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11.2CurrentStu___sofBusinessEnglishTranslationatHomeandAbroad.......
1.1Significan__ofBusinessEnglish1}ranslationWiththeincreasinglywideningbusinessrelationshipbetweenChinaandtheworldBusinessEnglishTranslationisbecominganinevitablepartinthecommercialactivities.HoweverwithalookatthecurrentsituationofbusinessEnglishtranslation__nyproblemsdoexistintheunderstandingandexpressing.Whatsmoretherehasntbeenasyste__tictheoryforbusinessEnglishtranslationsofar.Thereforethisthesishasagreatsocialandtheoreticalsignifican__.FirstasakindofEnglishforspecialpurposebusinessEnglishattractsmoreandmoreattentioninthisworldofeconomicglobalization.Notallbusines__enatleastfornowandintheforeseeablefuturearecompetenttodirectlycommunicateinEnglishwiththeircounterparts.Andnon-busines__ensuchasdecision-__kersofgover__entorinternalbusinessorganizationsneedtranslatedbusinessdocumentstoreview.Whatsmorelegalissuesespeciallybusinesslitigationsh__etobepro__ssedinthenationallanguageofthe_____involved.Inawordbusinesstranslationhasitsreasonsofexisten__inthemodernworldandintheeraofglobalization.SecondBusinessEnglishtranslationhasbeenattractingtheacademicattentioninre__ntyearsontheonehandbutingeneraltheattentionhasbeencon__ntratedindetailedtechniquesandempiricalorfunctionaluses.Therearefewsyste__tictranslationtheoriestoguidebusinesstranslationinpracti__.Ontheotherhandtranslationtheoryitself__inlytakesliteraturetranslationasitsresour__sandtheareaofapplicationswithbusinesstranslationattheperipheral.Nodoubttranslationtheoryshoulddrawitsstrengthfromstu___sofvariousformsoftranslationto__kegeneralitybutinrealityitformsitsframework__inlyfromtheperspectivesofliteraturetranslationorso-calledserioustranslationssuchasclassicworksBiblesetc.orseriousLiteraturetranslations.InawaybusinessEnglishtranslationcanprovideaveryfertilegroundfortranslationtheorytocultivate.BusinessEnglishhassomespecialfeaturesthatthegeneralEnglishdoesnoth__e.Itfollowssomefor__litiesandusessomejargonsthatarenotcommonlypracti__dorusedoutsidebusiness.Inthissenseitisne__ssarytoinitiatetheresearchoftheoreticalbusinessEnglishtranslationfortheoryaswellasfortheimprovementandpromotionofbusinessEnglishtranslation.
1.2CurrentStu___sofBusinessEnglishTranslationatHomeandAbroadFromancienttonowthereareabundantfruitsintranslationresearchinChinaforinstan__YanFusfaithfulnessexpressivenessandelegan__whichgainedpopularinfluen__inChinaLuXunsRatherbefaithfulthan__ooth.Howeverwhatalmostallthefruitsfocusonisliterarytranslationandalltheeffortsare__detorenderperfectliterarytranslationandachievetheharmonybetweentheformandthecontentofliterarytranslation.ThoughtranslationgetsitsappropriatetreatmentasanacademicpursuitinChinaforalonghistoryitisnottrueofbusinesstranslation.ThetraditionalChinesetranslationtheorieslaytoomuchemphasisonliterarytranslationwhichresultsingreatlimitation.Particularlyforbusinesstranslationwhosefeaturesaregreatlydifferentfromthoseofliterarytranslationtraditionaltranslationtheoryisnotsosuitable.Howeverbusinesstranslationhasforalongtimere__inedonlyapracticalpursuitandbeenignoredbyChineseacademicfield.Itisonlyre__ntlythatithasbecomethefocusofattention.Uptonowtherearenotas__nybooksorthesesstudyingbusinesstranslationasthosethatcon__rnotherkindsoftranslationsinChinathoughthereisrapiddevelopmentinthisarea.Buttherearestill__nyfamousscholarswhoh__e__detremendouscontributionstobusinesstranslationinre__ntyears.Howevertherearefewbooksthatoffersyste__ticresearchesandcon__ntrateonbusinesstranslationandfewtheoriesareappliedinbusinesstranslation;consequentlythesyste__ticresearchonbusinesstranslationanditssuitabletheoriesisurgentinChina.ForeignresearchesonbusinessEnglisharerestrictedonthelanguagefeaturesand/orteachingmethodologyinsteadofbusinessEnglishtranslation.AgoodexampleisthebookTeachingBusinessEnglishco-authoredbyEllisandJohnsonwhotoldusthatbusinessEnglishhasthreegeneralcharacteristicsnamelysenseofpurposesocialaspectsandclearcommunication.Thepresentfactisthatagreat__nyresearchesh__ebeendoneonbusinessEnglishtranslationbutthefocushasbeenontheskillsofhowtotranslatetheterminologieslongsenten__swithadverbialandattributiveclausesincontractsorbusinessEnglishlettersetc.theyarenotdonesosyste__ticallyandcompletely.
1.3OverviewofthisPaperFortheexistingsocialandtheoreticalproblemsinbusinessEnglishtranslationthisthesisisastudyofBusinessEnglishTranslationfromtheperspectiveofSche__andRegisterTheory.Thethesisisdividedintofivepartswiththeintroductionandconclusion.Tobeginwiththewriterdiscussesthesignifican__ofbusinessEnglishtranslationthecurrentstu___sofbusinessEnglishtranslationathomeandabroadand__kesabriefintroductiontothewholecontent.Chaptertwoistointrodu__RegisterTheoryputforwardbylinguistHallidayandSche__TheoryfirstbroughtforwardbyGer__nphilosopherKantindetail.ItwillillustratewhatthecontentsofthetwotheoriesareandwhytheycanbeappliedtobusinessEnglishtranslation.Atthesametimeacomparisonwillbe__debetweenRegistertheoryandSche__theoryandaconclusionwillbe__dethatthetwotheoriescanbecombinedtogethertoinstructBusinessEnglishTranslationonthelinguisticandcognitivebasis.ChapterthreeisdevotedtoabriefdiscussionofbusinessEnglish.Underthistopicit__inlyfocusesonthespecificfeaturesofbusinessEnglishfromfouraspects:lexicallevelsyntacticleveltextuallevelandsociallevel.AtlexicalaspectbusinessEnglishisfeaturedbytechnicalvocabularyabundantabbreviationsandcompoundsplentyofarchai__sandloanwords;astosyntacticleveltherearethreefeatures:prominen__oflongsenten__sfrequentuseofdeclarativesenten__sandalargenumberofsenten__swithfixedexpressions;fromthetextualaspecttherearefourfeatures:settledpatternfor__landbrieflanguageaccurateandstrictstylepolitetone;finallyinthesociallevelbusinessEnglishisfeaturedbyitssenseofpurposeinfor__tivenessandculturalbackground.Inchapterfourthebasicprinciplesandgeneralpro__ssesforabetterbusinessEnglishtranslationare____yzedbasedonthecombinationoftwotheoriesandthedistinctfeaturesofbusinessEnglish.Threebasicprinciplesofbusinesstranslationarepresentedfirstinthischapterthatisfaithfulnessaccuracyandconciseness.Withrespecttothepro__ssesforabetterbusinessEnglishtranslationtherearefivepro__ssesingeneralthatis:memorizingtechnicaltermsandfixedexpressionsfamiliarizingthebackgroundknowledge____yzingsenten__structurecarefullychoosingappropriatetextstyleandpursuingtheclosenessofthetonefeatureswhichcan__kebusinessEnglishtranslationmoreeffectivelyandaccurately.Theconclusionsum__rizesthewholethesisandsuggestssomerequirementsforthebusinesstranslators.ChapterTwoRegisterSche__TheoryandBusinessEnglishTranslationAgreatnumberofresearchesonRegisterandSche__theoryh__ebeenconductedbuttheyaremostlyforEnglishteaching.WhilethenumberofresearchesinvolvedinBusinessEnglishTranslationisquite__all.Inthischaptertheauthorconductedaresearchonthetwotheoriesanditso__ectiveistostudythecombinedapplicationsofthetwotheoriesonbusinessEnglishtranslationandtrytofindsomeenlighte__entforbusinessEnglishtranslation.
