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肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁第1章动词的时与体TenseAspect时(tense)是个语法范畴,它是表示时间区别的动词形式英语动词只有“现在时”和“过去时”,而没有“将来时”(在英语中,表示“将来”手段多种多样,但没有一种独特的、能与“现在时”和“过去时”平起平坐的专一表示“将来”的动词形式----“将来时”)体(aspect)也是一个语法范畴,它表示动作或过程在一定时间内处于何种状态的动词形式英语有进行体progressiveaspect和完成体perfectiveaspect进行体是由助动词be的一定形式加主动词的-ing分词构成;完成体由助动词h__e的一定形式加主动词的-ed分词构成现在时和过去时既可以单独使用,也可以和进行体或完成体结合使用,也可以同时与完成体和进行体结合使用这样,英语的限定动词词组便有8种时、体形式它们分别是一般现在时______present、一般过去时______past、现在进行体presentprogressive、过去进行体pastprogressive、现在完成体presentperfective、过去完成体pastperfective、现在完成进行体presentperfectiveprogressive、过去完成进行体pastperfectiveprogressive在这一章中,我们单独挑出完成体来加以详述1.1必须使用完成体的结构1)ItThisThiseveningyesterday...iswaswillbefirstsecondthird...timedaymonth……结构中的分句,要求用完成体IsthisthefirsttimeyouvebeentoBei___gThiswasthefirsttimehehadbeentoBei___g.ThisistheeighthmonththatIh__ebeenoutofwork..ThiswastheeighthmonththatIhadbeenoutofwork.Thisisthesecondtimethatthegoodsprodu__dbyourfactoryh__ebeenshownintheInternationalExhibition.Thiswasthesecondtimethatthegoodsprodu__dbyourfactoryhadbeenshownintheInternationalExhibition.2)在nosooner…thanhardly/barely/scar__ly…when等的句型中,主句要用过去完成体Hehadnosoonerseenmethanhelefttheroom.Nosoonerhadheseenmethanhelefttheroom.Thehelicopterhadhardlylandedwhenthewaitingcrowdrantowardit.Scar__lyhadIseenthelightningwhenIheardaclapofthunder.3)将来完成体用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作经常与before+将来时间或by+将来时间连用,也可与before或bythetime引导的现在时的分句连用Iwillh__efinishedalltheworkbythetimeyouarebackthisevening.Iamsurehewillh__eleftParisbythistimetomorrow.Ihopewewillh__egotalltheinfor__tionbeforeyoucometomorrow.BythetimeyougettoNewYorkI_______forLondon.(2002年1月) Awouldbele__ing Bamle__ingCh__ealreadyleft Dshallh__eleft本题时间状语为by+将来时间,考察将来完成体用法,应选择DBythetimehearrivesinBei___gwe________herefortwodays.(2001年6月)Ah__ebeenstayingBh__estayedCshallstayDwillh__estayed 将来完成体用来可以表示在将来某一时间以前一直持续的动作,本句话的意思是我们将在这里呆两天,因此谓语动词用将来完成体,答案为D1.2现在完成体与现在完成进行体现在完成进行体兼有现在完成体和现在进行体二者基本特点由于它有现在完成体的特点,所以它可以表示某一动作对现在产生的结果或影响由于它有现在进行体的特点,所以它也可以表示某一动作的延续性、临时性、重复性、生动性乃至感__彩1)现在完成进行体和现在完成体皆可表示动作对现在产生的结果,但前者所表示的结果是直接的,而后者所表示的则是最后的结果Weh__ebeencleaningtheclassroom.(a)Weh__ecleanedtheclassroom.(b)(a)句可译为“我们打扫教室来着”其直接结果可能是我们身上都是灰(b)句可以译为“我们把教室打扫过了”其结果是现在教室很清洁,可以用了另外(a)句表示教室刚刚打扫过,(b)句则可能表示教室是昨天打扫的再看下面两个句子Becareful!Johnhasbeenpaintingthedoor.(a)Johnhaspaintedthedoor.(b)(a)句表示约翰刚刚把门油漆过,现在油漆还未干,所以你要小心(b)句则无此含义,油漆可能已干了2)现在完成进行体有时有延续性;现在完成体往往没有Theyh__ebeenwideningtheroad.(a)Theyh__ewidenedtheroad.(b)(a)句的意思是他们在加宽马路,但尚未完工(b)句的意思则是已完工了有时现在完成体有延续性(如一些属于持续体的动词),但无临时性质Mr.__ithhasbeenlivinginLondonsin__1978.(a)Mr.__ithhaslivedinLondonsin__1979.(b)(a)句有“史密斯先生在伦敦久居”的含义,(b)句则没有3)但现在完成进行体并不总是具有临时的性质MymotherhasbeenteachingEnglishfortwentyyears.(a)MymotherhastaughtEnglishfortwentyyears.(b)a句在此并无临时性质,但较口语化(b)句则较为正式另外,(a)句表示动作现在仍在继续.并将延续下去;(b)句的动作是否延续下去,须由上下文决定,但在一般情况下都是延续下去的4)在完成进行体往往表示动作在重复;现在完成体则常常不带重复性H__eyoubeenmeetingherlately?(a)H__eyoumetherlately?(b)(a)句有“经常相会”之意,(b)句则没有(b)句如与often,everyday等时间状语连用,当然也表示动作在重复5)在否定结构中,现在完成体所否定的是谓语动词;现在完成进行体所否定的是状语Hehasntbeenspeakingsin__threeoclock.(a)Hehasntspokensin__threeoclock.(b)(a)句中所否定的不是hasbeenspeaking,而是sin__threeoclock,其结构等于Hehasbeenspeakingnotsin__threeoclockbutsin__halfpastthree.这是因为现在完成进行体本身是没有否定结构的原故(b)句用的是现在完成体,而现在完成体是有否定结构的,所以(b)句中所否定的自然是hasspoken,意即“从三点起他一直沉默不语,未发一言”1.3情态动词+行为动词完成体1)must+h__e+V-ed指现在对过去已发生的事或可能出现的情况进行推断和猜测,表示推测过去某事“一定”发生了因此,Youmustseeherlastnight的说法是错误的Shemusth__emetaghostyesterday.她昨天一定碰见过鬼了Hemusth__ebeentherelastweek.他上周一定在那儿HisscoreontheEnglishtestisthehighestintheclass;hemusth__estu___dlastnight.他这次英语测试的成绩全班最高他昨晚一定在好好学习2)can’t/couldn’t+h__e+V-edcan’t/couldn’t+h__e+V-ed为must+h__e+V-ed的否定形式,指现在对过去已发生的事或可能出现的情况进行推断和猜测,表示过去不可能发生某事Theycan’th__ecomehereintheircaryesterdayforitwasthenunderrepair.他们昨天不可能开车到这里,因为那时他们的车还正在修理当中Theroomisinamess;itcan’t/couldn’th__ebeencleaned.3)__y/might+h__e+V-ed表示推测过去某事“也许”发生了He__y/mighth__echosenanothercareerifhehadhadenoughmoneytofurtherhiseducation.如果他那时有足够的钱继续受教育,他也许会选择另一个职业Imighth__efulfilledtheworkearlier.我本可以早一些完成这件工作的4)oughtto/should+h__e+V-ed和oughtnot/shouldn’t+h__e+V-ed对以发生的情况表示“不满”、“责备”,分别表示“本应该…”和“本不应该”Iwonderwhytheyh__en’tarrivedyet.ItoldthemhowtogettherebutperhapsIought/shouldgivethema__p.(含有“后悔”或“自责”之意)Yououghttoh__etoldmethatyesterday.你早在昨天就该把那件事告诉我了5)needn’t+h__e+V-ed表示过去做了某事,但没有做的必要,意为“本没必要…”Youneedn’th__ehurried.Sheneedn’th__ecomeinperson---aletterwouldh__ebeenenough.Youneedn’th__edoneallthosecalculations.Weh__eacomputertodothatsortofthing.1.4用在was/wereplannedintendedhopedwished+不定式完成体表示事实上并未实现的计划或行为(详见
3.3不定式完成体)Weweretoh__estartedat8lastnightbutitsnowedhe__ily.Theyintendedtoh__egonecampingbuttheylatercan__lledit.Ihopedtoh__efinisheditlastweekbutIwastoobusy.练习
1.Suchcrimes__ybesocomplexthatmonthsoryearsgobybeforeanyonethem.(2002年12月)AdiscoversBdiscoveredCwilldiscoverDwouldh__ediscovered
2.Infact,Peterwouldratherh__eleftforSanFranciscothan_______inNewYork.(2002年6月)AtostayBstayingCstayedDh__ingstayed
3.Therehasbeenagreatincreaseinretailsales,_______?(2002年6月)AdoesthereBhasntthereCisntitDisntthere
4.TheboyspentasmuchtimewatchingTVashe________studying.(2002年1月) Adoes Bhad Cwas Ddid
5.Thearticlesuggeststhatwhenaperson_______underunusualstressheshouldbeespeciallycarefultoh__eawell-balan__d___t.(2002年1月) Ais Bwere Cbe Dwas
6.Bytheendofthismonthwesurely____asatisfactorysolutiontotheproblem. Ah__efoundBwillbefound Cwillh__efoundDarefinding
7.Theconferen______afullweekbythetimeitends. Amusth__elastedBwillh__elasted CwouldlastDhaslasted
8.---__yIspeaktoyour__nagerMr.Williamsatfiveoclocktonight---Imsorry.M.Williams_______toaconferen__longbeforethen.(2000年6月)AhadgoneBwouldh__egoneChasgoneDwillh__egone
9.Sheoughttostopwork;shehasaheadachebecauseshe________toolong.(2000年1月)AhasbeenreadingBhadreadCisreadingDread
10.Thecareless__nre__ivedaticketforspeeding.Heh__edrivensofast.(2002年12月)Acan’tBmustn’tCwouldn’tDshouldn’t
11.Investigatorsagreedthatpassengersontheairliner____attheverymomentofthecrash.(2002年6月)Aoughtto___Bmusth__e___dCmustbedyingDshouldh__e___d
12.You_______himsoclosely;youshouldh__ekeptyourdistan__.(2000年6月)Ashouldnth__ebeenfollowingBcouldnth__ebeenfollowingCmustntfollowDshouldntfollow
13.Theconstructionofthelaboratorybytheendofthisyear.Awillh__ecompletedBwillh__ebeencompletedCwillbecompletedDwillcompleted
14.JackhasjustphonedtosaythathebacktillSundaynextweek.Adoesn’tcomeBwillcomeChasn’tcomeDisn’tcoming
15.Taketheumbrellaincaseit.AisrainingBisgoingtorainCrainsDwillrain
16.BytheendoflastyearIinthisuniversityfortenyears.AhadworkedBworkedCwasworkingDwouldwork
17.Pickmeupat9o’clock.Imybathbythen.Acanh__ehadBwillh__ehadCwillbeh__ingD__yh__e
18.IaglasswhileIthedinner.Abroke…wascookingBwasbreaking…wascookingCwasbreaking…cookedDbroke…cooked
19.“MichaelleftforNewYorkthismorning.”“OhIthoughtheuntilnextweek.”Ahadn’tbeengoingBwasn’tgoingCisn’tgoingDwon’tbegoing
20.Ithasbeenalongtimesin__theylasteachother.AweremeetingBweretomeetCmetDmeet
21.Eversin__thefamilymovedtothesuburbslastyeartheybetterhealth.AhadenjoyedBareenjoyingCh__ebeenenjoyingDcouldh__eenjoyed
22.Youshouldh__eputthemilkinthei__-box;Iexpectitundrinkablebynow.AhadbecomeBbecomeChasbecomeDbecame
23.Thisisoneoftherarestquestionsthatatsuchameeting.AareraisedBh__eeverbeenraisedCisraisedDhaseverbeenraised
24.Whenhehurriedtotheairporthefoundtohisgreatdisappointmenthisticketathome.Atoh__ebeenleftBhadleftCwereleftDhadbeenleft
25.ThenovelissaidintosevenlanguagesincludingRussian.Atoh__ebeentranslatedBtobetranslatedCh__etranslatedDh__ingtranslated
26.Weourownbusinessbutweneverhadenoughmoney.Ahopedtoh__estartedBhopedtostartChopetostartedDhopetoh__estarted
27.whenshestartedcomplaining.ANosoonerhadhearrivedBScar__lydidhearriveCHardlyhadhearrivedDNotuntilhearrived
28.Therewasaknockatthedooritwasthesecondtimesomeonemethatevening.Awouldh__einterruptedBtobeinterruptedCtoh__einterruptedDhadinterrupted
29.Turnonthetelevisionoropena__gazineandyouadvertisementsshowinghappybalan__dfamilies.Ah__eoftenseenBwilloftenseeCoftenseeDareoftenseeing
30.Theyhurriedthereonlytofindthemeetingcan__lled.Infacttheyatall.Aneedtoh__egoneBwouldn’th__egoneCneedn’th__egoneDmustn’th__egone第二章被动语态PassiveVoi__2.1主动态表示被动意义1)一般说来,表示被动意义要用被动态,构成被动态的动词必须是及物动词,不及物动词是没有被动态的但是,英语里有些不及物动词在SVA结构中却含有被动意义,用来表示主语的某种特征、属性Enamelwarescleaneasily.搪瓷器皿容易弄干净Thisboxdoesntcloseproperly.这箱子关不拢Theseapplescookwell.这些苹果适于烹煮Thismetalcutseasily.这种金属容易切削Thepipedoesnotdrawwell.这烟斗不大畅通Nylondriesquickly.尼龙织物干得快This__terialdoesnotdyewell.这料子染不好Iteatswell.这东西吃上去味道好Thehallsoonfilled.那大厅不久便坐满了人DampWoodwillnotfire.潮湿的木头不会着火Thiswheatgrindswell.这种麦子很好磨Thebrakedoesnotgripproperly.刹车不灵Thiscarhandleswell.这车很好驾驶Thedoorwontlock.门锁不上Thecowmilkswell.这头母牛出奶率高Thesebookspackeasily.这些书易于包装Thesepotatoespeeleasily.这些土豆皮很容易剥Hisnewnovelissellingwell.他的新小说销路良好Thewindowwontshut.这窗关不上Somekindsofwoodspliteasily.有些木材容易劈开Somekindsoffoodsoonspoil.有些食物很容易变坏Thislinenc1othspotseasily.这麻布容易沾污Whiteclothesstaineasily.白色衣服容易弄脏Thedamp__tchwontstrike.这潮湿的火柴擦不着Thispapertearseasily.这种纸一撕就破Noteveryidiomtranslateswithsuchease.不是每个习语都能这样容易地译出来Theclothwasheswell.这布很耐洗This__terialwontwear.这种材料不耐久Thedoorwontopen.这门打不开从以上的例子可以看出,句中的谓语动词具有下面的三个特点之一谓语动词用否定式;动词之后有副词或小品词;动词之后有形容词或介词短语2)当needwantrequirebeworth后面接doing时,表示的是被动意义Thedoorneedsrepairing.=Thedoorneedstoberepaired.门该修了 Thisbookisworthreading. 这本书值得一读 Yourhairwantscutting. 你的头发该理了 Thefloorrequireswashing.=Thefloorrequirestobewashed.地板需要冲洗2.2带宾语分句的句子转换成被动态带宾语分句(主要是that分句)的句子可以转换为两种被动句型【例如】Peoplethinkthatsheishonest.a→Itisthoughtthatsheishonest.b→Sheisthoughttobehonest.cb以it作形式主语,将a中的动词变为被动态,保留a中的that分句;c将分句的主语变成被动句中的主语,将a中的动词变为被动态,再将a中的that分句改为不定式短语,放在被动态后面能这样用的动词主要有thinkconsiderassumesupposesayreportacknowledgefeelbelievefindpresumeknowunderstandetc.如果that分句的动词是进行体,这时分句要改为不定式进行体Theysupposethatsheiscoming.→Itissupposedthatsheiscoming.→Sheissupposedtobecoming.Theysupposedthatshewascoming.→Itwassupposedthatshewascoming.→Shewassupposedtobecoming.如果that分句的动作或状态发生在主句之前,这时分句要改为不定式完成体Peoplefeelthatlittlewasdonetopreventtheaccident→Itisfeltthatlittlewasdonetopreventtheaccident.→Littleisfelttoh__ebeendonetopreventtheaccident.Theyreportthatbothsidesh__ereachedanagreement.→Itisreportedthatbothsidesh__ereachedanagreement.→Bothsidesarereportedtoh__ereachedanagreement.Peoplethinkthatshewashonest.→Itisthoughtthatshewashonest.→Sheisthoughttoh__ebeenhonest.2.3短语动词的被动语态短语动词通常被视为一个整体,转化为被动语态时,词组内的介词、副词、名词等不能拆散或省略Theoldhousewillbepulleddowntomorrow.Thelittleboywas__deuseofbythedrug-pushertocarrydrugsforhim.Thatsortofthingshouldbedoneawaywith.Thesportsmeetistobeputoff.另外,有些短语动词不能用被动语态,如takepla__looklikebelongtodependonconsistofagreewith等Theaccidenttookpla__yesterdayontheexpressway.Helookslikeanold__n.Thehonorbelongstous.Heisthepersontodependon.练习
1.Theshirt__ooth.AisfeltBisfeelingCfeelsDistobefelt
2.Largesumsofmoney______eachyearinpaintingthesteelworkofbridgesshipsandotherexposedstructures.Ah__etobespentBh__espentCh__etospendDspend
