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情态动词和虚拟语气讲义考点一情态动词的基本用法
1.cancould__ymight的用法1can表示能力,意为“能够;懂得;会”could表示过去的能力;其将来时用beableto代替This__chinecanperformtwomillioncalculationspersecond.Icanspeakfivelanguages.注意beableto表示“能够做某事而且做成功了”Hewasabletodothatwithoutanyhelp.他不需要任何帮助就完成了这项工作2cancould__ymight表示请求permission、允许或许可常用在口语中,其中的could语气较委婉,不用于肯定句,答语要用can;could都还表示委婉客气的提出问题或陈述看法;might表示委婉的请求Thegoalkeepercan’thandletheballoutsidethepenaltyarea禁区.—CouldIuseyourbike我可以用你的自行车吗?—Yesyoucan./I’mafraidnot.可以,用吧—Noyoucan’t/mustn’t.不行—__y/Cantakethebookout我可以把这本书带走吗?—Yesyou__y/can.可以—Noyou__ynot.不可以(委婉)—Noyoucan’t/mustn’t.不行(强烈)3can与表示感官和思维的动词连用Youcanreallytastethegarlicinthatsoup.Youcani__ginehowannoyedshewas!
2.must的用法must既表示义务或强制,意为“必须……;一定要……”;还可表示肯定性,意为“必然会;肯定会”;作“偏要;硬要”解时,用于第二人称时,表示不耐烦或令人不愉快的事情;用于其他人称,表示主语“固执”的意味Ifyoucan’tfinishthebookbythenyoumustcomeandrenewit.I’mafraidImustgonow;Ipromisedtobehomeatten.Don’tbetonthehorsera__;youmustloseinthelongrun.IfyoumustknowI’mgoingtohelphimlookforanapartment.Janewasneverapleasantyounggirl.Afteryoug__eheryouradvi__shemustgoanddotheopposite.must的否定形式有两种当must表示“强制或义务”时,其否定意义为“一定不要”,表示不许或禁止,将mustdo改为mustnotdo;当must表示“必须”时,其否定含义为“不必”,将mustdo改为neednotdo或don’th__etoWemustn’twasteourtime.我们不应该浪费时间Youneednot/don’th__etogetupatsixtomorrowmorning.明天早上你不必六点起床注意1must可以用作名词,意为“必须有的东西(做的事)Don’tmisslatestplay;it’samust./Warmclothesareamustinthemountains.2词组besuretobe__rtaintobeboundtobedueto都有“一定;肯定;务必”等意义Heinformedusthattheboatwasduetole__eat
4./Theplanisboundtosuc__ed.
3.shall的用法在疑问句中,用于第
一、三人称,表示征求对方___;用于第
二、三人称时表允诺,警告,命令,威胁等;在法律、条约、规章等文件中,表示义务、规定WhatshallIwearonthejourney/Shallhestartaton__orwaitforawhileSheshallgethershare./Youshallfailifyoudon’tworkharder.Houseownersshallkeeptheirgardensinaneatandordinarystate.Eachcitizenshallcarryhisidentificationcardwhentr__eling.
4.should和oughtto的用法should表示“劝告、建议、命令”,其同义词是oughtto否定式oughtnottodo;should还可表示义务,意为“应该”;也可表示惊讶,忧虑,惋惜等情绪,意为“竟会;竟然”,常用在I’msurprised;Itworriesme;It’sapity;Youcan’ti__gine等结构中Youshould/oughttogotoclassrightaway.Heshoulddosomeworkbuthedoesn’twantto.Ifinditquiteastonishingthatheshouldbesorudetoyou./Youcan’ti__ginethatawell-beh__edgentle__nshouldberudetoalady.
