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HopeisHealthy Youareabouttogotothehospitalforaroutinesurgicalpro__dure.Whichattitudeishealthier A.IdbetterfindouteverythingIcanaboutthisoperation—youcanneverknowtoomuch. B.Dont____methedetails.Itsgoingtobefine. AnswerBissupposedtobethewrongone.Itsanexampleofwhatpsychologistscalldenialadefen__mechani__thatminimizesuncomfortableinfor__tion.Denialtheyh__earguedisstupidself-defeatingandulti__telydangerous. ButresearchisshowingthatanswerBisafasterroutetorecovery.Denial—ofa__rtainsortandat__rtaintimes—canbehealthy.Ofcourseyoudoneedtopayattentiontosomeunpleasantfacts.Thetrickistoknowwhenitshelpfultoworryandwhenitscounterproductive. Out-and-outdenial__ybethebestapproachtosurgeryaccordingtoRichardS.LazarusprofessorofpsychologyattheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley.WithFran__sCohenLazarusstu___d61patientsabouttoundergooperationsallrelativelycommonoperations.Ingeneralpatientsfollowedoneoftwomentalstrategies;__oidan__orvigilan__. Typically__oidershadnotdiscussedtheirsurgeryindetailwithanyonedidntwanttoknowaboutitanddidntdwelluponitsrisks. Incontrastvigilanttypeswerealerttoeverydetail.__nysoughtoutarticlesabouttheirdisorders.Theywantedtoknowtherisksofsurgerytherisksifsurgerywasnotperformedthesurgicalpro__duresthepotentialcomplicationsandthelikelihoodofrecurren__. WhenLazarusandCohencomparedthetwogroupsaftersurgerytheyfoundthat__oidersgotonmuchbetter.Theyhadalowerinciden__ofpostoperativecomplicationssuchasnausea恶心headachefeverandinfection.Thenetresult:theyweredischargedsooner. Onereason__ybethattheirdenial__keroomforhopeoratleastforapositiveoutlookevenunderthegrimmestofconditions.Neverdenythediagnosisbutdodenythenegativeopinionthat__ygowithitadvisesNor__nCousinsauthorofAnatomyofanIllnessandTheHealingHeart.WhyBecausegrimwarningsaboutdiseasescomefromstatisticsonthe__eragecase.Cousinsbelievesthatmostpatientsgivenhopeanddeterminationh__eagoodchan__totrans__ndthe__erages. AddsDr.Hackett:Deniersseethe__chinestheyrehookeduptoashelpingthemtogetwellnotasasignofabadlyfunctioningheart.Thosewhofeelmostpositiveabouttheirabilitytogetwelltendtodobetterthanthosewhofearandworrymore. Ofcoursenoneoftheseresearcherswouldconcludethatdenialisthebestapproachtoallmedical__tters.Adiabeticmustmonitorbloodsugar;akidneypatientmustkeeptrackofdialysis透析;awo__nwhofindsalumpinherbreastmustnotdelayinh__ingitdiagnosed. ThequestiontoaskyourselfDr.Lazarusexplainsiswhethertheinfor__tionyougatherwillhelpyousolveaproblemorwhetherthereislittleyoucandotochangethings.Inthefirstcasepayattentionandact.Inthesecondcasedontbecomepreoccupiedwiththerisks;anxietycanworsenyourhealth. Dr.HerbertBensonassociateprofessorofmedicineatHarvardMedicalSchoolpointsoutthattheoverlyvigilantpatients__ntralnervoussystembecomesarousedintothefight-or-flightresponse.Butsin__allthepatientcandoislietherehisbodysufferstheclassicda__gesofstress. WhilestudyingpeoplesreactionstomedicalstressTempleUniversitypsychologistSuzanneMillerandUniversityofPennsylvaniagynecologiconcologist妇科肿瘤学CharlesE.__nganpla__d40womenabouttoundergocolposcopy__镜检查intwodifferentgroupsaccordingtotheircopingstyle. Millers__ininterestwastoseewhetheranyofthesewomenwouldcopebetteriftheyhadextrainfor__tion.Sheg__ehalfofeachgroupvoluminousdetailsaboutwhatwouldhappenandhowtheywouldfeel;sheg__etherestonlythebasicfacts.Overalltheresultsreinfor__dthebenefitsof__oidan__.Thewomengivenmini__linfor__tionfeltmorerelaxedthroughoutthepro__durethanthewomenwhoknewmore.Oddlyenoughthegroupdesiringinfor__tioncomplainedthattheywouldh__elikedevenmore.Theveryactofgatheringdetailsseemedto__kethemlessanxious. Millersresearchshowsthatdifferentpeoplereacttonewsabouttheirsituationsinverydifferentways.Thatmeansshesuggeststhatpeopleshouldseekasmuchoraslittleinfor__tionastheirindividualcopingstyledictates. Doestheresearchondenialmeanweshouldregress倒退tothedayswhenphysiciansusedtosayDont____patientsanythingbecausetheydontreallywanttoknowHardly.Peopleh__earighttoknowwhatisgoingtohappentothemandtotakepartindecisionsabouttheirtreatment.Butpatientscangetne__ssaryinfor__tionwithoutlearningalotofnerve-rackingdetailstheydontneed. Forexampleaphysiciancansay:Youh__easuspiciousPaptest.Thenextpro__dureiscalledcolposcopy;itwilltakefifteenminutes.Thedoctordoesntneedtodescribeeverythingacolposcopedoesfeelslikeormightfind.Similarlyawo__nshouldseekalltheoptionsifshehasasuspiciousPaptestbuton__she__kesadecisionsheshouldnotbeobsessedaboutit. Youcouldsum__rizetheresearchinasetofguidelines: •Ingeneralitisbesttoblockoutmedicalthreatsandworrieswhenthereisnothingyoucandoaboutthem—sayafteryouvedecidedtoundergosurgery.Dontdwellonallthatcouldgowrongorvisualizeeveryfearfuldetail;con__ntrateinsteadonwhatislikelytogoright. •Bevigilantabout__ttersthatyoucancontrolsuchaspayingattentiontosignsofillness. •Findoutyourpersonaldispositionto__oiddetailsortoacquireallinfor__tionpossibleandletyourowninclinationbeyourguide—butonlyuptoapoint.__nyofthosewhogatheranyandallfactsareputtingthemselvesthroughmorestressthantheyneedtoMillersays.Sheadvisesthemtolearnwhentheirapproachwillonlyincreasetheiranxiety.Inthosecasestheyddobettertoturnofftheirradar.Ontheotherhand__oidersshouldrecognizewhenitisvaluabletogathermorefactsthantheymightliketo. Thebasicadvi__isclear:dontfeelguiltyifyoudecidetotaketherosyview.Con__ntratingonthepositiveturnsouttobemedicallysound.
1.Itissuggestedinthepassagethatifyouwereavigilantpatientyoushouldlearntoadoptanewstrategyof__oidan__becauseitbringsyoulessstress.
2.Thedoctorsarediscoveringthatthebestmedicineisoftensimplytodenytheworstandexpectthebest.
3.Millerdividedthewomenpatientsintotwogroupsatwillandprovidedeachgroupwitheitherdetailedorbasicinfor__tioninordertofindoutwhowouldgetonbetter.
4.Basedonthefindingsoftheresearchesdoctorsfindithardtodecidewhethertheyshould____patientsanythingabouttheirillness.
5.Psychologistsh__echangedtheiropinionthatitisstupidanddangerousforpeopletodenyuncomfortableinfor__tion.
6.Atipforbothdeniersandvigilantpatientsis:__oiddetailsoracquiremuchinfor__tionfollowingyourowncopingstylebutonlytoa__rtainpoint.
7.Itisunne__ssaryforpatientstogetinfor__tionabouttheirdisordersbecausethereisnothingtheycandoabouttheirillness.
8.Patientsgenerallyfallintotwogroups:_______and_______.
9.Adiabeticmustmonitorbloodsugar;helpsexplainthat_______toallcases.