2.1RegisterTheoryRegisterTheoryistheimportanttheoryinSyste__ticFunctionalGram__r.Systemicfunctionalgram__risthemostwell-knowncomponentofabroadsocialsemioticapproachtolanguagecalledSystemic-functionallinguisticsoriginallyarticulatedbyMichaelA.K.Hallidayinthe1960s.Systemic-functionalgram__riscon__rnedpri__rilywiththechoi__sthatare__de__ailabletospeakersofalanguagebytheirgram__ticalsystems.Thesechoi__sareassumedtobemeaningfulandrelatespeakersintentionstoconcreteformsofalanguage.Meaningsaretypicallydividedintothreebroadareascalledmetafunctions:theideationalgram__rforrepresentingtheworld;theinterpersonalgram__rforenactingsocialrelationshipsaskingassertingandorderingetc;andthetextualgram__rforbindinglinguisticelementstogetherintobroadertexts.Thecon__ptofregisterwasfirstputforwardbyReidin1956andthenHallidayandsomeoneelse__deafurtherstudyonregister.Apointthatshouldbenoti__disthatinsteadofguidingthetranslationpracti__Hallidaydevelopedtheregistertheorytofindthegeneralruleoflanguagevarieties.HowevertheregistertheoryhasacloserelationshipwithbusinessEnglishtranslation.ThereforetheauthorcombinedtheregistertheorywithbusinessEnglishtranslationtogetsomeenlighte__ent.Languageisalwaysusedfor__rtaincommunicativepurposesondifferentoccasions.Inordertocaterforthedifferentcommunicativeneedsweh__ealotoflanguagevarietieswhichformthecategoryofregister.ThetermregisterwasfirstusedinthissensethatoftextvarietybyReid1956;thecon__ptwastakenupanddevelopedbyJeanUreUreandEllis1972andinterpretedwithinHills1958institutionallinguisticframeworkbyHalliday
1964.Theregisteristhese__nticvarietyofwhichatext__yberegardedasaninstan__.Whenpeopleuselanguagetoexpressmeaningstheydosoinspecificsituationsandtheformofthelanguagethattheyuseisinfluen__dbythecomplexelementsofthosesituations.SituationalsoaffectstheexpressionofmeaninginwrittenEnglish.Typesoflinguisticsituationdifferfromoneanotherbroadlyspeakinginthreerespects:firstwhatisactuallytakingpla__;secondlywhoistakingpart;andthirdlywhatpartthelangueisplaying.Thesethreevariablestakentogetherdeterminetherangewithinwhichmeaningsareselectedandtheformswhichareusedfortheirexpression.Inotherwordstheydeterminetheregister.Registerreferstothefactthatthelanguagewespeakorwritevariesaccordingtothetypeofsituation.Thisinitselfisnomorethanstatingtheobvious.Whatthetheoryofregisterdoesistoattempttouncoverthegeneralprincipleswhichgovernthisvariationsothatwecanbegintounderstandwhatsituationalfactorsdeterminewhatlinguisticfeatures.Itisafundamentalpropertyofalllanguagesthattheydisplayvariationaccordingtouse;butsurprisinglylittleisyetknownaboutthenatureofthevariationinvolvedlargelybecauseofthedifficultyofidentifyingthecontrollingfactors.Alllanguagefunctionsincontextsofsituationandisrelatabletothosecontexts.Thequestionisnotwhatpeculiaritiesofvocabularyorgram__rorpronunciationcanbedirectlyaccountedforbyreferen__tothesituation.Itiswhichkindsofsituationalfactordeterminewhichkindsofselectioninthelinguisticsystem.Thenotionofregisteristhusaformofprediction:giventhatweknowthesituationthesocialcontextoflanguageusewecanpredictagreatdealaboutthelanguagethatwilloccurthereasonableprobabilityofbeingright.ThelinguistMichaelHalliday__dearesearchbetweenlanguageandsocietyanddividesthesevariablesintothreecategories:FieldTenorandMode.Thesethreevariablescombinetoformtheregisterofthetext.Thethreevariablesareinterdependent:agivenleveloffor__litytenorinfluen__sandisinfluen__dbyaparticularleveloftechnicalityfieldinanappropriatechannelofcommunicationmode.Whatpeopleneedtoknowaboutacontextofsituationinordertopredictthelinguisticfeaturesthatarelikelytobeassociatedwithithasbeensum__rizedunderthreeheadings:peopleneedtoknowthefieldofdiscoursethetenorofdiscourseandthemodeofdiscourse.On__againaslogan__yhelp:fieldreferstowhyandaboutwhatacommunicationtakespla__;modeisabouthow;andtenorisabouttowhomi.e.howthespeakerviewsthepersonaddressed.1Field---IdeationalFunctionFieldreferstowhatisgoingone.g.thefieldofactivity.Itiscon__rnedwiththerealactivitiesandsu__ect-__tterofthecommunicationthatisitreferstothelanguagebeingusedtotalkabout.Thesu__ectcanbe:Specialized/technicale.g.talkingaboutthecontractetc.;Everydaye.g.talkingaboutshoppingetc..Fielddeterminestheuseofspecializedlanguageforexamplewhethertechnicaltermsoreverydaytermsareused.ThefieldofbusinessEnglishincludesimportandexportbusinessactivitiesengagedbyforeigntradeworkersandlanguageusedinbusinesstransaction.Intheinternationaltradeactivitiestradegoodstermsofexchange__kingquotationsclearingsettlementetc.couldberegardedasthesu__ectofcommunication.To__rtaindegreethelanguagefeaturesaremostlydeterminedbythefieldsuchas;technicaltermconsistsofcommonwords;acronymsfixedexpressionsetc.Fromthefunctional____ysisfieldreferstoideationalfunction.Theideationalfunctionrepresentsthespeakersmeaningpotentialasanobserver.Itisthecontentfunctionoflanguagelanguageasaboutsomething.Theideationalfunctionistoconveynewinfor__tiontocommunicateacontentthatisunknowntothehearer.Accordingtotheregistertheorylexicalhasnodefiniteideationalmeaningex__ptpla__dinthecontextorexteriorlanguagesituation.ThisisreflectedovertlyinthetranslationofbusinessEnglish.Thedevi__ofpolysemyiscommonlyemployedinthetext;__nywordsh__egeneralsensesandspecialcon__ptsesp.inthespecializedfield.Forexamplebalan__andquotearetranslatedinto“平衡”和“引用”incommonEnglish,butinthefollowingtwosenten__stheyh__especialmeanings.Westronglyde__ndimmediatepaymentinfullorpartialpaymentwith:、statementofwhenyouwillpaythebalan__.我们强烈要求你们马上全部付款或者部分付款,但要说明何时将余款付清Theirpri__sarealwaysquote旦indollars.他们总是以美元担业CommonwordsareusedinbusinessEnglishfortheirrichmeaningandflexibleusageatthesametimeawordindifferentcontextorwecansayindifferentsphereofworkitcouldgeneratevarietiesofideationalmeaning.Forexample:aHoweverdesirouswe__ybeofdoingbusinesswithyouweregrettosayyour幽isreallytoolowtobeac__ptable.虽然我方有意愿与你方达成交易,但你方坦业太低,我方不能接受bTherequirementsfor迎bondare__declearinthedocumentsofinvitingbids.在邀标的文件中对退拯契约的要求做出了清楚的说明Herethetermbidisquitedifferentinthetwosenten__s.Senten__areferstoquotationinforeigntradebusinesswhilesenten__bcon__rnstenderinthebiddingbusiness.SointranslationWithregardtothespecialdenotationofthewordsinthecontextofbusinessEnglishthetranslatorshouldh__esolidprofessionalknowledgetodelivertheideationalmeaningoftheoriginalandfindtheequivalentwordsinthetargetlanguage.Thekeytodealwiththisistogetfamiliarwiththebusinessfieldsoastodistinguishthespecialmeaningindifferentcontext.2Tenor---InterpersonalFunctionTenordependsontherelationsbetweenparticipantsthatistherolerelationshipsbetweentheinteractants.Therelationshipbetweeninteractantsinfluen__sthefor__lityofthelanguageused.TheAmericanlinguist__rtinJoosdistinguishedfivetypesoftenoraccordingtorelativestatusanddifferentrelationshipsbetweentheinteractants:frozenfor__lconsultativecasualandinti__te.Theinteractantsinbusinessaffairshopetokeepagoodcooperationrelationshipandalsoneedtoreflecttheprincipleofequalityandmutualbenefitsothetenorinthissituationshouldbebetweenfor__landconsultativethatisthetoneinbusinessEnglishisfor__landpolite.Fromthefunctional____ysisTenorreferstointerpersonalfunction.Theinterpersonalcomponentrepresentsthespeakersmeaningpotentialasanintruder.Itistheparticipatoryfunctionoflanguagelanguageasdoingsomething.Thisisthecomponentthroughwhichthespeakerintrudeshimselfintothecontextofsituationbothexpressinghisownattitudesandjudgmentsandseekingtoinfluen__theattitudesandbeh__iorofothers.Oneofthe__inpurposesofcommunicationistointeractwithotherpeople:toestablishand__intainappropriatesociallinkswiththem.Thefactthatinteraction---h__ingapurposeforsayingthingstootherpeople---isaninherentpartoflanguageusemeansthattheremustbeaspectsofthegram__rwhichcanbeidentifiedasenablingustointeractthroughlanguage.Interpersonalfunctionisrealizedbymoodandmodality.Moodshowsthatwhatrolethespeakerselectsinthespeechsituationandwhatroleheassignedtotheaddressee.Ifthespeakerselectstheimperativemoodheassumestheroleofonegivingcom__ndsandputstheaddresseeintheroleofoneexpectedtoobeyorders.Modalityspecifiesifthespeakerisexpressinghisjudgmentor__kingaprediction.InbusinessEnglishagreatdealofauxiliaryverboftenseandmodalityandpredicateofexpressingwillingnessareusedtorealizethefunctionofoffercom__nddeclarationandinterrogationithelpstobuildsocialcontactbetweentwopartiescon__rned.Onaccountofthecharacteristicsofpolitewordingandperiphrasestoneweattachgreatimportan__towordingandphrasewhenexpressingappreciationsatisfaction;rejectionand__kingrequestandapology.Forinstan__:thephrasesWearewilling/anxiousto...}Wearealwayspleasedtoandsoon.Example1:Wewouldbegratefultobeinformedassoonaspossiblewhetheravisittoyourcompanybyour__rketing__nagerfromJan.7to13wouldbeconvenient.我公司销售经理拟于1月7日至13日访问贵公司,对贵方是否合适,望尽快答复,不胜感激Example2:Wearewillingtoh__eyourearlyreply.即复为盼Inthesetwosenten__smodalverbsandpredicateofexpressingwillingnessareusedto__kerequestspolitely.Thereforeinordertoreflectthecooperationrelationshipbetweentwopartiesthetranslationshouldbeconductedwithasenseofproprietyoutofcourtesyandthetranslatorsshouldtrytheirbesttofindtheequivalenttoneinthetargetlanguage.3Mode---TextualFunctionModereferstothemeansbywhichcommunicationtakespla__therolelanguageplayingintheinteractionnotablybyspeechorwriting.Agreatdealofspokenlanguageisinfor__ltheinteractantsareofequalstatusandh__eacloseaffectiveinvolvemente.g.conversationbetweenfriends.Ontheotherhandwrittenlanguageisoftenfor__ltheinteractantsdonotknoweachothere.g.academicprose.Yetthereisalsofor__lspokenlanguageandinfor__lwrittenlanguage.For__lspokenlanguagee.g.conversationbetweenpeopleofunequalstatusspeeches;andinfor__lwrittenlanguagee.g.e-__ils/lettersbetweenfriends.InbusinessEnglishmodereferstovariouslanguagemethodsandwrittentechniquesadoptedtoachieveasuc__ssfulbusinessarticlethatisthetextstyle.BusinessEnglishbelongstothefor__lofficialstylewithsomespecialfeatures.Fromthefunctional____ysismodereferstotextualfunction.Thetextualcomponentrepresentsthespeakerstext-formingpotential;itisthatwhich__keslanguagerelevant.Thisisthecomponentwhichprovidesthetexture;thatwhich__kesthedifferen__betweenLanguagesthatissuspendedinvacuoLatinwo喊meansblanknessorvacuumandlanguagethatisoperationalinacontextofsituation.Hen__thetextualcomponenthasanenablingfunctionwithrespecttotheothertwo;itisonlycombinationwithtextualmeaningsthatideationalandinterpersonalmeaningsareactualized.Thetextualfunctionreferstothefactthatlanguagehasmechani__sto__keanystretchofspokenorwrittendiscourseintoacoherentandunifiedtextand__kealivingpassagedifferentfromarandomlistofsenten__.Whenpeoplelookatlanguagefromthepointofviewofthetextualmetafunctiontheyaretryingtoseehowspeakersconstructtheirmessagesinawaywhich__kesthemfit__oothlyintotheunfoldinglanguageeventwhich__ybeaconversationoranewspaperarticle.ThereareavarietyoftextstylesinbusinessEnglishaccordingtodifferentfieldsinbusinessactivities.GenerallyspeakingthestyleofbusinessEnglishisfeaturedbyitscomplexandstrictstructurefor__landbrieflanguage.Takeitsstructureforexamplethesenten__structureinbusinessEnglishiscomplicatedandstrictrestrictedbyphrasesorsubordinateclauses.Forexample:Weherebyagreewiththedrawersendorsersandbona-fideholdersofthedraftsdrawnunderandincomplian__withthetermsofthiscredit鱼atsuchdraftsshallbedutyhonoredonduepresentationanddeliveryofdocumentsashereinspecified.Translation:凡根据本信用证并按照其所列条款而开具的汇票向我行提示并交出本证规定的单据者,我行同意对其出票人,背书人及善意持有人履行付款义务ThisexampleistakenfromanaRicleaboutcreditcard---for__landstrictstyle.Inthissenten__drawers...draftsistheo__ectdrawn...creditistheattributeoftheo__ectandthat...istheo__ectiveclauseintrodu__dbyagree.Fromtheaboveexamplewecanseethetranslatormustbeverycarefulnottomissanydetailsandtrytheirbesttofindtheequivalentstructureinthetargetlanguagebyplanningthelanguageandstructureappropriately.TheregistertheoryisveryhelpfultobusinessEnglishtranslation.Besidesthetraditionaltranslationtechniquesthetranslatorshould____yzethefieldtenorandmodeofbusinessEnglishtogetherundertheguidan__ofregistertheoryandreprodu__theoriginalcontenttoneandtexture.