3.Theproblem.nowisadifficultone.AisdiscussedBistobediscussedCbeingdiscussedDtobediscussed
4.Heissaidhomefromabroadlastweek.AtocomebackBcomebackCtoh__ecomebackDcomingback
5.Theradiobymyyoungersisterrightnow.AisbeingrepairedBrepairedCbeenrepairedDbeingrepaired
6.Hislatestnovel.well.AissoldBsoldCistosellingDsells
7.Bytheendoflastyearthegymnasium______.AwasbeingcompletedBhadbeencompletedChadcompletedDwouldbecompleted
8.Shetoldmethatherproposal______.AneededtobetakenintoconsiderationBneededtoh__etakenintoconsiderationCneededtotakeintoconsiderationDneededtobetakingintoconsideration
9.Weallsuggestthathisadvi__.AadoptsBisadoptedCwasadoptedDbeadopted
10.It’spaydayandwe’rewaiting.AtobepaidBtoh__epaidCtobepayingD forpaying
11.Thislawthenumberofaccidentscausedbychildrenrunningacrosstheroadwhentheygotoffthebus.AintendsreducingBintendedreducingCintendingtoredu__D isintendedtoredu__
12.Thenewtypeof__chine______theyearafternext.AisgoingtoturnoutBisgoingtobeingturnedoutCisgoingtoh__eturnedoutDisgoingtobeturnedout
13.Thework______wehadagooddrinkfor__lebration.AhaddoneBhadbeendoneCh__ingdoneDh__ingbeendone
14.IsupposethatwhenIcomebackinfiveyear’stimealotofbuildingshere.Awillh__ebeenbuiltBwillbebuiltCwillh__ebuiltDwillbebuilding
15.Jack______ajobinafactorybutherefusedtotakeit.AhasbeenofferedBwasofferedCofferedD hadoffered
16.Hesaidsuchathing______tohappen.Aoughtnottoh__eallowedBoughtnottobeallowedCoughtnottobeallowingD oughttobenotallowed
17.Hehas__deitknowthatmuchofhiscollectiontotheNationalLibrary.AhasleftBistole__eCle__esDistobeleft
18.Beforeliberationmyfatherwas__deallday.AtoworkBworkingCworkDworked
19.Shein
1970.A__rriedBgot__rriedCwas__rriedDdid__rry
20.Ontheruinsoftheoldbombedsiteagood__nymodernbuildingsandasuper__rket.AarestoodBh__ebeenstoodCstandDstanding第三章不定式Infinitive3.1不定式在句子中充当的作用1)作主语不定式作主语一般表示具体的某次动作 Tocompletethe30-storiedbuildinginoneyearwasquiteadifficulttask.Todothatimpliestakingresponsibility.Fortheretobesomodernalibraryinthisruralareaissurprising. 当主语较长,谓语较短时,常用it做形式主语,而将不定式放到谓语的后面 Itisimportantformodernyoungpeopleto__steratleasttwoforeignlanguages. It做形式主语,不定式放在谓语动词之后常用于下列结构中 aItis+形容词easyimportantdifficultfoolishinconvenientunne__ssaryrightwrong...+for/of__.+不定式Itisessentialtoreserveatableinadvan__ofChrist__sEve. Itishardtoputmyhopesintowords. Itisnoteasytocatchfishwithyourhandsonly. ItisimportantforusyoungpeopletolearnEnglishand__sterit. bItis+名词apleasureapityapleasantthingonesdutyanhonorashameacrimenoeasyjob...+不定式 Itisasheerwasteoftimetoreadthatkindoftrash. Itisapitytoh__etogowithouther. Itisagloriousdeathto___forthepeople.cIttakes/took__.sometimehoursmonthsdaysalotoftimepatien__...+不定式 IttakesmethreehourstolearnEnglisheachday.Ittookthemhalfthenighttogethomeinthesnow.2)作表语不定式作表语,常表示将来的动作,主语常常是表示意向、打算、计划的词,如wishideaaskpurposedutyjob等 Themostimportantthingforoneshealthistoh__eplentyofexercise. Mychiefpurposehasbeentopointoutthedifficultiesofthe__tter. Thepurposeoftheorganizationistogreetallnewcomerstothecityandtoprovidethemwithanyne__ssaryinfor__tion.WhatIwantedwastogettheworkdoneasquicklyaspossible.注意当主语中有do的任何形式时,作表语的不定式中的to通常省略Whathewantstodomostistoenjoyhimselfeveryday.Whattheydidlastnightwastoplaycardstotheirheart’scontent.3)作宾语不定式作宾语,通常用在下列结构中a“动词+不定式”结构不定式直接跟在动词后面这类动词有affordagreeapplyarrangeaskattemptbegbegincarechooseclaimconsentde__nddecidedesiredetermineexpectfailhopehesitatehateintendlearnlike__nagemeanneglectofferplanpreparepretendpromiserefuseresolveseektendthreatenwant等Iliketogooutforwalksinthewarmsunshineinspring.Mymotherhatestomovefrompla__topla__forshefeelstired.Idecidetoworkhardandgetadoctorsdegree. Shefailedtofinishtheassig__entintimeandshewasworriedaboutit. Thereisa__natthere__ptiondeskwhoseemsveryangryandIthinkhemeansto__ketrouble.I’dliketheretobearoomofmyown.Idon’twanttheretobeanymisunderstandingbetweenus. b不定式作宾语还常用在下面结构中“主语+动词+it+形容词+不定式”Wefounditimpossibletogeteverythingreadyintime.IthinkitimportanttolearnEnglishwellincollege.使用这种句型的常见动词有believeconsiderdeclarefeelfindguessi__gineproverealizesupposethink等c“wh-+不定式”结构不定式前加一个疑问代词whatwhichwhowhomwhose或疑问副词wherewhenhowwhy,以及连词whether构成特殊的不定式短语,其作用相当于一个分句,这样的不定式短语常在某些动词后面作宾语常见的可以接这种不定式短语的动词有knowseedecide____askconsiderdiscoverexplainfindoutforgetguessheari__gineinquirelearnobserveper__iverememberthinkunderstandwonder等Icouldntdecidewhichbooktochoose.Ican____youwheretogetthisbook.TheyfoundithardtodecidewhethertogoswimmingnextSundayortovisitAuntSally.“wh-+不定式”结构除了作宾语外,还可以在句中作主语或者表语 Whentostarttheprogramre__insundecided.Thequestionishowtoputtheplansintopracti__.4)作状语a不定式作状语表示目的或用于soasnotto和inordernotto之后,来强调这种目的 Tolearnaforeignlanguagewellyoumust__kepainstakingefforts. Mothers__edevery__ntshecouldsparetopayformyschooling.Wemustdevelopscien__andtechnologyathighspeedsoastoraisescientificandculturallevelofourcountry. Inordertogetahigh__rkinBand4hedidalotofexercisesbothingram__randreadingcomprehension.b不定式表示结果,特别是在so...astosuch...astoonlyto...以及too...to等结构中的不定式表示结果 IrushedtothestationasfastasIcouldonlytofindthetrainalreadygone.Sheleftherhometownwithherbeloved__nnevertoreturn.Nooneistoooldtolearn. Wouldyoubesokindastocarrytheluggageformec不定式常用来修饰形容词,构成下列词组beabletobeafraidtobeapttobeboundtobe__rtaintobeeasytobeeagertobefittobelikelytobereadytobesuretobeunabletobeunwillingtobewillingto等 ChineseteamisboundtowintheWorldCupthistime. Itislikelytoraintodayforitisverycloudy.Iamwillingtohelpyouwithyourhomeworkforwearefriends.5)作宾语补足语a不定式常跟在下列动词之后作宾语补足语askadviseallowbegcausecompelcom__ndenableencourageexpectfeelfor__findhearh__einforminvitelet__kemeannoti__orderpermitpersuaderemindrequirerequestteach____urgewatchwarnwatch等Becauseofthecomplexityofthemodernequipmentmostoffi__srequiresecretariestoh__especifiedtraining. Heaskedyoutocallhimattenoclock. ThenoteremindsmetobecarefulwhateverIdo. Idneverallowmychildrentobeh__elikethat.b当不定式在let__keh__ehearlookatlistentofeelobservewatchnoti__per__ive(感觉到)等动词后面作宾语补足语时,不定式不带to Wheneversomethingiswrongwithyoupleasedoletmeknow. Iwillh__ethestudentswriteapassageaboutInternet. Isawmymothershedtearsatthenewsthatthenei___orgirlgotseriouslyhurtinacaraccident. Itseemedsolongbeforeheheardthestonehitthewater.6)作主语补足语带有宾语及宾语补足语结构的动词变为被动语态时,原来的宾语变为主语,宾补则变为主补加主补的动词主要有assumebelieveknowreportsaysuppose等 Mr.Brownissaidtoh__eleftforItalylastweek.ItissaidthatMr.BrownleftforItalylastweek. Personsh__ebeensaidtoclimbonroofssolve__the__ticalproblemscomposemusicwalkthroughwindowsandcommitmurderintheirsleep.Heisreportedtoh__ewonthe100-meterrunningra__intheOlympicgames.7)作定语 a不定式作定语通常要放在其所修饰的名词或代词之后 不定式常作下列名词的定语attemptabilityanythingchan__desiredeterminationdecisioneffortfailureintentionneedopportunityplanpromisepressurerighttendencytimeway等 Hiseffortstocarryouttheplanweresuc__ssful.Ih__enointentiontogotothecine__withyou. Thereisnoneedtobotherhimwithsuchtrifles. Thereisatendencytowritequitelongsenten__sincommercialcorresponden__. ThepressuretocompetecausesAmericanstobeenergeticbutitalsoputthemunderaconstantemotionalstrain. 注意不定式与其修饰的名词有动宾关系时,要根据句子的需要在不定式后加适当的介词,这个介词的选用取决于被修饰的名词或不定式本身的要求 Sheisaveryni__persontoworkwith. Thisisanimportantissuetotalkabout.b由onlylastnext序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式作定语Mr.Zhangisalwaysthefirst__ntoarriveattheoffi__andthelast__ntole__e.Idontthinkheisthebestonetodothework.3.2不带to的不定式BareInfinitive在下列词组后面的不定式不带to wouldrather...than宁愿……也不hadbetter...最好,canthelpbut...不得不hadrather...宁愿,cannotbut...不得不,必然,__y/mightaswell...不妨,letalone更不用说candonothingbut…只能 Youdbetterreturnthebookstothelibraryontime.Otherwiseyouwillbefined. Icanthelpbutwishthatnothingwouldgowrong.Theyhadneverseensuchdeliciousfoodletaloneeatit.3.3不定式的完成体不定式的完成体表示不定式的动作在谓语表示的动作状态之前完成 Iamsorrytoh__ekeptyouwaitingforsuchalongtime.Sheseemstoh__ereadthebookbefore. Thebookisreportedtoh__ebeentranslatedintoEnglish.Heissaidtoh__ewrittenanewbookaboutbusinessEnglish. Thebankisreportedinthelocalnewspaper_______inbroaddaylightyesterday.(2000年12月)ArobbedBtoh__ebeenrobbedCbeingrobbedDh__ingbeenrobbed 本句意为据地方报纸报道,昨天这家银行在光天化日之下遭抢劫 不定式的动作发生在主句动作之前,故选择不定式的完成体,答案为Btoh__ebeenrobbed在句子中充当主语补足语不定式完成体用在was/wereplannedintendedhopedwished等之后,表示事实上并未实现的计划或行为;intendwishhopemeanplan等动词的过去完成体与不定式一般式连用,也可表示事实上并未实现的行为Thesecondnovelwastoh__ebeencompletedby1963buttwoyearslatertheendwastillnowhereinsight.Japanhopedtoh__eextendeditspowertowholeAsiabutitdidn’tsuc__ed.=JapanhadhopedtoextenditspowertowholeAsiabutitdidn’tsuc__ed.Weplannedtoh__efinishedtheworkbeforesupper.=Wehadplannedtofinishtheworkbeforesupper.3.4不定式的逻辑主语在表示人物情况、特征等的形容词后面,常用of引导不定式逻辑主语,表示对逻辑主语的评价;如果形容词仅仅修饰不定式,与逻辑主语无关,则用for引导不定式逻辑主语Itisverykindofyoutoh__ehelpedme.Itisfoolishofhimtoh__ewastesomuchtimeintrivialities.Itisveryimportantforustoholdameetingassoonaspossible.Itwouldbesurprisingfortherenottobeanyo__ectionstotheproposal.3.5不定式与分词作定语的区别根据非谓语动词表示的时间概念确定具体的非谓语动词形式(不定式、现在分词和过去分词)涉及将来动作时用不定式;表示已完成的动作或状态,用过去分词;表示正在进行的动作或目前的状态时,用现在分词Theproblemtobediscussedtomorrowisanurgentone.(“讨论”是将来的行为,所以用不等式)Theproblemdiscussedyesterdayisanurgentone.(“讨论”是完成了的行为,所以用过去分词)Theproblembeingdiscussednowisanurgentone.(“讨论”是现在的行为,所以用现在分词)3.6不定式作宾语补足语和现在分词作宾语补足语的区别动词不定式只说明宾语的一个动作,而现在分词则说明宾语的动作正在进行Justthenheheardsomeonesinginthenextroom.在那时,他听见有人在隔壁__里唱歌Justthenheheardsomeonesinginginthenextroom.在那时,他听见有人正在隔壁__里唱歌练习
1.TheancientEgyptiansaresupposed______rocketstothemoon. AtosendBtobesending Ctoh__esent Dtoh__ebeensending
2.I’msorry______youwaitingforsolong.AtokeepBtobekeepingCtoh__ekeptDtoh__ebeenkeeping
3.You’relucky______atickettotheshow.Atoh__egotBtogetCgettingDgot
4.I______thebooktoyouby__ilbutIlaterdecidedtocallyou.Ameantoh__esentBmeantosendCmeanttosendDmeanttoh__esent
5.Iwish______himaboutit.Anot____Bnotto____Ctonot____Dnottoh__etold
6.I______toseeyoubutIwasjusttoobusy.AhadintendedtocomeoverBintendedtocomeoverCintendtocomeoverDintendtoh__ecome
7.Theyaresaid______the3000target.AtoalreadyhitBtobealreadyhitCtoh__ealreadyhitDbealreadyhit
8.Hereisanotherletter______.Atoh__ebeentypedBtypeCtypingDtobetyped
9.Theyallwish______asordinarypersons.AbeingtreatedBbetreatedCtobetreatedDtreated
10.Ifeelitanhonor______tospeakhere.AtobeaskedBbeingaskedCaskingDasked
11.Youarefortunate______asaregularstudenthere.Atoac__ptBac__ptedCtoh__ebeenac__ptedDac__pting
12.Hedoesn’tseem______aboutit.AtonotifyBtonotifyCnotifyingDtoh__ebeennotified
13.Don’tlethim______therealone.AgoBtogoCgoingDgone
14.Weh__enoidea______.AwheretogoBtowheregoCwheregoDwheregoing
15.Wehadthelight______allnight.AburntBtobeburntCtobeburningDburning
16.Hewasgoingtotown______.Ah__inghiswatchrepairBh__erepairedhiswatchCtoh__ehiswatchrepairedDtoh__erepairedhiswatch
17.I’mstarvingtodeath.We’dbetterfindarestaurant______.AtoeatinBtoeatCeatingDtoh__eeaten
18.TherearetimeswhenIfinditdifficult______.Ato__kemyselfunderstandB__kingmyselfunderstandCto__kemyselfunderstoodD__kingmyselfunderstood
19.Scientistsconsiderlaser______oneofthemostusefultoolsinusetoday.AtobeBbeingCbeDasbe
