericansaresowrought-upaboutarisingtideofmediocrityinpubliceducationandtheproblemsoffindingcompetentcaringteachers.MissBessiewasanexampleofaninformeddedicatedteacherablessingtochildrenandanassettothenation. 在她44年不平凡的教学生涯中,贝西·泰勒·格温太太教过许多穷困的黑人孩子——其中有我的母亲、兄弟、姐妹,还有我本人今天,我怀着热爱和感激之情记住她——尤其在今天这个时代,在国人对公共教育日益平庸化,对称职的、有爱心的教师难觅等问题深感不安之时,我更是忘不了她贝西小姐有见识、有奉献精神,堪称教师楷模,有她这样的老师是孩子们的福分,对国家来说她是宝贵的人才9Bornin1__5inpovertyshegrewupinAthensAla.wheretherewasnopublicschoolforblacks.SheattendedTrinitySchoolaprivateinstitutionforblacksrunbytheAmericanMissionaryAssociationandin1911graduatedfromtheNor__lSchoolasuperhighschoolatFiskUniversityinNashville.Mrs.Gwynntheessen__ofprideandprivacynevertalkedaboutheryearsinAthens;onlyinthemonthsbeforeherdeathdidsherevealthatshehadneverattendedFiskUniversityitselfbecauseshecouldnotaffordthefour-yearcourse. 她于1__5年出生在贫苦人家,在亚拉巴马的阿森斯长大当时那里没有黑人公立学校她上的是三一学堂,一所美国传教士协会为黑人开设的私立学校1911年她毕业于纳什维尔的菲斯克大学附属师范学校一所极棒的高级中学格温太太是个自尊心很强、很想维护隐私的人,从来不提她在阿森斯读过的岁月直到她去世前几个月,她才透露说,她从来没上过菲克斯大学本部,因为她付不起4年的学费10AtNor__lSchoolshelearnedalotaboutShakespearebutmostofallabouttheprofoundimportan__ofeducation—especiallyforapeopletryingtomoveupfromsl__ery.Whatyouputinyourheadboysheon__saidcanneverbepulledoutbytheKuKluxKlantheCongressoranybody. 在师范学校求学时,她学到许多关于莎士比亚的知识,但更重要的是她认识了教育的极端重要性——对一个正试图摆脱奴隶地位的民族尤为重要你装进脑袋的东西,小伙子,她说过,三K党夺不走,国会夺不走,谁都夺不走11MissBessiesbearingofdignitytoldanyonewhometherthatshewaseducatedinthebestsenseoftheword.Therewasneveradisciplineprobleminherclasses.Wedidntdaretomesswithawo__nwhoknewabouttheBattleofHastings__gnaCartaandtheBillofRights—andwhocouldalsoplaythepiano. 见过贝西小姐的人都从她端庄的举止中看出她是绝对有学识的她任课的班上从来没有纪律问题我们不敢跟一个知道黑斯廷斯战役、英国大__、权利法案——又能弹钢琴的女教师捣乱12Thisfrail-lookingwo__ncould__kesenseofShakespeareMiltonVoltaireandbringtolifeBookerT.WashingtonandW.E.B.DuBois.Believingthatitwasimportanttoknowwhotheofficialswerethatspenttaxpayersmoneyand__depublicpolicyshe__deusmemorizethenamesofeveryoneontheSupremeCourtandinthePresidentsCabinet.ItcouldbeembarrassingtobeunpreparedwhenMissBessiesaidGetupand____theclasswhoFran__sPerkinsisandwhatyouthinkabouther. 这位看似弱不禁风的女子能读懂莎士比亚、弥尔顿、伏尔泰的作品,能把布克尔·T·华盛顿和W·E·B·杜波伊斯说得栩栩如生她深信了解花纳税人的钱并制定维护公共利益政策的官员是非常重要的,因此她要我们记住最高__全体法官以及总统内阁全体成员的名字要是贝西小姐说站起来,告诉大家弗朗西丝·珀金斯是谁,你觉得她怎么样,而你却毫无准备,那真够窘的13MissBessieknewthatmyfamilylikeso__nyothersduringtheDepressioncouldntaffordtosubscribetoanewspaper.Sheknewwedidntevenownaradio.Stillsheproddedmetolookoutforyourfutureandfindsomewaytokeepupwithwhatsgoingonintheworld.SoIbecameadeliveryboyfortheChattanoogaTimes.Irarely__deadollaraweekbutIgottoreadanewspapereveryday. 贝西小姐知道,跟大萧条时期许多人家一样,我家订不起报纸她知道我家连收音机也没有但她还是敦促我要为自己的未来着想,设法了解天下大事于是我成了查塔努加《时报》的送报员我一星期挣不满1美金,但我每天都能读到报纸14MissBessienoti__dthingsthathadnothingtodowithschoolworkbutwerevitaltoayoungstersdevelopment.On__afewclas__ates__defunofmyfrayedhand-me-downovercoatcallingmeStrings.AsIwasle__ingschoolMissBessiepattedmeonthebackofthatoldovercoatandsaidCarlneverfretaboutwhatyoudonth__e.Just__kethemostofwhatyoudoh__e—abrain. 贝西小姐十分__某些虽与功课无关,但对孩子的成长却至关重要的事一次几个同学拿我那件穿烂了的旧大衣开玩笑,叫我破烂放学回家时,贝西小姐拍拍我穿着那件旧大衣的背部说卡尔,千万别为你没有的东西而烦恼要充分利用你拥有的东西——脑子15AmongthethingsthatIdidnoth__ewaselectricityinthelittleframehouse[framehouse:ahouseconstructedfromawoodenskeletontypicallycoveredwithtimberboards木板屋]thatmyfatherhadbuiltfor$400withhisWorldWarIbonus.ButbecauseofherinspirationIspent__nyhourssquintingbesideakerosenelampreadingShakespeareandThoreauSamuelPepysandWilliamCullenBryant. ___的东西包括我家小木板屋没有电,那屋是父亲从他一战退伍军人补助金里拿出400美元盖的但由于她的鼓励,我花了大量时间在煤油灯下眯着眼阅读莎士比亚、梭罗、___·佩皮斯和威廉·科伦·布赖恩特的作品16Nooneinmyfamilyhadevergraduatedfromhighschoolsotherewasnotraditionofcommitmenttolearningformetoleanon.LikemillionsofyoungstersintodaysghettosandbarriosIneededthepushandstimulationofateacherwhotrulycared.MissBessieg__eplentyofbothassheimmersedmeinawonderfulworldofsimilesmetaphorsandevenono__topoeia.SheledmetobelievethatIcouldwritesonnetsaswellasShakespeareoriambic-pentameterversetoputAlexanderPopetoshame. 