2.2Sche__ThewordSche__wasfirstseenintheworkswrittenbyGer__nPhilosopherKaratin
1781.Hebelievesthatcon__ptisofnomeaningofitself;anditismeaningfuljustwhenitisrelatedwithsomethingalreadyknownbypeople.Thenin1932BritishPsychologistE.C.Bartlettputthiscon__ptinhisresearchonpsychologytoexpandhowimportantthebackgroundknowledgeistolanguageunderstanding.Until1980sJ.Andersonandsomeoneelseregardeditasapartofcognitivetheoryputitintofurtherresearchanddevelopeditintoacompletetheory.Thereare__nyinfluentialwaysofdefiningsche__andnearlyallcognitivedefinitionsofsche__stemfromBartlett1932whodefinessche__asanactiveorganizationofformerexperien__andreaction.Widdowson1983definedsche__ascognitiveconstructswhichallowfortheorganizationofinfor__tioninalong-termmemoryandVanDijkregardedsche__aslargecomplexunitsofknowledgethatorganizemuchofwhatweknowaboutgeneralcategoriesofo__ectsclassesofeventsandtypesofpeople.Cook1997definedsche__asamentalrepresentationofatypicalinstan__whichhelpspeopleunderstandtheworldmorequicklybecausepeopleunderstandnewexperien__byactivatingrelevantsche__intheirminds.Concludingfromtheabovedefinitionswe__yknowthatsche__isthepriorknowledgegainedthroughexperien__sinoneslifetimestoredinhis/herminditisanabstractstructureofknowledge.Sche__isthefoundationofcognitionpeoplesunderstandingoftheinputinfor__tionisbasedonwhethertheyh__erelativebackgroundandcanactivateitintime.Whenthetranslatorisdealingwiththe__terialsheneedstocombinetheinputinfor__tionwithpriorinfor__tionand__tchwiththesche__inhislong-termmemory.Assoonasthesche__isactivatedthepro__ssofunderstandingwillbespeededupgreatly.Thereforetherestoredsche__inthetranslatorsmindplaysanimportantroleintranslating.Researchersh__eidentifiedseveraltypesofsche__ta.Generallyspeakingtherearethree__jortypesofsche__namelylanguagesche__contentsche__andstructuresche__.1LanguageSche__---VocabularyandFormulaLanguagesche__referstoreadersexistinglanguageproficiencyinvocabularygram__randidiomsincludingsenten__structuregram__ticalinflectionsspellingandpunctuationetc.Theyarethefoundationoftheothersche__.Asweallknowlinguisticknowledgeplaysanessentialpartintextcomprehension.Withoutlanguagesche__itisimpossibleforthereadertodecodeandcomprehendatext.InanotherwaywithoutunderstandingthetexthowcanthetranslatordothetranslatingPoorlanguagesche__willhinderthetranslatorsfastreadingandcorrectunderstandingofatext.Thereforethemorelanguagesche__atranslatorhasinhis/hermindthefasterthetranslatoracquiresinfor__tionthebettertranslatingthetranslator__yachieve.InbusinessEnglishLanguagesche__referstothespecializedvocabularyandtypicalformula.Inthepro__ssofbusinessEnglishtranslatingthetranslatorsalwaysmistranslatewithoutunderstandingtheoriginaltext.OnereasonisthatsomewordswhichareusedfrequentlyinthecommonEnglishh__especialmeaningsinthebusinessEnglish.Thisiscausedbythelackingoflanguagesche__inthetranslatorsmind.Letsseethefollowingtwosenten__s.Example1:UnderCIFitisthesellersobligationtotendertherelativedocumentstothebuyertoenablehimtodeliveryofthegoods.在CIF__术语项下,卖方有义务向买方递交有关单证,使其能在货物到达后进行提取Example2:Hebecameasexhilaratedasifhistenderforbuilding:,__nsionhadbeenac__pted.他欣喜若狂,好像他承办大厦建筑的投标被接受了Inthefirstsenten__tenderisaverbmeansgive;whileinthesecondsenten__tenderisanounequalstobid.Ifthetranslatordoesntknowthespecialmeaningoftenderhewillnotdothebettertranslation.Themorelanguagesche__thetranslatorhasthemoreidio__ticthetranslationis.2ContentSche__---BackgroundKnowledgeContentsche__isthememoryofthebackgroundknowledgeinonesmindbeyondatextanditishelpfulforpeopletounderstandthetext.Itreferstothebackgroundknowledgeofthecontentareaofatextorthetopicatexttalkedabout.Itincludestopicfamiliarityculturalknowledgeandpreviousexperien__withafield.Contentsche__dealswiththeknowledgerelativetothecontentdo__inofthetextwhichisthekeytotheunderstandingofatext.Sin__onelanguageisnotonlythe______combinationofvocabularysenten__structureandgram__rbutalsothebearerofdifferentlevelsofthelanguagesculture.Tosomeextentcontentsche__can__keupforthelackoflanguagesche__andhelpthetranslatorsunderstandtextsbypredictingchoosinginfor__tionandremovingambiguities.Generallyspeakingthefamiliarityofthetopichasadirectinfluen__ontranslatorscomprehension.Themoretranslatorsknowaboutthetopicthemoreeasilyandquicklytheycangettheinfor__tionanddothetranslating.InbusinessEnglishcontentsche__referstotherelativebackgroundknowledgeininternationalbusiness.ThetranslatorsinbusinessEnglishnotonlyneedtobegoodatEnglishbutalsoneedtoh__ethebackgroundknowledgeininternationaltrade.Duringthetranslatingevenifthetranslatorunderstandseverywordinthetextheisnotsuretotranslaterightandperfectly.Thefollowingpassagecanprovethispoint.Stocksheldbythebuyers__ybeintwoforms.OneiscalledCommonStockthatissuitableforallcorporationsbecauseitsholderswillh__etheownershipofthecorporationsprofitandtheinterestprodu__dbyitsassetstherighttovoteforitsboardofdirectorsandtherightofassetdistributionincaseofitsbankruptcy.AnotheriscalledPreferen__Stockwhichisadoptedbypartofcorporations.Itsholderswillh__etherighttogetaportionofdividendsbeforeitsdistributiontoallCommonStockholdersbuttheyh__enorighttovoteorvetofortheboardofdirectors.Translation:持股人手中的股票一般有两种形式一种叫“普通股”,适用于所有公司其特征是:持股人对企业的利润和资产所产生的利息拥有占有权,拥有对股份公司董事会的选举权和公司破产后资产处理的分配权另一种叫“优先股”,为部分公司所采用持有这种股票的人,在对普通股持有人分配股息之前,享有先获得部分股息的权利,但他们对董事会无选举权和否决权Thispassagetalksaboutthecon__ptdifferen__betweenCommonStockandPreferen__Stock.WithoutthebasicknowledgeinStocksitisveryhardtounderstandthetextnottomentionoftranslatingperfectly.3StructureSche__---TextStyleStructureSche__isalsocalledFormSche__anditistheorganizationformsandrhetoricalstructuresofwrittentexts.Itistheunderlyingstructurethatbuildsatextordiscourse.Itincludesdifferenttexttypesandgenrestextorganizationslanguagestructuresandlevelsoffor__lity.Accordingtotheclassificationoflinguisticstextscanbedividedintothreegroups:argumentationexpositionandnarrationonthebasisoftheirdifferentcoherentpatterns.Asthetypeofthetextcanofferdetailedeviden__ofthecontentofthetexttheknowledgeofwhattypeandgenrethetextiscanfacilitatereadingcomprehensionfortranslators.Neverthelesscomparedwiththelanguageandcontentsche__structuresche__islessimportantinthetranslating.InbusinessEnglishstructuresche__referstothecomplexandstrictsenten__structureandvarioustextstylesetc.letstakethefollowingpassageforexample.ThatIholdthesaidsharesandalldividendsandinterestaccruedortoaccrueuponthesameUPONTRUSTfortheBeneficialOwnerandIagreetotransferpayanddealwiththesaidsharesandthedividendsandinterestpayableinrespectofthesameandtoexerciseallinterestsandotherrightswhich__yaccruetomebyvirtuethereofinaccordan__withtheinstructionoftheBeneficialOwner.Translation:本人因持有上述之股份,而所获得的股息及权益等,本人同意转让,支付及处理上述之股份同样,如上述股份所应收的股息及权益,本人愿意依照受益人的指示,才‘能行使权利及权益Theoriginaltextisadaptedfromasampleofanauthorizedtrustdeedwiththestyleoflegalinstruments.Itisfeaturedbycarefulwordinganddetailedinfor__tion.Thisisbecausethiskindofinstrumentsissoimportantthatitswordingmustbecarefulto__oidmisunderstanding.Forexampleintheoriginaltextinsteadofusingthesharesitusesthesaidsharestoindicateitisjustthesharesinvolvedintheabovetextwhichcan__kethemeaningmoreclearlyand__oidanyleaks.FromtheaspectofthefunctionoftranslationtheChineseversionofthistrustdeedalsoneedthesameseverestyleanditswordingneedaccordwiththecharacteristicsoftheChineselegalinstruments.Toachievethisneedthetranslatorsnotonlyh__etodependonthesche__ofEnglishlegalinstrumentsbutalsoh__etotransferthelanguageformsche__oftherelativeChineselegalinstruments.1ntheChineseversionthesaidsharesshouldbetranslatedinto“上述之股份”,andIinto“本人”inordertoaccordwiththecustomofChineselawterm.Onlyinthiswaycanthetranslationachievegeneralaccordan__withtheoriginaltextinwordingandstyle.ComparedwiththecommonEnglishtranslationbusinessEnglishtranslationismorecomplicated.Itinvolvestechnicalvocabularyprofessionalbackgroundknowledgeandstrictsenten__patterns.Thereforebesides__steringthetwolanguagesandfamiliarizingthetranslationtechniquesthetranslatorsalsoh__etoenrichthespecificvocabularyunderstandallkindsofbusinessknowledgeandknowthesenten__patternsinbusinessEnglish.FromtheviewpointofSche__Theoryaslongasthetranslatorsbuildtheequivalentlanguagecontentandstructuresche__theycandothebetterbusinessEnglishtranslation.Registertheoryisatheoreticaltheoryinlinguisticsbelievingthatlanguagevariesaccordingtothesituationinwhichitisusedandthesevarietiesoflanguagecanbereferredtoasregisters.Therearethreetypesofregister:fieldtenorandmode.Fieldreferstothelanguagefeaturetenorreferstothetonefeatureandmodereferstothetextstyleina__rtainsituation.Asweallknowthepro__ssofbusinessEnglishtranslationisakindofpracticalexperien__soitisnotenoughonlyto__sterthetheoreticaltheory.Sche__theoryisapracticaltheoryincognitionitbelievesthatpeoplesunderstandingoftheinputinfor__tionisbasedonwhethertheyh__erelativeknowledgeorsche__andcanactivateitintime.Researchersh__edividedthesche__intothreetypes:languagesche__contentsche__andstructuresche__.Languagesche__referstothelanguagefeaturecontentsche__referstotherelativebackgroundknowledgeandstructuresche__referstothetextstyleoftheinputinfor__tion.ThereforethetwotheoriescanbecombinedtoinstructbusinessEnglishtranslationfromtheperspectiveoflanguagefeaturetonefeaturetextstyleandbackgroundknowledge.ChapterThreeFeaturesofBusinessEnglishBybusinessEnglishwemeanthelanguageofEnglishusedintheregisterofbusiness.BusinessEnglishmustbeseenasEnglishforspecificpurposeESPandspecialvocabularyisseentobewhatdistinguishesbusinessEnglishfromcommonEnglishgreatly.Sin__businessEnglishbelongstoESPitindicatesthattheredoexistspecificcharacteristicsthatdifferfromcommonEnglish.Inthissenseletsh__eadetailed____ysisoffeaturesofbusinessEnglishfromfourlevels:lexicallevelsyntacticleveltextuallevelandsociallevel.