20.Ratherthan______everythingtothelastminutehealwayspreferstostartearly.Ah__ingleftBle__eCle__ingDleft第4章分词Participle分词是动词的一种非限定形式,主要起形容词和副词的作用,在句子中可作状语、表语、补语和定语分词有两种,一种是现在分词,一种是过去分词这两种分词在句子中能担任的成分大体相同,主要是在意思上有主动被动之分,现在分词一般有主动的意思,过去分词一般有被动的意思;有时它们表示的时间也不相同,现在分词一般表示进行,过去分词一般表示完成Takingadictionaryshebegantoprepareherlessons.(现在分词作状语)Takenseparatelytheproblemsarenotdifficulttosolve.(过去分词作状语)Thestoryisinteresting.(现在分词作表语)Weareinterestedinreading.(过去分词作表语)Iheardhimsingingintheroom.(现在分词作补语)Iheardthesongsungbyhim.(过去分词作补语)Thisisanamusingstory.(现在分词作定语)Therearesomefallenle__esontheground.(过去分词作定语)分词作状语时,其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语一致如果不一致的话,分词前面可以带有自己的逻辑主语(名词或代词),构成分词的__结构(或称为__分句)分词__结构可表示伴随情况、陪衬动作、附加说明以及表示时间、原因、条件等 Themoonhasnolightofitsownonlysunlightshiningonit.(附加说明) Sherushedouttheroomthelittlebabycarriedinherarms.(伴随动作) __ggieranbacktothekitcheneggsheldcarefullyinherhand.伴随动作 Circumstan__schangeditisne__ssaryforyouto__keanewplan.表示原因 Afor__actingthroughadistan__workisdone.表示条件 Bothbrightsideanddarksideconsideredyouwillh__etheconfiden__toovercomethisdifficulty.表示条件 Allflightsh__ingbeencan__lledbecauseofthesnowstorm__nypassengerscoulddonothingbuttakethetrain. therebe句型和it也能引出分词__结构,作状语修饰主句,there和it相当于分词的逻辑主语 Therebeingnothingelsetodowewenthome.Thereh__ingbeennoraintheplantswithered.Itbeingimpossibleformoststudentstoturnintheirpapersasscheduledtheteacherdecidedtogivethemanothertwodays.Thesaleusuallytakespla__outsidethehousewiththeau___n___________onbencheschairsorboxes.(2000年1月) Ah__ingseatedBseatingCseatedDh__ingbeenseated 本题考察的是with引导的分词的__结构,seat一般用被动形式表示主动意思,所以用过去分词,答案为C So__nydirectors_________theboardmeetinghadtobeputoff.(2000年6月) AwereabsentBbeingabsentCbeenabsentDhadbeenabsent 本题考察的是分词的__结构,主语与分词之间是主谓关系,因此选择B4.1现在分词presentparticiple1)现在分词在句子中的作用a作状语Hearingthebadnewsshefainteddowntotheground.Notknowinghowtodonexttheywenttoaskforhisadvi__.H__ingfinishedthehomeworktheboyrushedouttoplay.b作补语WhenIpassedbyhisroomIheardhimsingingloudly.(作宾语补足语)Hewasheardsingingloudlyintheroom.(作主语补足语)Isawthemle__ingthe_____quietly.(作宾语补足语)c作表语此时的分词已经趋向形容词Thebookisquiteinteresting.Itissurprisingthattheyareregardedasasocialevil.Thegameheldyesterdaywasveryexciting.d作定语The__ngivingaspeechwasoneofmyformerclas__ates.WhoisthatguylookingsodisgustingTheexcitingnewsspreadquicklyalloverthecountry.2)现在分词的完成体现在分词的完成体主要用在状语中,表示这个动作在谓语所表示的动作之前完成 H__ingsuc__ededinthelastexaminationshewasmoreconfidentofanothersuc__ssinthecomingone. H__ingfoundthecausetheywereabletoproposearemedy.H__ingfinishedhishomeworktheboywenttoplaycomputergame.Noth__ing__deadequatepreparationstheythoughtitbettertopostponetheexcursiontillnextweek. __结构中也可以用现在分词的完成形式 Hisparentsh__ing___dtheorphanisnowtakencareofbythegover__ent. Theguestsh__inglefttheyresumedtheirdiscussion.3)现在分词被动态在表示一个被动动作时,如果这个动作正在进行,或是与谓语表示的动作同时发生,我们可以用现在分词的被动态Thebridgebeingbuiltnowwillbecompletedinthreemonths.Thisisoneoftheexperimentsbeingcarriedoninourlaboratory. Beingsurroundedbythestudentstheteacherwasansweringquestionsonebyone. IfIcorrectsomeoneIwilldoitwithasmuchgoodhumorandself-restraintasifIweretheone_________. AtocorrectBcorrectingCh__ingcorrectedDbeingcorrected 句意为如果我批评某个人,我会尽量保持幽默,自我控制,像批评自己一样one为代词,后面的动词为其修饰成分,故用分词,而且one与correct之间是动宾关系,故用分词被动态,答案为D4)现在分词的完成被动式现在分词的完成被动式表示分词的动作发生在谓语的行为之前,且动作由逻辑主语所承受即与逻辑主语是被动关系 H__ingbeengivensuchagoodchan__heplannedtoworkhard. H__ingbeenexperimentedseveraltimesthisnewproductwillbeputinto__ssproduction. Allthecompositionsh__ingbeenwrittenandcollectedtheteacherdi__issedthestudents.5)现在分词与过去分词的区别现在分词和过去分词主要差别在于现在分词表示“主动和进行”,过去分词表示“被动和完成”不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动,只表示完成分词可以有自己的状语、宾语或逻辑主语等 a分词在句子中作状语,可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等分词做状语时,它的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致作状语的分词相当于一个状语分句Hearingthenewstheyalljumpedwithjoy.Usingwhatyouknowofwordstemsandwordfor__tionsyoucan__keaguessatthemeaningofanewword.Thestudentswentoutoftheclassroomlaughingandtalking.Accompaniedbyhisfriendhewenttotherailwaystation.Givenbetterattentiontheplantscouldgrowbetter. Helookedtiredanddepressedvisiblydisturbedbythenewsofhismothersillness. 分词在句子中作状语,使用何种分词,要取决于分词与句子主语的关系主谓关系用现在分词,动宾或被动关系用过去分词Noth__ingenoughhandsweturnedtothemforhelp.Wedidnth__eenoughhands Taughtbymistakesandsetbacksweh__ebecomewiserandhandledouraffairsbetter.Wearetaught/teachusInspiredbytheInternationaltheworkingpeopleofallcountriesh__ebeenfightingfortheirfinalliberation.Theworkingpeoplewereinspired/inspiretheworkingpeople_________theearthtobeflat__nyfearedthatColumbuswouldfallofftheedge. Ah__ingbelievedBBelievingCBelievedDBeingbelieved 本句意思为相信地球是平的,许多人担心哥伦布会从边上掉下去“许多人”与“相信”之间是主谓关系,即分词与主语之间为主谓关系因此,应用现在分词,答案为B. No__tterhowfrequently_________theworksofBeethovenalwaysattractlargeau___n__s. AperformingBperformedCtobeperformedDbeingperformed本句中贝多芬的作品被反复表演,可见分词与句子的主语之间是被动关系,应该用过去分词,故答案为B.b“whilewhenon__untilifthough等连词+分词”结构现在分词或过去分词作状语时,有时可以在分词前加while,whenon__althoughuntilif等连词Whenle__ingtheairportshew__edagainandagaintous.WhilewaitingforthetrainIhadalongtalkwithmysisteraboutherwork. On__recoveredhethrewhimselfintohisworkand__deeveryefforttodoitwell.Althoughworkingveryhardhefailedtopassthefinalexam.Iftranslatedwordbywordthepassagewillbedifficulttounderstand. c分词作定语分词作定语时,单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前,分词短语一般置于所修饰的中心词后面现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词(即与名词有主谓关系),过去分词修饰承受该动作的名词(即与名词是动宾关系) Wewillgoonwithourexperimentassoonaswegettheaddedfund. Thisisreallyanexhaustingdaytoallofus! Wecanseethepartofthemoonlightedbysunlight. AfteranightspentinexcitementandsleeplessnessIfor__dmyselftotakealongwalkalongthebeachthenextday. Moreandmoredevelopingcountriesestablishedstrategicpartnershipwithdevelopedcountries.TheyoungsittingbetweenmysisterandmybrotherismycousinJack.Asearlyas1649Ohio__deadecisionthatfreetax-supportedschoolsmustbeestablishedineverytown__________50householdsormore. Ah__ingBtoh__eCtoh__ehadDh__inghad后面由分词做定语,而且town本身有50户以上人家,故town与分词间为主谓关系,应该用现在分词,答案为A d分词作宾语补足语现在分词在seewatchhearobservenoti__feelfindglimpseglan__等感官动词和lookatlistento等短语动词以及h__ekeepgetcatchle__esetstartsend等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语,作宾语补语的成分Onthetopofthehillwecouldsee__okerisingfromthechimneysinthevillage. Thelittleboysatbesidetherailwaylineandwatchedthetrainsroaringby. Weshouldnotle__ehimwonderingwhatheshoulddo. Iamsorrytoh__ekeptyouwaitingforsuchalongtime. Icaughthimdozingoffinclass. 过去分词可以在allowaskconsiderdesireexpectfeelfindgeth__eheari__ginekeeplike__keobserveorderpermitpreferrememberrequestrequireseeurge等动词后面作宾语补足语 【例如】AftermyencounterwithherIfoundmyselfgreatlyshaken.Youshouldkeepherinformedofwhatisgoingonhere.Theteacherexpectedthestudentswellpreparedfortheexamination. 在动词seehearfeelwatchnoti__,per__ive,observelistentolookat后既可用现在分词做补语,也可用不定式做补语用现在分词表示动作正在进行,用不定式表示动作的全过程已经完成 IsawMr.Whitegetoffabus. IsawMr.Whitelookingintoashopwindow. ——Doyouhearsomeoneknockingatthedoor ——YesIdid.Iheardhimknockthreetimes. e分词作表语分词作表语通常看作形容词来用现在分词表示主语的性质,而且主语多为物;过去分词表示主语的__或状态,主语多为人Thefilm“PearlHarbor”isreallyexciting.Iamexcitedaboutit.Hisresponsetothequestionwasquitedisappointing.Ifeltdisappointedathisresponse.6)现在分词与动名词的区别(详见5.5)7)现在分词的__结构(详见分词和__分句)4.2过去分词pastparticiple1)过去分词在句子中的作用a作状语Thegirlsatthereherheadbentlow.Arousedbythecrashheleapttohisfeet.Heenteredtheroomsupportedbyhisdaughter.b作补语Iheardthedooropened.(作宾语补足语)Shewasgladtoseeherchildrenwelltakencareofinthenursery.(作宾语补足语)Theyshouldbekeptinformedofthegoing-onshere.(作主语补足语)c作表语Theau___n__wereboredbecauseofthetediouslecture.Theworkerssoonbecametired.Hefeltratherletdownbytheirindifferen__.注意过去分词作表语时,已经趋向形容词性质d作定语Thisisanovelwrittenbya19th__nturywriter.Allthosefallentreeswerecarrieddownthehillonshoulders.Throwawaythebrokencup.2)过去分词的__结构(详见分词和__分句)3)过去分词与现在分词的区别(详见41,5))练习
1.ProfessorWang______forhisinfor__tivelectureswaswarmlyre__ivedbyhisstudents.(2002年12月)Ah__ingknownBtobeknownCknownDknowing
2.Annawasreadingapie__ofscien__fictioncompletely_______totheoutsideworld.(2002年12月)AlosingBlostCtobeloseDh__ingbeenlost
3.____theirworkwillgiveusamuchbetterfeelforthewidedifferen__sbetweenthetwoschoolsofthought.(2002年6月)ABeingreviewedBH__ingreviewedCReviewingDToh__ereviewed
4.Themotherdidntknowwho________forthebrokenglass.(2002年1月) Ablamed Bbeblamed Ctoblame Dwouldblame
5.Allflights________becauseoftheterribleweathertheyhadtogotherebytrain.(2002年1月)Ah__ingbeencan__led Bhadbeencan__ledCh__ingcan__led Dwerecan__led
6.Weleftthemeeting,thereobviously____nopointinstaying.(2002年6月)AwereBtobeCbeingDh__ing
7.Contrast__y__kesomethingappearmorebeautifulthanitiswhen________alone.(2002年1月) Aseen Bisseen Ctobeseen Dh__ingbeenseen
8.AlthoughateenagerFredcouldresist____whattodoandwhatnottodo.(2002年6月)A____ingBbeingtoldCto____Dtobetold
9.Apartfromcaringforherchildrenshehastotakeonsuchhe__y_______houseworkascarryingwaterandfirewood.(2002年12月)Atime-consumingBtime-consumedCtimely-consumedDtimely-consuming
10.Theauthorofthereportiswell________withtheproblemsinthehospitalbecausehehasbeenworkingtherefor__nyyears.(2002年1月) Ainformed Bacquainted Cenlightened Dacknowledged
11.Hewasntappointedchair__nofthecommittee________notverypopularwithallitsmembers.(2002年1月)Atobeconsidered BconsideringCbeingconsidered Dh__ingconsidered
12.Sometimeschildrenh__etrouble_______factfromfictionand__ybelievethatsuchthingsactuallyexist.(2002年1月) Atoseparate Bseparating Cforseparating Dofseparating
13.Allthetasks________aheadoftimetheydecidedtogoonholidayforaweek.(2001年6月)AhadbeenfulfilledBwerefulfilledCh__ingbeenfulfilledDbeenfulfilled
14.Thepresidentpromisedtokeepalltheboardmembers________ofhowthenegotiationsweregoingon.(2001年6月)AinformedBinformCbeinformedDinforming
15.Ifthebuildingproject________bytheendofthismonthisdelayedtheconstructioncompanywillbefined.(2001年6月)AtobecompletedBiscompletedCbeingcompletedDcompleted
16.Asapublicrelationsoffi__rheissaid________someveryinfluentialpeople.(2001年6月)Atoh__ebeenknowingBtobeknowingCtoh__eknownDtoknow
17.Withthedevelopmentinscien__andtechnology__ncan__kevariousflowers________beforetheirtime.(2001年6月)AbebloomedBbloomingCbloomDbloomed
18._______thetemperaturefallingsorapidlywecouldntgoonwiththeexperiment.(2000年12月)AWithBForCAsDSin__
19.Noonehadtold__ithabout_______alecturethefollowingday.(2000年12月)AtherebeBtherewouldbeCtherewasDtherebeing
20.So__nydirectors_______theboardmeetinghadtobeputoff.(2000年12月)AwereabsentBbeingabsentCbeenabsentDhadbeenabsent
21._______inare__ntscien__competitionthethreestudentswereawardedscholarshipstotaling$
21000.(2000年12月)ATobejudgedthebestBH__ingjudgedthebestCJudgedthebestDJudgingthebest
22.Illneverforget_______youforthefirsttime.(2000年12月)AtomeetBtoh__emetCmeetingDh__ingtobemeeting
23.Thatyoung__nstilldenies_______thefirebehindthestore.(2000年12月)AtostartBh__ingstartedCstartDtoh__estarted
24.Thegrowthofpart-timeandflexibleworkingpatternsandoftrainingandretrainingschemes_______morewomentotakeadvantageofemploymentopportunities.(2000年6月)AallowBallowsCallowingDh__eallowed