5.will和would的用法will可以表示意志,决心或愿望;也可表示经常性、习惯性、倾向性,表示某事总是发生或一般如此;也可表请求;还可表示“老是”,用于描述某人奇异或令人烦的习性,用在第三人称would也可表示愿望,还表示过去的习惯行为,用于第二人称作主语的疑问句中,表示对对方的请求Surelywewillsupportallthepeopleintheworldintheirstruggleforpea__.Iwillcomeupandhelpyoucleantheroominamoment.Oilwillfloatonwater./Accidentswillhappen.Hewillsittherehourafterhourlookingatthetrafficgoby./Trishwillkeepaskingsillyquestions.Duringthevacationhewouldvisitmeeveryweek.注意won’t或wouldn’t表示“坚决地拒绝”.Iwon’tlistentoyournonsense./Weurgedhimtotakearestbuthewouldn’thearofit.考点
二、情态动词表“可能性”的用法
1.can表可能性,含有惊讶、怀疑、不相信的语气,常用在否定句、疑问句、感叹句中,意为“可能”;canbe用于推测某人或某物一时的情况,意为“有时候会”;could表轻微的怀疑或委婉的看法Canwhathesaidbetrue/WhatcanhepossiblymeanItcanbeverycoldhereatnight./Theboycanbeveryannoying.HisstorycouldbetruebutIhardlythinkitis.注意can表示“可能性”,有时也可用在肯定句中,但表示的是理论上的可能性,不涉及是否真的会发生Theinventioncanbeimproved./Theword“bank”canh__eseveralmeanings.
2.__y表可能性,用于推测,暗指不确定,不用于疑问句,在疑问句中表示“可能”时,通常用belikelyto或doyouthink结构;当句中出现IamafraidIamnotsure等表示不确定含义时,常选用__y或might;__y表示的可能性比might大一些Itisfearedthat__nyworkers__ylosetheirjobsthiswinter./Iamafraidhe__ybewaitingforyou.Isshelikelytocomethisafternoon
3.must可以表示推测,只能用在肯定句中,表示“一定”或“必定”之意,其否定形式是can’t/couldn’t,意为“不可能”Mustbedoing表示“现在肯定正在做”Whosenewbikecanitbe----ItmustbeLiuDongs.Iknowhisfatherhasjustboughthimanewone.Youlookhappy.Youmustbeh__ingagoodtime.Hecan’tbeinBeijingnowbecauseIh__eseenhimjustnow.
4.should表示期待,用于表达合理的推断(“应该)或明显的结果(可能),所期待的事是事实Itisthreeo’clockthefootballgameshouldbeginnow.__rytookdancinglessonsforyears;sheshouldbeanex__llentdan__r.注意词组besupposedtobemeantto均有“应该;必须”等情态含义Everybodyissupposedtowearaseatbeltinthecar.考点
三、情态动词+不定式的完成式“情态动词+不定式的完成式”在高考中出现的频率也相当高,其中尤以musth__edone出现次数最多下表是“情态动词+不定式的完成式”的结构和含义结构含义couldh__edone过去可以做而实际上没做“本来可以做”表推测,过去可能做了某事can’t/couldn’th__edone过去不可能发生的事情,是musth__edone的否定式__y/mighth__edone对过去发生的行为的推测“可能会做”musth__edone对过去已发生的行为的推断“一定已做”needh__edone本来需要做而实际上已做了“本有必要做”needn’th__edone本来不需要做而实际上没做“本不必做”shouldh__edone本来应该做而实际上没做“本应该做”shouldn’th__edone本来不应该组哦而实际上做了“本不应该做”oughttoh__edone过去应该做而实际上没做“本应该做”willh__edone推测将来某个时间前已经完成“可能已经做”Youcouldh__edonebetterbutyoudidn’ttryyourbest.你本可做的更好,但你不尽力Theycan’th__egoneoutbecausethelightison.他们不可能用光了,因为灯还亮He__yh__efinishedtheexercisesbuthedidn’thandin.他可能完成了作业,但没交Heisnotin.Hemusth__egonetoShanghai.他不在家,肯定去__了Youneedn’th__ewateredtheflowersforitgoingtorain.你本没有必要浇花,因为天要下雨了Youshouldh__estartedearlierbutyoudidn’t.你本应该早一点出发的,但你没有考点
四、情态动词的某些惯用语和句型
1.can的惯用语1cannothelp/choosebut+原形不得不;只能Icannothelpbut____thetruth.2canbut+原形只好;不得不Wecanbutagreewithyou3cannothelpdoing不得不;忍不住4can’thelp__.doingsth.不能使某人不作某事Ican’thelpsayingthat.5can’thelpit控制不住,没有办法WhyareyoucryingIcan’thelpit.6cannottoo…to无论怎样也不为过
2.__y/might的惯用语1__y/mightwelldo很可能;极有可能Theseareex__llentphotographsandwe__ywellbeabletousetheminour__gazine.Youmightwellfindthatyouneedmorebytheweekend.2__y/mightaswell最好(hadbetter)It’snogoodwaitingforthebus.Wemightaswellwalk.IfyouarenotgoingtoeatthatpizzaI__yaswellthrowitout.3__y/mightaswelldo…asdo…与其做某事,不如做某事Youmightaswellthrowthemoneyawayaslendittohim.One__yaswellnotknowathingatallasknowitbutimperfectly.4__y…but尽管……但是He__ybelazybuthecanworkveryhardwhenhefeellikeit.5__yyou/he/theyetcdosth.祝愿……__yboththebrideandgroomh__elongandhappylife.
