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一、英语时态表一般现在时现在进行时现在完成时现在完成进行时一般过去时过去进行时过去完成时过去完成进行时一般将来时将来进行时将来完成时将来完成进行时一般过去将来时过去将来进行时过去将来完成时过去将来完成进行时
二、十六种时态的谓语形势一般时态进行时态完成时态完成进行时态现在do/doesam/is/aredoingh__e/hasdoneh__e/hasbeendoing过去didwas/weredoinghaddonehadbeendoing将来shall/willdoshall/willbedoingshall/willh__edoneshall/willh__ebeendoing过去将来should/woulddoshould/wouldbedoingshould/wouldh__edoneshould/wouldh__ebeendoing八种时态介绍
一、一般现在时态表示现在经常发生或习惯性的动作时间状语every…sometimes alwaysneveroften usually等1由be的isamare表示,之后接名词,形容词或介词陈述句Iamanoffi__worker. Heissolazy. Theyareathomenow.否定句IamnotTim.Sheisnotverybeauiful.Theyarenotintheoffi__.一般疑问句Areyouanoffi__assistantIsshebeautiful特殊疑问句WhatisyourjobWhatcolourisyourbagWhereareyounow2由实意动词V构成,引导疑问句和否定句,用do或don’t第三人称时用does或doesn’t有does出现动词用原形;第三人称陈述句V后加s或es.陈述句IworkinShanghai.Heworksathome.D__yneverwatchesTVathome.否定句:Idon’tlikethefoodinKFC.D__ydoesn’tlikethefoodinKFCeither.一般疑问句:DoyouwantacupofcoffeeDoesshelivenearthesubwaystation特殊疑问句WhatdoyouwantWheredoessheliveHowdotheygotowork3由情态动词canmust__y构成__y没有否定形式陈述句:Icandriveacar.Hemust____thetruth.We__ygetthereonfoot.否定句Ican’tswimatall.Youmustn’t(表示禁止)__okeintheoffi__.一般疑问句:CanyouwaitaminuteMustIstayathome__yIuseyourphone特殊疑问句HowcanIgetthereWhatmustIdonow二一般过去时态在过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态时间状语有yesterdaylastweekanhourago,thedaybeforeyesterdayin19971由be的过去式是was或were表示Is\am---was;are---were.陈述句Iwasabigboss.Hewasbeautiful.WewereinBeijinglastyear.否定句:Iwasnotathomeatthatmoment.Wewerenotatworkyesterday.一般疑问句:WereyouateacherWassheintheoffi__lastweek特殊疑问句WherewereyoulastnightWhenwereyouinthatcompany2由V的过去式构成陈述句,疑问句和否定句用借助于did有did出现动词用原形陈述句IworkedinSu__oon.Westu___dEnglishthere.HelivedinHongKong.否定句:Ididn’tworkhere.Theydidn’tseeme.ShelikedEnglishalot.一般疑问句:DidyougotoAmericaDidheworkinSu__oon特殊疑问句WheredidyouworkWhatdidhesaytoyouHowdidyouknowmyname3由情态动词的过去式构成,can—could.Shecouldwalkwhenshewasoneyearold.IcouldnotspeakEnglishoneyearago.三一般将来时态即将发生动作或状态时间状语有tomorrownextyearthemonthafternextintwohours.1任何人称+will+动词原形.IwillflytoKongKongtomorrow.Hewillgowithus.WewillarriveinShanghainextweek.Iwillneverbelieveyouagain.Hewillnotcometonight.Wewillnotbuyacarnextyear.WillyougotherebytrainWillhecometomorrowWilltheyliveafive-starhotelWhatwillyoudoafterclassWherewillheliveHowwilltheycomehere2is/am/are+goingto+V原形,表示计划打算做什么事情I’mgoingtogotoKongkongbyair. Wearenotgoingtobuyahousehere.Aretheygoingtochangetheirjobs Howareyougoingto____him四过去将来时态;在过去将会发生的动作构成任何人称+would+V原形was/weregoingto+V原形HesaidhewouldcomeininShanghai. IsaiIwouldbuyyouacaroneday.Theytoldmethattheywerenotgoingtogoabroad.五现在进行时态表示现在指说话人说话时正在发生的事情常用的时间的动作nowatthe(this)moment构成is/am/are+Ving I’mwaitingformyboyfriend.Heisdoingthehouseworkathomenow.Heisnotplayingtoys.Weareenjoyingourselves.Areyouh__ingdinnerathomeIsTimcookinginthekitchenWhatareyoudoingnowWherearetheyh__ingameal六过去进行时态过去一段时间正在发生的动作构成was/were+VingIwasdoingmyhomeworkatthattime.Hewasnotsleepingat11o’clocklastnight.WhatwereyoudoingatthatmomentWewereh__inga_____whilemynei___ourissleeping.