我家从来没有过高中毕业生,因此没有用功读书的先例供我学习如同今天贫民窟里和西裔聚居区里千百万的孩子一样,我需要一个真正关心人的老师的督促和激励贝西小姐既随时督促我,又经常激励我,她让我沉浸在一个由明喻、暗喻,甚至拟声词构成的奇妙世界里她使我相信,我能写出不比莎士比亚逊色的十四行诗,能写出让亚历山大·蒲柏感到羞愧的抑扬格五音步诗17InthosedaystheMcMinnvilleschoolsystemwasrigidlyJimCrowandpoorblackchildrenhadtostruggletoputanythingintheirheads.Ourhighschoolwasonlyslightlylargerthantheon__-typicallittleredschoolhouseanditslibrarywasoutrageouslyinadequate—so__allIliketosaythatiftwostudentswereinitandonewantedtoturnapagetheotheronehadtostepoutside. 在那个时代,麦克敏维尔所有的学校对黑人实行严格的种族歧视,穷苦的黑人小孩要想学到一点东西得发奋努力我们的高中只比南方曾经特有的那种红色小校舍稍大一点,它的图书馆差透了——它是如此之小,我可以说,要是有两个学生在里面看书,一个学生想翻一下书页,另一个学生就得让开18Negroesaswewerecalledthenwerenotallowedinthetownlibraryex__pttomopfloorsordusttables.ButthroughoneofthosesecretOldSouth[3OldSouth:theSouthbeforetheCivilWar]3arrangementsbetweenwhitesofconscien__andblacksofstatureMissBessiekeptgettingbooks__uggledoutofthewhitelibrary.Thatishowsheintrodu__dmetotheBrontsByronColeridgeKeatsandTennyson.IfyoudontreadyoucantwriteandifyoucantwriteyoumightaswellstopdreamingMissBessieon__toldme. 那时候,我们这些黑人当时人们称我们Negro是不准进市图书馆的,除非是去拖地板或擦桌子但是,贝西小姐利用南北战争前有良知的白人和有影响的黑人之间所达成的某种秘密安排,设法不断地将书从白人图书馆偷运过来她用这个办法使我读到勃朗特三姐妹、拜伦、科勒律治、济慈和丁尼生的作品你要是不读书,你就不会写,要是你不会写,那你就不要再有什么梦想了,贝西小姐曾经这样告诫我19SoIreadwhateverMissBessietoldmetoandtriedtorememberthethingssheinsistedthatIstoreaway.Forty-fiveyearslaterIcanstillrecitehertruthstolivebysuchasHenryWadsworthLongfellowslinesfromTheLadderofSt.Augustine:TheheightsbygreatmenreachedandkeptWerenotattainedbysuddenflight.ButtheywhiletheircompanionssleptWeretoilingupwardinthenight. 所以,贝西小姐要我读什么,我就读什么,并努力记住她要我一定要记住的东西到现在45年了,我仍背得出她推崇的立身至理名言,譬如亨利·沃兹华斯·朗费罗写的《圣奥古斯丁的梯子》中的诗句伟人们登上高山之顶,并非一蹴而就而是当同伴们酣睡时,他们仍不辞辛劳摸黑向上攀爬20Yearslaterherinspirationproddingangercajolingandalmosto__oticinfusionoflearningfinallyledtothatlovelydaywhenMissBessiedroppedmeanotesayingImsoproudtoreadyourcolumnintheNashvilleTennessean. 许多年之后,她的激励和敦促、她的发怒、她的劝诱,她那差不多是潜移默化式的知识传授,终于化作一个美好的日子,那天贝西小姐给我写了封__我在纳什维尔出版的《田纳西人》上读到你的专栏文章,我深感骄傲21MissBessiewasaspry80whenIwentbacktoMcMinnvilleandvisitedherinaseniorcitizensapartmentbuilding.Pointingoutproudlythatherbuildingwasraciallyintegratedshereachedfortwoglassesandapintofbourbon.Iwasmomentarilyshockedbecauseitwouldh__ebeenscandalousinthe1930sand40sforwordtogetoutthatateacherdrankandnobodyhadeverraisedarumorthatMissBessiedid. 我回到麦克敏维尔前往一个老年__看望她的时候,她已八十高龄了,但仍精神矍铄她自豪地告诉我,这个__里黑人白人都有,说着她取出两个杯子和一品脱波旁威士忌酒我顿时感到震惊,因为在__世纪
三、四十年代,要是有传言说当老师的喝酒,那就会成为__,那时候也从来没有谁说过贝西小姐会喝酒22Ifeltanewsenseofequalityassheliftedherglasstomine.ThensherevealedasoftnessandcompassionthatIhadneverknownasastudent. 她和我碰杯,我不由产生一种从未有过的平等感当时她流露出的温柔和怜爱是我当学生时从未__过的23IveneverforgottenthatexaminationdayshesaidwhenBuster__rtinheldupsevenfingersobviouslyaskingyouforhelpwithquestionnumbersevenNameacommoncarrierIcanstillpictureyoulookingatyourexampaperandhummingafewbarsofChattanoogaChooChoo.IwassotickledIcouldntpunisheitherofyou. 我一直记得那天考试,她说,巴斯特·马丁伸出七根手指,显然是问你怎么回答第七题,说出一种常见的运输工具,我现在还能想象,当时你看着自己的__,哼了《查塔努加车--车》中的几节艺娓豪至耍懔┪夷母龆济环ǚ!!24MissBessiewas____ingmewithbourbon-la__dgra__thatIneverfooledherforamoment. 贝西小姐是借着威士忌的酒力在告诉我,我什么事都没能蒙过她25WhenMissBessie___din1980atage85hundredsofherformerstudentsmourned.Theyknewthemeasureofagreatteacher:loveandmotivation.Herwisdomandinfluen__hadrippledoutacrossgenerations. 