10.Allpatientsshouldpayattentionto_______.【答案见下页】 I.N
2.Y
3.N
4.N
5.NG
6.Y
7.N
8.__oidersdeniers
9.denialisnotthebestapproach
10.signsofillness LikemostparentsgeologistBrainAtwaterworriesabouthisdaughterssafety.Butthesedayshehasanunusualcon__rn;Thepublicschoolshe___1___inSeattlehasunreinfor__dbrickwallsa___2___beingeasytocollapseduringearthquakes.Thesame___3___ofwallscrushedhundredsofthousandsofpeopleduringthe1976TangshanquakeinChina. AdecadeagoAtwaterwouldh__epaidlittlenoti__toschoolroomwalls.Butoverthelastseveralyearsheandotherscientistsh__efound___4___signsthatthePacificNorthwesthasexperien__dgiantquakesinthedistantpastandthatthearea__ybeheadedforadestructiveshockinthenearfuture. AtameetingoftheAmericanGeophysicalUnioninDe__mberresearchersdiscussedthe___5___uncoveredeviden__ofquakepotentialinthePacificNorthwest.Whilesomere__inunconvin__dthathugeearthquakes—with__gnitudesof8orhigher—doindeed___6___thisregionagrowingnumberconsidersuchshocksaseriouspossibility. WhatsworrisometheysayisthatnorthwesterncitiessuchasPortlandSeattleandVancouverh__enotpreparedforearthquakesofthis__gnitudewhichcouldshaketheregions___7_____nterswithenoughfor__to__kethere__ntSanFranciscoareada__geseem___8___incomparison. Ithinkitsquitetruetosaythatnothinghasreallybeendesignedwithoneoftheseearthquakesinmindsayssei__ologistPaulSomervilleofWoodward.AtthemeetingSomervilleandhiscolleagues___9___esti__tesofthedegreeofshaking.PortlandandSeattlewouldsufferduringsucha___10___earthquake. A.__ssiveB.re__ntlyC.constructionD.displayed E.relativelyF.attendsG.typeH.strike I.structureJ.participatesK.ex__ssiveL.mild M.disturbingN.population
0.presented
1.F
2.C
3.G
4.M
5.B
6.H
7.N
8.L
9.O
10.ATheeconomyoftheUnitedStatesafter1952wastheeconomyofawell-fedalmostfullyemployedpeople.Despite__1__alarmsthecountryescapedanypostwardepressionandlivedina__2__ofboom.Aneconomicsurveyoftheyear1955atypicalyearofthe1950s__ybetypicalas__3__therapideconomicgrowthofthedecade.Thenationaloutputwas__4__at10per__ntabovethatof19541955outputwasesti__tedat392billiondollars.Theproductionof__nufactureswasabout40per__ntmorethanithad__5__intheyearsimmediatelyfollowingWorldWarI.Thecountrysbusinessspentabout30billiondollarsfornewfactoriesand__chinery.Nationalincome__6__forspendingwasalmostathirdgreaterthanithadbeenin
1950.Consumersspentabout256billiondollars;thatisabout700milliondollarsadayorabouttwenty-fivemilliondollarseveryhourallroundthe__7__.Sixty-fivemillionpeopleheldjobsandonlyalittlemorethantwomillionwantedjobsbutcouldnotfindthem.Onlyagriculture__8__thatitwasnotsharingintheboom.Tosomeobserversthiswasasadreflectionofthemid-1920s.Asfarmersshareoftheirproducts__9____rketingcostsrose.Buttherewereamongtheobserversofthenationaleconomyafewwhowerenotasconfidentasthe__jority.Thosefewseemedtofearthattheboomcouldnotlastlongandwould__10__leadtotheopposite—depression. A.eventuallyB.__eragedC.graduallyD.state E.valuedF.formG.declinedH.occasional I.casualJ.arguedK.des__ndedL.complained M.clockN.__ailableO.illustrating I.H
2.D
3.O
4.E
5.B
6.N
7.M
8.L
9.G
10.AEtiquette礼仪 Theoriginsofetiquette—theconventionalrulesofbeh__iorand__remoniesobservedinpolitesociety—arecomplex.Oneofthemisrespectforauthority.Fromthemostprimitivetimessu__ects臣民showedrespectfortheirrulerbybowingprostratingthemselvesonthegroundnotspeakinguntilspokentoandneverturningtheirbackstothethrone.Somerulersdevelopedrulestostressevenfurthertherespectduetothem.TheemperorsofByzantiumexpectedtheirsu__ectstokisstheirfeet.Whenanambassadorfromabroadwasintrodu__dhehadtotouchthegroundbeforethethronewithhisforehead.Meanwhilethethroneitselfwasraisedintheairsothatonlookinguptheambassadorsawtherulerfarabovehimhaughtyandremote. Absoluterulersh__easarule__deetiquettemorecomplicatedratherthan______r.Thepurposeisnotonlyto__ketherulerseemalmostgodlikebutalsotoprotecthimfromfamiliarityforwithoutsomesuchprotectionhislifelivedinevitablyinthepubliceyewouldbeintolerable.ThecourtofLouisXIVofFranceprovidedanex__llentexampleofaveryhighlydevelopedsystemofetiquette.BecausethekingandhisfamilywereconsideredtobelongtoFran__theywerealmostcontinuallyonshowamongtheircourtiers朝臣.Theywokeprayedwashedanddressedbeforecrowdsofcourtiers.Evenlargecrowdswatchedthemeattheirmealsandac__sstotheirpala__wasfreetoalltheirsu__ects. Yetthispubliclifewasorganizedsocarefullywithsucharefinementof__remonialthattheauthorityoftheKingandtherespectinwhichhewasheldgrewsteadilythroughouthislifetime.AcrowdwatchedhimdressbutonlytheDukewhowashisfirstvaletdechamber贴身男仆wasallowedtoholdouttherightsleeveofhisshirtonlythePrin__whowashisGrandChamberlaincouldrelievehimofhisdressinggownandonlythe__steroftheWardrobemighthelphimpulluphistrousers.Thesewerenotfamiliaritiesnormerelydutiesbuthighlydesiredprivileges.Napoleonrecognizedthevalueof__remonytoaruler.WhenhebecameEmperorhediscardedtherevolutionarycustomofcallingeveryonecitizenrestoredmuchoftheCourt__remonialthattheRevolutionhaddestroyedandrecalledmembersofthenobilitytoinstructhisnewcourtintheoldfor__l__nners. Rulesofetiquette__ypreventembarras__entandevenseriousdisputes.Thegeneralruleofsocialpre__den__isthatpeopleofgreaterimportan__pre__dethoseoflesserimportan__.Beforetherulesofdiplo__ticpre__den__wereworkedoutintheearlysixteenth__nturyrivalambassadorsoftenfoughtforthemosthonourableseatingpositionata__remony.Beforetheprinciplewasestablishedthatambassadorsofvariouscountriesshouldsigntreatiesinorderofsenioritydisputesaroseastowhoshouldsignfirst.Theestablishmentofrulesforsuch__tterspreventedun__rtaintyanddisagreementastorulesforlessimportantoccasions.ForexampleatanEnglishweddingthemotherofthebridegroomshouldsitinthefirstpeworbenchontheright-handsideofthechurch.Theresultisdignityandorder. Outsidepala__circlesthe__incon__rnofetiquettehasbeento__keharmoniousthebeh__iourofequalsbutsometimessocialclassesh__eusedetiquetteasaweaponagainstintrudersrefiningtheir__nnersinorderto__rkthemselvesofffromthelowerclasses. Insixteenth-__nturyItalyandeighteenth-__nturyFrancedecreasingprosperityandincreasingsocialunrestledtherulingfamiliestotrytopreservetheirsuperioritybywithdrawingfromthelowerandmiddleclassesbehindbarriersofetiquette.InaprosperouscommunityontheotherhandpolitesocietysoonabsorbsthenewlyrichandinEnglandtherehasneverbeenanyshortageofbooksonetiquetteforteachingthemthe__nnersappropriatetotheirnewwayoflife. Everycodeofetiquettehascontainedthreeelements:basicmoralduties;practicalruleswhichpromoteefficiency;andartificialoptionalgra__ssuchasfor__lcomplimentstosaywomenontheirbeautyorsuperiorsontheirgenerosityandimportan__. Inthefirstcategoryareconsiderationfortheweakandrespectforage.AmongtheancientEgyptianstheyoungalwaysstoodinthepresen__ofolderpeople.AmongtheMponguweofTanzaniatheyoungmenbowastheypassthehutsoftheelders.InEnglanduntilabouta__nturyagoyoungchildrendidnotsitintheirparentspresen__withoutaskingpermission. Practicalrulesarehelpfulinsuchordinaryoccurren__sofsociallifeas__kingproperintroductionsatpartiesorotherfunctionssothatpeoplecanbebroughttoknoweachother.Beforetheinventionoftheforketiquettedirectedthatthefingersshouldbekeptascleanaspossible;beforethehandkerchiefcameintocommonuseetiquettesuggestedthatafterspittingapersonshouldrubthespitinconspicuously难以察觉的underfoot. Extremelyrefinedbeh__iorhowevercultivatedasanartofgraciouslivinghasbeencharacteristiconlyofsocietieswithwealthandleisurewhichadmittedwomenasthesocialequalsofmen.AfterthefallofRomethefirstEuropeansocietytoregulatebeh__iorinprivatelifeinaccordan__withacomplicatedcodeofetiquettewastwelfth-__nturyProvenceinFrance. Provencehadbecomewealthy.Thelordshadreturnedtotheircastlesfromthecrusades十字军东征andtheretheidealsofchivalry武士制度grewupwhichemphasizedthevirtueandgentlenessofwomenandde__ndedthataknight骑士shouldprofessapureanddedicatedlovetoaladywhowouldbehisinspirationandtowhomhewoulddedicatehisbr__edeedsthoughhewouldnevercomephysicallyclosetoher.Thiswastheintroductionofthecon__ptofro__nticlovewhichwastoinfluen__literaturefor__nyhundredsofyearsandwhichstilllivesoninabelittledformin______popularsongsandcheapnovelstoday. InRenaissan__Italytoointhefourteenthandfifteenth__nturiesawealthyandleisuredsocietydevelopedanextremelycomplexcodeof__nnersbuttherulesofbeh__ioroffashionablesocietyhadlittleinfluen__onthedailylifeofthelowerclasses.Indeed__nyoftherulessuchashowtoenterabanquetroomorhowtouseaswordorhandkerchieffor__remonialpurposeswereirrelevanttothewayoflifeofthe__erageworking__nwhospentmostofhislifeoutdoorsorinhisownpoorhutandmostprobablydidnoth__eahandkerchief__rtainlynotaswordtohisname. Yettheessentialbasisofallgood__nnersdoesnotvary.Considerationfortheoldandweakandthe__oidan__ofharmingorgivingunne__ssaryoffen__toothersisafeatureofallsocietieseverywhereandatalllevelsfromthehighesttothelowest.Youcaneasilythinkofdozensofexamplesofcustomsandhabitsinyourowndailylifewhichcomeunderthisheading.