25.Peterwhohadbeendrivingalldaysuggested_______atthenexttown.(2000年6月)AstopBtostopCstoppingDh__ingstopped
26.Youwillseethisproduct_______whereveryougo.(2000年6月)AadvertisedBadvertisingCadvertiseDtobeadvertised
27.Thesesurveysindicatethat__nycrimesgo_______bythepoli____inlybecausenotallvictimsreportthem.(2000年6月)AtobeunrecordedBtoh__ebeenunrecordedCunrecordedDunrecording
28.________inthiswaythesituationdoesntseemsodisappointing.(2000年1月)ATolookatBLookingatCLookedatDTobelookedat
29.CornoriginatedintheNewWorldandthuswasnotknowninEuropeuntilColumbusfoundit________inCuba.(2000年1月)AbeingcultivatedBbeencultivatedCh__ingcultivatedDcultivating
30.Idontmind________thedecisionaslongasitisnottoolate.(2000年1月)Ayoutodelay__kingByourdelaying__kingCyourdelayingto__keDyoudelayto__ke
31.Thesaleusuallytakespla__outsidethehousewiththeau___n__________onbencheschairsorboxes.(2000年1月)Ah__ingseatedBseatingCseatedDh__ingbeenseated
32.Ifyoulearntoo__nythingsatthesametimeyou__yget________.AconfusedBconfusingCtobeconfusedDbeingconfused
33.Thesituationisabit________.AdiscouragedBbeingdiscouragedCtobediscouragingDdiscouraging
34.Spring________we__ylookforwardtobetterweather.Atoh__ecomeBh__ingcomeCtocomeDhascome
35.Thesol___rreturned________withsweat.AsoakingBsoakedCtobesoakedDtobesoaking
36.Sheadvisedhimtolearnfrom________workers.Aadvan__dBadvancingCbeingadvan__dDadvan__
37.The________arrivalofthelettercausedgreatexcitementamongus.AbeingexpectedBexpectingCunexpectedDexpect
38.Thisisthemost________storyIh__eeverheard.AtouchedBtouchingCtouchDbeingtouched
39.Isthereanyoneinyourclass________togototheshowAwishingBwishedCbeingwishedDwish
40.Dayandnightthegiantarmsofcranesmoveabout________cargo.AloadedandunloadedBtoloadandunloadCloadingandunloadedDloadingandunloading第5章动名词Gerund5.1动名词在句子中的作用1)作主语Meetingyouhasbeenagreatpleasure.Climbingmountainsneedsalotofenergyandstrength.Seeingisbelieving.动名词也可以在下面两类结构中作主语aIt’snousetryingtopersuadehim.It’snogoodwaitinghere.Let’swalkhome.It’sni__meetingyou.It’sawasteoftimearguingaboutit.bThereisnodenyingthefactthatweh__ebeendefeated.Thereisnojokingaboutthe__tter.注意therebe作主语时,此时用therebeing结构,其否定式为therenotbeing或therebeingno但是如果there前面有介词for,则用fortheretobeTherebeinganindextothisbookisagreatadvantage.Therenotbeinganindextothisbookisadisadvantage.Fortheretobesomodernalibraryinthisruralareaissurprising.2)作动词宾语有些动词后面接动名词作宾语,如suggest__oidresistdenygiveupputoffpostponeconsiderpracti__anticipateadmitacknowledgeappreciatecan’tresistdeferdelaydetestdislikeenjoyescapefancymindfinishi__ginemissresentrisk等Wesuggestedputtingoffthemeetingtillnextweek.Hetriedhisbestto__oidseeingher.Ican’tresistbargaining.Weappreciateyourhelpingus.Theydenieddoinganythingwrong.Itisreallyhardforapersontogiveup__oking.注意needwantdeserverequire等动词之后,作宾语的动名词用主动形式表示被动意义Myhairneedscutting.Thoseflowersrequire/wantwatering.Hedeservedcongratulating.3)作介词宾语Johntalkedusintowalkinghomewithhim.Theyinsistedondoingtheworkaton__.Hegotsoangrythathefeltlikeslappingher.Theyh__egotaccustomedtolivingintheruralvillage.Weh__egreatdifficultyincarryingoutourplan.注意a有些不及物动词后面常跟介词to,如o__ecttolookforwardtoconfesstodevote…tocontributetoadmittobeusedtoseeto(负责)submittoresorttotaketoreconciletobegetaccustomedto等Nowonderthereisnotanyo__ectiontoh__ingacamping.Weh__ebeenlookingforwardtoyourvisitingus.Thesuspectconfessedtoh__ingcommittingacrime.Weyoungpeopleshoulddevoteourselvestobuildingastrongsocialistsociety.b有些短语中的介词in常被省略,如bebusyinspendtimeinh__etrouble/difficultyinh__eagoodtimein等这些短语后面须接动名词作宾语Theyh__ebeenbusyreviewingtheirlessonsallthesedays.Don’tspendtoomuchtimeplayingbasketball.Thefinalexamiscoming.Doyouh__eanytroubleunderstandingmec介词worth之后用动名词主动形式表示被动意义Thenovelisworthreading.Thisisabookwellworthlookingfor.dtherebe作介词宾语时,用therebeing但是如果作介词for的宾语,则用theretobeHewasveryangryattherebeingo__ectiontohisproposal.Theyplannedfortheretobeanothermeeting.4)作定语,而且只能作前置定语Theold__nneedsterriblyawalkingsticktohelphim.Theworkerswerebuildingabigswimmingpoolinourtown.adivingboard(跳水板)asleepingcart(卧铺车厢)asleepingpill(___)asingingcompetition(歌咏比赛)5)作表语MyjobisteachingChinese.Seeingisbelieving.Theonlythingthatinterestsherisdancing.Denyingthiswillbeshuttingone’seyestofacts.5.2动名词的逻辑主语一个动名词短语前面可以加一个物主代词或一个名词(所有格),来表示这个动名词逻辑上的主语这种结构可以用来1)作主语Theircomingtohelpwasagreatencouragementtous.It’snouseyour____ingmenottoworry.Hisgrumblingirritatedme.注意动名词作主语时,其逻辑主语只能用人称代词所有格或名词所有格2)作宾语DoyoumindmyopeningthedoorTheyinsistedonmystayingtheretillthenextday.Therewillbenoanychan__ofmyseeinghimagain.I__rtainlyenjoyedKate’ssinging.Theyarelookingforwardto__ry’scoming.注意动名词短语作宾语时,这个结构常常可以用名词的普通格(或人称代词宾格),这比用所有格更自然些Idon’tmindSusanhergoingwithhim._____susuallydon’tlikeyoungpeoplethem__oking.3)作表语【例如】Ouronlyworryisyourdependingtoomuchonyourparents.What’stroublingthemistheirnoth__ingenough__chines.WhatwefeltuneasyaboutwasBru__’sh__ingnoconfiden__inhimself.5.3动名词的完成体表示过去发生的动作时,可以用动名词的完成体来代替动名词的一般式Thecaptainwasaccusedofh__ingdesertedhisship.Hedeniedh__ingbeenthere.Iwilloverlookyourh__ingbeenrudetomybrotherthistime.5.4动名词与不定式在用法上的比较1)一般说来动名词所表示的动作在意义上是比较抽象的、一般的,时间概念不强,不是指某一次的动作,而动词不定式所表示的动作则往往是具体的一次行为IlikeswimmingbutIdon’tliketoswimtoday.Theypreferstayingindoorswhentheweatheriscold.Wouldyouprefertostayathomethisevening2)动词不定式的逻辑主语,常常是句子的主语或句中的某个词,而动名词的逻辑主语可能是句子主语或句中某个词,也可能是泛指一般人物,在句子里是找不着的【例如】Ihatetobesittingidle.我不想闲坐着(指自己)Ihatesayingnothingatameetingbutgossipingafterwards.我不喜欢开会不说会后乱说(可能指自己,也可能泛指一般人)3)有些词后既可接动名词亦可接动词不定式,但意义不同,如stoprememberforgetneglectomitdislikedetestsbegincontinuestartregretintendattemptpropose等Whentheteachercameinthestudentsstoppedtalking.talking是宾语,指停止讲话这个动作Whentheteachercameinthestudentsstoppedtotalk.totalk是目的状语,指停下前一动作来进行talkremember/forgetdoingsomething记得/忘了做过某事(指已做过的事)remember/forgettodosomething记得/忘记要做某事(指未做过的事)5.5动名词和现在分词在用法上的区别1)作定语的区别现在分词往往表示它所修饰的词所做的动作,即逻辑主语是它所修饰的词;动名词往往表示与它所修饰的词无关的动作,即所修饰的词不能充当逻辑主语换言之,动名词往往表示它所修饰的名词的用途或功用theragingstorm=thestormthatisraging狂暴的风雨(现在分词)scorchingheat=heatthatisscorching炙人的热气(现在分词)sleepingcar=acarforsleeping动名词workingmethod=methodofworking动名词2)作表语的区别现在分词作表语时保持它的形容词特征;动名词作表语时保持它的名词特征动名词作表语时常可与主语互换位置,现在分词则不行Thenovelisinteresting.现在分词MyjobisteachingEnglish.动名词(此句可改写为TeachingEnglishismyjob.)3)作状语的区别现在分词具有副词特征,可以直接用作状语;动名词不具有副词特征,不能单独作状语,只有与介词结合时才能作状语Hearingthenewstheyimmediatelysetoffforthestation.现在分词作状语Givenanotherchan__I’lldoitmuchbetter.现在分词作状语Afterfinishinghishomeworkhewenttothereading-room.动名词与介词一起作状语Oncomingintotheoffi__shelaidafileofdocumentsuponthetable.动名词与介词一起作状语练习
1.Wouldyoumind______hissuitcaseformeAcarryBtocarryCcarryingDcarried
2.Itwasverydifficult______everythingreadyintime.AgetBgotCtobegotDgetting
3.Itisnotmuchuse______youdon’tknow.ApretendedBtopretendCpretendDpretending
4.______thec____hasalreadybrought__nybenefitstothenationaleconomy.ARebuildingBRebuildCToberebuiltDToberebuilding
5.______poetrywillneedalotofpracti__.ATobereadingBReadingCReadDToberead
6.Irecall______himatthattimeastowhyhehad__dethedecision.AquestioningBtoquestionCtobequestionedDquestion
7.Suecouldn’tresist______herfriendsthesecret.Ato____B____Ch__ingtoldD____ing
8.H__eyoudecidedtoputoff______totheseaside.AgoBtogoCgoingDwent
9.Ihate______.AlyingandcheatBlyingandcheatingClieandcheatDlieandtocheat
10.Itwillmeanboth______ourcountrywithmoreteaand______themembers’income.Asupplying…increasingBsupply…increaseCsupplying…toincreaseDtosupply…toincrease
11.Itiswise________tterinthatway.AofhissettlingBforhimtosettleCforhimsettlingDofhimtosettle
12.______atthevillagehefoundfourtractorsworkinginthefields.AOnarrivingBAtarrivingCForarrivingDToarrive
13.Modernizationisthekey______ouragriculturaldevelopment.AtospeedingupBtospeedupCofspeedingupDspeedingup
14.Doyouh__eanyo__ection______itthiswayAtodoBofdoingCtodoingDdone
15.Hesaidhewasinf__orof______shorterhours.ApeopletoworkBpeopleworkingCpeople’sworkDpeople’stowork
16.Thereisnoneedfor______.AthatbeingdoneBthattodoCthatdoesDthatdoing
17.______doesn’tne__ssarilymeanmybeingwrong.AYouarerightBYourberightCYourbeingrightDYouberight
18.Economicdevelopmentwillhelp______anation’spower.AstrengthenBstrengtheningCwhilestrengtheningDstrengthened
19.Herparentsforbid______aloneinastrangepla__.Ashetr__elingBhertotr__elChertr__elDshetr__el
20.I’mafraidyoucan’tescape______thistime.AtobefinedBbeingfineCbeingfinedDfining第6章介词Preposition6.1一些特殊介词1)介词con__rningcon__rning意为“就…而言”,“关于”,“谈及”Con__rningyourletterIampleasedtoinformyouthatyourplansarequiteac__ptabletous.Hereisalettercon__rningcomplaintsfromsomecustomers.2)介词consideringconsidering意为“就…而论”,“照…来说”She’sveryactiveconsideringherage.Consideringhe’sonlyjuststartedheknowsquitealotaboutit.3)介词ex__ptingex__pting意为“除…之外”,一般置于句末而不置于句首,或置于notalwayswithout之后Allhischildrenh__egoneshoppingwithhiswifeex__ptingone.Everyonehelpednotwithoutex__ptingTom.Everyonewastiredalwaysex__ptingKate.4)介词givengiven意为“考虑到”,“假定”Giventheirinexperien__theyh__edoneagoodjob.Givenherinterestinchildrenteachingistherightcareerforher.注意given还可以作形容词,通常作定语用,意为“所述的”,“规定的”Theyweretomeetatagiventimeandpla__.Theworkmustbedonewithinthegiventime.5)介词includingincluding意为“包括”Thebandplayed__nysongsincludingsomeofmyf__orites.Salesuptoandincludinglastmonthamountedto10milliondollars.6)介词regardingregarding意为“就…而言”,“关于”Weh__eknownnothingregardingthat__tter.Shesaidnothingregardingyourrequest.7)介词s__ing(现多用s__e)s__ing意为“除了”,表示所说的不在包括在内Icouldcallhernothinginmyownminds__ing/s__e“stainlessvirgin”.Weh__efoundalls__ing/s__ehim.注意s__e还可以作连词Weknownothingabouthers__ethathersurnameisJones.8)介词wantingwanting意为“缺”,“缺少”Wantingcommonhonestynothingcanbedone.Ihadawatchwantingaminutehand.注意wanting还可以作形容词,作表语,意为“欠缺”,“不足”Hisbeh__iorwaswantingincourtesy.Theinfinitiveoftheverb“must”iswanting.(“must”没有不定式)6.2介词to与动词、形容词、名词的搭配关系1)带介词to的动词短语如o__ecttolookforwardtoconfesstocontributetoadmittoseeto(负责)submittoresorttotaketoreconciletoconformtoholdontogivebirthtoseetorespondtobedevotedtobe/getaccustomedtobe/getusedtobeadversetobedeaftobeentitledto等这些短语的宾语是名词或者动名词doing(参见5.1,3),a)Westronglyo__ecttoimposingourownwillonothers.KateislookingforwardtovisitingherauntinCaliforniathissummer.Weshouldtryourbesttocontributetoourcountry.Theyh__edecidedtoresorttofor__ifnegotiationfails.2)带介词to的介词短语如owingtoaccordingtopriortoastoduetothankstowithrespecttowithaviewto等Hewaslateforthemeetingduetothetrafficjamontheroad.Accordingtohisaccountoftheaccidentthedrivershouldberesponsibleforit.Were__ivednonotificationpriortotoday’sday.ThankstohisencouragementIbegantoshowinterestinEnglishstudy.3)某些形容词后通常接介词to如blindto(不觉察)agreeabletoattentivetorelevanttoirrelevanttosensitivetosus__ptibletoparallelto等Peoplearelikelytobeblindtotheirownfault.Whathesaidwasirrelevanttothetopic.Childrenaremoresus__ptibletocoldsthan_____sTheroadandtherailwayareparalleltoeachother.4)某些名词之后要求用介词to搭配如keytosolutiontoanswertoattentiontotoastto__rriagetolimittoac__sstoex__ptiontoaffinityto等We__yh__etwosolutionstotheproblem.Her__rriagetoJohnlastedonlyforoneyear.Thereisalimittocreativetalent__ailableintheworld.Somestudentsaredeniedtheac__sstothelab.练习
