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英语语法精讲-定语从句一.定语从句及相关术语
1.定语从句修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句,一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面
2.关系词引导定语从句的关联词成为关系词 关系词有关系代词和关系副词关系代词有thatwhichwhowhomwhoseas 等; 关系副词有wherewhenwhy等 关系词常有3个作用1,引导定语从句2,代替先行词3,在定语从句中担当一个成分二.关系代词引导的定语从句
1.who指人,在从句中做主语 1TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne. 2YesterdayIhelpedanold__nwholosthisway.
2.whom指人,在定语从句中充当宾语,常可省略 1Mr.Liuisthepersonwhomyoutalkedaboutonthebus. 2Mr.LingisjusttheboywhomIwanttosee. 注意关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替,可省略 3The__nwho/whomyoumetjustnowismyfriend.
3.which指物,在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略 1Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys. 2Thisisthepenwhichheboughtyesterday.
4.that指人时,相当于who或者whom;指物时,相当于which在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略 5Thenumberofthepeoplethat/whocometovisitthecityeachyearrisesonemillion. 6Whereisthe__nthat/whomIsawthismorning
5.whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语 1Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor. 2Ion__livedinahousewhoseroofhasfallenin.whose指物时,常用以下结构来代替 3Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired. 4Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired. 5Doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow 6Doyoulikethebookthecolorofwhichisyellow三.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时,从句常由介词+关系代词引导 1Theschoolthat/whichheon__stu___dinisveryfamous. 2Theschoolinwhichheon__stu___disveryfamous. 3TomorrowIwillbringherea__gazinethat/whichyouaskedfor. 4TomorrowIwillbringherea__gazineforwhichyouasked. 5Wellgotohearthefamoussingerwhom/that/whoweh__eoftentalkedabout. 6Wellgotohearthefamoussingeraboutwhomweh__eoftentalked. 注意
1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用,如lookforlookaftertakecareof等 1Thisisthewatchwhich/thatIamlookingfor.T 2ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.F
2. 若介词放在关系代词前,关系代词指人时用whom,不可用who或者that;指物时用which,不能用that;关系代词是所有格时用whose 1The__nwithwhomyoutalkedismyfriend.T 2The__nwho/thatyoutalkedwithismyfriend.F 3TheplaneinwhichweflewtoCanadaisverycomfortable.T 4TheplaneinthatweflewintoCanadaisverycomfortable.F
3.“介词+关系代词”前可有someanynonebothallneithermosteachfew等代词或者数词 1Helovedhisparentsdeeplybothofwhomareverykindtohim. 2Inthebaskettherearequite__nyapplessomeof whichh__egonebad. 3Therearefortystudentsinourclassinallmostofwhomarefrombigcities.四.关系副词引导的定语从句
1.when指时间,在定语从句中做时间状语 1IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametotheschool. 2Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallycame.
2.where指地点,在定语从句中做地点状语 1ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn. 2ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.
3.why指原因,在定语从句中做原因状语 1Please____methereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane. 2Idontknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday. 注意关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换 1Thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisnotclear 2Fromtheyearwhen/inwhichhewasgoingtoschoolhebegantoknowwhathewantedwhenhegrewup. 3Greatchangesh__etakenpla__inthecityinwhich/whereIwasborn. 五.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 限制性定语从句举例 1TheteachertoldmethatTomwastheonlypersonthatIcoulddependon. 2Chinaisacountrywhichhasalonghistory. 非限制性定语从句举例 1Hismotherwholoveshimverymuchisstrictwithhim.2Chinawhichwasfoundedin1949isbecomingmoreandmorepowerful.要注意区分以下几个句子的不同 1Hisbrotherwhoisnowadoctoralwaysencourageshimtogotocollege. 他那当医生的哥哥常鼓励他要考上大学(他还有其他的哥哥) 2Hisbrotherwhoisnowadoctoralwaysencourageshimtogotocollege. 他的哥哥是当医生的,常鼓励他要考上大学(他只有一个哥哥) 难点分析
(一)限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况 1.当先行词是anythingeverythingnothingsomething除外fewallnonelittlesome等代词时,或者是由everyanyallsomenolittlefewmuch等修饰时 1H__eyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lihassaid 2Thereseemstobenothingthatseemsimpossibleforhimintheworld. 3Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone. 4ThereislittlethatIcandoforyou.注意当先行词指人时,偶尔也可以用who 4Any__nthat/.whohasasenseofdutywontdosuchathing.
2. 当先行词被序数词修饰 1Thefirstpla__thattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.
3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时 1ThisisthebestfilmthatIh__eseen.
4. 当形容词被theverytheonly修饰时 1ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy 2Afterthefireinhishousetheoldcaristheonlythingthatheowned.当先行词指人时,偶尔也可以用who 3WangHuaistheonlypersoninourschoolwhowillattendthemeeting/
5. 当先行词前面有whowhich等疑问代词时 1Whoisthe__nthatisstandingthere 2WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost
6. 当先行词既有人,也有动物或者物体时 1Canyourememberthescientistandhistheorythatweh__elearned
(二)关系代词as和which引导的定语从句 as和which引导非限制性定语从句,有相同之处也有不同之处具体情况是1.As和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,代表前面整个句子1He__rriedheras/whichwasnatural.2Hewashonestas/whichwecansee.
2.as引导非限制性定语从句,可放在主句之前,或者主句之后,甚至可以切割一个主句;which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后另外,as有“正如……,正像……”的意思 1AsisknowntoallChinaisadevelopingcountry. 2Heisfromthesouthaswecanseefromhisac__nt. 3Johnasyouknowisafamouswriter. 4HehasbeentoParismorethanseveraltimeswhichIdontbelieve. 注意当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时,常用which 5Tomwasalwayslateforschoolwhich__dehisteacherangry.
3. 当先行次受suchthesame修饰时,常用as 1Ih__eneverheardsuchastoryashe____s. 2Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks. 3ThisisthesamebookasIlostlastweek.注意当先行次由thesame修饰时,偶尔也用that引导定语从句,但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同 4Sheworethesamedressthatsheworeat__ryswedding. 她穿着她在__ry婚礼上穿过的一条裙子 5Sheworethesamedressasheryoungsisterwore. 她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子
(三)以theway为先行词的定语从句通常由inwhichthat引导,而且通常可以省略 1Thewayinwhich/that/./heansweredthequestionwassurprising.四but有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句 1Thereareveryfewbutunderstandhisidea.but=whodont五区分定语从句和同位语从句1.定语从句修饰先行词,它和先行词是修饰关系;同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容,是补充说明的关系 1TheplanethathasjusttakenoffisforLondon. 定语从句 2Thefactthathehasbeendeadisclear. 同位于从句2.定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导,关系词在句中充当成分,有时可以省略;同位语从句主要由that引导,在句中一般不做成分;句子也可以由whenwherehowwhywhetherwhat等词引导,充当成分 1Thenewshetoldmeistrue. 2Thenewsthathehasjust___distrue. 3Theproblemthatwearefacingnowishowwecancollectsomuchmoney. 定语 4Theproblemhowwecancollectsomuchmoneyisdifficulttosolve.
3. 同位语从句和先行词一般可以用be动词发展成一个完整的句子,而定语从句不可以 1Theideathatwecouldasktheteacherforadvi__iswonderful. 2Theideawasthatwecouldasktheteacherforadvi__. 3Thefactthattheearthmovesaroundtheearthisknowntoall.同位语 4Thefactisthattheearthmovesaroundtheearth.。