1.Etiquettesimplyservesthepurposeofshowingrespectforauthority.
2.LouisXIVofFrance__deetiquetteverycomplicatedto__oidfamiliarity.
3.Peopleofallsocietiesandsocialranksobservethegood__nnersofconsiderationfortheweakandrespectforage.
4.NapoleondiscardedaristocraticprivilegeswhenhebecameEmperorofFran__.
5.Etiquettehasbeenusedtodistinguishpeoplefromdifferentclasses.
6.InEuropethenewlyrichh__eaddednewingre___ntstoetiquettewhiletheyarelearningtobeh__eappropriatelyforanewwayoflife.
7.Afterthesixteenth__nturyfightsbetweenambassadorsoverpre__den__wereacommonoccurren__.
8.Extremelyrefinedbeh__iourhad______onthelifeoftheworkingclass.
9.Basicmoraldutiesareoneofthe_______ofeverycodeofetiquette.
10.Accordingtothepassagethecon__ptofro__nticlovewasintrodu__din_______.I.N
2.Y
3.Y
4.N
5.Y
6.NG
7.N
8.littleinfluen__
9.threeelements
10.twelfth-__nturyProvenceFrance Socialcustomsandwaysofbeh__ingchange.Thingswhichwereconsideredimpolite__nyyearsagoarenow
11.Justafewyearsagoitwas12impolitebeh__iorfora__nto__okeonthestreet.No__nwhothoughtofhimselfasbeingagentle__nwould__kea13ofhimselfby__okingwhenaladywasinaroom. Customsalsodifferfromcountrytocountry.Doesa__nwalkontheleftortherightofawo__ninyourcountryOrdoesntit14Whatabouttable__nnersShouldyouusebothhandswhenyouareeatingShouldyoule__eoneinyourlaporonthetable TheAmericansandtheBritishnotonlyspeakthesamelanguagebutalso15alargenumberofsocialcustoms.ForexampleinbothAmericaandEnglandpeopleshakehandswhentheymeeteachotherforthefirsttime.AlsomostEnglishmenwillopenadoorforawo__noroffertheirseattoawo__nandsowillmostAmericans.16isimportantbothinEnglandandinAmerica.Thatisifadinnerinvitationisfor7oclockthedinnerguesteitherarrives17tothattimeorcallsuptoexplainhis
18. Theimportantthingtorememberaboutsocialcustomsisnottodoanythingthatmight__keotherpeoplefeeluncomfortable—19iftheyareyourguests.Thereisanoldstoryabouta__nwhog__eafor__ldinner_____.Whenthefoodwasservedoneoftheguestsstartedtoeathispeaswithaknife.Theotherguestswereamusedorshockedbutthe20calmlypickeduphisknifeandbeganeatinginthesameway. A.especiallyB.attainableC.closeD.delay E.consideredF.hostG.deliveryH.Preparation I.shareJ.foolK.specificallyL.ac__ptable M.__tterN.Promptness
0.care
11.L
12.E
13.J
14.M
15.I
16.N
17.C
18.D
19.A
20.FInformingtheWorld Everydaythenewsoftheworldisrelayedtopeoplebyover300millioncopiesofdailypapersover400millionradiosetsandover150milliontelevisionsets.Additionalnewsisshownbymotionpicturesintheatresandcine__sallovertheworld.Asmorepeoplelearnwhattheimportanteventsofthedayarefewerarestillcon__rnedexclusivelywiththeeventsoftheirownhousehold.AstheEnglishwriterJohnDonneputitnearlyfourhundredyearsagono__nisanisland.ThisideaismoreappropriatetodaythanitwaswhenDonnelived.Inshortwhereverhelivesa__nbelongstosomesociety;andwearebecomingmoreandmoreawarethatwhateverhappensinoneparticularsocietyaffectssomehowthelifeanddestinyofallhu__nity. Newspapersh__ebeenpublishedinthemodernworldforaboutfourhundredyears.MostofthenewspapersprintedtodayarereadinEuropeandNorthAmerica.Howeversoonthey__ybereadinallpartsoftheworldthankstothenewinventionsthatarechangingthetechniquesofnewspaperpublishing. Electronicsandauto__tionh__e__deitpossibletoprodu__picturesandtextfarmorequicklythanbefore.Photographicreproductioneliminatestheneedfortypeandprintingpresses.Andfewerspecialistssuchastype-settersareneededtoprodu__apaperor__gazinebythephoto-offset照相平板胶印method.Thereforethepublishingofnewspapersand__gazinesbecomesmoreeconomical.Furthermorephoto-copiescanbesentovergreatdistan__snowbymeansoftelevisionchannelsandsa____itessuchasTelstar.Thuspicturescanbebroughttothepublicmorequicklythanpreviously. __chinesthatprepareprintedtextsforphoto-copiesarebeingusedagreatdealtoday.Thousandsoflettersandfiguresofdifferentsizesandthicknessescannowbearrangedonablackglassdiscthatisonlyeightinchesindiametertobeprintedinnegativeformwhiteonablackbackground.Thedisconthe__chineturnsconstantlyattherateoftenrevolutionsasecond.Abeamoflightfromaslroboscopic频闪的lampshinesonthedesiredlettersandfiguresforaboutIwo-millionthsofasecond.Thenthei__geofthelettersandfiguresthatwereilluminatedisprojectedontoafilmthroughlenses.Thesectionoffilmislargeenoughtoholdtheequivalentofapageoftext.Thereisakeyboardinfrontofthe__chinethatissimilartothekeyboardofatypewriterandthe__chineoperatorhasonlytostriketheproperkeysforthei__geofthecorrespondingletterstobeimmediatelytransferredtothefilm.Thenegativei__geonthefilmcanquicklybetransferredontopaper.Thismethod__kesitaseasytoreprodu__photographsandillustrationsasitistoreprodu__thetextitself. Filmbeinglightand__allcanbesentrapidlytootherpla__sandusedtoprintcopiesofthetextwheretheyareneeded.Filmi__gescanalsobeprojectedeasilyonamovieortelevisionscreen.Televisionbroadcastsarelimitedtoanareathatiswithinsightofthesendingstationoritsrelay中继.Althoughtelevisionrelaysareoftenpla__donhillsandmountainssothattheycancoverawiderregiontheystillcannotcovermorelandthanonecouldseefromthesamehilltoponaclearday.Howevertheraysalsogooutintotheatmosphereandifthereisarelaystationonasa____itethatrevolvesaroundtheearthitcantran__itthepicturestoanypointontheearthfromwhichthesa____iteisvisible.Threesa____itesper__nentlyrevolvingovertheequatortran__itanytelevisionprogramtoanypartoftheearth.This__kesitpossibleforworldeditionsofnewspaperstogivethenewsinallcountriesatthesametime.Somedayit__ybepossibleforasubscribertoatelevisednewspapertopressabuttonandseeanewspaperpageonhistelevisionscreen.Hecouldalsodecidewhenhewantsthepagetoturnandbydiallingdifferentnumberssuchasthoseonatelephonedialhecouldchoosethelanguageortheeditionofthepaperhewantstoread.Itseemsstrangetothinkthateventodaymethodsofthepastarenotentirelyuseless.ForexamplesometimespressagenciesthatuseradioandTelstarusecarrierpigeonstosendmessagesbetweenoffi__sinlargecitiesbecausethepigeonsarenotbotheredbytrafficproblems. It__ybesometimebeforetelevisionsetsbecomecommoninthe__eragehomesinAfricaandAsia.Howeverradioisalreadyrapidlybecomingac__ssibletothousandsofpeopleintheseareas.Andnowthatgoodradiosarebeing__dewithtransistorsandtheirpri__isgraduallydroppingbecauseof__ssproductionit__ynotbetoolongbeforeradiosbecomecommonpla__inareaswhichh__enonewspapers.Transistors__keitpossibleforpeopletocarry__allradioswherevertheygowithoutneedofelectriccurrent.EventelevisionsetsarenowoperatingontransistorsandthepocketTV__ysoonbeaswidespread asthepocketradio. Nowthatscientificprogressis__kingitpossibletosendthenewstoallthe inhabitantsoftheearthitwillbeimportanttoconsiderwhatnewsisgoingtobesenttothem.No__tterwhatcriteriaareusedin__kingthedecisionadecisionmustbe__desin__noonewouldh__etimetoreadorlistentoanaccountofeverythingthereisgoingonintheworld! Peoplewhoh__etimetoreadseveralpaperscanalreadycomparedifferentreportsofthesameevent.Whenaneventhaspoliticalsignifican__eachpaperreportsitfromthepointofviewofitsownpoliticalbeliefsorpreferen__s.Ideallyofcoursetheexpressionofeditorialopinionshouldbelimitedtotheeditorialpageandthenewsarticlesshouldbeo__ective—____ingthefactsascompletelyaspossiblewithouttryingtogivethemaparticularinterpretationorwithoutotherwisetryingtoinfluen__thereadersopinion.Howeverreportersandeditorsareonlyhu__nandiftheyh__estrongpoliticalbeliefsitisalmostimpossibleforthemtohidethem.Ifeditorsbelievetheirpointofviewisbestforthereadersoftheirpaperwhatstostopthemfromusingthepapertotrytoinfluen__publicopinionAndifsomedayaworldnewspaperbecomesarealitywillitbethemostpowerfulpressagenciesthatwillchoosethenewstobesentouttoallcountries
1.Theexpressionno__nisanislandmeansthatno__nlivessurroundedbywater.