1980年,贝西小姐以85岁高龄辞世时,她教过的许多学生前来哀悼他们知道衡量一位杰出教师的标准爱与动力她的智慧和影响惠及几代人26Someofherstudentswhomightnor__llyh__ebeendoomedtopovertywentontobecomedoctorsdentistsandcollegeprofessors.__nyguidedbyMissBessiesexamplebecamepublic-schoolteachers. 她的一些学生,原本也许注定要一生贫困,但后来成长为医生、牙医、大学教授贝西小姐的不少学生受她榜样的影响,都成为公立学校教师27ThememoryofMissBessieandhowsheconductedherclassroomdidmoreformethananythingIlearnedincollegerecallsGladysWoodofKnoxvilleTenn.ahighlyrespectedEnglishteacherwhospent43yearsinthestatesschoolsystem.So__nytimeswhenIfa__dadifficultclassroomproblemIaskedmyselfHowwouldMissBessiedealwiththisAndIdrememberthatshewouldhandleitwithlaughterandlove. 对贝西小姐以及她的课堂教学方式的回忆,比我在大学里所学到的任何东西都更有帮助,在公立学校系统任教43年、备受尊敬的英语教师,来自田纳西州诺克斯维尔的格拉迪斯·伍德回忆道多少次,当我在课堂上遇到难题时,我就自问,贝西小姐对这事会怎么处理?我总记起她总是用笑声,用爱来解决问题28Nochildcangetallthene__ssarysupportathomeandmillionsofpoorchildrengetnosupportatall.Thisiswhat__kesawiseeducatedwarm-heartedteacherlikeMissBessiesovitaltothemindsheartsandsoulsofthiscountryschildren. 孩子不可能从家里得到所有必要的帮助,千百万穷孩子根本得不到帮助正因为如此,像贝西小姐那样有智慧、有知识、有热情的教师对我国儿童智力、心灵的发展有着重大的意义GrantandLeeBru__Catton1WhenUlyssesS.GrantandRobertE.LeemetintheparlorofamodesthouseatAppo__ttoxCourtHouseVirginiaonApril91865toworkoutthetermsforthesurrenderofLeesArmyofNorthernVirginiaagreatchapterinAmericanlifecametoacloseandagreatnewchapterbegan.格兰特和李布鲁斯·卡顿 1865年4月9日,当尤利西兹·S·格兰特和罗伯特·E·李在弗吉尼亚州阿珀马特科斯县城一所不太大的房子的客厅里会面,商讨李所率的北弗吉尼亚军队投降条件时,美国人生活中一个伟大的篇章结束了,一个崭新的重要篇章开始了2ThesemenwerebringingtheCivilWartoitsvirtualfinish.TobesureotherarmieshadyettosurrenderandforafewdaysthefugitiveConfederategover__entwouldstruggledesperatelyandvainlytryingtofindsomewaytogoonlivingnowthatitschiefsupportwasgone.ButineffectitwasalloverwhenGrantandLeesignedthepapers.Andthelittleroomwheretheywroteoutthetermswasthes__neofoneofthepoignantdra__ticcontrastsinAmericanhistory. 此二人是在实质上终止内战诚然,其他军队尚未投降,已失去主要支柱的逃亡的邦联__仍将绝望地徒然挣扎数日,想法寻觅生机其实,在格兰特和李签署文件之时,一切都已结束他们拟定投降条件时用的那间小客厅成了见证美国史上强烈的戏剧性对照的场所3Theyweretwostrongmentheseoddlydifferentgeneralsandtheyrepresentedthestrengthsoftwoconflictingcurrentsthatthroughthemhadcomeintofinalcollision. 这两位截然不同的将军都是强有力的人物,他们代表着两股相互冲突的力量的潮流,那两股潮流通过他们最终发生碰撞4BackofRobertE.Leewasthenotionthattheoldaristocraticcon__ptmightsomehowsurviveandbedominantinAmericanlife. 罗伯特·E·李所仰仗的信念是,古老的贵族观念或许能以某种方式继续存在下去,并左右美___生活5LeewastidewaterVirginiaandinhisbackgroundwerefamilycultureandtradition...theageofchivalrytransplantedtoaNewWorldwhichwas__kingitsownlegendsanditsownmyths.Heembo___dawayoflifethathadcomedownthroughtheageofknighthoodandtheEnglishcountrysquire.Americawasalandthatwasbeginningalloveragaindedicatedtonothingmuchmorecomplicatedthantheratherhazybeliefthatallmenhadequalrightsandshouldh__eanequalchan__intheworld.InsuchalandLeestoodforthefeelingthatitwassomehowofadvantagetohu__nsocietytoh__eapronoun__dinequalityinthesocialstructure.Thereshouldbealeisureclassbackedbyownershipofland;inturnsocietyitselfshouldbekeyedtothelandasthechiefsour__ofwealthandinfluen__.Itwouldbringforthaccordingtothisidealaclassofmenwithastrongsenseofobligationtothecommunity;menwholivednottogainadvantageforthemselvesbuttomeetthesolemnobligationswhichhadbeenlaidonthembytheveryfactthattheywereprivileged.Fromthemthecountrywouldgetitsleadership;tothemitcouldlookforthehighervalues—ofthoughtofconductofpersonaldeportment—togiveitstrengthandvirtue. 