七现在完成时态用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的确和现在有__动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态简单的说,就是动作已经发生对现在造成明显的影响常用的时间for two/weeks/years;for several days;sin__2004/Apr. 23/last week /the accident构成h__e/has+done(过去分词)Ih__ealreadytoldD__y.D__yhasknownthis__tter.Hehaslivedherefornearly10years.Ih__en’tfinishedmyhomework.Timhasn’tcomeyet.Weh__en’theardanynewsabouthimHowlongh__eyouworkedinthiscompany特别注意1.h__e/hasalwaysbeen+名词/形容词/介词总是或一直是什么样子Hehasalwaysbeenagoodfather.Ih__ealwaysbeenbusy.Theyh__ealwaysbeeninAmerica.2h__e/hasbeento:表示去过或到过Ih__ebeentoCanada.H__eyoubeentoHongkongWhereh__eyoubeenIh__eneverbeenhere.3h__e/hasgoneto:去了HehasgonetoBeijing.Theyh__egonetothecine__.八过去完成时态发生在过去的过去构成had+doneHesaidhehadtoldD__y.Theytoldustheyhadfinishedthework.Shehadhaddinnerbeforeshewentout.Helefttheoffi__afterhehadcalledD__y.一般现在时.概念经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况动词用原形单三人称动词加s/es问句和否定句借用助词do/does一般过去时概念过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为动词用过去式问句和否定句借用助词did现在进行时概念表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为am+动词-ingis+动词-ingare+动词-ing过去进行时概念表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作was+动词-ingwere+动词-ing一般将来时概念以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即“过去的过去”1will+动词原形2am+goingto+动词原形Is+goingto+动词原形are+goingto+动词原形过去将来时概念立足于过去某一时刻,从过去看将来,常用于宾语从句中1would+动词原形2was+goingto+动词原形were+goingto+动词原形现在完成时概念过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态h__e+过去分词has+过去分词过去完成时概念以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即“过去的过去”had+过去分词B动词的过去分词构成规则规则动词的过去分词一般是由动词加ed构成具体规则见后,不规则动词的过去分词见不规则动词表变化规则
1、规则动词规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同四点变化规则
1、一般动词,在词尾直接加“ed”(然而要注意的是,过去分词并不是过去式) work---worked---workedvisit---visited---visited
2、以“e”结尾的动词,只在词尾加“d” live---lived---lived
3、以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词,将y变为i,再加“ed” study---stu___d---stu___dcry---cried---cried
4、重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写该辅音字母,再加“ed” stop---stopped---stoppeddrop---dropped--dropped
2、不规则动词,见不规则表当过去分词作为表语 Thecityissurroundedonthreesidesbymountains.这座城市三面环山. 【注意】过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别:过去分词作表语主要是表示主语的状态而被动语态则表示动作. 1Thecupwasbrokenbymylittlesisteryesterday.茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的.是被动语态表示动作 2Thelibraryisnowclosed.图书馆关门了.过去分词作表语 【注意】过去分词表示被动或完成-ing形式表示主动或进行.有些动词如interestboreworrysurprisefrighten等通常用其过去分词形式来修饰人用-ing形式来修饰物. 3ThebookisinterestingandIminterestedinit.这本书很有趣我对它很感兴趣.当过去分词作为定语 作定语的过去分词相当于形容词其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词.及物动词的过去分词作定语既表被动又表完成;不及物动词的过去分词作定语只表完成.
1.过去分词用作定语如果是单个的常置于其所修饰的名词之前. Wemustadaptourthinkingtothechangedconditions.我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况.
2.过去分词短语用作定语时一般置于其所修饰的名词之后其意义相当于一个定语从句但较从句简洁多用于书面语中. Thecon__rtgivenbytheirfriendswasasuc__ss.他们朋友__的音乐会大为成功.
3.过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语前后常有逗号. Themeetingattendedbyoverfivethousandpeoplewelcomedthegreathero.他们__了欢迎英雄的大会到会的有五千多人.
4.用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以转移到修饰非人的事物这种过去分词在形式上虽不直接修饰人但它所修饰的事物仍与人直接有关. Theboylookedupwithapleasedexpression.男孩带着满意的表情举目而视.当过去分词作为状语
1.过去分词作状语表示被动的和完成的动作. 1Writteninahurrythisarticlewasnotsogood!因为写得匆忙这篇文章不是很好. 【注意】written为过去分词作状语表示这篇文章是被写的而且已经被写.值得注意的是有些过去分词因来源于系表结构作状语时不表被动而表主动.这样的过去分词及短语常见的有:lost迷路;seated坐;hidden躲;stationed驻扎;lost/absorbedin沉溺于;born出身于;dressedin穿着;tiredof厌烦. 2Lost/Absorbedindeepthoughthedidnthearthesound.因为沉溺于思考之中所以他没听到那个声音.