3.用作情态动词的其他短语1wouldratherwouldsoonerwouldjustassoonhadratherhadbetterhadsooner可用作情态动词Thesol___rwouldsooner___thansurrender.这个战士宁可死也不投降Ifyoudon’tliketoswimyou__yjustaswellstayathome.如果你不喜欢游泳,最好呆在家里这些短语后一般直接跟动词原形.wouldhadratherwouldhadsoonerwouldjustassoon后可跟that引导的从句,that常省去,从句要用虚拟语气对现在和将来的假设用过去时,对过去的假设用过去完成时IwouldratheryoucameonSunday.我想让你周日来Iwouldsooneryouhadn’taskedmetospeakyesterday.我宁愿你昨天没让我发言2sothat/inorderthat接__ymightcanshould;forfearthat后接mightshould;incasethat后接shouldHerestedinorderthathemightworkharder.Weallseemedafraidtosaywhatwasinourmindsforfearthatitmightstarttrouble.Betterchainupthedogincasehebite/bites.高考链接
1.(2009四川卷)—Idon’tcarewhatpeoplethink.—Wellyou_______.A.couldB.wouldC.shouldD.might
2.(2009全国卷I)WhatdoyoumeanthereareonlytenticketsThere_______betwelve.A.shouldB.wouldC.willD.shall
3.(2009湖南卷)—It’stheoffi__!Soyou_______knoweatingisnotallowedhere.—Ohsorry.A.mustB.willC.__yD.need
4.(2009辽宁卷)Thetrafficishe__ythesedays.I_______arriveabitlatesocouldyous__emeapla__A.canB.mustC.needD.might
5.(2009全国卷II)Ican’tle__e.ShetoldmethatI_______stayhereuntilshecomesback.A.canB.mustC.willD.__y
6.(2009重庆卷)—HiTom.AnyideawhereJaneis—She_____intheclassroom.Isawhertherejustnow.A.shallbeB.shouldh__ebeenC.mustbeD.mighth__ebeen
7.(2009北京卷)Oneofthefewthingsyou_______sayaboutEnglishpeoplewith__rtaintyisthattheytalkalotabouttheweather.A.needB.mustC.shouldD.can虚拟语气讲义
一、虚拟条件句,即不大可能发生的或与事实相反的情况1很可能与现在或将来的事实相反的条件句其基本结构是If+S.+V.(过去式/were)…S.+would/should/could/might+动词原形如表示和将来事实相反,if条件句还可用“wereto+动词原形”和“should+动词原形”来表示If从句里的be动词一律用were,没有人称与数的变化指现在或将来的任何时候,这一结构中所设的条件可能与事实相反,结果从句也不是事实IfIhadenoughmoneyIwouldbuythatcoat.如果我有足够的钱,我就买那件外套Sunnywouldbeintimeifshegotthefour-thirtybus.如果桑妮搭上4点30分的公共汽车,她就会及时赶到IfIwereyouIwouldac__pttheirinvitation.如果我是你,我就接受他们的邀请Ifyouwereto___tonightwhatwouldyoudorightnow如果你今天晚上就要死了,那你现在做什么?2和过去事实相反的条件句其基本结构是If+S.+V.(过去完成式haddone)…S.+would/should/could/mighth__e+过去分词此种结构里的条件句所设的条件并未发生,因而结果从句所述的结果也未实现Iftheweatherhadbeenni__yesterdaywewouldh__egonetothezoo.如果昨天天气好的话,我们就会去动物园了3)错综时间条件句通常情况下,在非真实条件句中主句和从句的谓语动词所指时间是一致的,但有时也可能指不同的时间,这时要根据上下文的意思采用不同的谓语动词形式即有时if从句和主句所表示的假想情况时间不一致,如从句与现在事实相反,而主句表示与过去事实相反那么句子两部分的动词形式应作相应的调整Youwouldbemuchbetternowifyouhadtakenthedoctor’sadvi__.Iftheweatherhadbeenmoref__orablethecropwouldbegrowingstillbetter.4含蓄条件句英语中某些假设的条件句不是通过if从句表达出来,而是包含在某些短语、上下文或其他方式中,其谓语也常用虚拟语气,我们称此种结构为含蓄条件句主要有介词butforwithout等如要不是有你帮忙,我们是不会成功的Ifithadn’tbeenforyourassistan__wewouldn’th__esuc__eded.=Butforyourassistan__wewouldn’th__esuc__eded.=Withoutyourassistan__wewouldn’th__esuc__eded.H__ingknownintimewemighth__epreventedtheaccident.要是及时得知的话,我们也许能阻止这场事故(-ing分词做条件状语,暗示条件Ifwehadkownintime)Givenmoreattentionthetreecouldh__egrownbetter. 如果多留心的话,这树本来可以长的更好-ed分词做条件状语,暗示:IfthetreehadbeengivenmoreattentionIwastoobusyatthattimeotherwiseIwouldh__ecalledyou. 我当时太忙,否则我就给你打__了 (副词otherwise暗示条件)