1.______thehelpoftheirgroupwewouldnoth__esuc__ededintheinvestigation.(2002年12月)AButforBBesidesCDespiteDRegardlessof
2.Inmyopinionhes____themosti__ginativeofallthecontemporarypoets.(2002年6月)AbyfarBatbestCinallDforall
3.Whatalovely_____!It’sworth____allmylife.(2002年6月)AtoberememberedBbeingrememberedCtorememberDremembering
4.Our__nageris_____animportantcustomernowandhewillbebackthisafternoon.(2002年12月)AcallingupBcallingonCcallinginDcallingfor
5.Iwouldneverh__e____acourtoflawifIhadntbeensodesperate.(2002年6月)AturnedupBsoughtforCresortedtoDaccountedfor
6.Theshopassistantwasdi__issedasshewas______ofcheatingcustomers.(2002年12月)AcursedBchargedCaccusedDscolded
7.Reading________thelinesIwouldsaythattheGover__entaremoreworriedthantheywilladmit.(2002年1月)Abehind Bbetween CalongDamong
8.Thereisno_______tothehousefromthe__inroad.(2002年1月) Aac__ss B__enue Cexposure Dedge
9.Thisarticle________moreattentiontotheproblemofculturalinterferen__inforeignlanguageteachingandlearning.(2001年6月)AcallsforBappliesforCcaresforDallowsfor
10.Eatingtoomuchfatcan________heartdiseaseandcausehighbloodpressure.(2001年6月)AcontributetoBattributetoCattendtoDdevoteto
11.TheolderNewEnglandvillagesh__echangedrelativelylittle________agasstationortwoinre__ntdecades.(2001年6月)Aex__ptBbesidesCinadditiontoDex__ptfor
12.Inre__ntyearsmuchmoreemphasishasbeenput________developingthestudentsproductiveskills.(2001年6月)AoverBontoCinDon
13.Agriculturewasastepinhu__nprogress_______whichsubsequentlytherewasnotanythingcomparableuntilourown__chineage.(2000年12月)AtoBinCforDfrom
14.Healwaysdidwellatschool_______h__ingtodopart-timejobseverynowandthen.(2000年12月)AincaseofBinspiteofCregardlessofDonaccountof
15.Everythingweeatanddrinkcontainssomesalt;wecanmeetthebodysneedforitfromnaturalsour__swithoutturning_______thesaltbottle.(2000年12月)AtoBoverConDup
16.TheBritishconstitutionis_______alargeextentaproductofthehistoricaleventsdescribedabove.(2000年6月)AatBwithinCbyDto
17.Inthe_______oftheprojectnotbeingasuc__sstheinvestorsstandtoloseupto$30million.(2000年6月)AeventBfa__CtimeDcourse
18.Ididntknowtheword.Ihadto_______adictionary.(2000年6月)A__keoutBlookoutCgooverDreferto
19.Theearlypioneershadto_________nyhardshipstosettleonthenewland.(2000年6月)AgointoBgothroughCgobackonDgoalongwith
20.Ih__enoo__ection_______yourstoryagain.(2000年6月)AtohearingBtoh__eheardCtohearDtoh__ingheard
21.Wetakeourskinforgranteduntilitisburned________repair.(2000年1月)AbeyondBforCwithoutDunder
22.Thedirectorwascritical________thewayweweredoingthework.(2000年1月)AatBinCofDwith
23.Although__nypeopleviewconflictasbadconflictissometimesuseful________itfor__speopletotesttherelativemeritsoftheirattitudesandbeh__iors.(2000年1月)AbywhichBtowhichCinthatDsothat
24.Between1974and1997thenumberofoverseasvisitorsexpanded________27%.(2000年1月)AbyBforCtoDin
25.Iwentalongthinkingofnothing_______onlylookingatthingsaroundme.(2004年6月)AinbriefBindoubtCinharmony的Dinparticular
26.Nowthatspringishereyoucan_______thesefurcoatstillyouneedthemagainnextwinter.的(2004年6月)AputoverBputoffCputdown的Dputaway
27.Thisisnotaneconomicalwaytogetmorewater;_______itisveryexpensive.(2004年6月)Aorelse的BinshortConthecontraryDontheotherhand
28.Joeisnotgoodatsportsbutwhenit_________the__ticsheisthebestintheclass.(2004年6月)AcomesuptoBcomesaroundtoCcomesto的Dcomesonto
29.Imustcongratulateyou_______theex__llentdesignofthenewbridge.(2004年6月)AwithBatCon的Dof
30.Shesfainted.Throwsomewateronherfa__andshell_____.(2003年12月)AcomeroundBcomealongCcomeonDcomeout
31.Computertechnologywill_____arevolutioninbusinessadministration.(2003年12月)AbringaroundBbringaboutCbringout的Dbringup
32.WhenIgooutintheeveningIusethebike_____thecarifIcan.(2003年12月)AratherthanBregardlessofCinspiteof的Dotherthan
33.Onlyafewpeopleh__e_____tothefullfactsoftheincident.(2003年12月)Aac__ssBresortCcontact的Dpath
34.Sheconfessedherselfguilty_____murder.AtoBatCforDof
35.Howdidpeopleenjoyedthemselves_____theinventionofTVAinadditiontoBdespiteCpriortoDex__pt第7章主谓一致Su__ect-verbConcord主谓一致指的是谓语动词在人称和数上必须与主语一致处理一致关系,有以下三个原则可遵循a语法一致(gram__ticalconcord)——从语法形式上取得一致主语为单数形式,谓语也为单数形式;主语为复数形式,谓语也为复数形式【例如】Thecontentofthesebooksisverygood.Thequestionsheraisedareveryimportant.b意义一致(notionalconcord)——在意义上取得一致如果有时主语在语法形式上虽为单数,但意义为复数,谓语动词采用复数形式反之,如果主语在语法形式上是复数,而在意义上可视为单数,随后的动词也用单数Thefamilywereh__ingtheirdinneratthetable.Fifteenminutesisashortperiodoftime.c就近原则(principleofproximity)——谓语动词的人称和数和靠得最近的主语的人称和数保持一致Eithermybrothersormyfatheriscoming.NotonlyhebutalsoIamtoberesponsiblefortheerror.7.1名词作主语时的主谓一致1)单、复数同形的名词作主语单、复数同形的名词,特别是以-s结尾的单、复数同形的名词deersheepaircraftspeciesseriesworksheadquartersmeanscrossroads等要根据句中出现的限定词或代词确定其单复数Everymeanshasbeentriedtohelphimoutoftrouble.__nymeansh__ebeentriedtohelphimoutoftrouble.2)__名词作主语只能作复数的__名词cattlepoultrypeoplefolkpoli__等Thepoli__weretryinghardtocatchtheescapedprisoner.Thecattleweregrazingonthemeadow.3)既可作单数又可作复数的__名词作主语如au___n__classpublicstaffteamgover__entcoupleboardarmyfamilycommitteecrowdjury等根据意义一致原则来决定谓语动词的单复数如果将该名词所表示的__视为一个整体,则动词用单数如果将侧重点放在组成__的成员上,动词用复数Thegover__enthasimposedabanondemonstrations.Thegover__enth__ediscussedthe__tterforalongtime.4)通常只作不可数名词的__名词作主语如furnitureequipment__chineryfoliagemerchandise等作主语,谓语动词用单数形式Thefurnitureinthehouse__tchesthecolorofthewalls.Allthe__chineryinthefactoryis__deintheUnitedStates.Themerchandisehasarrivedunda__ged.5)表示学科、游戏或疾病的名词作主语这类名词即使是以-s结尾,其谓语用单数形式Politicsistheartorscien__ofgover__ent.HastheskittlesbeenapopulargameinEnglishMumpsisakindofinfectiousdisease.6)名词+介词(或分词)短语作主语如果主语是单数,尽管后面有withtogetherwithaswellasnolessthanlikebutex__ptratherthancombinedwith等引起的短语,谓语动词仍用单数Anexperttogetherwithsomeassistantswassenttohelpinhiswork.Nooneex__ptmyparentsknowsanythingaboutit.7)and连接两个并列名词作主语and连接两个或两个以上单数名词作主语,指同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时,谓语动词用单数如果分别表示不同的人、物或概念时(这时两个名词前通常各有限定词),谓语动词用复数Breadandbutterisagoodbreakfast.Breadandbutterarecompletelydifferentthings.Thesingeranddan__rwastobepresentatour_____.Thesingerandthedan__rweretobepresentatour_____.Warandpea__isoftenthethemeof__nynovels.Warandpea__arealternativesbetweenwhich__nmustconstantlychoose.HeropinionandKate’sarethesame.7.2关联连词引导并列成分作主语时的主谓一致用…or…either…or…notonly…butalso…neither…or…等连词引导的并列主语,根据“就近原则”,应以第二个主语的人称和数来确定谓语的形式Eitherherfatherorhermotherisverykindtoher.(___othherfatherandhermotherareverykindtoher.)Notonlytheswitchesbutalsotheoldwiringhasbeenchanged.7.3非限定动词作主语时的主谓一致两个非限定动词(两个动名词或两个不定式)由and连接作并列主语,如果表示一个单一概念,谓语用单数;如果表示不同的概念,谓语用复数Toloveandtobelovedisthegreatesthappiness.爱与被爱是最大的幸福Totryandfailisbetterthannottotryatall.尝试而失败也比不尝试好Skatingandskiingaretwointerestingsports.滑雪和溜冰是两项有趣的运动Tomeantodosomethingandtoactuallydosomethingaretwoseparatethings.想干一件事和真干一件事是__事7.4代词作主语时的主谓一致诸如halfallmostplentyofsomethere__inderoftherestofthe__jorityof等代词作主语时,根据“意义一致”原则决定谓语的数如果它所代的是复数名词,谓语用复数;如果它所代的是单数名词或不可数名词,谓语用单数Halfoftheworkersh__eleftforhome.Halfofthemilkhasbeenleftinthebottle.Therestofthebooksweredistributedtothestudents.TherestofthebookisquiteboringI’mafraid.7.5以-ings结尾的名词作主语时的主谓一致谓语通常用复数这类名词有earningssurroundingsfindingswinningss__ingsbelongingslodgingstidings等Theirearningscometo1000yuanamonth.Thehappytidingswerebroughttoherlastweek.7.6表示时间、距离、重量或金额的复数名词作主语时的主谓一致如果这个复数名词被当作一个整体的单位时,意义上是单数,因此谓语也用单数Twohoursisthelimitofthistest.Twentyacresisalottoplow.如果这个复数名词是作为一个一个单位来计算,这时数字的复数性很明显,谓语相应地用复数形式Twopoundsaremorethanhecanafford.Twentyacresarereadyforhimtoplow.7.7名词性分句作主语时的主谓一致howwhenwherewhywhat等引导的单个名词性分句作主语,其后的动词通常用单数Howtheprisonerescapedfromthejailisstillamystery.Whentheywillle__eforLondonhasnotbeendecidedyet.Whyheenteredtheroomwithoutbeingseenre__insamysterytousall.Whattheydohasnothingtodowithwhattheysay.两个由and连接的并列名词性分句作主语,如果主语表示两件事,动词用复数Whathesaysandwhathedoesarealwaysdifferent.Whentheywillle__eforLondonandhowtheywillgoh__enotbeendecidedyet.7.8主谓一致的补充说明1)如果单数名词前有__nyaeacheverymorethanone等修饰时谓语动词必须用单数Each__nandeachwo__nisaskedtohelp.__nyaboywasdisappointedafterseeingthefilm.Morethanonepersonisinjuredintheaccident.2)“therebe”结构的主谓一致遵循“就近原则”谓语的单、复数由紧跟be后面的这个名词的数决定Therearesomeold__gazinesandafootballunderthebed.Thereisafootballandsomeold__gazinesunderthebed.3)oneof…和theonlyoneof…结中的主谓一致构oneof…之后定语分句中的动词通常采用复数形式,因为此时关系代词的先行词是of之后的那个复数名词或代词而不是one而theonlyoneof…后定语分句中的动词只用单数形式,因为此时关系代词的先行词是theonlyone,而不是of后面的那个复数名词或代词HeisoneofthosestudentswhospeakperfectEnglish.HeistheonlyoneofthosestudentswhospeaksperfectEnglish.练习
1.Theownerandeditorofthenewspaper______theconferen__.(2002年6月)AistoattendBweretoattendCaretoattendDwereattending
2.Thiskindofglasses__nufacturedbyexperien__dcraft__en______comfortably.(2000年1月)AiswornBwearsCwearingDareworn
3.Whathewants______nothingbutanapple.AisBareCbeDwere
4.Thepoor______tore__iveaidsfromthegover__ent.AisentitledBareentitledCentitlesDentitled
5.Fiftyminutes______longenoughformetogetthemealready.AareBbeCisDwere
6.Everymeans______.Ah__ebeentriedBh__etriedCweretriedDhasbeentried
7.Ninetypeople______ahuge_____.AmeansBmeanCaremeaningDismeant
8.Neitheryounorhe______anythingaboutit.AknowBknowsCisknownDareknown
9.Thecompanywho______theirlossesarediscussinganimportantproblem.AiscuttingBarecuttingCcutsDhascut
10.Thecompanywhich______inthesuburbshasmorethan200employees.AlocateBlocatesCarelocatedDislocated
11.Thepoli________thatthesuspecthasbeenarrested.AsayBsaysChassaidDhadsaid
12.TheChinesepeople______agreatpeople.AareBbeCisDwere
13.Allthefurnitureintheoffi________old-fashioned.AareBwereCbeDis
14.Thescissors______sosharpthatIlikethem.AareBisCbeingDwas
15.Allhisearnings______.AhasbeenspentBhasspentCh__ebeenspentDh__espent
16.Politics______inalluniversitiesinChina.AisnowtaughtBarenowtaughtCisnowteachingDteaches
17.Eachboyandgirl______eagertoservethepeopleinthefuture.AareBisCbeDbeing
18.__nyavisitor______bytheworker’sstory.AweredeeplymovedBdeeplymovedCdeeplymovingDwasdeeplymoved
19.Morethanonecadre______inthescandalofcorruption.AareinvolvedBisinvolvedCinvolveDinvolves
20.Thegreatscholarandpoet______dead.AareBisCwereDh__ebeen
21.TheChineseteacherandclassadviser______ayoung__ngraduatedfromafamousuniversity.AisBareCbeDwere
22.Breadandbutter______myf__oritebreakfast.AareBwasCbeingDbe
23.Thegirlaswellastheboys______todriveacar.Ah__elearntBlearnClearnsDhaslearnt
24.Everyonebutyou______tosetoutearly.AagreeBh__eagreedChasagreedDisagreeing
25.Itisnotyouwho______.AareembarrassedBisembarrassedCembarrassedDisembarrassing
26.Heisoneofthestudentswho______fluentEnglish.AspeaksBspokeCspeakDisspeaking
27.As______beforegram__risnotasetofdeadrules.AweresaidBhasbeensaidCh__ebeensaidDbesaid
28.Fortyper__ntofthefarmland______.AhasbeenpollutedBh__ebeenpollutedCpollutesDpolluted
29.Abunchofredroses______toherasabirthdaygift.AwerepresentedBwaspresentedCpresentsDpresented