2.过去分词作状语时其逻辑主语为主句的主语此时应注意人称一致. 1GivenanotherhourIcanalsoworkoutthisproblem. 再给我一个小时我也能解这道题.given为过去分词作状语它的逻辑主语为主句主语I即I被再给一个小时. 2_Seenfromthetopofthehillthecitylooksmorebeautifultous. 从山顶看城市城市显得更漂亮.seen为过去分词作状语表被看由语境可知它的逻辑主语必须是城市而不是我们因为我们应主动看城市. 【注意】如果过去分词作状语时前面再加逻辑主语主句的主语就不再是分词的逻辑主语这种带逻辑主语的过去分词结构实际上属于__主格结构. 1Thesignalgiventhebusstarted.__一发出汽车就开动了.thesignal是given的逻辑主语因此主句主语thebus就不是given的逻辑主语. 2Herheadheldhighshewentby.她把头昂得高高地从这儿走了过去.herhead是heldhigh的逻辑主语因此主句主语she就不再是heldhigh的逻辑主语.
3.过去分词作状语来源于状语从句. 1Caughtinahe__yrainhewasallwet.因为淋了一场大雨所以他全身湿透了.caughtinahe__yrain为过去分词短语作原因状语它来源于原因状语从句Becausehewascaughtinahe__yrain. 2_Growninrichsoiltheseseedscangrowfast.如果种在肥沃的土壤里这些种子能长得很快.growninrichsoil为过去分词作条件状语它来源于条件状语从句Iftheseseedsaregrowninrichsoil. 【注意】状语从句改成过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词构成连词+过去分词结构作状语. Whengivenamedicalexaminationyoushouldkeepcalm.当你做体格检查时要保持镇定.
4.过去分词作状语的位置.过去分词可放在主句前作句首状语后面有逗号与主句隔开;也可放在主句后面前面有逗号与主句隔开. Hestoodtheresilentlymovedtotears.=Movedtotearshestoodtheresilently.他静静地站在那里被感动得热泪盈眶.当过去分词作为宾语补足语 一能够接过去分词作宾补的动词有以下四类:
1.表示感觉或心理状态的动词.如:seewatchobservelookathearlistentofeelnoti__think等. 1IheardthesongsunginEnglish.我听到有人用英语唱过这首歌.过去分词sung的动作显然先于谓语动作heard; 2_Hefoundhishometowngreatlychanged.他发现他的家乡变化很大.过去分词changed的动作显然先于谓语动作found
2.表示致使意义的动词.如:h__e__kegetkeeple__e等. 1Illh__emyhaircuttomorrow.明天我要理发. 2Hegothistoothpulledoutyesterday.他昨天把牙拔了. 3Dontle__ethosethingsundone.要把那些事情做完.
3.表示思维活动的动词如consider,know,think等后如 1Iconsiderthe__ttersettled.我认为这件事解决了 2Ithoughtmyselfwrongedsomehowinthebargain.我认为自己在这场交易中有受愚弄了
4.表示爱憎、意愿的动词如want,wish,like,hate等后如 1Iwantedtwoticketsreserved.我要预定两张机票 2Hedidn’twishitmentioned.他不愿这事被提起 【注意】过去分词所表示的动作一定和宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系. 二使役动词h__e接过去分词作宾补有两种情况.