2.Accordingtotheauthorit__ynotbelongbeforepeopleallovertheworldh__eac__sstonewspapers.
3.Thetransferringofnewspapertextstofilmistime-consumingandcostly.
4.Transistorsareparticularlyusefulbecausetheyareusedin__allradioandTVsets.
5.Televisionrelaysareoftenpla__donahilltopsothattheycanreachasa____ite.
6.Peoplearecapableofknowingalltheeventsgoingonineverypartoftheworld.
7.Ifaworldnewspaperbecomesarealityitwilltakemoreresponsibilityforinformingallthereadersofthelatestnewsintheworld.
8.Newspapersh__ebeenpublishedforabout______.
9.Anytelevisionprogramcouldbetran__ittedtoanypartoftheworldby______.
10.Itisidealthatthenewsarticles______.
1.N
2.Y
3.N
4.Y
5.N
6.N
7.NG
8.400years
9.sa____ites
10.beo__ectiveComputerUseinSchoolEducation Accompanyingthedevelopmentsincomputingasasu__ectforstudytherehasbeenacorrespondinggrowthintheuseofthecomputerasanaidtoteachingacrossthecurriculum.Thegover__entofferofhalf-pri__computersledtotheinstallationofalargenumberofschoolmicrocomputersystemsatatimewhentherewasverylittleeducationalsoftware.Atthesametimetherewasanexplosivede__ndforintroductorycoursesatfirstforsecondaryteachersandlaterwhentheofferwasextendedtopri__ryschoolsforpri__ryteachers.Itwouldbeimpossibleandinappropriateto__keeveryteacherintoacomputerprogrammingexpert. Whattheteacherneedstoknowishowtoconnectupasystem.Andhowtoloadandrunprograms.On__theseskillsh__ebeenacquiredthemuchmoreimportanttopicoftheevaluationof.computer-basedteaching__terialscanbeaddressed. TheUnin____igent__chine Overthepast20yearstheamountofcomputingpower__ailableforagivensumofmoneyhasapproxi__telydoubledeverytwoyearsanditlooksasifthistrendwillcontinueintheforeseeablefuture.Ontheotherhandthefundamentallogicaldesignofcomputersismuchthesameasatthebeginningofthisperiod.Therevolutionhasbeenoneofscaleandcostratherthanachangeinthekindsofthingswhichcomputerscando.Onemighth__eexpectedthereforethatbynowwewouldknowthebestwayinwhichcomputerscanbeusedtohelpwiththeeducationalpro__ss. Intheearlysixtiesprogrammedlearningwaslookedonasthepathwaytomechanizethelearningpro__ss.Butteaching__chinesofthetimewereinflexibleandunresponsive.Itwassoonrecognizedthatcomputersprovideamuchhigherlevelofinteractionwiththestudent.Responsesneednotberestrictedtomultiple-choi__buttonpushingbutcaninvolvetherecognitionofwordsornumbersrelatedtothecontextofthesu__ect. Inordertopresentinfor__tionandquestionstothestudentandtoprovideforappropriatebranchingdependingontheresponsessomeformofprogramminglanguageisrequired.COURSEWRITERandlaterPILOTareauthorlanguageswhichallowsomeonewithouttechnicalknowledgeofcomputingtoprepareprogramsofthiskind.Textandgraphicscanbedisplayedresponses____yzedandappropriateactiontaken. Atoolsuchasthismightseemtoputconsiderablepowerinthehandsoftheteacherandyetsuchsystemsarehardlyusedatallinourschools.Onereasonisthatthepreparationofcourse__terialusinganauthorlanguageislikethatforvideodiscsystemsaverytime-consumingbusiness.Afigureof20to100hoursofpreparationisquotedforeachhourofstudenttimeatthecomputer.Suchaninvestmentisonlyworthwhileifthe__terialcanbeusedbyalargenumberofstudentsandthatassumesthatthene__ssaryresour__sintimeandhardwareareactually__ailable. Thereisamorefundamentalreasonforlackofprogressincomputer-basedtutorialsystemsandthisrelatestothefundamentallackofin____igen__onthepartofthecomputer.Itiseasytogeneratedrillandpracti__exerciseswhichtestastudentsabilitytoprodu__response.Itisquiteanother__ttertoprovideusefuladvi__iftheresponseiswrong.Thehu__nteacherhasamentalmodelofthestudentandcan__keareasonableesti__teofwhyaparticularwronganswerhasbeenprodu__d.Thelongertheteacherhasbeenincontactwiththatstudentthebetterheorsheisabletoofferconstructiveadvi__.Thekindofsystemdiscussedabovehasnosuchmodelofthestudentonwhichto__kedecisionsnordoesith__eac__sstothelargebodyofsu__ectknowledgewhichisheldbythehu__nteacher.Itsresponsesthereforemustbestereotypedandunin____igent. Furthereviden__ofthelackof__chinein____igen__isthefailureto__kecomputerunderstandnaturallanguage.Wetalkaboutprogramminglanguagesforcomputersbutthesearenotlanguagesintheordinarysense.Theyarejustsystemsofcodingwhichprovideahighlystylizedwayofwritingdownthesolutionstoparticularsortsofproblems.Thetactthatprogramsintheselanguagesalthough__deuplargelyofEnglishwordsandsomewell-known__the__ticalsymbolsareunin____igibletothelayC^f-ffWreaderindi¬catesthegulfwhichstillexistsbetweenthekindofverbalinstructionswhichcanbegiventoanotherhu__nandthecodedinstructionsrequiredbythecompu¬ter.Oneexperthasarguedthattheconstructionofanin____igent__chineisalogicalimpossibility.__nyresearchersinthisareawoulddisputesuchaclaimbutsofartheycannotprovidetheessentialdemonstrationtothecontrary. Thedevelopmentofexpertsystemswhichcanprovideadvi__andinfor__tiononthebasisofhu__nexperien__whichisfedintothemisonestepinthedirectionof__chinein____igen__.Howeversuchsystemsarelimitedtoknowledgeinatightlydefineddo__inandcannotoperateoutsidethisarea.Neverthelessthere__ywellbesomethinghereforeducation.TheComputerintheClassroom Wheredoesthisle__ethecomputerasatoolfortheteacherClearlyteachersmustexploititsstrengthsratherthancomplainaboutitsweakness.Howeverdullmuchdrillandpracti____terial__yseemchildrenwilloftenworkatitforaconsiderabletimewithoutlosingcon__ntration.Rotelearning硬记硬背isrightlyoutoff__orinmosteducationalcontextsbutthereare__rtainthingswhichitisconvenienttobeabletorecallinstantlyandthecomputercanhelpustorememberthem.Theschoolpupilsoonlearnsthatthecomputernevergetstiredneverlosesitstemperwillalwaysrespondalmostinstantaneouslytoanyinputanddoesnotdisplaythepupilsignoran__tootherpeopleandthesefactorshelptoprovideamicro-enviro__entwithinwhichthepupilisstableandsecure. Theintroductionofcomputersintopri__ryschoolshascon__ntratedthemindsofeducatorsontheuseofthe__chineasanaidtotheteacherwithoutthedistractionofcomputerstu___sasasu__ectinitsownright.Thecomputerisverygoodatstoringandrearranginginfor__tionandtheintroductionof______database__nipulationpackageshasallowedteacherstopresentpupilswiththeopportunitytocollectinfor__tionwhichisofinteresttothemtostructureitappropriatelyandtostoreitonthecomputer.Fromthefilesthusprodu__dvariousreportscanbegenerated.Thesepackagescanbeusedinavarietyofareasofstudyfromhistorytoscien__andanintroductiontothemisnowanimportantpartofteachereducationintheuseofcomputers.Computerscanalsosimulate|模拟variousdynamicsituationsandanumberofpackagesexploitthisability.Eventheadventuregameswhicharesoldforamusementtohomecomputeruserscanbeturnedtoadvantageiftheproblem-solvingaspectsareemphasizedandthepupilsactivityisappropriatelystructured.