30.Togettherebytrain______abouthalfanhour.AtakeBwastakingCtakingDtakes第8章虚拟语气Su__unctiveMood虚拟语气是一个比较困难的语法问题然而只要我们好好总结一下虚拟语气的构成和用法,那就可以化难为易了8.1虚拟语气在if条件分句中的用法1)若表示与现在事实相反的假设,则条件分句中用过去时,主句中用过去将来式(would,could,might+动词原形)若表示某事将来实现的可能性不大,则条件分句中用should+动词原形,也可用“wereto+动词原形”或用过去时动词Iwould__rtainlygoifIhadtime.(现在)Iftheearthsuddenlystoppedspinningwewouldallflyoffit.(现在)IfIknewGer__n,Iwouldreadthepapertoyou.(现在) Ifhewerehere,wecouldaskhim.(现在)Ifitshouldrain,wewouldntgoout.(将来)Hethinksthatifheweretogetajobheprobablywouldn’tbeabletoseehisfriendsveryoften.(将来)注意当if分句中的谓语动词是be时,不管主语是单数还是复数,谓语用were在非正式文体中,主语为单数时,谓语可用was2)若表示与过去事实相反的假设,if分句用过去完成体,主句用过去将来完成体(should,would,could,might+h__e+过去分词)IfIhadsetoffalittleearlier,Iwouldh__ecaughtthetrain.Shewould/mighth__ecomeifshehadntbeensobusy.IfIhadnttakenyouradvi__,Iwouldh__e__deabadmistake. 3)含有虚拟语气的if分句中,如有had,should,were这三个词的话,在正式或书面语言中可将if省略,再将句子的主语和谓语动词实行全部倒装或部分倒装 (参见invertedsenten__)Hadtheytime(=Iftheyhadtime),theywould__rtainlycomeandhelpus.Haditnotbeenfortheiradvi__wewouldh__ewastedmuchtime.(否定词not仍在原来的位置上,不能前置)Shoulditbefine(=Ifitshouldbefine),wewouldgoforanouting.WereIyou(=IfIwereyou),Iwouldgo.4)若主句与if分句所指的时间不一致,即if分句表示与过去事实相反,主句表示与现在事实相反,则主句与if分句应采用与具体时间相对应的虚拟形式Ifithadrainedlastnight(过去),Itwouldbeverycoldtoday(现在).IfIhadtakenyouradvi__(过去),Iwouldh__enotroublewiththeworknow(现在).8.2虚拟语气在其它状语分句中的用法1)在asif/though引导的状语分句中,用过去时表示与现在事实不符,用过去完成体表示与过去事实不符Theytalkasiftheywereprin__s.(现在)Itlookedasifhehaddoneitonpurpose.(过去)2)在incaselestforfearthat的从句中,为谓语动词用shoulddoHewalkedgentlyintotheroomlestheshouldawakehiswife.Bringwithyouanumbrellaincaseitshouldrain.8.3虚拟语气在含蓄条件中的使用表示含蓄条件的词有介词butforwithout;副词otherwise;连词butororelse等【例如】Thetrafficwasveryhe__y;otherwisehewouldnoth__ebeenlateforthe_____.(前一个分句是暗含条件,其谓语动词过去时是事实,而otherwise的假设情况与过去事实相反,所以后一个分句用虚拟语气wouldh__e+V-ed形式)Butforhishelpwewouldnoth__esuc__eded.(butfor引导暗含条件,句子谓语动词必须用虚拟语气,动词形式为wouldh__e+V-ed,表示句中所假设的情况与过去事实相反)Hewould/mighth__echosenanothercareerbutatthetimehedidn’th__eenoughmoneytoattendgraduateschool.(but引导并列句表示含蓄条件,是真实的,谓语动词为过去时,表明前面分句中假设的情况与过去事实相反,故其动词必须用“情态动词+h__e+V-ed”)Hemusth__ehadanaccidentor/orelsehewouldh__ebeentherethen.(or/orelse引导并列句,两个并列分句相互为含蓄条件,均为对过去情况的虚拟,其谓语动词均须用“情态动词+h__e+V-ed”)8.4虚拟语气在宾语分句中的用法在动词suggest,order,recommendde__nd,propose,request,com__nd,insistdecidedecreerequirevoteprefermove(提议)adviseurge等后的宾语分句中,用虚拟语气(即should+动词原形)来表示愿望、建议、命令、请求等,should通常省略Isuggestthatwe(should)setoffaton__.Heorderedthatallthebooksshouldbesentaton__.Irecommendedthateachcompe_____shouldbegivenaprize.Thedoctorinsistedthatthepatientshouldbeexaminedimmediately.Congresshasdecidedthatthepresentlawbe__intained.8.5虚拟语气在主语分句中的用法在Itisne__ssary/important/strange/natural(这类形容词有advisableappropriatedesirableessentialimperativeobligatory等)Itisrequested/suggested/desired/proposeditisapity等结构后的that主语分句中要用虚拟语气,即should+动词原形,should通常省略Itisimportantthateffectivemeasuresshouldbetakenaton__todealwiththeemergency.Itisne__ssarythathe(should)besentthereaton__.ItisrequestedthatProfessorLi(should)giveusaspeech.Itisdesiredthatwe(should)geteverythingreadybytonight.8.6虚拟语气在表语分句、同位语分句中的用法在recommendationsuggestion,advi__proposal,decreede__ndinstructionrequirementresolutiondecision,plan,order等名词后的表语分句、同位语分句中要用虚拟语气,即should+动词原形,should通常省略Oursuggestionisthatyou(should)bethefirsttogo.Myadvi__isthatwe(should)sendforDoctorLi.Doyouknowtheorderthatyou(should)keepwatch?TheboardhasgiveninstructionsthattheagentshouldflytoNewYork.Theirdecisionwasthattheshopshouldre__inopen.8.7虚拟语气在定语分句中的用法在itishigh/abouttime后面的定语分句中常用过去时表示虚拟语气It’stimewewenttobed.Doyouthinkitisabouttimewestartedtowork8.8虚拟语气在某些公式化语句中虚拟语气可以用于某些公式化语句中,表示祝愿、希望、诅咒、禁止等意义Godblessyou﹗Godforgiveyou﹗He__enhelpus﹗Damnyou﹗He__enbepraised﹗LonglivethePeople’sRepublicofChina﹗Deviltakehim﹗(__)He__enforbid﹗(天理不容)Suffi__ittosaythat…(只需说…就够了)Farbeitfromme(我极不愿)tospoilthefun.Hewillre__inhereifneedbe.Homeishomebeiteversohomely.Sobeit.(但愿如此/就这样吧)8.9虚拟语气在其它分句中的使用1)在动词wish/wouldrather后的宾语分句中,用过去时表示与现在事实不符,用过去完成体表示与过去事实不符IwishIwereasstrongasyou.IwishIhadfinishedthetaskyesterday.Iwouldratheryoudidn’ttakethoseimportantdocumentswithyou.Iwouldratheryouhadnttoldhim.2)由ifonly引导的表示愿望的句子,要用虚拟语气,其谓语动词形式与wish的宾语分句中谓语动词的形式相同Ifonlywehadalovelychild.IfonlyIhadbeenwithyouwhenyouwentcampinglastweek.练习
1.Hesaidthatthedrivermusth__ehadanaccident;otherwisehe______bythen.(2002年12月)AwouldarriveBshouldarriveCmusth__earrivedDwouldh__earrived
2.Itishightimethatsuchpracti__s______.(2002年12月)AbeendedBwereendedCareendedDmustbeended
3.Whilecrossingthemountainareaallthemencarriedgunslesttheybywildani__ls.(2002年12月)AhadbeenattackedBmustbeattackedCshouldbeattackedDwouldbeattacked
4.IfIharderatschoolIwouldbesittinginacomfortableoffi__now.(2002年12月)AhadworkedBworkedCweretoworkDwereworking
5.Whowouldyourather____withyouGeorgeorme(2002年6月)AtogoBgoingCwentDh__egone
6.Thingsmighth__ebeenmuchworseifthemother_______onherrighttokeepthebaby.(2002年1月) Ahasbeeninsisting Bhadinsisted Cwouldinsist Dinsisted
7.__nyadelegatewasinf__orofhisproposalthataspecialcommittee_______toinvestigatetheincident.(2002年1月)Aweresetup Bwassetup Cbesetup Dsetup
8.Hewaspunished________heshould__kethesamemistakeagain.(2001年6月)AunlessBlestCifDprovided
9.Jackwishesthathe________businessinsteadofhistorywhenhewasinuniversity.(2001年6月)Ahadstu___dBstudyCstu___dDhadbeenstudying
10.Themillionsofcalculationsinvolvedhadtheybeendonebyhand________allpracticalvaluebythetimetheywerefinished.(2001年6月)AhadlostBwouldloseCwouldh__elostDshouldh__elost
11.Itisimportantthatthehotelre__ptionist_______thatguestsareregisteredcorrectly.(2000年12月)A__kesureBhas__desureC__desureDmust__kesure
12.The__nagerwouldratherhisdaughter_______inthesameoffi__.(2000年6月)AdoesnotworkBnottoworkChadnotworkedDdidnotwork
13.Thesuggestionthatthe__yor_______theprizeswasac__ptedbyeveryone.(2000年6月)AwouldpresentBoughttopresentCpresentDpresents
14.Somewomen________agoodsalaryinajobinsteadofstayinghomebuttheydecidednottoworkforthesakeofthefamily.(2000年1月)Amust__keBshouldh__e__deCwould__keDcouldh__e__de
15.Itisessentialthattheseapplicationforms________backasearlyaspossible.(2000年1月)AmustbesentBwillbesentCaresentDbesent
16.SometimesIwishI________inadifferenttimeandadifferentpla__.(2000年1月)AbelivingBwerelivingCwouldliveDwouldh__elived
17.Mikesuncleinsists________inthishotel.(2000年1月)AstayingnotBnottostayCthathewouldnotstayDthathenotstay
18.Wouldntyouratheryourchild________tobedearly(2000年1月)AgoBwentCwouldgoDgoes
19.Shetreatsusasifwe________children.AwereBareCbeDwouldbe
20.Itistimewe________somethingtoprotectourlivingenviro__ent.AdoBhaddoneCdidDwoulddo
21.Ifonlyhe________thenthatthediseasewascurable!AhadknownBknewCwouldh__eknownDknow
22.Sheloweredhervoi__lesthersister________her.AwouldhearBheardChadheardDhear
23.Butforthefogwe________ourdestinationlongago.AreachedBhadreachedCwouldh__ereachedDshouldreach
24.________youwereilltheywouldh__ecometoseeyou.AHadtheyknownBTheyhadknownCTheyknewDKnowing
25.Thelawrequiresthatallmotorcars________regularlyforsafetyandefficiency.AtestedBtestCtobetestDbetested
26.We________withoutyourhelp.Adidnotsuc__edBwouldn’th__esuc__ededCnotsuc__ededDwouldnotsuc__ed
27.Thestudents________somuchprogressundertheguidan__ofalessresponsibleteacher.Ahadnot__deBdidnot__keCcouldnoth__e__deDshouldnot__ke
28.Iwasholdingaconsultationwithmystudents.________Iwouldh__ecomeovertohelpyou.AWithBOtherwiseCWhileDHen__
29.We________inthemuseumfordaysbuttherejustwasn’tenoughtime.Acouldh__estayedBhadstayedCstayedDshouldstay
30.Alessbr__e__n________tofightagainstawholeenemyunit.AshouldnotdareBdarednotCdidnotdareDwouldnoth__edared第9章定语分句AttributiveClause定语分句又称关系分句(relativeclause),由关系代词(relativepronoun)或关系副词(relativeadverb)引导,修饰名词或代词,被修饰的名词或代词叫作先行词(ante__dent)定语分句分为限制性定语分句(restrictiverelativeclause)和非限制性定语分句(non-restrictiverelativeclause)9.1限制性定语分句限制性分句是先行词不可缺少的定语,赋予先行词以确定的涵义The__nwhotoldmethisrefusedtogivemehisname.Thenoisethathe__dewokeeverybodyup.The__nwhomIsawtoldmetocomebacktoday.ThefriendwithwhomIwastr__elingcouldspeakperfectEnglish.9.2非限制性定语分句非限制性定语分句对先行词只起补充说明或解释作用,不施加限制作用Mynei___orwhoisverypessimisticsaystherewillbenoapplesthisyear.I’veinvitedAnnwholivesinthenextflat.I’mseeingthe__ngertomorrowwhenhewillbebackfromNewYork.Theyhadafinewalktoowhichhaddonehislivergood.9.3限制性定语分句和非限制性定语分句的区别1)有无逗号(这个逗号有时会使句子的意思大相径庭)Hehasaprettywifewhoisanurse.他有一位当护士的美貌妻子(言下之意,他可能还有干别的职业的妻子)Hehasaprettywifewhoisanurse.他有一个美貌的妻子,是个护士(言下之意,他只有一个妻子)Theold__nhastwosonswhoareworkers.这位老人有两个__,他们都是工人(暗示只有两个__)Theold__nhastwosonswho/thatareworkers.这位老人有两个当工人的__(暗示不止两个__)2)在非限制性定语分句中不能用关系词that,而且关系词不能省略Sheg__emethisjumperwhichshehadknittedherself.Thattowerblockwhichcost$4milliontobuildhasbeenemptyforfiveyears.This__chinewhichIh__elookedafterfortwentyyearsisstillworkingperfectly.以上的关系词which都不能用that替换,且不能省略9.4定语分句可用不定式代替的情况1)先行词有thefirstsecond等词、thelastonly等词、或最高级修饰时Thecaptainwasthelast__nwholefttheship.=Thecaptainwasthelast__ntole__etheship.Theonlyonewhounderstoodwasthebrighteststudentintheclass.=Theonlyonetounderstandwasthebrighteststudentintheclass.注意这里的动词不定式取代了主格代词+动词的结构,但它不能用来取代宾格代词+动词的结构例如在thefirst__nthatwesaw中的分句就不能用不定式代替但如果that是被动语态动词的主语,如thefirst__nthatwasseen,可用一个被动语态的动词不定式来代替这一分句,即thefirst__ntobeseen2)当有某种目的或许可的意义时Hehasalotofbooksthathemustread.=Hehasalotofbookstoread.Shehadsomethingthatshecoulddo\hadtodo.=Shehadsomethingtodo.Wefinallyfoundarestaurantthatwecouldeatin.=Wefinallyfoundarestauranttoeatin.9.5定语分句可用分词代替的情况1)当定语分句中的谓语是进行体态,或表示一个习惯性的动作The__nwhoisstandingunderatreeismyteacher.=The__nstandingunderatreeismyteacher.Passengerswhotr__elonthisbusbuytheirticketsinbooks.=Passengerstr__elingonthisbusbuytheirticketsinbooks.2)分句中的谓语表示一种愿望,即句中动词是wishdesirewanthope等(但不是like)Thosewhowishtogotothezoopleaseraiseyourhand.=Thosewishingtogotothezoopleaseraiseyourhand.Thefanswhohopedforaglimpseofthestarwerecrowdingatthegate.=Thefanshopingforaglimpseofthestarwerecrowdingatthegate.3)含有上述动词之一,或者表示知道、考虑的任何动词的非限制性定语分句,例如knowthinkbelieveexpect等Tomwhoexpectedtobepaidthefollowingweekworkedharderthesedays.=Tomexpectingtobepaidthefollowingweekworkedharderthesedays.Theyoung__nwhowantedtogainf__orfromthegirltriedhisbesttoflatterher.=Theyoung__nwantingtogainf__orformthegirltriedhisbesttoflatterher.9.6定语分句中的关系代词和关系副词的选择1)关系代词whowhomthatwhich的选择关系代词whowhomthatwhich用来引导定语分句,使之与主句连接起来它代表先行词,同时在定语分句中充当某一成分(主语或宾语)关系代词whom用来指人;which用来指物;that既可指人也可指物选择关系代词时,应注意以下几点a介词后面应该用whom或which,不能用that当先行词指人时,用介词+whom;当先行词指物时,用介词+which但介词位于分句的末尾时,则可以用thatDoyouknowthe__ntowhomIwastalkingDoyouknowthe__nwhom/thatIwastalkingtoThechairinwhichIsatwasabrokenone.Thechairthat/whichIsatinwasabrokenone.注意有些动词短语是固定结构,一般不可将介词拆开我们通常说ThechildJohnwaslookingafterwasmylittlesister.而不说ThechildafterwhomJohnwaslookingwasmylittlesister.b非限制性定语分句中,不用that来指人或指物,而用whom或whichThesebookswhichyoucangetfromanybookshopwillgiveyoualltheinfor__tionyouneed.Thechair__nwhospokefirstsatonmyright.ThegirlwhomImetyesterdayinthestreetisoneofmybestfriends.c在下列情况下,关系代词通常用that不用which
(1)当先行词是指物的不定代词或先行词被allonlyanysome修饰时AllthatIwantispea__andquietness.Hedidanythingthatwasgoodforus.Thereisnotmuchthatcanbedone.Doyouh__eanybooksthatinterestmeThereisnothingthatwecandoaboutit.
(2)当先行词有序数词(包括thelast/next)、最高级形容词或theonlythevery修饰时【例如】ThisisthemostinterestingbookthatI’veeverread.Whichwasthefirst/fastest/thenext/thelastcarthatgotthereHeistheonlypersonthatunderstandsmewell.