1.过去分词所表示的动作由他人完成. Hehadhismoneystolen.他的钱给偷了.被别人偷去了
2.过去分词所表示的动作由句中的主语所经历.如:Hehadhislegbroken.他的腿断了.自己的经历with+宾语+过去分词的结构 此结构中过去分词用作介词with的宾语补足语.这一结构通常在句中作时间方式条件原因等状语. 1Themurdererwasbroughtinwithhishandstiedbehindhisback.凶手被带进来了他的双手被绑在背后.表方式 2Withwaterheatedwecanseethesteam.水一被加热我们就会看到水蒸气.表条件 3Withthe__ttersettledweallwenthome.事情得到解决我们都回家了.表原因 4_Shestoodinfrontofhimwithhereyesfixedonhisfa__.她站在他面前眼睛注视着他. 5Hestoodforaninstantwithhishandstillraised.他仍然举着手站了一会儿.过去分词不规则变化表过去分词不规则变化表
一、A—A—A型,即原形、过去式和过去分词三者都相同(共7个) cost—cost—costcut—cut—cuthit—hit—hithurt—hurt—hurtlet—let—letput—put—putread—read—read
二、A—B—B型,即过去式、过去分词相同(共41个) 1过去式和过去分词都含有-ought(3个) bring—brought—broughtbuy—bought—boughtthink—thought—thoughtflight-fought-fought 2词尾有-ild,-end时,只需把d变为t(4个) build—built—builtlend—lent—lentsend—sent—sentspend—spent—spent 3.过去式、过去分词都含有-aught(2个) catch—caught—caughtteach—taught—taught 4.把-eep变为-ept(3个) keep—kept—keptsleep—slept—sleptsweep—swept—swept 5把-ell变为-old(2个) ____—told—toldsell—sold—sold 6.过去式、过去分词都含有-elt或-ilt(4个) __ell—__elt—__eltspell—spelt—speltfeel—felt—feltspill—spilt—spilt 7.过去式、过去分词都在原形词尾加t(3个) learn—learnt—learntmean—meant—meantspoil—spoilt—spoilt 8.过去式、过去分词词尾去y变-id(4个) say—said—saidpay—paid—paidlay—laid—laidhear—heard—heard 9.改变元音字母(11个) meet—met—metget—got—gotsit—sat—satfind—found—foundhold—held—heldspit—spat—spatshine—shone—shonewin—won—wonhang—hung—hungdig—dug—duglose—lost—lost 10.改变辅音字母(1个) __ke—__de—__de 11改变元、辅音字母(4个) le__e—left—leftstand—stood—stoodh__e(has)—had—hadunderstand—understood—understood
三、A—B—C型,即原形、过去式、过去分词都不相同(共35个) 1i—a—u变化(6个) begin—began—begundrink—drank—drunksing—sang—sungring—rang—rungswim—swam—swumsink—sank—sunk 2词尾为-ow,-aw时,过去式将其变为-ew,过去分词在其原形后加n(5个) blow—blew—blowndraw—drew—drawngrow—grew—grownknow—knew—knownthrow—threw—thrown(show除外) 3词尾为“i+辅(1个)+e”,过去式将i变为o,过去分词多在原形后加n,若那个辅音字母为d或t,须双写d或t后加n(4个)(give,hide除外) drive—drove—drivenwrite—wrote—writtenride—rode—riddenrise—rose—risen 4过去分词在过去式后加(e)n(5个) break—broke—brokenchoose—chose—chosenfreeze—froze—frozenspeak—spoke—spokenwake—woke—woken 5过去分词由过去式加-ten构成(1个) forget—forgot—forgotten 6过去分词由原形加(e)n构成(6个) be—was(were)—beeneat—ate—eatenfall—fell—fallengive—g__e—givensee—saw—seenhide—hid—hidden(hid) 7词尾为-ake时,过去式将其变为-ook,过去分词在原形词后加-n(2个) take—took—takenmistake—mistook—mistaken 8原形、过去式和过去分词都不相同(6个) do—did—donefly—flew—flowngo—went—gonelie—lay—lainshow—showed—shownwear—wore—worn
四、A—A—B型,即过去式和原形相同(1个) beat—beat—beaten
五、A—B—A型,即过去分词和原形相同(3个) come—came—comebecome—became—becomerun—ran—run
六、情态动词型,只有原形和过去式,没有过去分词(4个) can—could__y—mightwill—wouldshall—should 动词原形过去式过去分词 arisearosearisen awakeawoke/awakedawoken bewasbeen bearboreborne携带/born出生 beatbeatbeaten becomebecamebecome beginbeganbegun befallbefellbefallen bendbentbent betbetbet bindboundbound bitebitbitten/bit bleedbledbled blendblendedblent blessblessedblest blowblewblown breakbrokebroken breedbredbred bringbroughtbrought broadcastbroadcast/broadcastedbroadcast/broadcasted buildbuiltbuilt burnburnt/burnedburnt/burned burstburstburst buyboughtbought castcastcast catchcaughtcaught choosechosechosen cle__eclove/cleftcloven/cleft clingclungclung clotheclothed/cladclothed/clad comecamecome costcostcost creepcreptcrept crowcrowed/crewcrowed cutcutcut daredared/durstdared dealdealtdealt digdugdug dodiddone drawdrewdrawn dreamdreamt/dreameddreamt/dreamed drinkdrankdrunk drivedrovedriven dwelldweltdwelt