3.1LexicalLevelAspartofEnglishmostwordsofbusinessEnglishtakethegeneralfeaturesofEnglishlexis.Ex__ptsomewordssuchassomepri__termsstipulatedbyinternationalorganizationsmostofwordsarejustcommononesinEnglish.BusinessEnglishpla__sitsemphasisonaccuracyratherthanrhetoricusingabundanttechnicaltermsabbreviationscompoundsarchai__sandloanwords.Itwillbeabitdifficulttogetarationalcomprehensionhoweveritwillbemucheasiertofindequivalen__inthetargetlanguageasmostofwordsinbusinessEnglishh__elimitedandexactmeanings.Thereforethetranslatorsmustfocusonthestudyofthesewordsandphrases.BusinessEnglishistoconveyinfor__tiononbusinesstheoryandbusinesspracti__itisobviousthatplentyoftechnicaltermsappearinbusinessEnglish.Forexampleclaim索赔,establishment开证,baddebt呆账,firmoffer实盘,sightdraft即期汇票,accountspayable应付账款,accountre__ivable1}l收账款etc.ItisnotedthatthemeaningofthesewordsaredifferentfromtheirmeaningsincommonEnglishandiftheyareunderstoodbycommonwaystherewillbeun__oidablemisunderstandings.Thereforeintranslationthetranslatorshouldh__eagoodrelatedknowledgeinbusinesstradeandlookuptheprofessionaldictionarymorefrequentlyandthentranslatethemintherightway.Timeismoneywiththefasteningra__inbusinessactivitybusinessEnglishis______rand______r.Theuseofabbreviationsisemerginginmultitudeintheholdofbusinesstrade.Ononehandthemeaningsofabbreviationsarealwaysuniqueandcan__oidambiguity.Ontheotherhandbyusingabbreviationsbusines__encandealwiththebusinessmorequicklyandefficiently.AccordingtoProfessorMoZaishuthereare__nykindsofabbreviationsinbusinessEnglishandinhispaperTheStylisticsFeaturesofBusinessEnglishWordProfessorModividedabbreviationsinbusinessEnglishintothefollowingkinds.Initiali__sC/O:__rtificateofOrigin产地证D/O:DeliveryOrder到港通知L/C:LetterofCredit信用证CHB:CustomsHouseBroker报关行FAF:FuelAdjustmentFactor燃料附加费FAK:FreightAllKind各种货品AcronymsANER:AsiaNorthAmericaEastboundRate亚洲北美东行运费协定COSCO:ChinaO__anShippingCompany中国远洋运输公司LIBOR:LondonInter-bankOfferedRate伦敦银行同业拆放利率Semi-acronymse-business:electronicBusiness电子商务Tbond:treasurybond__国库券Tbill:treasurybill短期国库券Clippingad:advertisement__fax:facsimile传真ExpImp.Inc.:exportimportincorporated进出口公司Blendingforex:foreignexchange外汇hi-tech:hightechnology高技术workfare:workwelfare工作福利制Mixed-styleabbreviations:B2B:BusinesstoBusiness商家至商家4Ps:productpri__promotionandpla__产品,__,促销和场地等组成的营销组合3M:MinnesotaMining__nufacturingCo.明尼苏达矿业制造公司Thereare__nyotherabbreviationsinbusinessspherejustlistafewexamples.Onlybyh__ingagoodknowledgeofthemcanatranslatorconductcorrectand__oothtranslation.
3.
1.3CompoundsBesidesabbreviationsusingcompoundedwordsisanotherlexicalfeatureofbusinessEnglishanditcon__rns__nyaspectsininternationaltrade.Pleaseseethefollowingexamples:Cyber-payment电子支付equity-debt资产负债lockaway__债券vacuum-packed真空包装的plastic-packed塑料包装的WeknowbusinessEnglishbelongstofor__lstylesoarchai__sareeasytobeusedtoreflectitsstrictnessandfor__lity.InbusinessEnglisharchai__sare__inly__deupofbycombiningsuchwordsasheretherewhereandsomepropositionssuchasafteratbyfrominoftounderuponandwith.Thesetwokindsofwordsthatarecombinedtogetherarethemostwidely-usedinbusinessEnglish.Forexamplehereby=bythishereinafter=afterwardinthis...ofthelikethereon二uponthatthing/point/su__ectetc.Thesewordsnotonly__kebusinessEnglishmoreserioussolemnandfor__lbutalsocanhelpto__oidneedlessrepetitioninorderto__kethetextconciseandclear.Forexample:“pursuanttoprovisionscontainedhereintheChineseversionis“依照本合同相关规定”.WithregardtothewordsfromotherlanguagesitreferstothosefromotherlanguagessuchasLatinFrenchGer__nSpanishorGreek;orformedbytherootsoftheselanguages.Theloanwordsh__efixedmeaningsandcanexpressmeaningaccurately.Forexampleasper按照,re事由,profor__估算表andexdividendexmeanswithoutnotincluding除股息arefromLatin;for____jeure保险用语,不可抗力isfromFrenchetc.Throughtheabove-mentionedlexicalfeaturesofbusinessEnglishwecanfindoutthewordinginbusinessEnglishisgreatlydifferentfromthatincommonEnglish.Thetranslatorsshouldbeprofessionalpersonswhoh__eknownnotonlyEnglishverywellbutalsobusiness.Onlyinthiswaycanthey__keanappropriatelyrenderingofbusinessEnglish.
3.2SyntacticLevelBesidesdistinctlexicalfeaturesbusinessEnglishalsohassomespecificfeaturesatsyntacticlevel.AsinbusinessEnglishsenten__sarenotalllikethoseincommonEnglish.BusinessEnglishtendstoemployfixedexpressionslongsenten__sanddeclarativesenten__storegulateitssyntacticframework.Nowletush__eadetailedlookatthethreeaspectsofBEsenten__structuresasfollows:In__nycasespeoplewhousebusinessEnglisharefromdifferentcountriesthereforealotoffixedexpressionsareformedtoadapttothissituation.Theseexpressionswhichnotonlycans__etimeandimprovetheefficiencybutalsowillnotbringambiguityareac__ptedwidelybybusinesspeopleinbusinesspracti__.Example1:Weshallappreciateyour…若能……,我们将甚为感激Weshouldbegratefulifyoucould…如能……,我们将不胜感激Thankyouinadvan__for…承蒙……,谨先致谢Thesethreesenten__sarethecommonexpressionsforshowinganappreciation.Example:Itiswithgreatregretthatwelearn…非常遗憾的得知··一Pleaseac__ptour__nyapologiesfor…我们深表歉意··一Thesetwosenten__sarethesettledexpressionsfor__kinganapology.Example3:OurusualtermsofpaymentarebyconfirmedirrevocableL/C__ailableatsight.我们通常的支付方式是保兑去的,不可撤销的即期的信用证Thissenten__isoftenusedinthesituationof__kingthepayment.Example4:Pleasesignandreturnonecopyforourfile.请签退一份,以供我方存档Thisisafrequentexpressionwhensigningthecontract.Inthepro__ssoftranslationthefixedexpressionsinbusinessEnglishprovidesmushpossibilityfortranslationequivalen__tobeachieved.Thatistosaythereisafixedfor__tinEnglishandthetranslatedtextshouldalsoh__eafixedfor__t.BusinessEnglishbelongstotheofficialstylesolongsenten__soccupyalargeper__ntageinbusinessarticles.Senten__structuresinbusinessEnglishareoftenverycomplexwithalargenumberofparticipialphrasesclausesandothermodifiersbutalittlepunctuation.Comparedwithshortsenten__slongsenten__saremoresuitableforfullyexpressingcomplexandmufti-levellogicrelations.BecauseinbusinessEnglishsometimessenten__sareusedforexpressingtermsthataremutuallyconditionedorforexpressingaseriesofthingswhichh__ecause-and-effectrelationships.Thereforethecomplicatedlongsenten__s__kethetextsoberandstrictand__oidmisunderstandinganddissension.Example1:EachContractingStateundertakestoprovidefortheadequateandeffectiveprotectionoftherightsofauthorsandothercopyrightproprietorsinliteraryscientificandartisticworksincludingwritingsmusicaldra__ticandcine__tographicworksandpaintingsengr__ingsandsculpture.Example2:For____jeureshallmeananoccurren__beyondthecontrolandwithoutthefaultornegligen__ofthe_____affectedincludingbutnotlimitedtowarhostilitiesinvasionactofforeignenemiesrebellionrev}lutiuninsurrectionofmilitaryorusurpedpowercivilwarstrikesriotscommotionordisorderearthquakesoranysimilaroperationoffor__sofnatureasarenotwithinthecontrolofthe_____affectedandwhichbytheexerciseofreasonablediligen__thesaid_____isunabletopreventorprovideagainst.Inexample1thereisonlyonesenten__whileinexample2itisaparagraph__deupofawholesenten__withso__nyconjunctionscoordinatephrasesandattributiveclauses.Longsenten__slikethiswiththefeatureofstrictnessclearnessandlogicalityexistfrequentlyinbusinessEnglish.Intranslationinorderto__oidunderstandingasenten__inthewrongwaythetranslatorsshould____yzethepartsofthesenten__carefullyanddistinguishthetrunkwiththemodifyingelementsinthesenten__correctly.Accordingtothepurposeoftheusagesenten__saredividedintofourkinds:declarativesenten__sinterrogativesenten__simperativesenten__sandexcla__torysenten__s.Declarativesenten__sarewidelyusedinstatingillustratingexplainingorduplicatingwithano__ectiveandplaintone;interrogativesenten__sareusedinaskingquestionswithahumbletone;imperativesenten__sareusedingivingorderswithaverydirecttone;excla__torysenten__sareusedinexpressingfeelingswithanexaggeratedtone.Inbusinessworldtwopartiesarethepartnersinthebusinessrelationshipwiththeequalpla__ando__ectivityandequalityshouldbethekeytone.Thereforedeclarativesenten__saremoresuitableinbusinessEnglisheventhoughone_____hopeshiscounterpartcando__rtainthingsformutualbenefit.Forexample:
1.Yourconfir__tiononthispointwouldbeappreciated.恳请对方确认为荷
2.Wewouldappreciateitifyoucouldsendustheshippinginstructionsimmediately.若贵方立即发予我方运输说明,我方甚为感谢
3.WeshouldbeobligedifyouwouldgiveusaquotationpermetrictonCFRLagosNigeria.如能报给我方每公吨尼日利亚格拉斯成本加运费价,当译·分感谢One_____expresseshisownneedwiththeabove-mentioneddeclarativesenten__sinsteadofimperativesenten__s.Thisisbecausethoughtheneedisexpressedwhetherhispartnerwillac__ptitisdecidedbythepartnerhimself.Thereforedeclarativesenten__sareusednotonlyforexpressingthehopebutalsoforshowingthepoliteness.InawordinbusinessEnglishagreatnumberoffixedexpressionsareusedtos__etimeandimproveefficiencywhichdogoodtopeoplefromvariouscountriesinvolvedinbusiness.Andalotoflongsenten__sareusedtoconveycomplicatedandlogicmeanings.Finallyalargeamountofdeclarativesenten__sareusedtosatisfyone_____sneedand__oid__kingarrogantimpressiontohiscounterpart.