李是弗吉尼亚州沿海低地人氏,他的生活背景是家庭、文化、传统……,是被移植到这个正在形成自身的传说与神话的新世界的骑士时代他体现了从骑士和英格兰乡绅时代流传下来的一种生活方式美国是个一切从头开始的国度,信奉的只不过是一种颇为模糊的信念,即人人拥有平等的权利,在世间应有平等的机会,如此而已在这样一个国度里,李代表着这样一种情感,即____中保留一种明显的不平等多少有利于人类社会理应存在一个拥有土地的有闲阶级;反过来,社会本身应以土地为本,视其为财富与势力的主要来源(根据这一理想)这样一个社会会造就一个对社会有着强烈责任感的阶级,他们不是为自己获利活着,而是为了承担自己的特权所赋予的重大责任活着国家从他们中觅得___员;国家可依靠他们产生更加高尚的价值观念——思想方面的,行为方面的,个人风度方面的——以求国兴德盛6Leeembo___dthenoblestelementsofthisaristocraticideal.Throughhimthelandednobilityjustifieditself.ForfouryearstheSouthernstateshadfoughtadesperatewartoupholdtheidealsforwhichLeestood.IntheenditalmostseemedasiftheConfederacyfoughtforLee;asifhehimselfwastheConfederacy...thebestthingthatthewayoflifeforwhichtheConfederacystoodcouldeverh__etooffer.HehadpassedintolegendbeforeAppo__ttox.ThousandsoftiredunderfedpoorlyclothedConfederatesol___rslongsin__pastthe______enthusia__oftheearlydaysofthestrugglesomehowconsideredLeethesymbolofeverythingforwhichtheyhadbeenwillingto___.Buttheycouldnotquiteputthisfeelingintowords.IftheLostCausesanctifiedbysomuchheroi__andso__nydeathshadalivingjustificationitsjustificationwasGeneralLee. 李体现了这一贵族理想的最高尚的部分拥有土地的贵族通过他获得存在的理由四年间,南方各州拼死战斗,以捍卫李所代表的理想到后来,南部邦联似乎是为李而战;李本人似乎就是南部邦联……似乎是南部邦联所代表的生活方式能提供的菁华还在来到阿珀马特科斯之前,他已经成为传奇人物了成千上万疲于征战、忍饥挨饿、征衣褴褛的邦联士兵早已失去了战争伊始的单纯的热情,他们把李视作自己甘愿为之献身的一切的象征只是他们不善表述这种情感这一被无数英雄行为、无数阵亡将士神圣化了的注定失败的事业若有其现实的理由证明其是正确的话,那这理由就是李将军7GrantthesonofatannerontheWesternfrontierwaseverythingLeewasnot.Hehadcomeupthehardwayandembo___dnothinginparticularex__pttheeternaltoughnessandsinewyfiberofthemenwhogrewupbeyondthemountains.Hewasoneofabodyofmenwhoowedreveren__andobeisan__tonoonewhowereself—relianttoafaultwhocaredhardlyanythingforthepastbutwhohadasharpeyeforthefuture. 格兰特是西部边远地区一个制革工人的__,他与李截然不同他历经艰难才出人头地,他并不代表哪种特别的信念,所体现的只是在边远山区长大的人所具有的永远能吃苦耐劳、坚忍不拔的品质他不敬畏任何人,不顺从任何人,过分讲求自力更生,他不追怀既往,但能用敏锐的目光看未来8Thesefrontiermenwerethepreciseoppositeofthetidewateraristocrats.BackoftheminthegreatsurgethathadtakenpeopleovertheAllegheniesandintotheopeningWesterncountrytherewasadeepimplicitdissatisfactionwithapastthathadsettledintogrooves.Theystoodfordemocracynotfromanyreasonedconclusionabouttheproperorderingofhu__nsocietybutsimplybecausetheyhadgrownupinthemiddleofdemocracyandknewhowitworked.Theirsocietymighth__eprivilegesbuttheywouldbeprivilegeseach__nhadwonforhimself.Formsandpatternsmeantnothing.No__nwasborntoanythingex__ptperhapstoachan__toshowhowfarhecouldrise.Lifewascompetition. 这些西部边民与东部沿海低地的贵族恰恰相反在他们的心目中,在爬过阿勒格尼山脉、进入辽阔的西部的人潮中,存在着对因循守旧的过去的不直接言明的深深不满他们拥护__制度,不是经缜密分析后推断出了适合人类社会的管理形式,而仅仅是由于他们生长在__政体之中,懂得__制度如何运作他们的社会或许也存在特权,但那是每个人自己赢得的特权惯例与固有模式不起任何作用也许除了都有一个可以展示自己有多少发展空间的机会外,没有人生来就享有什么生活就是竞争9Yetalongwiththisfeelinghadcomeadeepsenseofbelongingtoanationalcommunity.TheWesternerwhodevelopedafarmopenedashoporsetupinbusinessasatradercouldhopetoprosperonlyashisowncommunityprospered—andhiscommunityranfromtheAtlantictothePacificandfromCanadadowntoMexico.Ifthelandwassettledwithtownsandhighwaysandac__ssible__rketshecouldbetterhimself.Hesawhisfateintermsofthenationsowndestiny.Asitshorizonsexpandedsodidhis.Hehadinotherwordsanacutedollars-and-__ntsstakeinthecontinuedgrowthanddevelopmentofhiscountry. 然而,伴随着这种情感的是对国家的深深的归属感那些开垦农场、开店或从事贸易的西部人只有在所属的社会富起来时自己才有希望富起来——他们所属的社会从大西洋一直到太平洋,从___一直到墨西哥如果人们前来定居,建立起城镇、公路和近便的市场,他们自己也就能改善生活他们从国家的命运出发看自身的命运国家的疆域拓展了,他们自身的天地也会随之拓展换言之,他们的利益与国家的兴旺发达紧紧相连,息息相关10AndthatperhapsiswherethecontrastbetweenGrantandLeebecomesmoststriking.TheVirginiaaristocratinevitablysawhimselfinrelationtohisownregion.Helivedinastaticsocietywhichcouldendurealmostanythingex__ptchange.Instinctivelyhisfirstloyaltywouldgotothelocalityinwhichthatsocietyexisted.Hewouldfighttothelimitofenduran__todefenditbecauseindefendingithewasdefendingeverythingthatg__ehisownlifeitsdeepestmeaning. 