eatateeaten fallfellfallen feedfedfed feelfeltfelt fightfoughtfought findfoundfound fleefledfled flingflungflung flyflewflown forbidforbade/forbadforbidden forecastforecast/forecastedforecast/forecasted forgetforgotforgotten forgiveforg__eforgiven freezefrozefrozen gainsaygainsaidgainsaid getgotgotten gildgilded/giltgilded girdgirded/girtgirded/girt giveg__egiven gowentgone gr__egr__edgr__en/gr__ed grindgroundground growgirewgrown hanghung/hangedhung/hanged h__ehadhad hearheardheard he__ehe__ed/hovehesved/hove hidehidhidden hithithit holdheldheld hurthurthurt keepkeptkept kneelkneltknelt knowknewknown ladeladedladen laylaidlaid leadledled leanlesnt/leanedlesnt/leaned leapleapt/leapedleapt/leaped learnlearnt/learnedlearnt/learned le__eleftleft lendlentlent letletlet lielaylain lightlit/lightedlit/lighted loselostlost __ke__de__de meanmeantmeant meetmetmet meltmeltedmeited/molten mistakemistookmistaken misunderstandmisunderstoodmisunderstood outgrowoutgrewoutgrown overcomeovercameovercome overseeoversawoverseen paypaidpaid proveprovedproved/proven putputput quitquitted/quitquitted/quit readreadread rendrentrent rideroderidden ringrangrung riseroserisen riverivedriven/rived runranrun sawsawedsawn/sawed saysaidsaid seesawseen seeksoughtsought sellsoldsold sendsentsent setsetset sewsewedsewn/sewed shakeshookshaken sh__esh__edsh__ed/sh__en shearshearedsheared/shorn shedshedshed shineshoneshone shoeshodshod shootshotshot showshowedshown/showed shrinkshrank/shrunkshrunk/shrunken shriveshrove/shrivedshriven/shrived shutshutshut singsang/sungsung sinksank/sunksunk/sunken sitsatsat slayslewslain sleepsleptslept slideslidslid slingslungslung slinkslunkslunk slitslitslit __ell__elt/__elled__elt/__elled __ite__ote__itten sowsowedsown/sowed speakspokespoken speedsped/speededsped/speeded spellspelt/spelledspelt/spelled spendspentspent spillspilt/spilledspilt/spilled spinspun/spanspun spitspat/spitspat/spit spoilspoilt/spoiledspoilt/spoiled spreadspreadspread springsprang/sprungsprung standstoodstood st__est__ed/stovest__ed/stove stealstolestolen stickstuckstuck stingstungstung swearsworesworn sweepsweptswept swellswelledswollen/swelled swimswamswum swingswungswung taketooktaken teachtaughttaught teartoretorn ____toldtold thinkthoughtthought throwthrewthrown thrustthrustthrust treadtrodtrodden/trod upsetupsetupset wakewoke/wakedwoken/waked wearworeworn we__ewovewoven weepweptwept winwonwon windwoundwound workworked/wroughtworked/wrought wringwrungwrung writewrotewritten不规则动词过去式和过去分词归纳不规则动词过去式和过去分词A.原形与过去式和过去分词完全相同.cost----cost----costcut----cut----cutput----put----putlet----let----letset----set----sethit----hit----hitshut----shut----shuthurt---hurt----hurtread---read----read读音/e/lie---lied---lied说谎lay---laid---laid放置,下蛋lay---lain躺下,位于,平放eg.Thehensdon’t_______eggsduringsuchcoldweather.She_____herbooksonthetable.____B.过去式与过去分词完全相同
1.过去式和过去分词中含有oughtaught读音是〔:t〕bright----brought----broughtthink----thought----thoughtbuy----bought----boughtcatch----caught----caughtteach----taught----taught
2.动词原形中的e为o,变成过去式和过去分词get----got----gotsell----sold----sold____----told----told
3.动词原形中i为a…sit----sat----satspit----spat----spat
4.动词原形中i为o…win----won----wonshine----shone/shined----shone/shined
5.动词原形中an为oo…stand----stood---stoodunderstand----understood----understood
6.动词原形中的ay为ai…say----said----saidpay----paid----paid