(3)先行词既包含人又包含物时Wetalkedaboutthethingsandpersonsthatwewerefamiliarwithinschool.The__nandthehorsethatfellintotheriverweredrowned.d当先行词不是单独的名词或代词,而是一个句子或句子的一部分时,关系代词只能用which,并且在which之前要加逗号使之成为非限制性分句Hetriedtostandonhishandsforfiveminuteswhichwasratheradifficultthingtodo.Hewasdefeatedwhichsurprisedmeverymuch.2)关系代词whose的用法whose是who的所有格形式,只作限定词用,既指人又可指物whose+名词这一结构在定语分句中可作主语、宾语(动词宾语或介词宾语)Theyliveinahousewhosewindowsfa__thesouth.Itwasameetingwhoseimportan__Ididnotrealizeatthattime.Myfatherunderwhoseguidan__Ih__eachievedsomuchisanexperien__dworker.3)whenwherewhy关系副词的选择whenwhere和why相当于“介词+which”,在定语分句中分别充当时间状语、地点状语和原因状语另外,由why引导的定语分句的先行词只能是reasonIh__eforgottheyearwhen=inwhichIwasfiredlasttime.Atthecornerthereisarestaurantwhere=inwhichweoftenh__eourlunch.Thereasonwhy=forwhichhewaskilledwasstillamystery.4)作为关系副词的that在下列三种情况中,that是关系副词,但经常省略掉athat可以用在表示时间的名词之后,替代关系副词whenWeareveryhappytothinkofthedaysthat/whenweweretogetherinthecountryside.Themomentthathesawmeherecognizedmeaton__.Ishallneverforgetthemorningthat/whenGeorgefirstcame.b用在way的后面,相当于inwhichDoitthewaythat/inwhichItoldyou.Iwasquitesurprisedatthewaythat/inwhichheansweredthequestion.c用在anywhere或everywhere之后You__ygoanywherethatyouliketo.EverywhereIgoIfindthesamething.5)as作为关系代词as作为关系代词常用在such…asas__ny/much…asthesame…asso…as的句型中as相当于who/whomwhich或thatas在定语从句中可作主语、宾语或表语(参见第二篇中的as)IwantthesamewineasIhadyesterday.Don’ttrustsuchmenaspraiseyoutoyourfa__.Therewerenotso__nytickets__ailableaswereaskedfor.Asweallknowgreatchangesh__etakenpla__alloverthecountry.6)关系代词的省略在限制性定语分句中,关系代词如果充当分句的宾语或介词的宾语,就可省略(在口语中尤其如此)但在非限制性定语分句中则不能省略Thisisthedresswhich/thatIboughtyesterday.Thedriverwho/whom(不能省略)Ihadneverseenbeforeinsistedthatheknewme.Heinsistedonbuyinganotherpenwhich(不能省略)hehadnousefor.注意如果关系代词充当定语分句中介词的宾语,且介词前置,即形成“介词+which/whom”结构,这时的关系代词不能省略The__nwhom/who/that(可省略)theyaretalkingaboutissaidtobeagreatscientist.The__naboutwhom(不能省略)theyaretalkingissaidtobeagreatscientist.练习
1.Theyalwaysgivethevacantseatsto______comesfirst.(2002年12月)AwhomBwhoCwhomeverDwhoever
2.Thesepeopleon__hadfameandfortunenow____islefttothemisutterpoverty.(2002年6月)AallwhatBallwhichCthatallDallthat
3.Theresidents____hadbeenda__gedbythefireweregivenhelpbytheRedCross.(2002年6月)AalltheirhomesBalloftheirhomesCwhoseallhomesDallofwhosehomes
4.Wehadn’tmetfor20yearsbutIrecognizedher________Isawher.(2001年6月)AforthemomentBthemomentwhenCatthemomentwhenDthemoment
5.Gover__entreportsexaminationcompositionslegaldocumentsandmostbusinesslettersarethe__insituations________for__llanguageisused.(2001年6月)AinwhichBonwhichCinthatDatwhat
6.Thehours_______thechildrenspendintheirone-wayrelationshipwithtelevisionpeopleundoubtedlyaffecttheirrelationshipswithreal-lifepeople.(2000年12月)AwhenBonwhichCthatDinwhich
7.Livinginthewesternpartofthecountryhasitsproblems_______obtainingfreshwaterisnottheleast.(2000年6月)AwithwhichBofwhichCwhichDforwhich
8.Theprofessorcouldhardlyfindsufficientgrounds_______hisargumentsinf__orofthenewtheory.(2000年6月)AonwhichtobaseBwhichtobaseonCtobaseonDtobebasedon
9.Beeristhemostpopulardrinkamong__ledrinkers_______overallconsumptionissignificantlyhigherthanthatofwomen.(2000年6月)AthatBwhatCwhichDwhose
10.Agood__nyproposalswereraisedbythedelegates_____wastobeexpected.(2003年12月)AthatBwhatCso的Das
11.Heisacooperativeperson_______peopleliketo__kefriends.AwithwhichBwhichCwithwhomDthat
12.Thegirl_______Ispoketowaslovely.AwhichBwhomCasDwithwhom
13.Thereishardlyanenviro__entonearth_______somespeciesofani__lorotherhasnotadaptedsuc__ssfully.AtowhichBaboutwhichCwithwhichDwithwhom
14.Aninvestigationwas__deintotheaccident_______thirtypeoplewereinjured.AwhichBinwhichCinthatDthat
15.Thereisnorule_______hasex__ptions.AasBwhileCbutDwhat
16.Theboy’smotherboughthimatoytrain_______.AwhichtoplayBforwhichtoplayCwithwhichtobeplayedDwithwhichtoplay
17.Thisistheonlybook_______interestsme.AwhichBthatCbutDwhose
18.Ipaintedtwopictures_______Iwassatisfiedwith.AoneofwhichBonethatCwhoseoneDoneofthetwo
19.Iagreedwithyou_______youh__egotoneortwofactswrong.Aex__ptthatBforthatCatthatDinwhich
20.Thesunwarmstheearth_________kesitpossibleforplantstogrow.AthatBwhichCwhoseDwhom第10章名词性分句NominalClause10.1名词性分句的分类1)主语分句,在句子中充当主语Whoshouldgohasnotbeendecided.Whethertheyh__eleftisstillnotknown.Whateverwassaidheremustbekeptsecret.主语分句还可以出现在以it为形式主语的句子中【例如】It’snotyourfaultthatthishashappened.It’struethatwomendonoth__ethesameopportunityasmenin__nyfields.Itisnaturalthathedoesnothelpherwithherhousework.注意if不能引导主语分句2)宾语分句,在句子中充当宾语Iwonderwhatheisdoingathome.Theyarestillarguingoverwhentheyshouldsetoff.Kate__deitclearthatshedisagreed.Couldyou____mewherethepostoffi__is注意that引导介词宾语分句只能跟在butex__ptin等少数介词之后,分别构成butthat(若不)ex__ptthat(除了…)和inthat(既然;因为)ButthatIsawitIwouldn’th__ebelievedit.Themealwasverydeliciousex__ptthatthefishwasabittoosalty.Critici__andself-critici__isne__ssaryinthatithelpsustocorrectourmistakes.3)表语分句,在句子中充当表语Myideaisthathehasdoneagoodjob.Thisiswhereourbasicinterestlies.Hisviewisthatweshouldsticktoouroriginalplan.Thatiswhywewerethereyesterday.4)同位语分句,在句子中充当同位语Thesuggestionthatheshouldbesenttohelpthemwasac__pted.Hehassolvedtheproblemwhythetractorwasoutoforder.Ih__enoideawhenwewillstart.Isthisnotanotherproofthattheso-calleddétenteisjustemptytalk
10.2名词性分句中连接词的选择引导名词性分句的连接词的选择遵循这样的原则如果分句中缺少主语、宾语、名词性表语或定语,应选择连接代词,如whichwhowhomwhatwhosewhoeverwhateverwhichever等;分句中缺少状语时,应选择连接副词,如howwhywhenwhere等,根据题句的意思再确定具体的连接副词;分句中不缺少任何语法成分时,只能选择连词that(本身无意)if或whether,此时需根据句子的意思来判断,但if不能引导主语分句
10.3whateverwhicheverwhoever的用法1)whatever作为连接代词,what的强调形式,引导一个名词性分句Whatever/Whathasabeginningalsohasanend.Dowhatever/Whatyouliketodo.注意whatever还可以作为从属连词引导一个状语分句,相当于“no__tterwhat”Shelooksprettywhatevershewears.Whateverhappensdon’tgiveup.Whatever__ntoldyouthatitisnottrue.I’mgoingtopursuethiscoursewhateversacrifi__it__yde__nd.2)whicheverwhichever作为连接代词,which的强调形式,引导一个名词性分句,意为“无论哪个,无论那些”Whicheverofyourcomesinfirstwillre__iveaprize.He__ychoosewhicheverhewishes.Readwhicheverbooksyouplease.注意whichever还可以作为从属连词引导一个状语分句,意为“无论哪个,无论那些”Whicheverhechoosestheywon’tbepleased.WhicheversidewinsIshallbesatisfied.3)whoeverwhoever作为连接代词,引导一个名词性分句,意为“谁,无论谁”Whoeverbreaksthislawdeservesafine.I’lltakewhoeverwantstogo.注意whoever还作为从属连词引导一个状语分句,表示让步,相当于“no__tterwho”,意为“无论谁,不管什么人”Whoevertelephones____themI’mout.Whoeveryouareyoumustnotbreakthelaw.练习
1.Therearesigns_______restaurantsarebecomingmorepopularwithfamilies.(2000年6月)AthatBwhoseCwhichDinwhich
2.Weagreedtoac__pt________theythoughtwasthebesttouristguide.(2000年1月)AwhateverBwhomeverCwhicheverDwhoever
3.AlthoughAnneishappywithhersuc__ssshewonders________willhappentoherprivatelife.(2000年1月)AthatBwhatCitDthis
4.Howisit________yourroom__tesrequestandyoursareidentical(2002年6月)AifBthatCsoDwhat
5.Therecanbelittledoubt________hewillhelpusout.AwhatBwhichCthatDwhy
6.Ihadnoidea________hewouldle__eforShanghai.AwhenBwhatCwhichDthat
7.Thereasonwas________hegotuplateandmissedthefirstbus.AwhichBwhenCthatDbecause
8.Thereport________hehadresignedprovedtobeincorrect.AwhyBthatCwhenDwhich
9.________thedroughtinthisareahasbecomelessserious.AThatappearsBApparentlyitCThereappearsDItappearsthat
10.Thereport________hehadsubmittedprovedtobeincorrect.AwhenB/CwhatDwhere
11.Heneverthrewaway________hehad.AthatBwhichCwhyDwhatever
12.Herefusedto____me________.AhowmuchcosteverycarBhowmucheverycarcostChowcosteverycarDhowmuchdideverycarcost
13.Please____me________Iamindebtedfortheflowers.AwithwhomBwhomCtowhomDwho
14.Although________happenedinthatdevelopedcountrysoundslikescien__fictionitcouldoccurelsewhereintheworld.AthatBwhoseCwhatDwhen
15.________computerisoneofthegreatestinventionsiswidelyac__pted.AThatBWhatCWhichDWhy
16.________hewillgothereornotisstillunknown.AIfBWhenCWhetherDWhere
17.Heasked________h__eandIofferedhimnumber.AwhichroomcouldheBwhichroomhecouldCwhatcouldheDwhatcouldheroom
18.Nooneatthe_____wasaware________shehadgone.Athepla__BofwhereCofthatDthepla__where
19.Freemovieticketswillbesentto________comefirst.AwhoeverBwhomeverCwhateverDwhose
20.Wedon’tknow________.AwhoseitiswatchBwhosewatchisitCitiswhomwatchDwhosewatchitis第11章__分句AbsoluteClause__分句又称为__结构absoluteconstruction,就是那些具有一个明显的主语但不用从属连词引导又不是介词补足语的非限制性状语分句或无动词状语分句该结构常见于正式语体,特别是文学体裁,在口语中较为罕见__分句不是一个句子,它通常与主句之间用逗号分开,但也有用破折号的
11.1__分句的类型__分句主要有以下几种形式1)名词或代词+现在分词(参见分词)【例如】Hisoldestdaughterrusheduptohimbloodspurtingfromawoundinherneck.Itbeingfinewewentouttocamp.如果这种__分句中的分词用完成体,表示该分词动作先于主句的谓语动词Thelastbush__inggonehehadtowalkhome.2)名词+过去分词(参见分词)Allours__ingsgonewestartedlookingforjobs.Lunchfinishedtheguestsretiredtothelounge.3)名词+形容词(短语)Thegirlstoodinthesnowselling__tchesherhandsnumbwithcold.Thefloorbeingwetandslipperywestayedoutside.4)名词+介词短语【例如】Hesatstillinhisarmchairhisheadinhishand.Hewentoffguninhand.5)名词+副词Christ__sthenonlydaysawaythefamilywaspentupwithexcitement.Heputonhissockswrongsideout.6)therebeing…Weleftthemeetingtherebeingnopointinstaying.Therebeingnothingelsetodoweleft.
11.2__分句的位置__分句的位置比较灵活,它可以位于句首、句中或句末AllthingsconsideredIthinkIoughttoawardthejobto__ith.Hestoodinthedoorwayhiswetcloakdrippingwaterontherugandwaitedforsomesignofrecognition.Membersofthefamilyoccupiedthesparebedroomsthere__iningguestsh__ingbeenbookedinatnei___oringhotels.
11.3__分句在句子中表示的意义1)表示时间状语Springcomingonthetreesturnedgreen.2)表示原因状语__rybeingawayhehadtodotheworkalone.3)表示条件状语Weatherpermittingwewillgoswimmingintheriver.4)表示方式或伴随状况Istoodathisleftmyfingeronthebuttonwaitingfortheorder.
11.4__分句的补充说明1)__分句可以转换成with+复合结构,其作用与__分句的作用差不多表示否定意义的__分句可转换为without+复合结构Withtheold__nleadingthetwostartedtowardthemountains.Iwouldn’tdaretogohomewithoutthejobfinished.2)一个句子当中有时含有两个或两个以上的__分句Shestoodbeforethehandfulinthegraduatingclassofherschool---headtiltedslightlytoonesidecheekboneshighandprominentbeneaththelargebrowneyes.练习
1.Thetest______webeganourholiday.AfinishedBh__ingfinishedCbefinishedDfinishing
2.Thepresident______thewholecountrywasindeepsorrow.AbeingassassinatedBassassinatedCh__ingassassinatedDassassinating
3.This______wewenthome.Ah__ingdoneBdidCdoneDdoing
4.Arobberburstintotheroom______.AknifeinhandBknifeinhishandCaknifeinhandDknifeinthehand
5.Hecameintotheroomhisears______.AredforcoldBberedwithcoldCberedforDredwithcold
6.Hecameoutofthelibrary______.AwithbookunderhisarmBalargebookunderarmCalargebookunderhisarmDwithalargebookunderarm
7.Hestoodthere______.AhishandraisingBhishandraisedCraisedhishandDwithhishandraising
8.Themurdererwasbroughtinwithhishands______behindhisbackA.beingtied B.h__ingtied C.tobetied D.tied
9.Helaytherehisteethsethishandclenchedhiseyes______straightup.AlookingBlookedCbeinglookedDh__inglooked
10.Weather______wellgooutforawalk. Apermitted Bpermitting Cpermits Dforpermitting
11.______nothingtodotheyfeltverybored.ATherebeingBTherebeCTherewasDThereis12Hestoodthere______hishandraised.AbeforeBwithCatDon
13.______hewentoutforawalk.ASupperwasoverBOversupperCSupperoverDBeingsupperover
14.Helookedather______.AhiseyeswerefullofsuspicionBsuspicionfilledhiseyesCsuspicionfilledwithhiseyesDhiseyesfullofsuspicion
15.Threehundredpeoplewerekilledintheaccident______.A__nyofthemchildrenB__nyofwhosewerechildrenC__nyofthemwerechildrenD__nyofthembechildren
16.______wewenthomestraightaway.AThejobfinishingBThejobhadfinishedCThejobfinishedDThejobh__ingfinished
17.Thewallet______wewenttothepoli__.AnotyetfindingBnotyetfoundChadnotyetfoundDwasnotyetfound
18.Withthetree______wegetmoreshade.AgrewtallBgrowtallCisgrowingtallDgrowntall
19.Thelastbus______wehadtotakeataxi.AhadgoneBh__inggoneCgoneDgoing
20.So__nypeople______themeetinghadtobepostponed.AbeingabsentBbeabsentCh__ingabsentDwereabsent第12章倒装句InvertedSenten__使用倒装结构的情况比较复杂究竟何时使用倒装结构,归结起来不外两点一是语法结构需要时用;二是表示强调时用从大的方面来说,倒装结构可分为全部倒装和部分倒装
12.1全部倒装fullinversion以下几种情况,用全部倒装结构1)herethereoutoffdownawayahead等表示方向性的副词置于句首,而且谓语动词为begocomesitrisestandfly等不及物动词,用全部倒装结构,把谓语动词(通常用一般现在时或一般过去时)放在主语前面 使用这种结构的目的就是使句子所描述的情景更为生动,从而产生绘声绘色的语言效果和修辞上的色彩Theregoesthebus.Downfellthetrees.Outrushedtheboy.Downjumpthe__nfromthesecondfloor.注意a.当主语是人称代词时,句子不能倒装Herehecomes.(而不说Herecomeshe)Awaytheywent(而不说Awaywentthey.)Upshecame.(而不说Upcameshe.)b.上述的副词如果不是表示方向,而是跟动词一起构成短语动词,就不能提到句首,因而也不使用倒装结构Thecarbrokedown.(不说Downbrokethecar.)Thechildgrewupthroughstruggle.(不说Upthechildgrewthroughstruggle.)2)作表语的介词短语置于句首,句子须用倒装Inthemidstofthecountryare__nyabandonedminingtowns.Onthetableweresome__gazines.3)作状语的介词短语置于句首,而且谓语动词是不及物动词或及物动词的被动语态(主语是代词时不能倒装),句子须倒装Athissidelayhislovelydaughter--Ali__.Underthetreeslayanold__n.Onthelinehangaredcoat.Insidethepar__lwasaletter.Inthedistan__couldbeseenthepurplemountains.Tothelist__ybeaddedthefollowingnames.4)结构平衡,避免头重脚轻,将表语置于句首【例如】Presentatthe_____werehisclosefriendsandrelativesfromabroad.Equallyinexplicableishisbeh__iortohisclas__ates.5)进行体中的现在分词置于句首【例如】StandingatthegatewasourChineseteacher.Attendingthestatebanquetweregover__entleadersandsomedistinguishedguests.6)以引导词there开头的句子,须使用倒装结构a.表示“……有……”之概念的“There+be+主语”结构【例如】Therearethreebooksonthedesk.Therewassomethinginthebox.b.用于正式文体,特别是文学作品中的“there+不及物动词+主语”结构,当主语不明确而又是一个很长的名词短语时,往往使用这种结构Thereenteredastrangelittle__n.On__therelivedanoldfisher__ninavillagebythesea.在叙述性和描绘性的书面语中,这种结构若带有地点状语,而且把这种状语放在句首时,可以用省略there的倒装结构Inthecottagelivesafamilyofsix.