而这,或许正是格兰特与李之间最大差异之所在那位弗吉尼亚贵族必然要将自己与他生活的地区相__他生活在一个几乎容得一切,惟独容不得变化的静止的社会里出于天性,他的第一忠诚归于这一社会所在的地域他会不惜一切地捍卫自己的地域,因为捍卫它,也就是捍卫赋予他生命最深刻意义的一切11TheWesternerontheotherhandwouldfightwithanequaltenacityforthebroadercon__ptofsociety.Hefoughtsobecauseeverythinghelivedbywastiedtogrowthexpansionandaconstantlywideninghorizon.Whathelivedbywouldsurviveorfallwiththenationitself.Hecouldnotpossiblystandbyu__ovedinthefa__ofanattempttodestroytheUnion.Hewouldcombatitwitheverythinghehadbecausehecouldonlyseeitasanefforttocutthegroundoutfromunderhisfeet. 而西部人则以同样的执着捍卫自己更为开明的社会观他为此而战,因为他赖以为生的都与发展、开拓以及不断拓宽的地平线密切相连他所赖以为生的一切与国家同存共亡面对__联邦的企图他不可能无动于衷,袖手旁观他将竭尽所能与之斗争,因为他只能将这一企图视为挖他墙脚的举动12SoGrantandLeewereincompletecontrastrepresentingtwodiametricallyopposedelementsinAmericanlife.Grantwasthemodern__nemerging;beyondhimreadytocomeonthestagewasthegreatageofsteeland__chineryofcrowdedcitiesandarestlessburgeoningvitality.Leemighth__eriddendownfromtheoldageofchivalrylan__inhandsilkenbannerflutteringoverhishead.Each__nwastheperfectchampionofhiscausedrawingbothhisstrengthsandhisweaknessesfromthepeopleheled. 因此格兰特和李两人截然相反,代表着美国人生活中两种完全对立的要素格兰特是初露锋芒的现代人;他身后准备登场的是钢铁和机器的伟大时代,是拥挤的城市时代,是永不满足、欣欣向荣、生机勃勃的时代李则手握长矛从古老的骑士时代一路策马奔来,旌旗在头上飘扬两人都是各自事业的杰出捍卫者,从所率的民众中汲取长处,同时也承袭了他们的弱点13Yetitwasnotallcontrastafterall.Differentastheywere—inbackgroundinpersonalityinunderlyingaspiration—thesetwogreatsol___rshadmuchincommon.Undereverythingelsetheywere__rvelousfighters.Furthermoretheirfightingqualitieswerereallyverymuchalike. 然而,存在于两人之间的也不完全是差异虽然他们很不一样——如背景、个性、胸怀的抱负——但这两位杰出的军人却也有着许多的共同之处最根本的是,两人都是优秀的斗士再者,两人在战场上显示出的品质也极为相似14Each__nhadtobeginwiththegreatvirtueofuttertenacityandfidelity.GrantfoughthiswaydowntheMississippiValleyinspiteofacutepersonaldiscouragementandprofoundmilitaryhandicaps.LeehungoninthetrenchesatPeter__urgafterhopeitselfhad___d.Ineach__ntherewasanindomitablequality...thebornfightersrefusaltogiveupaslongashecanstillre__inonhisfeetandlifthistwofists. 首先,两人都具有极其顽强和忠诚的崇高品格格兰特不顾巨大的个人伤痛和重大的军事失利,沿密西西比河流域一路打过来李在完全丧失希望的情况下死守彼得斯堡战壕两人都具有一种百折不挠的个性……一种与生俱来的斗士精神一息尚存,就战斗到底15Daringandresour__fulnesstheyhadtoo;theabilitytothinkfasterandmovefasterthantheenemy.Thesewerethequalitieswhichg__eLeethedazzlingcampaignsofSecond__nassasandChan__llorsville1andwonVick__urgforGrant
2. 两人还都既勇敢又足智多谋;都有比敌手思考敏捷、行动迅速的能力正是这些品质为李赢得了世人赞叹的第二次默纳塞斯战役和桑塞勒兹维尔战役,为格兰特赢得了维科斯堡大捷16Lastlyandperhapsgreatestofalltherewastheabilityattheendtoturnquicklyfromwartopea__on__thefightingwasover.Outofthewaythesetwomenbeh__edatAppo__ttoxcamethepossibilityofapea__ofreconciliation.Itwasapossibilitynotwhollyrealizedintheyearstocomebutwhichdidintheendhelpthetwosectionstobecomeonenationagain...afterawarwhosebitternessmighth__eseemedto__kesuchareunionwhollyimpossible.Nopartofeither__nslifebecamehimmorethanthepartheplayedintheirbriefmeetingintheMcLeanhouseatAppo__tox.Theirbeh__iorthereputallsuc__edinggenerationsofAmericansintheirdebt.TwogreatAmericansGrantandLee—verydifferentyetundereverythingverymuchalike.TheirencounteratAppo__ttoxwasoneofthegreatmomentsofAmericanhistory. 最后,或许也是最重要的,是战事一旦结束,有能力迅速化干戈为玉帛两人在阿珀马特科斯的行事方式带来了和平修好的可能这一可能并没有在以后的几年中完全成为现实,但在经历了势不两立、恢复联邦似乎根本无望的战争之后,这一可能最终还是促使两大阵营重新合为一个国家两人的生活中再没有比在阿珀马特科斯马克莱恩__里的简短会面中所起的作用更能体现其个性了他们当时这样做,一代又一代美国人都对他们感恩两位杰出的美国人,格兰特和李,如此不同,却又在几乎所有方面都如此相像两人在阿珀马特科斯的会晤是美国历史上一个辉煌的时刻ABriefHistoryoftheAmericanCivilWarGaryGallagher1TheAmericanCivilWarissometimescalledtheWarBetweentheStatestheWarofRebellionortheWarforSouthernIndependen__.ItbeganonApril121861whenConfederateGeneralP.G.T.BeauregardopenedfireonFortSumterinCharlestonHarborSouthCarolinaandlasteduntil__y261865whenthelastConfederatearmysurrendered.Thewartookmorethan600000livesdestroyedpropertyvaluedat$5billionbrought_______to4millionblacksl__esandopenedwoundsthath__enotyetcompletelyhealedmorethan125yearslater.