1.Acomputerhasitslimitationsintheuseasanaidtoteaching.
2.Itislikelythatcomputerswilltakethepla__ofhu__nteachersinthefuture.
3.Withtheuseof__nycomputersinschoolsthecomputercourseswereingreatde__nd.
4.Computersaremorereliablethanhu__nteachersin__nyrespects.
5.Iffocusingonproblem-solvingpupilscangetmoreamusementfromthecomputergames.
6.Thereisanargumentoverthepossibilityof__kingcomputersasin____igentashu__nteachers.
7.Themorefundamentalfactorthataffectscomputeraidedteachingisthatitistime-consumingtopreparecourse__terials.
8.CoursewriterandPilotare______.
9.Forconstructiveadvi__studentswillh__etorelyon______.
10.Theadvantageofcomputerscapabilityofstoringinfor__tionhasbeendisplayedbytheuseof______. I.Y
2.NG
3.Y
4.Y
5.N
6.N
7.N
8.computerlanguages
9.hu__nteachers
10.database__nipulationpackagesGrowthoftradewilldependgreatlyon__ailabilityofenergysour__s.There__ystillbeatrillionbarrelsofrecoverableoilintheMiddleEast.Buttheoilcrisisof1974has____1____torenewedinterestincoalandtoasearchfor____2____sour__sofenergy.Solargeother__landnuclearenergywillplayalargeroleintheyearstocome. Solarenergyis__ailablein____3____forms.Buildingscanbeheatedandcooledbydirectuseofsolarradiationcropsandtreeswhicharethemostefficientconvertersofsunlightintoenergycanbegrownfortheirenergypotentialwastescanbeburnedas____4____sunlightcanbeconvertedintoDCdirectcurrentelectricityelectricpowercanbe____5____fromthesun-warmedsu_____watersoftheo__anandlastlysolarradiationcanbeconvertedintoheatthatwilldriveelectricpowergenerators.Seriousproblemsstillre__inasto____6____andstorageofsolarenergy. Geother__lenergyistheenergycontainedwithintheearth.Heatisabundantly__ailabledeepintheearthscoreandisconstantlybeingprodu__d.Howeverthisheatisusuallylocatedattoodeepalevelfor____7____exploitation.Inshortverylittleisknownontheuseofgeother__lenergyandithas____8____beenexploited. Nuclearenergyisprodu__dinnuclearpowerplants.Attheseplantsatomsofuraniumaresplitthus____9______ssesofenergy.Anothersour__ofenergyunderdevelopmentisthenuclearfusionof__rtainatomsofhydrogen.Thiscouldeventually____10____naturalgasasasour__ofenergy. A.rarelyB.transfor__tionC.fuelD.repla__ E.ledF.alternativeG.commercialH.briefly I.derivedJ.variousK.relievingL.releasing M.transportationN.financialO.described I.E
2.F
3.J
4.C
5.I
6.M
7.G
8.A
9.L
10.DScientistsatSussexUniversityappeartobeonthewayto___1___howthemosquitocarrierofdiseasessuchas__lariaandyellowfeverhomesinonitstarget.Theproblemisthattheyh__efoundthatthebestwayto__oidbeingbittenis:stopbreathingstopsweatingandkeepdownthetemperatureofyourimmediatesurroundings.__2__thefirstsuggestionisimpossibleandtheothersverydifficult. Scientistsh__efoundthattherearethree___3___stagesinamosquitosassault.Stageoneisatfiftyfeetawaywhentheinsectfirst__ellsa__noraani__lto___4___.Stagetwoisthoughttocomeintooperationabouttwenty-fivefeetfromthetargetwhentheinsectbecomesguidedbythecarbondioxidebreathedoutbytheintendedvictim.Stagethreeiswhenthemosquitoisonlya__tterofinchesfromits___5___thewarmthandmoisturegivenoffbythevictimisthefinalclue. Theresearchersthen*___6___howrepellentsinterferewithitsthree-stageattack.Theyfoundrepellentsactmoresubtlythanbyjustgivingoffanasty__ell.ACanadianresearchersaysthatrepellentsappearto___7___mosquitoesfirstwhenitisfollowingthecarbondioxideandsecondduringthefinalapproachwherethewarmthandmoisturearetheinsects___8___. Airpervadedbyoneofthe__nychemicalrepellentsstopsthemosquitoreactingtothevictimscarbondioxideandtherepellentseemstoaffectthetinyhairswithwhichtheinsectsensesmoistureintheair.Thesensorsareblockedsothatthe___9___doesnotknowwhetheritisflyingthroughamoistcurrentorthesensorsare__detosendthe___10___signals.A.examinedB.ani__lC.wrongD.insectE.biteF.UnfortunatelyG.inventingH.distinctI.preyJ.guideK.checkedL.definiteM.Unne__ssarilyN.confuseO.discovering
1.O
2.F
3.H
4.E
5.I
6.A
7.N
8.J
9.D
10.CEtiquette礼仪 Theoriginsofetiquette—theconventionalrulesofbeh__iorand__remoniesobservedinpolitesociety—arecomplex.Oneofthemisrespectforauthority.Fromthemostprimitivetimessu__ects臣民showedrespectfortheirrulerbybowingprostratingthemselvesonthegroundnotspeakinguntilspokentoandneverturningtheirbackstothethrone.Somerulersdevelopedrulestostressevenfurthertherespectduetothem.TheemperorsofByzantiumexpectedtheirsu__ectstokisstheirfeet.Whenanambassadorfromabroadwasintrodu__dhehadtotouchthegroundbeforethethronewithhisforehead.Meanwhilethethroneitselfwasraisedintheairsothatonlookinguptheambassadorsawtherulerfarabovehimhaughtyandremote. Absoluterulersh__easarule__deetiquettemorecomplicatedratherthan______r.Thepurposeisnotonlyto__ketherulerseemalmostgodlikebutalsotoprotecthimfromfamiliarityforwithoutsomesuchprotectionhislifelivedinevitablyinthepubliceyewouldbeintolerable.ThecourtofLouisXIVofFranceprovidedanex__llentexampleofaveryhighlydevelopedsystemofetiquette.BecausethekingandhisfamilywereconsideredtobelongtoFran__theywerealmostcontinuallyonshowamongtheircourtiers朝臣.Theywokeprayedwashedanddressedbeforecrowdsofcourtiers.Evenlargecrowdswatchedthemeattheirmealsandac__sstotheirpala__wasfreetoalltheirsu__ects. Yetthispubliclifewasorganizedsocarefullywithsucharefinementof__remonialthattheauthorityoftheKingandtherespectinwhichhewasheldgrewsteadilythroughouthislifetime.AcrowdwatchedhimdressbutonlytheDukewhowashisfirstvaletdechamber贴身男仆wasallowedtoholdouttherightsleeveofhisshirtonlythePrin__whowashisGrandChamberlaincouldrelievehimofhisdressinggownandonlythe__steroftheWardrobemighthelphimpulluphistrousers.Thesewerenotfamiliaritiesnormerelydutiesbuthighlydesiredprivileges.Napoleonrecognizedthevalueof__remonytoaruler.WhenhebecameEmperorhediscardedtherevolutionarycustomofcallingeveryonecitizenrestoredmuchoftheCourt__remonialthattheRevolutionhaddestroyedandrecalledmembersofthenobilitytoinstructhisnewcourtintheoldfor__l__nners. Rulesofetiquette__ypreventembarras__entandevenseriousdisputes.Thegeneralruleofsocialpre__den__isthatpeopleofgreaterimportan__pre__dethoseoflesserimportan__.Beforetherulesofdiplo__ticpre__den__wereworkedoutintheearlysixteenth__nturyrivalambassadorsoftenfoughtforthemosthonourableseatingpositionata__remony.Beforetheprinciplewasestablishedthatambassadorsofvariouscountriesshouldsigntreatiesinorderofsenioritydisputesaroseastowhoshouldsignfirst.Theestablishmentofrulesforsuch__tterspreventedun__rtaintyanddisagreementastorulesforlessimportantoccasions.ForexampleatanEnglishweddingthemotherofthebridegroomshouldsitinthefirstpeworbenchontheright-handsideofthechurch.Theresultisdignityandorder. Outsidepala__circlesthe__incon__rnofetiquettehasbeento__keharmoniousthebeh__iourofequalsbutsometimessocialclassesh__eusedetiquetteasaweaponagainstintrudersrefiningtheir__nnersinorderto__rkthemselvesofffromthelowerclasses. Insixteenth-__nturyItalyandeighteenth-__nturyFrancedecreasingprosperityandincreasingsocialunrestledtherulingfamiliestotrytopreservetheirsuperioritybywithdrawingfromthelowerandmiddleclassesbehindbarriersofetiquette.InaprosperouscommunityontheotherhandpolitesocietysoonabsorbsthenewlyrichandinEnglandtherehasneverbeenanyshortageofbooksonetiquetteforteachingthemthe__nnersappropriatetotheirnewwayoflife. Everycodeofetiquettehascontainedthreeelements:basicmoralduties;practicalruleswhichpromoteefficiency;andartificialoptionalgra__ssuchasfor__lcomplimentstosaywomenontheirbeautyorsuperiorsontheirgenerosityandimportan__. Inthefirstcategoryareconsiderationfortheweakandrespectforage.AmongtheancientEgyptianstheyoungalwaysstoodinthepresen__ofolderpeople.AmongtheMponguweofTanzaniatheyoungmenbowastheypassthehutsoftheelders.InEnglanduntilabouta__nturyagoyoungchildrendidnotsitintheirparentspresen__withoutaskingpermission. Practicalrulesarehelpfulinsuchordinaryoccurren__sofsociallifeas__kingproperintroductionsatpartiesorotherfunctionssothatpeoplecanbebroughttoknoweachother.Beforetheinventionoftheforketiquettedirectedthatthefingersshouldbekeptascleanaspossible;beforethehandkerchiefcameintocommonuseetiquettesuggestedthatafterspittingapersonshouldrubthespitinconspicuously难以察觉的underfoot. Extremelyrefinedbeh__iorhowevercultivatedasanartofgraciouslivinghasbeencharacteristiconlyofsocietieswithwealthandleisurewhichadmittedwomenasthesocialequalsofmen.AfterthefallofRomethefirstEuropeansocietytoregulatebeh__iorinprivatelifeinaccordan__withacomplicatedcodeofetiquettewastwelfth-__nturyProvenceinFrance. Provencehadbecomewealthy.Thelordshadreturnedtotheircastlesfromthecrusades十字军东征andtheretheidealsofchivalry武士制度grewupwhichemphasizedthevirtueandgentlenessofwomenandde__ndedthataknight骑士shouldprofessapureanddedicatedlovetoaladywhowouldbehisinspirationandtowhomhewoulddedicatehisbr__edeedsthoughhewouldnevercomephysicallyclosetoher.Thiswastheintroductionofthecon__ptofro__nticlovewhichwastoinfluen__literaturefor__nyhundredsofyearsandwhichstilllivesoninabelittledformin______popularsongsandcheapnovelstoday. InRenaissan__Italytoointhefourteenthandfifteenth__nturiesawealthyandleisuredsocietydevelopedanextremelycomplexcodeof__nnersbuttherulesofbeh__ioroffashionablesocietyhadlittleinfluen__onthedailylifeofthelowerclasses.Indeed__nyoftherulessuchashowtoenterabanquetroomorhowtouseaswordorhandkerchieffor__remonialpurposeswereirrelevanttothewayoflifeofthe__erageworking__nwhospentmostofhislifeoutdoorsorinhisownpoorhutandmostprobablydidnoth__eahandkerchief__rtainlynotaswordtohisname. Yettheessentialbasisofallgood__nnersdoesnotvary.Considerationfortheoldandweakandthe__oidan__ofharmingorgivingunne__ssaryoffen__toothersisafeatureofallsocietieseverywhereandatalllevelsfromthehighesttothelowest.Youcaneasilythinkofdozensofexamplesofcustomsandhabitsinyourowndailylifewhichcomeunderthisheading.
1.Etiquettesimplyservesthepurposeofshowingrespectforauthority.
2.LouisXIVofFrance__deetiquetteverycomplicatedto__oidfamiliarity.
3.Peopleofallsocietiesandsocialranksobservethegood__nnersofconsiderationfortheweakandrespectforage.
4.NapoleondiscardedaristocraticprivilegeswhenhebecameEmperorofFran__.
5.Etiquettehasbeenusedtodistinguishpeoplefromdifferentclasses.
6.InEuropethenewlyrichh__eaddednewingre___ntstoetiquettewhiletheyarelearningtobeh__eappropriatelyforanewwayoflife.
7.Afterthesixteenth__nturyfightsbetweenambassadorsoverpre__den__wereacommonoccurren__.
8.Extremelyrefinedbeh__iourhad______onthelifeoftheworkingclass.
9.Basicmoraldutiesareoneofthe_______ofeverycodeofetiquette.
10.Accordingtothepassagethecon__ptofro__nticlovewasintrodu__din_______. I.N
2.Y
3.Y
4.N
5.Y
6.NG
7.N
8.littleinfluen__
9.threeelements
10.twelfth-__nturyProvenceFranceTheeconomyoftheUnitedStatesafter1952wastheeconomyofawell-fedalmostfullyemployedpeople.Despite__1__alarmsthecountryescapedanypostwardepressionandlivedina__2__ofboom.Aneconomicsurveyoftheyear1955atypicalyearofthe1950s__ybetypicalas__3__therapideconomicgrowthofthedecade.Thenationaloutputwas__4__at10per__ntabovethatof19541955outputwasesti__tedat392billiondollars.Theproductionof__nufactureswasabout40per__ntmorethanithad__5__intheyearsimmediatelyfollowingWorldWarI.Thecountrysbusinessspentabout30billiondollarsfornewfactoriesand__chinery.Nationalincome__6__forspendingwasalmostathirdgreaterthanithadbeenin
1950.Consumersspentabout256billiondollars;thatisabout700milliondollarsadayorabouttwenty-fivemilliondollarseveryhourallroundthe__7__.Sixty-fivemillionpeopleheldjobsandonlyalittlemorethantwomillionwantedjobsbutcouldnotfindthem.Onlyagriculture__8__thatitwasnotsharingintheboom.Tosomeobserversthiswasasadreflectionofthemid-1920s.Asfarmersshareoftheirproducts__9____rketingcostsrose.Buttherewereamongtheobserversofthenationaleconomyafewwhowerenotasconfidentasthe__jority.Thosefewseemedtofearthattheboomcouldnotlastlongandwould__10__leadtotheopposite—depression. A.eventuallyB.__eragedC.graduallyD.state E.valuedF.formG.declinedH.occasional I.casualJ.arguedK.des__ndedL.complained M.clockN.__ailableO.illustratingI.H
2.D
3.O
4.E
5.B
6.N
7.M
8.L
9.G
10.AIh__eneverattendedalargecompanysboardmeetinginmylifebutIfeel__rtainthatthediscussionoftentakesthefollowinglines.The__1__ofproducinganew—forexample—toothpastewould__ke8Opthede__ntpri__foritsowewill__rketitat£l.
20.Itisnotabadtoothpastenotspeciallygoodeitherbutnotbadandaspeopleliketotrynewthingsitwillsellwelltostartwith;butthe__2__ofnoveltysoonfadessosaleswill__3__.Whenthatstartstohappenwewillredu__thepri__to£l.