12.2部分倒装主句使用倒装的具体要求是主句主谓倒装,分句不可倒装;构成倒装结构的助动词、情态动词或be动词必须与句子的谓语动词一致部分倒装结构通常出现在以下几种情况1)表示否定或近似否定意义的副词置于句首常见的这类副词有neverlittleseldombarelylessnowhereneither…norhardly…whenscar__ly…whennosooner…thannotonly…butalso等Neverh__eIgotsoangry.LittledidIknowabouthim.Hardlyhadhearrivedhomewhenitbegantorain.Nowherecanwefindthelostlamb.2)含有no的介词短语位于句首作状语这类结构的短语有bynomeansundernocircumstan__sinnowayinnocaseonnoaccountatnotimeonnocondition等Undernocircumstan__swillwesurrendertotheenemy.AtnotimewillChinabethefirsttousenuclearweapons.3)Not+状语或状语分句置于句首NotbeforeheapologizestomewillIforgivehim.Notuntiltenatnightdidtheyfinishtheworkandgohome.4)Only+状语或状语分句置于句首这类的结构有onlywhenonlyafteronlythenonlylateronlyon__onlyinthiswayonlybythismeansonlyatthatmoment等Onlyinthiswaycanwesolvetheproblemsuc__ssfully.Onlyafterhegottotheoffi__didherealizethathehadlefthispapersathome.Onlywhenyouh__eagoodcom__ndofgram__rcanyouwriteaccurately.5)So+adj/adv…that结构中,so位于句首Soloudlydidthestudentsreadthatpeoplecouldhearthemoutinthestreet.Soconfuseddidhebecomethathecouldnotutteraword.Soridiculouswastheargumentthatweallburstintolaughter.So__allwerethewordsthathecouldhardlyseethem.注意当句子的谓语是be动词时,用全部倒装;当句子的谓语是其它动词时,用部分倒装6)sonorneither置于句首,表示与前面的句子谓语内容重复Heisagoodstudent.Soarethey.Shehasn’tbeentoBei___g.Neither/Norh__ewe.注意
(1)so表示肯定,用so时,前面句子必须是肯定句;norneither表示否定,用nor和neither时,前面的句子必须是否定句
(2)助动词、情态动词或be动词通常与前面句子谓语动词在时态上保持一致
(3)so置于句首时,也可用正常语序,但意义不一样判断方法两个句子主语相同时,用正常语序;主语不同时,则用倒装语序Heisverydiligent.Soisshe.(他很勤奋她也一样)Heisverydiligent.Soheis.(他很勤奋他确实如此)7)非真实条件句中省略if(参见虚拟语气)HadIbeenatthe_____Iwouldh__emethim.Shoulditraintomorrowwewouldgiveupourouting.Weretheytodoitlikethattheywouldfailintheend.8)as引导的让步状语分句MuchasIlikeherIdon’twantto__rryher.Tallasheisheisnotstrongenoughtoliftthehe__ybox.Childasheisheisveryworldly.注意这种情况下,主语和谓语的位置不能变动,倒装的只是状语或表语但是,用as引导的让步状语分句中,如果谓语是“助动词+主要动词原形”,则应把主要动词原形放在as之前,其语序为主要动词原形+as+主语+助动词TryasImightIcouldnotliftthestone.9)平时一般不放在句首的状语,为了强调起见而放在句首(这种句子比较少见)WelldoIrememberthedayIsawawildtiger.10)某些让步状语分句往往把表语提到主语前面或放在句首,以构成倒装结构,但主语和谓语的位置不变No__tterhowinterestingthebookis,hedoesntliketoreadit.Howeverhardasolid__ybe,wecanchangeitsshape.11)有些表示“感叹、祝愿”等语气的句子,也可使用倒装结构LonglivethePeople’sRepublicofChina!Isntitcold!WasIsurprised!__ybothbehappy!练习
1._______hedoesgetannoyedwithhersometimes.(2000年6月)AAshelikeshermuchBAlthoughmuchhelikesherCMuchashelikesherDMuchalthoughhelikesher
2.Notuntilthegamehadbegun_______atthesportsground.(2000年6月)Ashouldheh__earrivedBhadhearrivedCdidhearriveDwouldheh__earrived
3.________sherealizeditwastoolatetogohome.(2000年1月)ANosooneritgrewdarkthanBHardlydiditgrowdarkthatCScar__lyhaditgrowndarkthanDItwasnotuntildarkthat
4._____IadmireD__idasapoetIdonotlikehimasa__n.的(2003年12月)AMuchasBOnlyifCIfonly的DAsmuch
5.Homeishome_____eversohomely.AbeitBbeingitCitbeDitbeing
6.Justasthesoilisapartoftheearth_____theatmosphere.AsoareBsobeingCissoDsois
7.Onlyafteryouh__eobtainedsufficientdata______cometoasoundconclusion.AcanyouByouwouldCwouldyouDyoucan
8.______thatthisregionwassorichinnaturalresour__s.ALittleheknewBLittledidheknowCHeknewlittleDLittlehehadknown
9.______thatthey__ydomostofthelaborneededonconstructionsites.ASuchconstructionrobotsarecleverBSoclevertheconstructionrobotsareCSocleveraretheconstructionrobotsDSuchcleverconstructionrobotsare
10.Heisnotunderarrest______anyrestrictiononhim.Aorh__ethepoli__pla__dBorthepoli__h__epla__dCnorh__ethepoli__pla__dDnorthepoli__h__epla__d
11.Onnoaccount______toanyone.AweshouldmentionitBweshouldnotmentionitCshouldwementionitDshouldwenotmentionit
12.NotuntilIshoutedatthetopofmyvoi________.AthatheheardmeBdidhehearmeChedidn’thearmeDhehadheardme
13.______dowegocamping.A__rtainlyBSometimesCSeldomDOn__
14.______Imustdoanotherexperiment.ABeiteversolateBItiseversolateCItbeeversolateDSolateitbeever
15.Here______youwanttosee.AthedirectorcomesBcomesthedirectorCcomesadirectorDiscomingadirector
16.______alittlemoretimetothinkhemighth__eactedmoresensibly.AIfhetookBIfhehastakenChadhetakenDShouldhetake
17.Beneathourfeet______thatourlifedependsonforfoodandclothing.AtheearthlayBtheearthliesClietheearthDliestheearth
18.Important______hisdiscoverywasitwasregardedasa__tterofnoaccountinhistime.AtoBforCasDalthough
19.Sofast______thatitisdifficultforustoi__gineitsspeed.Alighttr__elBtr__elsthelightCdolighttr__elDdoeslighttr__el
20.______noairtherewouldbenolifeintheworld.AWerethereBThereisCTherewasDIsthere
21.Notonly______thedatafedintoitbutitcanalso____yzethem.AthecomputercanmemorizeBcanthecomputermemorizeCdothecomputermemorizeDcanmemorizethecomputer
22.SouthChinagenerallyre__ivesmoresunshinethan______NorthChina.AinBdoesCitre__ivesinDitdoesin
23.Shedidn’twanttobuyit______.AhowevercheapwasitBhowevercheapitwasCforhowcheapmightitbeDforhowcheapitmightbe
24.Typicalofthenewtypeofyoungpeople______whosetashiningexampletothewholenation.AwasLeiFengBWereLeiFengCLeiFengwasDLeiFengwere
25.Themoleculesofgasesmovemorefreelythan______.AdoliquidsandsolidsBliquidsandsolidsdoCdothoseofliquidsandsolidsDthosedoofliquidsandsolids艿芈螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀羃莆蚅薃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀袇聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈薆蒁肆肇芆蚆肂肆蒈葿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃肈肃蒅薆羄膂薇螁袀膁芇薄螆膀荿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁袈羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆袆蝿膆薈虿肇芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃蒂蒀袅节节螅螁芁莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂艿芈螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀羃莆蚅薃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀袇聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈薆蒁肆肇芆蚆肂肆蒈葿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃肈肃蒅薆羄膂薇螁袀膁芇薄螆膀荿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁袈羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆袆蝿膆薈虿肇芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃蒂蒀袅节节螅螁芁莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂艿芈螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀羃莆蚅薃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀袇聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈薆蒁肆肇芆蚆肂肆蒈葿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃肈肃蒅薆羄膂薇螁袀膁芇薄螆膀荿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁袈羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆袆蝿膆薈虿肇芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃蒂蒀袅节节螅螁芁莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂艿芈螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀羃莆蚅薃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀袇聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈薆蒁肆肇芆蚆肂肆蒈葿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃肈肃蒅薆羄膂薇螁袀膁芇薄螆膀荿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁袈羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆袆蝿膆薈虿肇芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃蒂蒀袅节节螅螁芁莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂艿芈螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀羃莆蚅薃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀袇聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈薆蒁肆肇芆蚆肂肆蒈葿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃肈肃蒅薆羄膂薇螁袀膁芇薄螆膀荿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁袈羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆袆蝿膆薈虿肇芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃蒂蒀袅节节螅螁芁莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂艿芈螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀羃莆蚅薃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀袇聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈薆蒁肆肇芆蚆肂肆蒈葿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃肈肃蒅薆羄膂薇螁袀膁芇薄螆膀荿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁袈羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆袆蝿膆薈虿肇芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃蒂蒀袅节节螅螁芁莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂艿芈螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀羃莆蚅薃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀袇聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈薆蒁肆肇芆蚆肂肆蒈葿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃肈肃蒅薆羄膂薇螁袀膁芇薄螆膀荿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁袈羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆袆蝿膆薈虿肇芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃蒂蒀袅节节螅螁芁莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂艿芈螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀羃莆蚅薃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀袇聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈薆蒁肆肇芆蚆肂肆蒈葿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃肈肃蒅薆羄膂薇螁袀膁芇薄螆膀荿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁袈羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆袆蝿膆薈虿肇芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃蒂蒀袅节节螅螁芁莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂艿芈螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀羃莆蚅薃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀袇聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈薆蒁肆肇芆蚆肂肆蒈葿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃肈肃蒅薆羄膂薇螁袀膁芇薄螆膀荿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁袈羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆袆蝿膆薈虿肇芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃蒂蒀袅节节螅螁芁莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂艿芈螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀羃莆蚅薃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀袇聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈薆蒁肆肇芆蚆肂肆蒈葿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃肈肃蒅薆羄膂薇螁袀膁芇薄螆膀荿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁袈羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆袆蝿膆薈虿肇芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃蒂蒀袅节节螅螁芁莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂艿芈螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀羃莆蚅薃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀袇聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈薆蒁肆肇芆蚆肂肆蒈葿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃肈肃蒅薆羄膂薇螁袀膁芇薄螆膀荿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁袈羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆袆蝿膆薈虿肇芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃蒂蒀袅节节螅螁芁莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂艿芈螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀羃莆蚅薃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀袇聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈薆蒁肆肇芆蚆肂肆蒈葿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃肈肃蒅薆羄膂薇螁袀膁芇薄螆膀荿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁袈羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆袆蝿膆薈虿肇芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃蒂蒀袅节节螅螁芁莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂艿芈螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀羃莆蚅薃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀袇聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈薆蒁肆肇芆蚆肂肆蒈葿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃肈肃蒅薆羄膂薇螁袀膁芇薄螆膀荿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁袈羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆袆蝿膆薈虿肇芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃蒂蒀袅节节螅螁芁莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂艿芈螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀羃莆蚅薃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀袇聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈薆蒁肆肇芆蚆肂肆蒈葿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃肈肃蒅薆羄膂薇螁袀膁芇薄螆膀荿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁袈羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆袆蝿膆薈虿肇芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃蒂蒀袅节节螅螁芁莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂艿芈螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀羃莆蚅薃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀袇聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈薆蒁肆肇芆蚆肂肆蒈葿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃肈肃蒅薆羄膂薇螁袀膁芇薄螆膀荿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁袈羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆袆蝿膆薈虿肇芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃蒂蒀袅节节螅螁芁莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂艿芈螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀羃莆蚅薃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀袇聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈薆蒁肆肇芆蚆肂肆蒈葿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃肈肃蒅薆羄膂薇螁袀膁芇薄螆膀荿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁袈羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆袆蝿膆薈虿肇芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃蒂蒀袅节节螅螁芁莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂艿芈螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀羃莆蚅薃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀袇聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈薆蒁肆肇芆蚆肂肆蒈葿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃肈肃蒅薆羄膂薇螁袀膁芇薄螆膀荿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁袈羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆袆蝿膆薈虿肇芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃蒂蒀袅节节螅螁芁莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂艿芈螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀羃莆蚅薃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀袇聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈薆蒁肆肇芆蚆肂肆蒈葿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃肈肃蒅薆羄膂薇螁袀膁芇薄螆膀荿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁袈羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆袆蝿膆薈虿肇芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃蒂蒀袅节节螅螁芁莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂艿芈螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀羃莆蚅薃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀袇聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈薆蒁肆肇芆蚆肂肆蒈葿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃肈肃蒅薆羄膂薇螁袀膁芇薄螆膀荿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁袈羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆袆蝿膆薈虿肇芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃蒂蒀袅节节螅螁芁莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂艿芈螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀羃莆蚅薃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀袇聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈薆蒁肆肇芆蚆肂肆蒈葿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃肈肃蒅薆羄膂薇螁袀膁芇薄螆膀荿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁袈羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆袆蝿膆薈虿肇芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃蒂蒀袅节节螅螁芁莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂艿芈螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀羃莆蚅薃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀袇聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈薆蒁肆肇芆蚆肂肆蒈葿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃肈肃蒅薆羄膂薇螁袀膁芇薄螆膀荿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁袈羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆袆蝿膆薈虿肇芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃蒂蒀袅节节螅螁芁莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂艿芈螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀羃莆蚅薃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀袇聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈薆蒁肆肇芆蚆肂肆蒈葿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃肈肃蒅薆羄膂薇螁袀膁芇薄螆膀荿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁袈羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆袆蝿膆薈虿肇芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃蒂蒀袅节节螅螁芁莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂艿芈螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀羃莆蚅薃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀袇聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈薆蒁肆肇芆蚆肂肆蒈葿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃肈肃蒅薆羄膂薇螁袀膁芇薄螆膀荿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁袈羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆袆蝿膆薈虿肇芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃蒂蒀袅节节螅螁芁莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂艿芈螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀羃莆蚅薃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀袇聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈薆蒁肆肇芆蚆肂肆蒈葿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃肈肃蒅薆羄膂薇螁袀膁芇薄螆膀荿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁袈羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆袆蝿膆薈虿肇芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃蒂蒀袅节节螅螁芁莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂艿芈螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀羃莆蚅薃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀袇聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈薆蒁肆肇芆蚆肂肆蒈葿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃肈肃蒅薆羄膂薇螁袀膁芇薄螆膀荿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁袈羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆袆蝿膆薈虿肇芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃蒂蒀袅节节螅螁芁莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂艿芈螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀羃莆蚅薃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀袇聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈薆蒁肆肇芆蚆肂肆蒈葿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃肈肃蒅薆羄膂薇螁袀膁芇薄螆膀荿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁袈羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆袆蝿膆薈虿肇芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃蒂蒀袅节节螅螁芁莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂艿芈螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀羃莆蚅薃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀袇聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈薆蒁肆肇芆蚆肂肆蒈葿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃肈肃蒅薆羄膂薇螁袀膁芇薄螆膀荿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁袈羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆袆蝿膆薈虿肇芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃蒂蒀袅节节螅螁芁莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂艿芈螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀羃莆蚅薃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀袇聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈薆蒁肆肇芆蚆肂肆蒈葿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃肈肃蒅薆羄膂薇螁袀膁芇薄螆膀荿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁袈羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆袆蝿膆薈虿肇芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃蒂蒀袅节节螅螁芁莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂艿芈螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀羃莆蚅薃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀袇聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈薆蒁肆肇芆蚆肂肆蒈葿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃肈肃蒅薆羄膂薇螁袀膁芇薄螆膀荿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁袈羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆袆蝿膆薈虿肇芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃蒂蒀袅节节螅螁芁莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂艿芈螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀羃莆蚅薃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀袇聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈薆蒁肆肇芆蚆肂肆蒈葿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃肈肃蒅薆羄膂薇螁袀膁芇薄螆膀荿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁袈羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆袆蝿膆薈虿肇芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃蒂蒀袅节节螅螁芁莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂艿芈螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀羃莆蚅薃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀袇聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈薆蒁肆肇芆蚆肂肆蒈葿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃肈肃蒅薆羄膂薇螁袀膁芇薄螆膀荿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁袈羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆袆蝿膆薈虿肇芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃蒂蒀袅节节螅螁芁莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂艿芈螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀羃莆蚅薃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀袇聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈薆蒁肆肇芆蚆肂肆蒈葿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃肈肃蒅薆羄膂薇螁袀膁芇薄螆膀荿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁袈羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆袆蝿膆薈虿肇芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃蒂蒀袅节节螅螁芁莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂艿芈螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀羃莆蚅薃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀袇聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈薆蒁肆肇芆蚆肂肆蒈葿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃肈肃蒅薆羄膂薇螁袀膁芇薄螆膀荿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁袈羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆袆蝿膆薈虿肇芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃蒂蒀袅节节螅螁芁莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂艿芈螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀羃莆蚅薃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀袇聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈薆蒁肆肇芆蚆肂肆蒈葿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃肈肃蒅薆羄膂薇螁袀膁芇薄螆膀荿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁袈羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆袆蝿膆薈虿肇芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃蒂蒀袅节节螅螁芁莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂艿芈螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀羃莆蚅薃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀袇聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈薆蒁肆肇芆蚆肂肆蒈葿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃肈肃蒅薆羄膂薇螁袀膁芇薄螆膀荿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁袈羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆袆蝿膆薈虿肇芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃蒂蒀袅节节螅螁芁莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂艿芈螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀羃莆蚅薃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀袇聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈薆蒁肆肇芆蚆肂肆蒈葿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃肈肃蒅薆羄膂薇螁袀膁芇薄螆膀荿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁袈羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆袆蝿膆薈虿肇芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃蒂蒀袅节节螅螁芁莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂艿芈螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀羃莆蚅薃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀袇聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈薆蒁肆肇芆蚆肂肆蒈葿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃肈肃蒅薆羄膂薇螁袀膁芇薄螆膀荿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁袈羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆袆蝿膆薈虿肇芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃蒂蒀袅节节螅螁芁莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂艿芈螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀羃莆蚅薃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀袇聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈薆蒁肆肇芆蚆肂肆蒈葿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃肈肃蒅薆羄膂薇螁袀膁芇薄螆膀荿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁袈羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆袆蝿膆薈虿肇芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃蒂蒀袅节节螅螁芁莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆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