美国内战简述卡尔·T·罗旺 美国内战有时被称作南北战争、叛乱战争,或南方__战争1861年4月12日,南部邦联的博勒加德将军对南卡罗来纳州查尔斯顿港的萨姆特要塞首先开火,于是战争爆发,一直持续到1865年5月26日最后一支南部邦联军__投降战争夺去了六十多万人的生命,造成五十亿美元的财产损失,给四百万黑奴___,造成的创伤在一百__五年之后仍未能完全愈合Causes2Thechiefandimmediatecauseofthewarwassl__ery.Southernstatesdependedonsl__erytosupporttheireconomy.Southernersusedsl__elabortoprodu__cropsespeciallycotton.Howeversl__erywasillegalintheNorthernstates.Bythe1850sabolitioni__wasgrowingintheNorthandwhentheantisl__eryRepublicancandidateA.Lincolnwaselectedpresidentin1860theSouthernstatesoneafteranotherse__dedtoprotecttheirrighttokeepsl__es.SouthCarolinadeclareditsse__ssionfirstandthenitwasfollowedbysixotherstates—MississippiFloridaAlaba__GeorgiaLouisianaandTexas.ImmediatelythequestionoffederalpropertyinthesestatesbecameimportantespeciallythefortsintheharborofCharlestonS.C.LincolnresolvedtoholdSumter.ThenewConfederategover__entunderPresidentJeffersonD__isandSouthCarolinawereequallydeterminedtoousttheFederals. 起因内战主要的、直接的起因是奴隶制南方各州依靠奴隶制维持其经济南方人使用黑奴劳力种植农作物,尤其是棉花然而,奴隶制在北方各州是非法的到了19世纪50年代,废奴主义在北方日渐赢得人心,1860年,__奴隶制的共和党候选人A·林肯当选总统之后,南方各州便相继脱离联邦,以维持其畜奴的权利南卡罗来纳州率先宣布脱离,随后其他六州----密西西比州、佛罗里达州、__巴马州、佐治亚州、路易斯安那州、得克萨斯州----也紧接着脱离联邦__在这些州的财产归属问题顿时变得相当紧迫,尤其是南卡罗来纳州查尔斯顿港的那些要塞林肯决意保住萨姆特要塞而杰斐逊·戴维斯总统__下的新成立的南部邦联__以及南卡罗来纳州同样有决心把联邦__支持者赶走SumtertoGetty__urg3WhenonApr.121861theConfederatecom__nderBeauregardactingoninstructionsorderedthefiringonFortSumterhostilitiesofficiallybegan.Lincolnimmediatelycalledfortroopstobeusedagainstthesevense__dingstateswhichweresoonjoinedbyArkansasNorthCarolinaVirginiaandTennesseecompletingthe11-stateConfederacy.InthefirstimportantmilitarycampaignofthewaruntrainedUniontroopsunderIrvinMcDowelladvancingonRichmondnowtheConfederatecapitalwereroutedbyequallyinexperien__dConfederatesol___rsledbyBeauregardandJosephE.JohnstoninthefirstbattleofBullRunJuly
211861.ThisfiascoledLincolntobringupGeorgeB.McClellanwhowasforafewmonthsthechiefNortherncom__nder.TheableorganizeroftheArmyofthePoto__cheneverthelessfailedinthePeninsularcampaignApr.–July1862inwhichRobertE.Leesuc__ededthewoundedJohnstonascom__nderoftheConfederateArmyofNorthernVirginia.LeeplannedthediversionintheShenandoahValleywhichbrilliantlyexecutedbyTho__sJ.StonewallJacksonworkedperfectly.NexttoLeehimselfJacksonwithhisfamous“footc__alry”wastheSouth’sgreatestgeneral.Leethenwentontos__eRichmondintheSevenDaysbattlesJune26–July2andwasvictoriousinthesecondbattleofBullRunAug.29–
30.Howeverhealsofailedinhisfirstinvasionofenemyterritory.InSeptemberMcClellanwhomLincolnhadrestoredtocom__ndofthedefensesofWashingtoncheckedLeein__ryland.WhenMcClellanfailedtoattacktheConfederatesastheyretreatedLincolnremovedhimagainthistimeper__nently. 从萨姆特到葛底斯堡1861年4月12日,南部邦联军司令博勒加德按照指示,下令对萨姆特要塞开火,敌对态势正式形成林肯立即要求动用军队以抵抗脱离联邦的七个州——阿肯色州、北卡罗来纳州、弗吉尼亚州和田纳西州不久也脱离联邦,组成了有11个州的南部邦联内战第一场重大军事战役打响了欧文·麦克道尔率领的未经训练的联邦军队在向当时已是南部邦联__首都的里士满进军时,在第一次布尔溪战役中1861年7月21日被博勒加德和约瑟夫·E·约翰斯顿率领的同样缺乏作战经验的南部邦联军士兵击溃这一惨败促使林肯起用曾担任过几个月北方军队总司令的乔治·B·麦克莱伦这位有才干的波托马科军团的组织者,在半岛战役中1862年4月-7月却同样受挫,在这场战事中,罗伯特·E·李接替了受伤的约翰斯顿担任北弗吉尼亚州南部邦联军司令李在谢伦多厄山谷部署了佯攻,这一战在托马斯·J·石壁杰克逊的出色指挥下,打得非常漂亮声望仅次于李的杰克逊以其著名的步骑兵成为南方最卓越的将军随后李在七日战役中6月26日-7月2日守住了里士满,又在第二次布尔溪战役中8月29日-30日获胜但他第一次入侵敌方领土的行动未能成功到了9月,被林肯复职指挥华盛顿防御的麦克莱伦在马里兰将李击退南部邦联军撤退之时,麦克莱伦没有追击,于是林肯再次将其撤职,此后永未起用4TwosubsequentUnionadvan__sonRichmondthefirstledbyAmbroseE.BurnsideandthesecondbyJosephHookerendedinresoundingdefeatsDec.131862and__y2–