3.3TextualLevelInthispartmuchspa__isdevotedtothecharacteristicsofbusinessEnglishattextuallevel.InviewoftheoverallstyleofbusinessEnglisharticlesbusinessEnglishisalsodifferentfromcommonEnglish.Textualfeatureisalwaysreflectedbylexicalandsyntacticaspectsgenerallythefollowingfourpointsaretheprominentones.BroadlyspeakinginbusinessEnglishatextisoften__deupofbyseveralfixedpartswhicharerelatedtothekeyissueclosely.TakebusinessEnglishletterforexamplethereareeightpartsinmostbusinessletters.ThefirstpartisLetterhead.Aletterheadgenerallycontainsthefollowinginfor__tionoftheorganizationsendingtheletter:thenameofthefirm;itsaddressandpostalcodes;telephonenumber;faxnumber;Internetaddress;E-__iladdress;telegraphicandtelexaddress;atrade__rkorabriefsloganetc.e.g.ThesecondpartisInsideAddress.Itincludestheinfor__tionoftheorganizationre__ivingtheletter:thenameofthefirm;itsaddressandpostalcodesetc.Theinsideaddressisattheleft__rginfollowingletterhead.ThethirdpartisSalutation.WhatfollowsistheSu__ectLine.Asu__ectlinehelpsidentifythesu__ectoftheletter.Using:、su__ectlinewillalertyourreadertothecontentofyourmessageandenablehimorhertodecidewhethertheletterrequiresimmediateattention.ThefifthpartisBody.Thisistheactualmessageofaletter.Thecontentincludesintroductiondetailsoftheissueandconclusion.ThesixthpartisComplimentaryClose.IheseventhpartisSignature.Theorderofthesignatureisthenameoftheorganizationthesignatureoftheauthortheauthortitleandthedepartment.ThelastpartisEndNotations.ItgenerallyincludesInitialsEnclosureandPostscript.Takethefixedopeningofthecontractforanotherexample:Thiscontractis__deandenteredintothis_dayofonethousandninehundred-byandbetween_Co.at-hereinafterreferredtoasPattyAand_Co.at-hereinafterreferredtoasPattyB.本合同于19_年_月_日由_公司,地址:_以下简称甲方与_公司,地址:_以下简称乙方签订Byusingestablishedfor__tsbusinessEnglishseemstobemorestandardandpreciseandcans__ebusines__enstime.ThisisanotablefeatureofbusinessEnglishintheaspectoftext.Sin__businessEnglisharticlesbelongtofor__lofficialstyleitslanguagemustbefor__l.BesidestoachievehighefficiencybrieflanguageinbusinessEnglishisalsosignificant.WhatdothesetwopointsreflectinthetextofbusinessEnglishisalargeamountofliterarywordsespeciallytechnicalwordsandarchai__s;briefand______languageinsteadofcomplexandrhetoricalEnglish.GenerallyspeakinginbusinessEnglishliterarywordsareusedinsteadofbasicorinfor__lvocabularyandprepositionalphrasesinsteadof______prepositionsandconjunctionsetc.whatsmoretechnicalwordsandarchai__sarethenotablefeatureofbusinessEnglish.Forexample:Wearepleasedto、边formyouthatyourorderNo.123hasbeendispatched鱼accordan__withyourinstruction.我方很高兴通知贵方,第123号订单货物已遵照你方指示支出Weherebydeclarethatthisinvoi__amounting-toUSD4500isinallrespectsright.我们兹声明,本__金额4500美元是完全正确的Inthetwoexamplesliterarywordstechnicalwordsarchai__sandprepositionalphrasesareusedtoreflectthefor__landstandardbusinessEnglish.ThefunctionofbusinessEnglishistoconveyinfor__tion.ThereforeinsteadofobscureandrhetoricallanguagebusinessEnglishisalways______andperspicuouswhichnotonlycans__etimebutalsocanbeunderstoodandac__ptedbythetradepartnerseasily.FurthermoreabbreviatoryformsareusedfrequentlyinbusinessEnglish.Forexample:Asisknowntoyouthereisonlyonevesselsailingforyourporteachmonthanditusuallyle__eshereinthefirsthalfofamonth.Sofarasweknowtheonlyvessel__ailableinthismonthwillle__ehereinadayortwoandthedeadlineforbookingshippingspa__islongpast.ThereforeitisimpossibleforustoshipthegoodsthismonthandwewouldaskyoutodoyourbesttoextendtheL/Casrequestedinourletter.InthisparagraphwecanseethebriefbusinessEnglishfromthe______wordsandsenten__sandabbreviatoryformasrequested.AccuratestyleinbusinessEnglishmeansaccuracyoflanguageexpressioninbusinessEnglish.Inthebusinessactivitiesinorderto__oidfuturedisputealltheconditionsandproblemsinvolvedshouldbeexpressedaccuratelytypicallyintheaspectoftimeresponsibilityandprizeetc.Example1:_____Ashallbeunauthorizedtoac__ptanyordersortocollectanyaccountonandafter__y
10.自五月十日起,甲方己无权接受任何订单或收据Example2:Theshippershallbeliableforallda__gecausedbysuchgoodstotheshipandorcargoonboard.如果上述货物对船舶和(或)船上其他货物造成的任何损害,托运人应付全责Example3:Pleasefindenclosedourinvoi__No.785forUS$570SAYFIVEHUNDREDANDSEVENTYUSDOLLARSONLY.随信寄_f__,__号为785,金额为570美元伍佰柒拾关元整Asisknowntoallanimportantdifferen__betweenEnglishandChineseisthatalotofpronounsareusedtorepla__formernounsinEnglishinorderto__oidunne__ssaryrepetition.HoweverinbusinessEnglishrepetitivenounsorphrasesareusedtoensurethecorrectnessofbusinessinfor__tionand__oidpossibleillegibilitywhichreflectsstrictstyleofbusinessEnglish.Forexample:Acompanyalso__ybeacompanylimitedbysharesacompanylimitedbyguaranteeandanunlimitedcompany.Thevast__jorityofcompaniesarecompanieslimitedbysharesinwhichcasetheliabilityofamembertocontributetothecompanXsassetsislimitedtotheamountifanyunpaidonhisshares.Eitherinbusinesslettersorinbusinessnegotiationsbusines__enalwaysexpresstheiropinionsorrequirementswithapolitetoneinordertobuildagreatbusinessenviro__ent.GenerallyspeakingtherearethreewaystorealizethiskindoftoneinbusinessEnglish:pasttensepassivevoi__andsu__unctivemood.Nowletslookatthefollowingexamplesinacomparativeway.ExampleCouldyouloweryourpri__abitsothatwecanconcludethequicktransactionCanyouloweryourpri__abitsothatwecanconcludethequicktransactionInthesetwosenten__swecanseetheformeroneisbetter.Couldismoreeuphemisticgentlerandcanbeac__ptedbythepartnermoreeasilythancan.Inthefa__-to-fa__businessnegotiationCouldyowWouldyouwIwantedwIwonderedwIwassuretyandsoonareusedfrequentlytoenquiresomethingortoexpressdifferentopinions.Example2:Asthedateofdeliveryisapproachingyou一arerequestedtoexpeditetheestablishmentoftheI/C.AsthedateofdeliveryisapproachingwerequesttoexpeditetheestablishmentoftheL/C.AsweallknowinEnglishactivevoi__emphasizestheperformerofanactwhilepassivevoi__emphasizestheo__ectofanact.youarerequestedinthefirstsenten__weakensthestatusoftheperformerweandemphasizesthedutiesandobligations__debythecontractoragreementthatisexpeditetheestablishmentofthe日Cwhichismoresuitablefortheinternationalbusinesspracti__.Example3:Wewouldbeverygratefulifyoucouldletustakedeliverybeforethesellingseason.We塑旦beverygratefulifyoucanletustakedeliverybeforethesellingseason.Inthesetwoexamplestheformeroneusessu__unctivemoodwhich__kesone_____expresshisopiniongentlerle__esmoreroomfordiscussionandishelpfultobuildalongstablebusinessrelationship.1nallbusinesstextisrelativelyfor__landbriefanda__jorityofbusinesstextsh__esettledfor__ts.Theentiretextisveryaccurateandstrict;mosttypicallybusinesstextsareformedwithapolitetone.OnlybearingthesefeaturesinmindcantranslatorsofbusinessEnglishdotheirjobsefficiently.