7.a)动词原形中的d为t…send----sent----sentlend----lent----lentspend----spent----spentbuild----built----builtb动词原形最后一个字母改为t…__ell----__elt----__eltlose----lost----lostc动词原形后加一个字母t…learn----learnt----learntmean----meant----meant读音/e/d动词原形中的ee去掉一个字母e然后在词尾加t.字母e发音/e/feel----felt----feltsleep----slept----sleptsweep---swept----sweptkeep----kept-----kept其它meet----met----meth__e----had----hadhold----held----held__ke----__de----__dedig----dug----dughear----heard----heardfind----found----foundhang----hung----hungC.原型与过去分词相同come----came----comerun----ran----runbecome----became----becomeD.原形,过去式,和过去分词完全不同
1.把动词原形中i改为a变成过去式,改成u变成过去分词.begin----began-----begundrink---drank----drunkring----rang-----rungswim----swam----swumsing----sang----sung
2.把动词原形中o改为e变成过去式,在原形词尾加n变成过去分词.blow----blew----blowngrow----grew----grownknow---knew---knownthrow----threw----thrownfly----flew/flu:/----flown和以上相似
3.以下动词的过去分词都以en结尾,故把它们分为一类.a把动词原形中i改为o变成过去式,在词尾加n变成过去分词.drive----drove----drivenrise---rose---risenwrite---wrote---written双写tride----rode----ridden双写db把动词原形中ea改为o在词尾加e变成过去式,在过去式后加n变成过去分词.speak----spoke----spokensteal----stole----stolenbreak----broke----brokenc把动词原形中的个别字母或字母组合改为o变成过去式在过去式后加n变成过去分词.wake----woke----wokenfreeze----froze----frozenchoose----chose----chosenforget----forgot----forgotten(双写t,加en)d其它过去分词以en结尾的动词eat----ate----eatenbeat----beat----beatenfall----fell----fallengive----g__e----givensee----saw----seentake----took----takenmistake----mistook-----mistakenhide----hid----hidden(双写d)E.没有过去分词的动词can-----could-__y----might-shall----should-will----would-其它amis----was-----beenare-----were-----beendo-----did-----donedraw-----drew-----drawn/:/go-----went-----goneshow----showed----shownwear---wore----worn不规则动词的过去式(初二)不规则动词的过去式是同学们学习的重点,也是一个难点同学们应通过不规则动词的动词原形和它们的过去式找出其变化规律,总结如下
1.把动词原形中的o改为a,变成过去式过去分词不变.如become—becamecome—came2.把动词原形中的i改为a,变成过去式如begin—began,drink—drank,give—g__e,ring—rang,sing—sang,sit—sat,swim—swam,sink—sank,3.把重读开音节中的i改为o,变成过去式如drive—drove,ride—rode,shine—shone,win—won,write—wrote4.动词原形中的e改为o,变成过去式如get—got,forget—forgot5.动词原形中的eep改为ept,变成过去式如keep—kept,sleep—slept,sweep—swept
6.动词原形中的an改为oo,变成过去式如stand—stood,understand—understood7.改动词原形中的aw/ow为ew,变成过去式如draw—drew,grow—grew,know—knew,throw—threw(动词show除外,show—showed)8.动词原形中的eak改为oke,变成过去式如break—broke,speak—spoke9.动词原形中的ell改为old,变成过去式如sell—sold,____—told10.以ought和aught结尾,且读音是〔:t〕的过去式如bring—brought,buy—bought,think—thought,catch—caught,teach—taught11.以ould结尾且读音为〔ud〕的情态动词过去式如can—could,shall—should,will—would12.在动词原形后加d或t变成过去式,并且发生音变如hear〔hi〕—heard〔h:d〕,say〔sei〕—said〔sed〕,mean〔mi:n〕—meant〔ment〕,dream—dreamt〔dremt〕13.动词的过去式与动词原形一样如cut—cuthit—hithurt—hurtlet—let,must—must,put—put,read—read〔red〕,set—set
14.动词的过去式有两种形式如dream—dreamed/dreamtlearn—learnt/learnedshine—shone/shined__ell—__elt/__elledwake—woke/waked15.不符合上述规律的动词过去式如am,is—was,are—were,build—built,do—did,eat—ate,fall—fell,feel—felt,find—found,fly—flew,go—went,h__e/has—had,hide—hid,hold—held,lay—laid,le__e—left,lie—lay,lose—lost,__ke—__de,__y—might,run—ran,see—saw,__ell—__elt,take—took,wake—woke,wear—wore一般现在时的肯定句中,主语为第三人称单数的动词变化主要体现在词尾的变化上,其规律大体有三点
1.一般情况下,直接在动词词尾+s,例如get→gets;take→takes
2.以sshchxo结尾的动词,在词尾+es,例如teach→teaches;fix→fixes;go→goes
3.以辅音字母+y结尾的动词,变y为i,再+es,如study→stu___s;try→tries注意以元音字母+y结尾的动词,直接加s构成单数三人称如say--says除上述规律外,还应注意下面三点
1.动词h__e遇到主语是第三人称单数时要用has动词be的第三人称单数形式是is
2.含有动词第三人称单数形式的句子变否定句时,要用doesnt+动词原形,如Hegoestoschoolatsixinthemorning.变否定句→Hedoesntgotoschoolatsixinthemorning.