41863.AlthoughLeelostJacksonatthebattleofChan__llorsvillethevictorypromptedhimtotryanotherinvasionoftheNorth. 联邦军队随后两次进攻里士满,第一次由安布罗兹·E·伯恩塞德率领,第二次由约瑟夫·胡克率领,但均以惨败告终1862年12月13日,1863年5月2日-4日李在查斯勒维尔战役中折损大将杰克逊,但此战告捷,促使他再次进犯北方5OnJune31863LeebegantomovehisArmyofNorthernVirginiaacrosstheRappahannock.HookerwhowasawareofLee’smovementsshiftedtheArmyofthePoto__cnorthwardusingitasashieldbetweenLeeandthecapitalatWashington.LateinJuneHookerresignedhiscom__ndconvin__dthathehadlosttheconfiden__oftheadministration.OnJune28GeneralGeorgeG.Meaderepla__dHooker.MeadehadbeenoneofHooker’scorpscom__nders. 1863年6月3日,李指挥其北弗吉尼亚州南部邦联军渡过拉帕汉诺克河胡克获悉了李军队的动向,便将波托马科军团北移,使其成为李和首都华盛顿之间的一块护盾6月下旬,胡克认为自己已失去__的信任而辞职6月28日,乔治·G·米德将军接替胡克米德曾是胡克的一位军团司令6OnJuly1advan__unitsofthetwoarmiesstumbledintoeachothernearthelittletownofGetty__urgPennsylvania16kmnorthofthe__rylandborder.BothLeeandMeaderealizedthatabattlewasun__oidable.Fightingbrokeoutthatday.Uniontroopsafterearlyreverses__nagedtoholdastrategicpositionon__meteryHill.TheseconddayJuly2sawconfusedfightingonbothUnionflanks.ConfederateGeneralsLongstreetandJohnB.HoodassaultedhighgroundatthePeachOrchardandLittleRoundTopbutbynighttheFederalsheldkeypositions.Themostdra__ticactionofthebattlecameonthethirddaywhenGeneralGeorgeE.PickettledagallantbuthopelesschargeagainsttheUnion__nter“thebloodyangle.”Pickett’sdrivetriedtochargeacrossanopenfieldat__meteryRidgebutcon__ntratedUnionfirestoppedhim.ThebattlewasadecisiveUnionvictorybutbotharmiessufferedveryhe__ylosses.Meade’scasualtiesnumbered23000andLee’sabout
25000.LeebeganhisretreatonJuly
4.TothegreatdisappointmentofPresidentLincolnMeadedidnotpursuetheConfederatearmyand__keLeestandandfight.ByJuly14theConfederatecom__nderhadbroughttheremnantofhisarmybacktothesafetyofVirginia.Getty__urghadbeenaseveredefeatfortheSouthbothintermsofmenlostandthearmy’smorale.InNovember1863PresidentLincolndedicatedanational__meterytothosewhohad___dintheBattleofGetty__urg.HisspeechknownastheGetty__urgAddressbecamefamousasanexpressionofthedemocraticspiritandreconfirmedLincoln’sintentiontoreunitethecountry. 7月1日,两军的先头__在马里兰边界以北16公里处的宾夕法尼亚小镇葛底斯堡附近相遇李和米德两人都意识到战斗不可避免当日战斗就打响了开始时遭受挫折的联邦军队最终成功地守住了公墓山上的一处战略要地第二天,即7月2日,联邦军队的两翼都出现了混战南部邦联军朗斯特里特和约翰·B·霍德将军向桃园和小圆顶的高地发起了进攻,但到晚上,联邦军队占领了各重要阵地此战最富戏剧性的军事行动发生在第三天,乔治·E·皮克特将军向联邦中坚__所在地“血角”发起了勇猛却毫无希望的攻击皮克特的强攻__试图冲过公墓岭上的一块开阔地,但联邦军队的加强火力将其挡住此战联邦军队取得了决定性胜利,但双方都伤亡惨重米德__的伤亡人数为二万三千人,而李的伤亡人数约为二万五千人7月4日,李开始撤退令林肯总统大失所望的是,米德竟然没有乘胜追击从而迫使李还击到7月14日,南部邦联军司令李将残余__安全撤回到弗吉尼亚葛底斯堡一战无论是在人员损失还是在军队士气上都使南方遭受重创1863年11月,林肯总统为葛底斯堡战役中的阵亡将士__了国家公墓落成仪式他发表的葛底斯堡演说以其表达__精神而闻名,演说还再次证实了林肯捍卫国家统一的意图TurningPoint7TheUnionvictoriesatGetty__urgandVick__urginJuly1863__rkedadefiniteturningpointinthewar.Bothsidesnowhadseasonedequallyvaliantsol___rsandinLeeandUlyssesS.Granteachhadasuperiorgeneral.ButtheNorthwithitslargerpopulationandcomparativelyenormousindustryenjoyedatremendous__terialadvantage.Bothsidesalsoresortedtoconscriptioneventhoughitmetsomeresistan__. 转折点1863年7月联邦军队在葛底斯堡和维科斯堡的胜利标志着战争的一个转折点当时双方的士兵同样训练有素,骁勇善战,双方也都有着出色的将军,李和尤利西兹·S·格兰特然而北方凭借其更多的人口和相对庞大的工业拥有巨大的物资优势双方也都采用了征兵制招募士兵,尽管遭遇一些__GrantandSher__nLeadtoVictory8In__rch1864Lincolnfor__nyyearsanadmirerofGrant__dehimcom__nderinchief.Le__ingtheWestinSher__n’scapablehandsGrantcameeasttookpersonalchargeofMeade’sArmyofthePoto__candengagedLeeintheWildernesscampaign__y–June
1864.OutnumberedbutstillspiritedtheArmyofNorthernVirginiawasslowlyandpainfullyfor__dbacktowardRichmondandinJulythetenaciousGrantbeganthelongsiegeofPeter__urg.AlthoughConfederateGeneralJubalA.EarlywonatMonocacyJuly9threateningthecityofWashingtontheConfederateswereunabletorepeatJackson’ssuc__ssfuldiversionof1862andUnionGeneralPhilipH.Sheridanvictoriousinthegrand__nnerat__darCreekOct.19virtuallyendedEarly’sactivitiesintheShenandoahValley.ForhispartSher__nopposedfirstbythewilyJoeJohnstonandthenbyJohnB.HoodwontheAtlantacampaign__y–Sept.