3.4SocialLevelBasedonthetranslationexperien__sonbusinessEnglishthreekindsofcharacteristicsofbusinessEnglishh__ebeensum__rizedhere:senseofpurposeinfor__tivenessandculturalbackground.Themostimportantfeatureofbusinessactivitiesisasenseofpurpose.LanguageisusedtoachieveanendespeciallyinbusinessEnglishitssuc__ssfuluseisseenintermsofasuc__ssfuloutcometothebusinesstransaction.Businessiscompetitive:competitionexistsamongcompaniesandalsowithincompaniesamongemployeesstrivingtobettercareers.Thereforeperfor__n__o__ectivestakepriorityovereducationalo__ectivesorlanguagelearning.Muchofthelanguageneededbybusinesspeoplewillbetransactional:gettingwhatyouwantandpersuadingotherstoagreewiththesuggestionsyoupropose.Thelanguagewillfrequentlybeo__ectiveratherthansu__ectiveandpersonal.Forexampleinbusinessnegotiationitwillbemoreappropriatetoevaluatefactsfromano__ectivestandpointratherthanexpressingpersonalfeelingsandopinions.ativenessInAToxtbookofTranslationPeterNew__rkmentionedthattherearethreekindsoffunctionsoftextandcorrespondinglytextscanbedividedintothreetypes:expressivetextinfor__tivetextandvocativetext.Inbroadsenseinfor__tivetextreferstothosewhose__infunctionistoconveytheo__ectiveinfor__tionandphenomenaoftheworld.Whenitcomestotherelationshipbetweencontentandformthecontentofinfor__tivetextismoreimportantthanitsform.Sometimestheformofinfor__tivetextwillbechangedinordertoemphasizethecontent.BusinessEnglishisanappliedlanguageandisusedtoconveyinfor__tion.ThereforethetextofbusinessEnglishbelongstoinfor__tivetext.AsaresultoneofthebasicfeaturesofbusinessEnglishisinfor__tivenessthatistosaythe__jorfunctionofbusinessEnglishistoofferallkindsofinfor__tiontobusines__enandhelpthemtocommunicatebetterwitheachother.AndbusinessEnglishisusedtopropagandavariouskindsofinfor__tionofproductstotheoutsideworldto__kepeopleknowmoreaboutthem.Inordertoguaranteethebenefitsofthebothsidestheinfor__tionhastobeconveyedwithminimumriskofmisunderstandingandthetimeforpro__ssingbythespeakerandthelistenerneedstobeshort.Nothing-iscaredbythetwopartiesex__ptthefactsandtheinfor__tioninvolvedasanymistakesormisunderstandingsoftheinfor__tioncouldcostthecompanydearly.Peoplewithdifferentculturalbackgroundareinvolvedinbusinessactivities.Thereforewordsorphrasesprovidedwith__rtainculturalbackgroundshouldbenoti__dcarefully.ForexampletheFourAsianTigersinsteadoftheFourAsianDragons亚洲四小龙,itisbecauseinwesternculturedragonsarebelievedtobeferociousani__lswhiletigersarethesymbolofcourageandstrength.MoonRabbitnotJadeRabbit玉兔,thisisbecauseinChineselegenditistherabbitthataccompaniesthegoddessinthemooninsteadofbeing__debyjade.PresentlyculturalbackgroundofbusinessEnglishismoreandmoreimportantanymistakesinthisaspect__yleadtomisunderstandingofthetwopartiesbiglosstothecompanyoreventhebreakoftheinternationalrelationship.InawordbusinessEnglishisgreatlydifferentfromcommonEnglish.FirstandmostobviousfeatureofbusinessEnglishisfromthelexicalaspectitisfulloftechnicalvocabularyabundantabbreviationscompoundsplentyofarchai__sandloanwords;theninthesyntacticlevelprominen__oflongsenten__sfrequentuseofdeclarativesenten__sandalargenumberofsenten__swithfixedexpressionscanbefrequentlyseen;andsettledpatternfor__landbrieflanguageaccurateandstrictstyleandpolitetoneinthetextualphase;finallysociallybusinessEnglishisfeaturedbyitssenseofpurposeinfor__tivenessandculturalbackground.ChapterFourPrinciplesandPro__ssesforBusinessEnglishTranslationAfterthe____ysisofthefeaturesofbusinessEnglishatfourlevelsthreebasicprinciplesofbusinessEnglishtranslationwillbepresentedinthefirstpartofthischapter.Whileitisnotenoughforatranslatoronlytogetknowledgeaboutthebasicprinciplessointhesecondpartofthischapterfivegeneralpro__ssesforabetterbusinessEnglishtranslationwillbesum__rizedonthebasisofthecombinationofthecharacteristicsofbusinessEnglishandthetwotheoriesdiscussedinthefirsttwochapters.
4.1BasicPrinciplesforBusinessEnglishTranslationTheprinciplesfortranslationh__ebeendevelopedfor__nyyears:YanFusfaithfulnessexpressivenessandelegan__;LiuFagongscriteriaforbusinessEnglishtranslation:faithfulnessaccuracyandconsistency;ZhangXinhongspracticalcriteriaforbusinessEnglishtranslation:faithfulnessidio__ticnessandconsistency.Howeverwiththeabove-mentionedfeaturesofbusinessEnglishitisknownthatbusinessEnglishisdifferentfromotherkindsofEnglishanditstranslationisendowedwithsomespecialprinciples.BasedonitsdistinctcharacteristicsthreeprinciplesforbusinessEnglishtranslationwillbesuggestedinthefollowingpart.AlthoughbusinessEnglishtranslationprinciplesarenotexactlythesameasthoseofliterarytranslationtheyalsofirstlystressfaithfulness.ByfaithfulnessinbusinessEnglishtranslationitreferstothattheinfor__tionconveyedbythetranslationshouldconformtotheoneconveyedbytheoriginal.Inotherwordstheinfor__tionmustbekeptinequivalen__.Itdoesnotrequirethatthegram__randsenten__structureinSLshouldbethesameasthoseinTL.Howeveronepointshouldbenoti__disthatculturaltran__issionshouldalsobetakenintoconsiderationifne__ssarysin__internationalbusinesshappensacrossborders.Thatistosaythefocusisonmessageequivalen__includingculturalmessage.TosomedegreefaithfulnessinbusinessEnglishtranslationisnotthesameoneinvolvedinliterarytranslation.Literarytranslationtouchesuponnotonlyse__nticequivalen__butalsostructuresrhetoricandpositiveandnegativeexpressions.ItismorecomplicatedthanbusinessEnglishtranslationintheprincipleoffaithfulness.One__yh__eabetterunderstandingofitafterstudyingthefollowingexample.Forexample:ThebuyershallpaythesellerUSD350000within20daysaftertheBankofChinahasre__ivedthefollowingdocumentsfromtheSellerandfoundthem鱼orderbutnotearlierthan12monthsafterthedatetheContractPlantforthefirsttimereached95%ofguaranteedcapacityofthewholeContractPlantaccordingtotheguaranteedquality血di__sasPerAnnexVItotheContractor65monthsafterthedateofsightingthecontractwhicheverisearlier.Version:买方需于中国银行收到卖方下列里握,并经鱼毯i}夹无送后的__天内向卖方支付35万美元,但此款项的支付不得早于合同工厂第一次达到附件VI所规定的遗量逞延韭拯的95%以后的12个月,或本合同签字后的65个月,以早到的日期为准Thereisonlyonesenten__inthisexample.Itisverylongandcomplicatedwithseveralattributiveandadverbialclauses.Wecanfindthatboththeformandthecontentcoincidewiththeoriginaltoa__rtaindegree.Howeversuchaneffectiveversioncannotbeachievedbyword-for-wordtranslation.Inordertodoafaithfultranslationtherearetwopointsshouldbenoti__dbythetranslator.Firstthethinkingpatternandsenten__structurearegreatlydifferentbetweenChineseandEnglishthetranslatorshould__kesomeadjustmentsinorderto__ketheversionreadablebyTLreaders.Secondthewordsunderlinedinthesenten__aretechnicalwordsinbusinessEnglishthetranslatorshouldfindtheequivalentwordsinTLto__kethereadersunderstandtheinfor__tionbetter.FaithfulnessisthefirstandthemostimportantprincipleforbusinessEnglishtranslation.Accuracyreferstothatsomethingiscorrectineverydetailandcompletelyaccurateaccordingtothefact.Accuracyisofspecialimportan__inbusinessEnglishtranslationsin__itisrelatedtothesuc__ssorfailureofthebusinessdirectly.Thetranslator__yignorethedifferen__sofgram__randsenten__structurebetweenChineseandEnglishbuthemust__nagetoconveytheinfor__tionaccuratelyandprecisely.TheprincipleofaccuracyinbusinessEnglishtranslationisreflectedbythreeaspects.Firstchoosingaccuratewords.Sin__wordisthebasicelementofallthetextwhetherthewordischosencorrectlyornotcon__rnsthequalityoftextdirectly.IntranslationthetranslatorshouldfindtheequivalentwordinTLbasedonhisbackgroundknowledgeonbusinessinsteadofonlylookingupthedictionaryforacorrespondingword.Forexample:a.TheyareUSD1eachbutifyourorderex__eds1000pie__swewillgiveyoua10%discount.b.Theexporter__ytaketheac__ptedbilltoadiscountbankbeforethe__turityifheisinurgentneedoftheamountofmoney.Version:a.它们的单价为1美元,若订货超过1000件,我方将给予你公司九折折扣b.