3.对含有动词第三人称单数形式的句子提问时,要用助动词does,如Shegoeshomeatfiveeveryday.对划线部分提问→When/Whattimedoesshegohomeeveryday第三人称单数变化,现归纳总结如下
1.人称代词hesheit是第三人称单数如HelikeswatchingTV.他喜欢看电视Shehaslunchattwelve.她十二点吃午餐 Itlookslikeacat.它看起来像只猫
2.单个人名、地名或称呼作主语是第三人称单数如
①HanMeilookslikehermother.韩梅看起来像她的母亲
②Bei___gisinChina.北京在中国
③UncleWangoften__kescakes.王叔叔经常做蛋糕
3.单数可数名词或this/that/the/a+单数可数名词作主语时,是第三人称单如
①Ahorseisausefulani__l.马是有用的动物
②Thisbookisyours.这本书是你的
③Thatcarisred.那辆小汽车是红色的
④ThecatisLucys.这只猫是露茜的
4.不定代词someonesomebodynobodyeveryoneeverythingsomething等及指示代词thisthat作主语时,是第三人称单数
①Everyoneishere.大家到齐了
②Thereissomethingwrongwiththewatch.这块手表有毛病
③Thisisapen.这是一支钢笔
④Thatisaneraser.那是一块橡皮擦
5.不可数名词作主语时是第三人称单数如
①Themilkisintheglass.
②Thebreadisvery__all.
6.当数字或字母作主语时,看作第三人称单数如
①6isaluckynumber.6是个幸运数字
②Iisaletter.I是一个字母口诀我老大,你老二,他,她,它是老三;我们,你们和他们,能量可是不简单只有老三能量低,加个S保平安不过不要太贪婪,does加上S减,这样一来才安全在一般现在时中,动词根据主语的不同,有单复数的变化主语第
一、第二人称和第三人称的复数,实义动词用原形,be动词根据主语不同而变化主语是第三人称单数,实义动词要变单数,后面加s或es,be动词用is.这个用法称为第三人称单数如果要变复数,动词变回原形,be动词根据人称而变化动词在一般现在时的形式
一、Be动词的一般现在时Be动词要根据句中主语的人称和数而变化它有三种形式amisare例如1.Iamastudent.2.Isyourfatheraworker?Yesheis.3.Theyareintheclassroom.4.Thisisanapple.5.Wherearemybooks?6.Wearefriends.以上句子是主系表结构,be称为连系动词,它后面是表语,表语可以由名词、形容词、介词短语等充当is跟单数主语,are跟复数主语
二、实义动词的一般现在时一个动作经常反复地发生,就用一般现在时第三人称单数作主语,谓语动词要加〃s〃或〃es〃,这种动词形式简称为单三动,中文里没有这种概念,最初学习很容易错,记住单三人称单三动,其它人称用原型例如1.Heworksinthefactory.Hedoesn’tworkonSaturdayandSunday.2.—Doyoulikefootball?—YesIdo.ButIdon’toftenplay.Ilikebasketball.1)陈述语气第三人称单数一般现在时形(a)原形动词词尾+“-s”help(帮助)→helpscome(来)→comes(b)原形动词词尾“ch,sh,o,s,x”+“-es”teach(教)→teacheswash(洗)→washesgo(去)→goeskiss(吻)→kissesfix(__)→fixes(c)原形动词词尾为“辅音字母+y”时,去“y”后加“-ies”,若是“元音字母+y”,只加“-s”study(学习)→stu___splay(游戏)→plays解说本项规则的“第三人称单数”是指句子的主语例如Igotoschoolonabicycleeveryday.Yougotoschoolonabicycleeveryday.Shegoestoschoolonabicycleeveryday.第三人称单数形式动词词尾“-es”的发音规则(a)原形动词词尾发音为[CM,DN,M,K,L]时,加了“-es”应发[!L]音,并为一音节例如teach[C!CM]→teaches[C!CM!L](教)change[!M-!QDN]→changes[CM-!QDN!L](改变)wash[VM]→washes[VM!L](洗)pass[A%K]→passes[A%K!L](通过)use[UL]→uses[UL!L](使用)注如上面各例所示,单音节原形动词因加了“-es”即成为双音节的动词,因此皆有重读音节(b)原形动词词尾发音为[A,C,G,E]时,加了“-es”应发[K]音例如help[O-SA]→helps[O-SAK](帮助)want[VQC]→wants[VQCK](要)laugh[S%G]→laughs[S%GK]look[SE]→looks[SEK](c)原形动词词尾为浊辅音(除了[DN,L])及元音时,加了“-es”应发[L]音例如read[T!D]→reads[T!DL](读)love[SH]→loves[SHL]see[K!]→sees[K!L]play[AS-!]→plays[AS-!L]