15.Andwewillturnitintoabargainbyprinting5pOFFalloveritwhereuponpeoplewillrushtobuyiteventhoughitstillcostsaboutforty-threeper__ntmorethanits__4__pri__. Sometimesitisnot5pOFFbutlpOFF.WhatashametoadvertiselpOFFyoursoaporwashingpowderordogfoodorwhatever.Eventhepoorestold-agepensioneroughttoregardthisasaninsultbuthedoesnt.Abargainmustnotbe__5__Tobeofferedagiftofonepennyislikebeinginvitedtodinnerandofferedonesinglepeatastilycookedandnothingelse.Evenifitrepresenteda__6__reductionitwouldbeaninsult.Stillpeoplesayonehastoh__ewashingpowderorwhateverandonemightaswellbuyitapennycheaper.WhenIwasaboyinHungarya__nwas__7__ofmurderingsome¬oneforthesakeofonepengotheequivalentofashillingandpleaded__8__Thejudgeshouted__9__:Tokilla__nforashilling!Whatcanyousayinyour__10__Themurdererreplied:Ashillinghere...ashillingthere...Andthatswhattodaysshoppersaystoo:Apennyhere...apennythere... A.missedB.defenseC.realD.cost E.anxiouslyF.attractionG.fairH.expense I.fallJ.angrilyK.di__issedL.accused M.guiltyN.faultyO.security I.D
2.F
3.I
4.G
5.A
6.C
7.L
8.M
9.JPuttingtheSuntoWork Itsahotsummerdayandyouyourfamilyandfriendsdecidetodrivetothebeachforacookout. Whenyougettothebeachthesandandtherocksaresohotthattheyhurtyourbarefeet.Youputonsneakersinahurry.Thewaterissobrightandshininginthesunthatyoucanhardlylookatit.Whilethecharcoal木炭fireisstartingtoburninthecookoutstoveeveryonegoesforaswim.Thewaterfeelsgood—warmatthetopbutcoolerdownaroundyourtoes. Alittlewindisblowingwhenyoucomeout.Thefireisntquitereadyforcookingyetsoyouplaytag儿童捉人游戏orread. Forlunchtherearehotdogcornsaladandrollssodasfruitandcoffeeforthe_____s.Bythetimethecoffeewaterboilsandthecornandhotdogsarecookedallthebathingsuitsaredry.Soarethetowelsspreadoutontherocksinthesun. Lunchisgood.Justasyouarefinishingitstartstorainsoyoupackupandrun.Butnobodymindstherain.Itwillcoolthingsoff. Atthesametimeyouwereh__ingfunatthebeachworkwasbeingdone.Energyfromthesunwasdoingwork.Energyinoneformoranotherdoesalltheworkintheworld. Heatenergyfromthesundriedthetowels.Itheatedthesandandtherocksthewaterandtheair.Iteven__detherainandthewind.Heatfromthesundoes__allworkandbigworkallovertheearth. Lightenergyfromthesunwasworkingonthebeachtoo.Itsuppliedthedaylight. Itlittheearthand__dethesandbrightandthewatersparkling. Thesunalsosuppliedtheenergythatgrewthefoodyouate. Plantsuselightenergyfromthesunto__kefoodforthemselves.Thefoodisakindofsugar.Itisalsoakindofenergycalledchemicalenergy.Greenplantschangelightenergyfromthesunintochemicalenergy. Plantsusesomeofthatenergyforeverydaylivingandgrowing.Theystoretherestintheirle__esandseedsinfruitrootsstemsandberries. Thesaladandthecorntherollsfruitandcoffeeallcamefromplants.Youandallani__lsdependonplantsforfood. Thecharcoalyouusedforcookingbeganasaplanttoo.On__thatcharcoalwasalivingtreethatusedsunlightto__kefoodandthenstoredpartofthefoodit__de.Theenergyinthisstoredfoodre__inedevenafterthetree___d.Youusedthatenergywhenyouburnedthecharcoal. Thegasolineyouusedfordrivingtothebeachbeganwithenergyfromthesuntoo.Itwas__defromoil. Oilwasformedfromthere__insofplantsandani__lsthatlivedonearthmillionsofyearsago.There__insofancientlivingthingsarecalledfossils.Thisiswhyoiliscalledafossilfuel.Coalandnaturalgasarefossilfuelstoo. Nowfossilfuelsarebeginningtobeusedup. Thatswhypeopleworryaboutrunningoutofenergy. Butaslongasthesunshinestheearthwillnotrunoutofenergy.Thesunpoursmoreenergyonearththanwecaneveruse.Mostofthatenergycomestousasheatandlight.Energyfromthesuniscalledsolarenergy. Solarenergyisasafekindofenergy.Itdoesnt__kepollutionorh__edangerousleftovers.Thatiswhyscientistsandinventorsareexperimentingwithwaysofharnessingthesuntodosomeofthejobsfossilfuelsh__ebeendoing. Butto__kethesundoworklikethattheyh__etosolvesomeproblems. Theyh__etocollectthesunsenergy.Collectingsunshineisnteasyunlessyouareaplant. Sunshineisnteasytostoreeither.Youcantfillatankwithitorputitinthewoodbox.Youcantmoveitthroughapipeorawire.Youcantturniton. Stillpeopleh__ebeenusingsolarenergytohelpdotheirworkforalongtime.Thereareoldwaysandnewwaysofcatchingsunshineandputtingittowork. Supposeyouwerelivinginacoldpla__andgoingtospendthewinterinac__e.Wouldyouchooseac__ethatfa__dthewintersunorac__ethatfa__dawayfromit Youmight__kethesamechoi__ifyouwerebuildingahouseinacoldpla__.Youwouldprobablybuildthehousesothewintersunwouldpourinthewindowstowarmit.Peopleh__ebeenbuildinghousesthatwayforalongtime. IsitpossibletocatchstillmoreofthesunsheatinahouseYesSomehousesalsocollectheatontheroofmoveitindoorsstoresomeusesometo__kehotwaterandtherestforheating.Ahouselikethatiscalledasolarhouse. Peoplewhobuildsolarhousesh__elearnedhowtodothosethingsbyobservinghowtheearthitselfusessolarenergy. Rememberthebeach Rememberthehotsandandthehotrocks Some__terialstakeinheatenergyfromthesunandholdit.Theyabsorbtheheat.Sandandrocksdothis.Sodosomeothersolid__terialssuchasmetals.Waterabsorbsthesunsheattoo. Colorcanalsobeimportant.Darkdullcolorsabsorbheat.Light-coloredshinysu_____sreflectheat.Theyboun__itback.Thatswhydarkclothesarewarmerinthewinterandlightcoloredclothesarecoolerinthesummer. Thelongerittakessomethingtoheatupthelongerthatthingholdstheheat.__terialsthatheatupfastcoolofffast. Ifyougobacktothebeachintheeveningaftersunsetthesandandtherockswhichheatedupfastwillbecool.Butthewaterwhichheatedupslowlywillstillbewarm. Ittakesalongtimeforthesuntoheatthewaterinabiglakeoro__an.Butbytheendofsummeralargebodyofwaterwillh__ecaughtandstoredenoughheatfromthesuntolastforagoodpartofthewinter.Waterstoresheatverywell. Thatswhylandnearalargebodyofwaternevergetsquiteascoldinthewinteraslandfarawayfromthewater.Thestoredheatinthewaterkeepsthelandarounditwarm. Slowlyallwinterlongheatfromthewatermovesoutintothecoldair.Heatalwaysmovesthatway—fromawarmerpla__orthingtoacoolerone.On__youknowwhichwayheatmovesyouunderstandhowthingsgethotandhowtheyloseheat.
1.Alltheworkintheworldisdonebyenergycomingfromthesuninoneformoranother.
2.Aswehu__nsdependonplantsforfoodplantsliveonchemicalenergyconvertedfromlightenergy.
3.Unlessthesun___sitwillsupplyendlessenergyonearth.
4.Ithasbeenalongtimesin__peoplebegantousesolarenergybecausesunshinecanbestoredinhouses.
5.Theadvantageofthesolarhouseisthatithashotwaterandheating.
6.Asolarhousedoesnth__etouseelectricitywhenit__kesagooduseofsolarenergy.
7.Thepassagegivesabriefaccountofhowsolarenergyisemployed.
8.Wecanunderstandhowthingsgethotorloseheataslongasweknow______.
9.Mostoftheenergythesunsuppliestousisintheformsof______.