出口商如果急需这笔钱,他可以把这个承兑了的汇票去贴现银行贴现Wecannoti__thatdiscountappearsinbothsenten__butithasdifferentmeanings.Infirstsenten__itmeans“折扣”inforeigntradebusiness;whileinthesecondsenten__itmeans“贴现,’inbankingbusiness.Thereforeinordertoassuretheaccuracyoftheversionintranslatingthetranslatormustfamiliarizetheprofessionalmeaningof__rtainwordsandh__ebroadbackgroundknowledgeonvariousfieldsinbusiness.Secondtransferringthespecificinfor__tionsuchastimenumberandmoneyaccurately.Theinfor__tioninvolvedinbusinessEnglishisseriousandspecificthetranslatorshouldtranslateitwithoutanyambiguity;otherwiseitwillcauseseverelosstothecompany.Forexample:ThegoodsorderedcouldbeshippedinJulyifthecoveringL/Creachonthe15`ofJuneattheleast.Version:如有关信用证在6月15FI前含15日送达,所定货物可于7月份发货Intheexamplethephraseon+aspecifictime+attheleastmeanstheendofaperiodincludingthespecifictime.Thereforeinorderto__oidtheambiguityoftheinfor__tionandthepossiblefuturedisputethetranslatorshouldgiveaclearindicationoftime“含15日”.LastadoptingtheparticularstyleofbusinessEnglish.Besidesprecisewordandexactinfor__tionitiswidelyac__ptedthatthewholestyleofbusinessEnglishshouldbetakenintoconsiderationforthesakeofanaccurateandidio__tictranslationwhichisanotherreflectionoftheprincipleofaccuracy.BusinessEnglishcoversalotoffieldswhichh__edifferentstylesandcharacteristics.DifferentbusinessEnglishtextsrepresenttheirdistinctfeatureseithersimplicityorseriousness.Asaresultfortranslatorstoachievethesuc__ssofbusinesstranslationalsodependsonchoosingaccuratestyle.Example1:Feelgoodfastfood.快餐食APA,可口温馨Chooseon__andchoosewell.随意挑选,保您满意Thetwosenten__sinexample1areadvertisements.Asweallknowthelanguageofadvertisementisbrieflivelyhumorousandexaggerated.Thereforeherethetranslatorshouldemploythesamestyletoo.Example2:Whenthefailureoftheeither_____tofulfillitscontractualobligationsintimebringsaboutlosstotheotheronaccountofcausesotherthanfor____jeurethedefaulter应allpaythepenalty.凡因人力不可抗拒因素之外的原因,一方未能按时履约,而招致地方损失时,未能按时履约方应付罚金Obviouslythisisadaptedformabusinesscontract.ItsstyleisrelatedtothatoflawsandrulessoitsLanguageisseriousandsolemnandcorrespondinglythestyleofthetranslationshouldbethesametoachievetheprincipleofaccuracy.Likeshallinthissenten__itisnotthesymboloffuturetensebutthelanguageforminlegalEnglish.Thereforeitshouldbetranslatedto“应”insteadof“将”.InawordaccuracyisanimportantaspectofbusinessEnglishtranslationandplaysacriticalroleinit.Asthewrittenversionofbusinessfilesordocumentsdecidethesuc__ssorfailureofthebusiness.Withoutaccuracyeitherofwordsorofstylethewholetranslationcouldnotbeconsideredasasuc__ssfuloneatall.Ifwordsarenotcorrectandaccuratetherewillbevaguenessanddisputesduringthepro__ssofbusinesswhichwillinfluen__therelationshipsbetweenthetwopartiesofthebusiness.ThereforeaccuracyshouldbepaidattentioninbusinessEnglishtranslationandthetranslatorshould__kealleffortstoachieveit.Concisenessmeansusingfewerwordsorsenten__stoexpressmoremessagesandatthesametimeto__oidambiguity.AsweallknowbusinessEnglishisakindofpracticalEnglishandconcisebusinessdocumentscanhelpbusines__engetthemessagesatthefirstglan__soastos__etheirtimeandenergy.Thereforethereisoftenaneedtobeconciseandtheinfor__tioninvolvedshouldbepro__ssedattheshortesttime.Inordertoachieveconcisenessthetranslatorshouldtrytoredu__redundancyinthetargettextand__keeveryefforttogiveprioritytothecommunicativefunctionandinfor__tiontran__ittingofbusinessEnglish.Theprincipleofconcisenesscanbereflectedbythefollowingexamples.Forexample:
1.Pleaseextendyourofferforthreedays.A.请将你们的报盘延长3天B.请将你方报盘展期3天
2.Thisofferissu__ecttothegoodsbeingunsoldonre__iptofyourreply.A.这个报盘以收到你方的答复时货还没有卖掉为有效B.此盘以你方答复时货未售出为有效
3.WearepleasedtoadviseyouthatthecaptionedgoodswereshippedyesterdayperS.S.DaQing.A.很高兴通知你方,标题中提到的货物昨天己经由“大庆号”轮船装出B.兹通知,标题货物已于昨天由“大庆”轮装出ComparedthetwokindsoftranslationsoftheaboveexamplesobviouslythetranslationofgroupBismoreproperandmuchbetterthangroupA.Sin__thelanguageofgroupAistoocolloquialandwordywhilethatofgroupBismorenaturalandprofessionalwhichisinconformitywiththecharacteristicsofbusinessEnglish.ConcisenessinbusinessEnglishtranslationimpliesthatthesour__textshouldbeexpressedclearlyandbriefly.
4.2GeneralPro__ssesforBetterBusinessEnglishTranslationThefirsttwochaptersh__ediscussedregistersche__theoryand____yzedthefeaturesofbusinessEnglishindetail.Inthischapterweh__ejustdiscussedtheprinciplescommonlyusedforbusinessEnglishtranslation.Nowwearegoingtofindthegeneralpro__ssesforbetterbusinessEnglishtranslationbycombiningthetwotheoriesandfeaturesofbusinessEnglish.Accordingtoregistertheorylanguagevariesbasedonthesituationinwhichitisused.Inotherwordsifweareinaparticularsituationthelanguageweuseneedstobeappropriatetothesituationinwhichweuseit.Hallidaydividesthesevariablesintothreecategories:fieldtenorandmode.InbusinessEnglishweareinthesituationofbusinessactivities.FieldreferstothetechnicalwordsandfixedexpressionsofbusinessEnglish;tenormeansthefor__landpolitetone;modereferstothestructureandstyleinbusinessEnglish.IntranslatingbusinessEnglishthetranslatorshouldachievetheequivalen__ofthecombinationoffieldtenorandmodeofbusinessEnglish.Astosche__theoryitbelievesthat:sche__isthepriorknowledgegainedthroughexperien__sinoneslifetimestoredinhis/hermindandpeoplesunderstandingoftheinputinfor__tionisbasedonwhethertheyh__erelativeknowledgeandcanactivateitintime.Researchersh__edividedthesche__intothreetypes:languagesche__contentsche__andstructuresche__.InbusinessEnglishlanguagesche__referstothespecializedvocabularyandtypicalformula;contentsche__meanstherelativebackgroundknowledgeinbusiness;structuresche__referstothefor__landstricttextstyleinbusiness.Whenthetranslatorisdealingwiththebusiness__terialsheneedstocombinetheinputinfor__tionwithhispriorknowledgeonlanguagecontentandstructure.Registertheoryisatheoreticaltheoryinlinguisticswhilesche__theoryisapracticaltheoryincognition.Asweallknowthepro__ssofbusinessEnglishtranslationisakindofpracticalexperien__soitisnotenoughonlyto__sterthetheoreticaltheory.Inotherwordsinordertoachieveasuc__ssfulbusinessEnglishtranslationthetranslatornotonlyshouldfindtheequivalentfieldtenorandmodeinTLbutalsoshouldcombinetheinputinfor__tionwithhispriorlanguagecontentandstructure.knowledgeonbusinessinhismemory.Tosumupfivegeneralpro__ssesforbetterbusinessEnglishtranslationaresuggestedinthefollowingpart.Businessarticlesinvolvesvariousfieldsofeconomytradeandlawetc.andinordertoimprovetheefficiencyalotoftechnicaltermsandfixedexpressionsareaccumulatedandac__ptedafter__nyyearspracti__.OfcoursetherearecduivalenttranslationofthesetechnicaltermsandfixedexpressionsinTL.Intranslatingthetranslatorshouldfirstshowthefieldofthe__terialandthenusethelanguagesche__inhismemorytoconveytheinfor__tionintheoriginalcorrectly.Inotherwordsthefirstpro__ssintranslatingbusinessEnglishistomemorizethestandardtranslationofthesetechnicaltermsandfixedexpressions.Example1:a.Weencloseourinvoi__andshalldrawonxou兰应迎againstthisshipmentthroughthelocalbankasagreedweaskyoutoprotectuponpresentation.Translation:__随函寄上,我们将按约定通过本地银行向你开出即期汇票,请见票即付b.Theduplicateshipp吨documentsincludingbillofladinginvoi__packinglistandinspection__rtificationwereair__iledtoyoutoday.Translation:包括提里,__,装箱单和验证书在内的装运单证副本今日航寄贵处Theunderlinedphrasesaretechnicaltermsandtheirrespectivecorrespondingtranslationonbusiness.Obviouslymemorizingthestandardtranslationofthesetechnicalterms__kesthepro__ssoftranslationeasily.Whencomingacrosssomeunfamiliartermsthetranslatorshouldlookuptherelativeprofessionaldictionaryforstandardtranslation.Example2:a.Thiscontractis__debyandbetweenthebuyersandthesellers;wherebythebuyersagreetobuyandthesellersagreetoselltheundermentionedcommodityaccordingtothetermsandconditionsstipulatedbelow:Translation:兹经买卖双方同意,由买方购进卖方出售下列货物,并按下列条款从严签订本合约b.TheL/Gshallbecomevalidfromtheissuingdateandshallbecomenullandvoidafterthesellerhascompletedthedeliveryofthecommoditiesunderthecontract.Translation:本__函自开立之日起生效,并将在卖方按合同完成送货之日自动失效c.Thankyouforyourletterdated...x日来函收悉,致谢Youarerequestedtokindlylookintothe__tter.敬希查明Were__ivedyourletterof…,itisgratifyingtonotethat.