1864. 格兰特和谢尔曼率军走向胜利1864年3月,多年来一直赏识格兰特的林肯任命其为总司令格兰特把西线交给能征善战的谢尔曼,自己在东线亲自统领米德的波托马科军团,发起了攻击李的荒野战役1864年5月-6月北弗吉尼亚州南部邦联军寡不敌众但士气仍然高昂,他们艰难地朝里士满方向缓缓后撤到了7月,性格顽强的格兰特开始__围攻彼得斯堡尽管南军将领朱伯尔·A·厄尔利在默诺卡西获胜7月9日,一度威胁到华盛顿市,南部邦联军却未能再现1862年杰克逊佯攻战的辉煌,在雪松湾大获全胜10月19日的联邦军将领菲利普·H·谢里丹实际上结束了厄尔利在谢伦多厄山谷的军事行动至于谢尔曼,他先后遭到诡计多端的约瑟夫·约翰斯顿和约翰·B·霍德的抵抗,但还是取得了亚特兰大战役1864年5月-9月的胜利TheElectionof18649OnthepoliticalfrontamovementwithintheRepublican_____toshelveLincolnhadcollapsedasthetideturnedintheUnion’sf__or.WithAndrewJohnsonLincoln’sownchoi__forVi__PresidentthePresidentwasrenominatedinJune
1864.TheDemocratsnominatedMcClellan.Lincolnwaseasilyreelected. 1864年大选在__战线上,由于形势正转而对联邦__有利,共和党内部排斥林肯的活动未能得逞林肯亲自挑选安德鲁·约翰逊为副总统候选人,在任总统于1864年6月再次获候选人提名__党提名麦克莱伦为候选人林肯轻而易举再度当选Lee’sSurrender10AfterthefallofAtlantawhichhadcontributedtoLincoln’svictorySher__n’stroops__detheirdestructive__rchthroughGeorgia.HoodhadfailedtodrawSher__nbackbyinvadingUnion-heldTennesseeandafterthebattleofFranklinNov.301864Hood’sarmywasalmostcompletelyannihilated.Sher__npresentedLincolnwiththeChrist__sgiftofS__annahGa.[1theChrist__sgiftofS__annahGa.:Sher__n’svictoryinthebattleofS__annah10-21De__mber1864]1andthenmovednorththroughtheCarolinas.Unionn__alcom__nderFarragut’svictoryatMobileBayAug.51864hadeffectivelyclosedthatportandonJan.151865WilmingtonN.C.wasalsocutoff. 李投降亚特兰大被攻克为林肯大选获胜起了重要作用,之后,谢尔曼的军队一路横扫佐治亚霍德曾入侵已被联邦军占领的田纳西,但未能使谢尔曼后退,打完富兰克林战役1864年11月30日,霍德几乎全军覆灭谢尔曼给林肯的圣诞礼物是佐治亚州的萨瓦纳大捷,随后他挥师北上,进入南北卡罗来纳州联邦海军将领法拉格特在莫比尔湾的胜利1864年8月5日成功地关闭了该港口,到了1865年1月15日,北卡罗来纳州的威尔明顿也被围11AfterSheridan’svictoryatFiveForksApr.11865thePeter__urglineswerebreachedandtheConfederatesevacuatedRichmondApr.
3.WithhisretreatblockedbySheridanLeewiselygivingupthefutilecontestsurrenderedtoGrantatAppo__ttoxCourthouseonApr.
91865.ThesurvivingConfederatearmiesalsoyieldedwhentheyheardofLee’scapitulationthusendingtheconflictthatresultedinover600000casualties. 谢里丹在弗尔伍福克告捷1865年4月1日后,彼得斯堡的防线被突破,南军撤离了里士满4月3日李的退路被谢里丹截断,于是明智地放弃了无效抵抗,于1865年4月9日在阿珀马特科斯县城向格兰特投降残存的南军获悉李已投降,也放弃了抵抗,造成六十多万人伤亡的南北冲突就此结束After__th12Thelongwarwasoverbutforthevictorsthepea__was__rredbytheassassinationofAbrahamLincolnthegreatestfigureofthewar.Theex-Confederatestatesafterenduringtheunsuc__ssfulattemptsofReconstructiontoimposeanewsocietyontheSouthwerereadmittedtotheUnionwhichhadbeens__edandinwhichsl__erywasnowabolished.TheCivilWarbroughtdeathtomoreAmericansthandidanyotherwarincludingWorldWarII.Thewarcostuntoldbillionsandnourishedratherthancan__ledhatredsandintoleran__whichpersistedfordecades.MonumentscommemoratingCivilWarfiguresandeventsareconspicuousinalmostallsizableNortherntownsandareevenmorenumerousintheupperSouth. 战争后果旷日持久的战争结束了,但是对胜利者来说,战争中最伟大的人物阿伯拉罕·林肯的被__给和平蒙上了一层阴影前邦联各州计划在南部重建一个新社会的企图失败后,重新纳__邦,联邦因此得以保住,奴隶制被废除内战造成的国民____超出了其他任何一场战争,包括第二次世界大战内战消耗了巨大财富,滋养而非化解了仇恨和褊狭,这种仇恨和褊狭一直持续了几十年现在,几乎在所有较大的北方城镇里都赫然竖立着怀念内战人物和__的纪念碑,在南方的北部地区其数量甚至更多。