10.Peopleliketousefossilfuelstogetalmostallkindsofenergybecausetheyare______. I.Y
2.Y
3.Y
4.N
5.N
6.NG
7.N
8.whichwayheatmoves
9.heatandlight
10.easytouse Sugarissomuchapartofourmodernlifethatweonlyreallythinkaboutitwhenforsome___1___wecannotobtainit.Ithasbeenknownto__nforatleast3000yearsbuthas___2___intocommonuseonlyin___3___times.Untilquitere__ntlyitwasconsideredasamedicineandasaluxuryfortheveryrichonly. Sugaristhen___4___toourcivilization.Butwhat___5___isitOfcoursemostofusrecognizesugarimmediatelyasthesweet__terialwhichweputincoffeeorcakes.Thiscommonformofsugarisderivedfromtwoplants:thesugarcaneatypeofgrasswhichgrowstoaheightoftwentyfeetandthesugarbeetwhichgrowsunderground.Butthereareinfact__nytypesofsugarandthechemistrecognizeshundredsofdifferent___6___eachcomingfromadifferentsour__. About90%ofthesugarisprodu__dasfood.Only10%isusedinindustryfor___7___otherthanfoodproduction.Yetsugarhasgreatpossibilitiesforuseasthebasisofchemicals.Itcanevenbeusedfor__kingplastics.Inthefuturethesepotentialuseswill__rtainlybedevelopedmorethaninthepast. Thereare__nyreasonswhyweshould___8___theproductionofsugar.Mostimportantisthatitisoneofthemosthighlycon__ntratedofenergyfoods. Thussugarcaneandbeetprodu__an__erageof7000000caloriesperacre.Inthiswaytheyh__etheadvantageoverpotatoeswhichgiveonly4000000whilethe___9___forwheatandbeansis2000000each.Sothreeacresoflandgrowingwheatbeansandpotatoesgiveonly___10__moreenergythanoneacreofsugar. A.slightlyB.intentionC.reasonD.modern E.stronglyF.figureG.comeH.significant I.exactlyJ.increaseK.proposalsL.turn M.purposesN.varietiesO.serious I.C
2.G
3.D
4.H
5.I
6.N
7.M
8.J
9.F
10.ACollegesandUniversities Morethan60per__ntofallhighschoolgraduatescontinuetheirfor__leducationaftergraduation.__nyattendcollegesthatofferfour-yearprogramsleadingtoabachelorsdegree.Collegestudentsarecalledundergraduatesandtheirfouryearsofstudyaredividedintothefresh__nsophomorejuniorandsenioryears.InmostcollegesthefirsttwoyearsaredesignedtoprovideabroadgeneraleducationandduringthistimethecollegestudentisusuallyrequiredtotakecoursesingeneralareasofstudysuchasEnglishscien__foreignlanguagesandsocialscien__.Bythejunioryearthestudentbeginsto__jorinoneparticularfieldofstudyordiscipline. Someinstitutionsofhigherlearningofferonlythefour-yearcollegeprogram.Auniversityoffersgraduateorpost-collegeprogramsaswell.GraduatedegreesinfieldssuchasEnglishliteraturechemistryandhistoryaregrantedbygraduateschoolsofartsandscien__s.Theseschools__yofferone-ortwo-yearprogramsleadingtoa__stersdegreeM.A.andprogramslastingthreeyearsormorethatleadtothedegreeofdoctorofPhilosophyPh.D..AcandidateforaPh.D.mustmeet__rtaincourserequirementsinhisfieldpasswrittenandoralexaminationsandpresentawrittenthesisbasedonoriginalresearch.SomeuniversitiesofferpostdoctoralprogramsthatextendstudyandresearchbeyondthePh.D. __nyuniversitiesalsoh__ewhatarecalledprofessionalschoolsforstudyinsuchfieldsaslawmedicineengineeringarchitecturesocialworkbusinesslibraryscien__andeducation.Professionalschoolsdifferwidelyintheirrequirementsforadmissionandthelengthsoftheirprograms.Medicalstudentsforexamplemustcompleteatleastthreeyearsofpremedicalstu___satanundergraduateschoolbeforetheycanenterthethree-orfour-yearprogramatamedicalschool.Engineeringandarchitecturestudentsontheotherhandcanenterafour-orfive-yearprofessionalschoolimmediatelyuponcompletionofsecondaryschool. Thevariousdisciplinesorfieldsofstudyareorganizedbydepartment.Thesedepartmentsarestaffedbyfacultymembersrangingfromfullprofessorsto instructors.Afullprofessorhastenurewhichisper__nentappointmentwithguaranteedemploymentattheinstitutionuntilhisretirement.Rankingbelowthefullprofessorsaretheassociateprofessorswho__yor__ynoth__etenuredependingonthepolicyoftheparticularcollegeoruniversity.Nextaretheassistantprofessorswhodonoth__etenure.Atthebottomofthisacademicladderaretheinstructors.Theyareusuallyyoungteacherswhoh__ejustre__ivedtheirdoctoratesorwillre__ivethemshortly.Sometimesgraduatestudentsareemployedaspart-timeteachingassistantswhiletheyarecompletingtheirgraduatework. Todayalmost5millionmenandmorethan3millionwomenattendmorethan2500collegesanduniversities.Approxi__tely85per__ntoftheseschoolsarecoeducationalwhichmeansthatbothmenandwomenareenrolledinthesameinstitutions.Collegesrangeinsizefromafewhundredstudentsto__nythousands.Severaluniversitiesh__emorethan20000undergraduateandgraduatestudentsononecampus.Anumberoflargestateinstitutions__intainbranchesonseveraldifferentcampusesthroughoutthestate.Classesvaryfromseminarsor__alldiscussiongroupsoffewerthantwentytolargelecturecoursesforhundredsofstudents. Approxi__telyone-fourthofallcollegeanduniversitystudentsattendprivateinstitutions.Thereststudyatstateormunicipalpubliclyfinan__dcollegesanduniversities.Everystatehasatleastonepublicuniversityandinadditionthereareseveralhundredstateandlocallysupportedcolleges.Theacademicprogramsoftheseprivateandpublicinstitutionsareverysimilar.Indeedthereareonlyafewimportantdifferen__sbetweenpublicandprivatecolleges.Privatecollegesareprivatelyorganizedandprivatelyrun;publicinstitutionsareoperatedunderthecontrolofstateorlocalofficials.Theotherdifferen__sinvolveadmissionspoliciesandthemethodsbywhichpublicandprivateinstitutionsarefinan__d. Admissiontoastateuniversityisusuallyopentoallmenandwomenwhoh__egraduatedfromhighschoolsofthestateandwhoh__esatisfactoryhighschoolrecords.__nystateuniversitiesrequirestudentstoearnhighscoresonachievementandaptitudeexaminationsbuttheunderlyingphilosophyisthatallstudentswhowantaneducationandarequalifiedshouldh__etheopportunitytocontinuetheireducationatpublicinstitutions.Tuitionratesarelowcomparedtoprivate-collegecostsandscholarshipaidandloansarefrequently__ailable.Afewnonresidentsareadmittedtostateschoolsbuttheymustpaymuchhighertuitionfeesthanresidentsofthestate. Admissiontosomeprivatecollegesismoreselectiveandrigidthanadmissiontosomepublicinstitutionsandfrequentlythestudentbodyis__aller.Highschoolapplicantstosomeprivatecollegesmustsubmitdetailedapplicationformsandtheymusttakescholasticaptitudeandachievementexaminations.Collegeadmissionscommitteesdecidewhichstudentstoac__ptbasingtheirjudgmentontheseapplicationstheresultsoftheexaminationshighschoolrecordsandotherfactorssuchaspersonalinterviewswiththeapplicantsandlettersofrecommendationfromhighschoolteachers.For__rtaincollegessuchasHarvardYalePrin__tonStanfordandColumbiaapplicationsusuallyfarex__edthenumberofstudentswhoareac__pted.In1975forexampleHarvardre__ived7620applicationsfor1500__ailablepla__s. The__erageprivatecollegetuitionintheearly1970swas$2161ayear.Thisfigurewasapproxi__telyfourtimesgreaterthanthe__eragepublic-collegetuition.AtHarvardtuitioncost$3200in1973-
1974.TheUniversityofMassachusettsapubliclysupportedinstitutioninthesamestatecharged$300forastateresident.Thesetuitionfiguresdonotincludethecostsofroomfoodandothereverydaylivingexpenses.Somestudentsre__ivescholarshipassistan__andloanstohelppayforthecostoftheireducation.__nystudentsatprivateandpubliccollegesworkwhiletheyareattendingschoolinordertopaytheirexpenses. Almost1500Americancollegesanduniversitiesareprivatelyorganizedandfinan__d.Morethanhalftheincomeoftheseinstitutionscomesfromstudenttuitionpayments.TherestcomesfromprivategiftsendowmentearningsandsomefederalresearchgrantsBecauseofsteadilyrisingcosts__nyprivateinstitutionsh__ehadtoraisetuitionratesredu__scholarshipaidandlimitsomeacademicprograms.Thepoorfinancialconditionofmostprivateinstitutionsisaveryseriousproblemintheworldofhighereducationtoday. Studentfeesaccountforonly15per__ntoftheincomeofpubliccollegesanduniversities.Therestcomesfrommunicipalorstateandsomefederalgover__entsour__s.Althoughpublicinstitutionsh__ealsoexperien__dtheproblemofrisingcoststheyh__eoftenbeenabletodependonstatelegislatorsforfinancialsupport.Inlargepartthissupport__ybeexplainedbythelegislatorsresponse*othewishesofthepeoplewhoelectedthemandtogeneralac__ptan__oftheAmericantraditionthateveryonewhoisqualifiedshouldh__etheopportunitytocontinuehisclimbuptheeducationalladderatpubliclyfinan__dinstitutions.
1.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatallhighschoolgraduateswhowantaneducationandarequalifiedwillh__etheopportunityforfurthereducationineitherpublicorprivateuniversities.
2.Accordingtothepassageaboutthreefourthsofcollegeanduniversitystudentsarestudyinginthepublicinstitutions.
3.Privateinstitutions.enjoyhigherreputationofgoodteachingqualityalthoughtheyh__esimilaracademicprogramswithpublicinstitutions.
4.Studentscanstudyfora__stersdegreeorthedegreeofDoctorofPhilosophyinanyinstitutionsaslongastheycanmeetalltherequirements.
5.Theassistantprofessorsarerightnexttothefullprofessorsintheacademicladder.
6.The__eragetuitionofprivatecollegeswasaboutfourtimesmorethanthatofpubliccollegesintheearly1970swhichaccountedforhalfofthetotalincome.
7.The__jorityofthestudentswhograduatefromhighschoolsgoonwiththeireducationintheinstitutionsofhigherlearning.
8.Acollegeseniorissupposedtofocushisstudyon______.
9.Thattheoperationofthecollegesanduniversitiesrestswithstateorlocalgover__entisthecharacteristicof______.
10.Theadmissionscommitteesofprivatecollegesareresponsiblefor______.I.Y
2.Y
3.NG
4.N
5.N
6.N
7.Y
8.his__jor
9.publicinstitutions
10.decidingwhichstudentstoac__pt。