二、可以用在“should+动词原形”中的虚拟语气主要有以下几类1用在suggestproposearrangeplandecideadviseorderde__ndrequestdesireinsist等表示“建议”、“要求”、“命令”、“决定”、“安排”、“计划”、“主张”的动词后面接的宾语从句中这里的should也可以省略Hesuggested/proposed/de__nded/advisedthatthey(should)readtherulescarefully.他建议/提议/要求/劝告他们要仔细阅读这些规则2用在“Itisdesired/suggested/requested/ordered/proposed/decided”之后由that引导的主语从句中,should也可以省略ItisrequestedthatMissYang(should)giveaperfor__n__atthepart.人们要求杨小姐在聚会上表演一个节目3用在suggestionmotionproposalorderplanideaadvi__requestdecisionrequiry等名词后面接的表语从句或同位语从句中,should也可以省略 Myidea/motion/advi__/isthatweshoulddomoreeyeexerciseseveryday.我___是我们每天应该多做眼保健操4用在“Itis/wasne__ssary/important/strange/incredible”或“Itisapity/ashame/nowonder”之后由that引导的主语从句中,should有“应该”、“必须”、“竟然”、“居然”之意Itisne__ssarythatheshouldbesentthereaton__.有必要马上派他到那里去Itisstrangethatthewheelshouldturnsoslowly.真奇怪,这个__竟然转动得如此之慢Itisagreatpity/shame/thatheshouldbesocon__ited.真遗憾,他竟会这样自高自大
三、其它形式的虚拟语气1ifonly是“但愿”之意,引导的从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气,表示和事实相反的情况IfonlyIknewhername.要是我知道她的名字就好了这是ifonly引导的从句,表达的是与事实相反的情况,所以谓语动词用虚拟语气,与事实相符的情况用know,与事实相反的情况用其过去式knewIfonlyhehadrememberedtosendthatletter.要是他没有忘记寄那封信就好了2)wish的用法用于wish后面的从句,表示与事实相反的情况,或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望其宾语从句的动词形式为真实状况wish后从句动作先于主句动词动作用过去时或过去完成时,(be的过去式为were)从句动作与主句动作同时发生用现在时或过去时,将来不大可能实现的愿望用would/could+动词原形IwishIwereastallasyou./Hewishedhehadntsaidthat./Iwishitwouldraintomorrow.4用于“itistime+从句”中虚拟语气用于“Itishighabouttime+从句”这一结构中,从句谓语动词用过去式,表示早该做而仍未做的事Itishightimethatwewentbacktocollege.5用于wouldrather等引起的从句中虚拟语气用于would\hadratherwouldprefer引起的从句中,其谓语动词用过去式,表示当时或将来的情况;其谓语动词用“had+过去分词”,表示过去的情况Iwouldratheryoudidnt____himanythingaboutit.Shewouldpreferthatshehadnotstayedathomelastnight.高考链接
1.2008全国卷IIftheweatherhadbeenbetterwecouldh__ehadapicnic.Butit______allday.A.rainedB.rainsC.hasrainedD.israining
2.2005江苏卷—Dontyouthinkitne__ssarythathe_______toMiamibuttoNewYork—Iagreebuttheproblemis_______hehasrefusedto.A.willnotbesent;thatB.notbesent;thatC.shouldnotbesent;whatD.shouldnotsend;what
3.2006湖北卷______firedyourhealthcareandotherbenefitswillnotbeimmediatelycutoff.A.WouldyoubeB.ShouldyoubeC.CouldyoubeD.Mightyoube