(2)现在分词(也称“-ing”形)(a)原形动词词尾+“-ing”speak→speaking(说)study→studying(学习)go→going(去)(b)原形动词词尾为“-e”时,去“-e”后+“-ing”live→living(住)__ke→__king(制造)(c)原形动词词尾为“-ie”时,先把“-ie”改为“-y”后+“-ing”lie→lying(卧,躺)___→dying(死)(d)原形动词词尾为“短元音[$,!,-,,,]+辅音字母”时,先双写词尾辅音字母后再+“-ing”plan[AS$Q]→planning[AS$Q!R](计划)kid[E!D]→kidding[E!D!R](开玩笑)get[g-C]→getting[g-C!R](得到)stop[KCA]→stopping[KCA!R](停止)put[AC]→putting[AC!R](放置)shut[MC]→shutting[MC!R](关闭)注双音节动词若其词尾的词形如本项的情形,但重音落在第一音节者直接加“-ing”,若是重音落在第二音节者则依本项规则加“-ing”visit[H!L!C]→visiting[H!L!C!R](访问)begin[B!g!Q]→beginning[B!g!Q!R](开始)(e)原形动词词尾为“元音+l,r”并为重读音节时,常重复词尾后再加“-ing”compel[E+PA-S]→compelling[E+PA-S!R](强迫)prefer[AT!S+]→preferring[AT!S+T!R](宁要)“-ing”的发音现在分词的词尾“-ing”发[!R]音,并自成一个音节,所以单音节动词的词尾加了“-ing”便成为双音节词,也就有重音,例如rain[T-!Q]→raining[T-!Q!R](下雨)
(3)过去式和过去分词(a)原形动词词尾+“ed”rain[T-!Q]→rained[T-!QD](下雨)walk[V E]→walked[V EC](走)need[Q!D]→needed[Q!D!D](需要)(b)原形动词词尾为“e”时,加“-d”live[S!H]→lived[S!HD](住)like[S%!E]→liked[S%!EC](喜欢)(c)原形动词词尾为“辅音字母+y”时,去“-y”后加“-ied”,若是词尾为“元音字母+y”,只加“-ed”study[KCD!]→stu___d[KCD!D](学习)play[AS-!]→played[AS-!D](游戏)(d)原形动词词尾为“短元音[$,!,-,,]+辅音字母”时,先双写该辅音字母后再+”-ed“chat[CM$C]→chatted[CM$C!D](闲谈)kid[E!D]→kidded[E!D!D](开玩笑)beg[B-g]→begged[B-gD](恳求)stop[KCA]→stopped[KCAC](停止)bud[BD]→budded[BD!D](萌芽)注双音节动词若其词尾的词形如本项的情形,但重音落在第一音节者直接加“-ed”,若是重音落在第二音节者,则依本项规则加“-ed”visit[H!L!C]→visited[H!L!C!D](访问)omit[+P!C]→omitted[+P!C!D](省略)(e)原形动词词尾为“元音+l,r”并为重读音节时,常双写词尾后再加“-ed”compel[E+PA-S]→compelled[E+PA-SD]prefer[AT!S+]→preferred[AT!G+D]英语字母“c”后面接“e,i”时通常都发[K]音,例如“fa__[G-!K];city[K!C!]”因此,如picnic[A!EQ!E]作动词使用时,其词形变化为了要保住其词尾的[E]音,通常都先加“-k”之后再加“-ing”或“-ed”例如WewentpicnickinglastSunday.(上星期天我们野餐去了)Wepicnickedinaparkbyalake.(我们在湖边的一处公园野餐了)过去式“-ed”的发音规则
(1)动词词尾为“-t,-d”时,“-ed”发[!D]音,并自成一个音节因此,单音节动词加了“-ed”便成为双音节动词并有重音want[VQC]→wanted[VQC!D](要)need[Q!D]→needed[Q!D!D](需要)
(2)动词词尾为[A,G,E,K,M,CM]等清辅音时,“-ed”发[C]音help[O-SA]→helped[O-SAC](帮助)laugh[S%G]→laughed[S%__](笑)look[SE]→looked[SEC](看)kiss[E!K]→kissed[E!KC](吻)wash[VM]→washed[VMC](洗)watch[VCM]→watched[VCMC](注视)
(3)动词词尾为[D]以外之浊辅音或元音时,“-ed”发[D]音call[E S]→called[E SD](叫)。