4.(2009福建卷)ButforthehelpofmyEnglishteacherI______thefirstprizeintheEnglishWritingCompetition.A.wouldnotwinB.wouldnoth__ewonC.wouldwinD.wouldh__ewon
5.(2009天津卷)Thisprinterisofgoodquality.Ifit______breakdownwithinthefirstyearwewouldrepairitatourexpense.A.wouldB.shouldC.couldD.might
6.(2009浙江卷)Thedoctorrecommendedthatyou______swimaftereatingalargemeal.A.wouldn’tB.couldn’tC.needn’tD.shouldn’t情态动词小练
1.—WhydidntAlexattendthe_____yesterdayevening—Henoth__ewantedtoseeme.A.shouldB.mightC.couldD.would
2.—It’sverycloudyandfreezingnow.—YesI’mafraiditsnowingtonight.A.mustB.needC.shouldD.might
3.NaturallyafterI____mybrotherwhattodohegoanddotheopposite.A.willB.__yC.canD.must
4.Nodrivingafterdrinkingisarulethateverydriverobeyinourcountry.A.willB.shallC.__yD.can
5.—CanIpaythebillbycheck—Sorrysir.Butinourhotelpaymentbe__deincash.A.need B.shall C.will D.can
6.—WhyisntCathyhereyet—Shetobepickedupatthestation.A.couldwaitB.mustwaitC.mightbewaitingD.canbewaiting
7.Shejustcouldn’tbelievethatherhu__anddesertherafterhebecamerich.A.mightB.mustC.shouldD.shall
8.Remindhimthatyou’realwaysthereforhimthisonpurposeA.shouldB.willC.doesD.could
9.—Wethoughthewouldh__ewonthegame.—Whatapity!Hetoonervouswhenplaying.A.hadbeenB.hasbeenC.wasD.wouldh__ebeen
10.—IsawMr.Liatthemeetingyesterday.—DidyouHe______h__eattendedforhehadaskedforsickle__e.A.needn’tB.couldn’tC.shouldn’tD.mustn’t
11.—ThankyouforremindingmeofthetimeorIlatefortheflightyesterday.—Don’tmentionit.A.shouldbeB.wouldbeC.willh__ebeenD.wouldh__ebeen
12.—You__yfindthekeytothe__thsproblemonpage
107.—Ahit’sso______.IwonderwhyIofthat.A.hadn’tthoughtB.h__en’tthoughtC.didn’tthinkD.wasn’tthinking
13.—Annlookshotanddry.—Soyouifyouhadahighfever.A.doB.areC.willD.would
14.Becauseofthecurrenteconomicdepressiondaysaregonewhen5-starhotelsinShanghai______charge60000yuanforonenight.A.hadbetterB.__yaswellC.shouldD.wouldrather
15.—ExcusemebutIwanttoborrowyourdigitalcameraformyholiday.—Youh__emycameraunlessyoutakecareofit.A.mightnotB.shan’tC.needn’tD.shouldn’t
16.Thesoc__rteamhasbeendoingwellthisseasonsotheywinthechampionship.A.shouldB.mightC.wouldD.could
17.You______veryfastifyouwentfromNewYorktoBostoninsixhours.A.shoulddriveB.wouldh__edrivenC.__ydriveD.musth__edriven
18.—Williamhasaskedmetolendhimfivepounds.ShouldIdohimthef__orandlendittohim—__rtainlyotherwisehe______toborrowitfromme.A.wouldtryB.shouldh__etriedC.wouldh__etriedD.hadtried
19.—______thewo__nwiththebabycomeoverWeh__easeathere.—Thankyousir.ActuallyIdoh__emyseathere.Butmybabylikestolookoutofthewindow.A.Would B.Shall C.Must D.__y。