…你方X月x日来函收到欣悉……Inexample2aisthefixedexpressioninthebeginningofacontract;bisthefixedexpressionintheendofanL/G;cisthefixedexpressionsinthebusinessletters.Thetranslatorshouldusethestandardtranslationofthesefixedexpressionsto__ketheversionnaturalbriefand__ooth.Andthesestandardtranslationscanbeachievedfrompracti__ofbusinessEnglishtranslation.AftermemorizingthetechnicaltermsandfixedexpressionsofbusinessEnglishthesecondpro__ssistofamiliarizetheprofessionalbackgroundknowledgewhichisane__ssaryskillforbusinessEnglishtranslators.A__rtainword__yh__edifferentmeaningsinthedifferentcontextswithoutrelativebackgroundknowledgeitisverydifficultforthetranslatortoexpressfaithfullyandtranslateaccurately.Intranslatingthetranslatorshouldh__earichcontentsche__inhismemory.Example1:Thecorporationcharteralsoauthorizesthecorporationtoissueandsellsharesofstockorownershipinthecorporationtoenablethecorporationtoraisemoney.Translation:丝且直业执里授权公司发行和销售股票,转让公司所有权,以便为公司筹措资金Thistranslationiswrongbecauseoftheambiguousbackgroundknowledge.corporationcharterhastwotranslationsinthefieldofbusiness:“公司章程”,“公司营业执照”.Inthissenten__itshouldbetranslatedinto“公司章程”,astheli__nsedoesnotrefertothebusinessofissuingstocksitonlydefinesthebusinessscope.Thereforenoclearprofessionbackgroundknowledge__yleadtomistranslating.Example2:Sin__1970tradeliberalizationanddereulationh__eopenedupinternationalcompetitioninanumberofpreviouslyshelteredindustries...Translation:1970以来,随着贸易自由化的推行和对贸易管制的逐步取消,很多原先被保护的行业也对国际竞争敞开了大门Thedefinitiunsofsomewordsdependontherelativebackbruundinfor__tion.Like``deregulatiuninthisexampleitsdefinitioninBusinessEugli.shKnuwl}clycis:getridoforrelieveregulation撤销管制规定,解除拧制,sin__de-isanegativeprefix.HoweverthefactisthatthetraderegulationinAmericahasneverbeenrelievedwhileittakesalotofmeasuresunderthe__skoffairtradetodofreetradewhichisbeneficialandtoprotectandlimittradewhichisunbeneficial.Thereforederegulationhereshouldbetranslatedinto“逐步放松”insteadof“逐步取消”whichisaccordan__withtherealeconomicsituationthen.BusinessEnglishisfeaturedbyitscomplexandstrictsenten__structurewhichposesparticulardifficultiesforthecomprehensionofthetranslator.Whatsmorethesenten__structureinEnglishandChineseisgreatlydifferent:Englishemphasizesfo__alltheelementsinasenten__areconnectedclosely;Chineseemphasizedmeaningthesenten__structureislooseanditdependsmoreontheorderofalltheelements.Thereforethethirdpro__ssistofocusonmodeandstructuresche__fromtheinternalaspectand____yzethesenten__structurecarefullytoachieveanaccuratetranslation.Example1:Thegoodswere__ivedcontrarytoourinstructionsarepackedinwoodencaseswithoutironhoops.Translation:a.收到的货物与我们的指示不符,货物是包装在没有铁箍的木箱里b.收到的货物是包装在没有铁箍的木箱里,而这种包装与我们的指示不同After____yzingthesenten__scarefullywecanseethepositionofthephrasecontrarytoourinstructionsismovedahead.Itmodifiesthepackageinsteadofthegoods.Thereforethetranslationbiscorrect.Example2:Wehandyouherewithanorderfor100tonsbarironaspertheparticularsontheannexedspecificationsandshallbeladdtohearsame.Translation:兹随函寄上100吨铁条订单一份条件按附带规格中的具体规定如贵公司能供货,当不胜感激Inthissenten__thereisonlyonesenten__withacourdinatepredicateandano__ectclause.Ifwetranslateitintoalongsenten__it__ylookneitherfishnorfowl.Soitisbettertodivideitintothree__allsenten__s.Therearetwosenten__structuresinEnglishandChineseinorderto__kethetranslationmoreaccurateandidio__ticthetranslatorcandivideasenten__intheoriginalintoseveralsenten__salsocanputtwosenten__sintoawholesenten__or__kesomeadjustmenttotheorderintheoriginalaccordingtodifferentsituations.Thetextstyleofbusinessarticlesisinavarietywithrespecttodifferentfieldsinbusinessactivities.Forexamplethestyleofbusinesscontractisstandardandstrict;advertisementislivelyandexaggerated;businesscorresponden__isconciseandpolite.Intranslatingaccordinglythetranslatorshouldpayattentiontomodeandstructuresche__fromtheexternalaspectandchoosetheappropriatetextstyletopursuetheclosenessofthestylewhichisthefourthpro__ssintranslatingbusinessEnglish.Letstakethestyleofbusinesscontractadvertisementandbusinesscorresponden__forexample.Example1:TheletterofGuaranteeshallcomeintofor__onitsissuingdayandre__invaliduntilyouh__ere__ivedalltheusaneedraftsac__ptedbytheBuyerandendorsedbyourBank.Translation:本途i}卫自即日起土丝有效期将于贵公司收到全部已经买方承兑和我行直卫保证的远期汇票之日终止Thisexampleisadaptedfromabusinesscontract.Businesscontractrestrictstherightsdutyandbenefitofthepartiesinvolvedsotheinfor__tioninthecontractmustbestandardcompleteandclear.Thereforeintranslatingthiskindofarticlethetranslatorshouldusethestrictlanguageandstandardvocabulary.Example2:Youarewellawarethatitisgoodandhandyefficientanddurableeconomicalandpracticalinuseformiddleschoolstudents.Translation:你们一定知道,这种打一字机轻便高效,经久耐用,经济实惠,适合中学生使用Thisistheadvertisementfortypewriter.Weknowthefunctiunofadvertisementistoattractpeoplesattentionand__kethempurchasesoithasdistinctlanguagefeatures.Intranslatingthiskindofarticlethetranslatorshouldusesomefiguresofspeechto__keversionlivelyandfreshly.InChinesethefour-letteridiomisabetterchoi__.Itisnotonlyaccordan__withthecustomofChineseculturebutalsoreadscatchyandattractive.Example3:DearSirsThankyouforyourinterestinouranti-shrinksilk.Inreplytoyourenquiryof__y11weareverysorrytosaythatwecannotdivulgeanyofoursalesinfor__tion.Wehopethiswillnotbringyoutoomuchmconvemen__.YoursTrulyTranslation:敬启者:承蒙贵方对我们的不缩水丝绸感兴趣,十分感谢兹复贵方5月11日询价函,我方非常抱歉地奉告,我们不能泄露我方任何销售情况我们希望这不会给贵方带来很多不便谨上!Obviouslythisisafor__lbusinesscorresponden__.Thestyleofbusinesscorresponden__isfeaturedby3C:clearnessconcisenessandcourtesy.Businessletteristoconveyinfor__tionandbusines__enpaygreatattentiontotimesothe______languageandofficialfixedexpressionsareunderstoodandac__ptedbythepartiesinvolved.Besidesbusinesscorresponden__isakindofmultinationalcommunicativewayandasetofphaticexpressionsareformedtoachieveasuc__ssfulbusiness.InChinesethereisalsoasetofofficialphaticexpressionsforbusinesscorresponden__.Suchastheopeningofaletter“敬启者,谨启者”,theendofaletter“敬上,谨上”,andalotoffixedexpressions“兹,承蒙,乞谅,获悉,为I汾”etc.Intranslatingthiskindofarticlethetranslatorshouldfamiliarizethedistinctfeaturesandofficialstandardtranslationofbusinesscorresponden__.Inordertokeepagoodcooperationrelationshipandrealizethemutualbenefitbusines__enalwaysexpresstheiropinionsand__kerequestsorsuggestionswithafor__landpolitetone.InbusinessEnglishtensevoi__andmoodareusedtoreflectthiskindoftone.Intranslatingthetranslatorshouldachievetheequivalen__ofthetenorinbusinessEnglishsituationandpursuetheclosenessofthetonefeaturesofbusinessEnglishwhichisthelastpro__ssforabetterbusinesstranslationfromtheoverallaspect.InChineselexicalmethodisusedtoshowthepolitenessofbusinessactivities.Suchas“阁下”,“贵”,“您”foraddressingthebusinesspartners;“请”,“谨请”for__kingrequestorsuggestion;“是否”,“可否”,“能否”forexpressingopinionsetc.ThepolitetoneofbusinessEnglishisreflectedbythreekindsofeuphemi__fromtheabove____ysisofbusinessEnglishfeatures:pasttensepassivevoi__andsu__unctivemood.Nowlets____yzehowtotranslatetheeuphemi__inbusinessEnglishintoChineseindetail.Example1:Wewantedtoknowwhetheryoucouldeffectshipmentonemonthearlier.我方想知道觅业e查提前一个月装船Iwonderedwhetheryoucould__kedeliveryinthemiddleofJune.我方想知道遗芷亚查在六月中旬交货InbusinessEnglishwhenaskingquestionor__kingrequestIwantIwonder__ysoundtooabsoluteandaffir__tivewhilethepasttenseIwantedIwondered__ysoundalittlepoliteandeuphemistic.InChinese“能否”,“可否”canbeusedto__kerequestspolitely.Example2:Afterweh__echeckedLC/AC-3coveringtheshipmentof2000tonsofsteelsxouarekind红requestedto__kethefollowingamendments:经认真核对关于2000吨钢材的AC-3号信用证,谨请做一下修改:AccordingtothestipulationsofthesaidI/CthefirstlotshouldbedeliveredbytheendofJune.根据上述信用证规定,首批货物应与六月底前装运InbusinessEnglishwhenremindingthecorrespondingpartnerofhisresponsibilityaccordingtothecontractpassivevoi__isusedtoweakentheimperativetone.Itemphasizesthedutiesregulatedbythecontractoragreementinsteadoftheperformeroftheactwhichcanbeac__ptedeasilybyanother_____.InChinese“谨请”,“应”canbeusedtoexpresstheopinioneuphemistically.Example3:Itwou.ldbemosthelpfulifyoucouldalsosupplyinfor__tioncoveringthetypesoffabrictobepro__ssedandthetypesofyarn.若贵方能提供所__织物的种类和使用棉纱的型号,对我们将足莫大的帮助Itwouldbeappreciatedifyoucouldsendusyourreplyearly.置贵立4即时回复,我方将不胜感激Su__unctivemoodusedintheabovetwosenten__s__kesthestatementoftherelativepartiesopinionsorrequestsmoresoftlyandeuphemisticwhichle__esmoreroomfordiscussionandisgoodforthebusinessrelationshipofthepartiesinvolved.InChinese“若能”,“如若”canbeusedtoweakentheabsoluteandimperativetoneinbusinessnegotiation.BasedonthedistinctcharacteristicsofbusinessEnglishthreebasicprinciplesforbusinessEnglishtranslationareputforward:faithfulnessaccuracyandconcisenesswhichisoffirstimportan__intranslating.Thenbycombiningregistersche__theorywithfeaturesofbusinessEnglishfivegeneralpro__ssesforbetterbusinessEnglishtranslationarebroughtforward.Tosumupaslongasthetranslatorcanreflectaccuratelythefieldtenorandmodeinbusinessactivitiesonthebasisofhislanguagecontentandstructuresche__inhismemorybusinessEnglishtranslationcouldbedonesuc__ssfullyandperfectly.ChapterFiveConclusionH__ingintrodu__dregistersche__theorysurveyeddistinctcharacteristicsofbusinessEnglishandexploredbasicprinciplesandgeneralpro__ssesforbettertranslationundertheguidan__ofthecombinationofthetwotheoriesandbusinessEnglishfeatureswearenowinapositionto__keaconclusionofthewholethesis.The__inpointsofthispaperaresum__rizedasfollows:FirstHallidaysregistertheoryinlinguisticsandKantssche__theoryincognitionareintrodu__dinordertodotheresearchmorethoroughlyandcomprehensively.Weholdthatthreecategoriesofregisterfieldtenorandmodeandthreetypesofsche__languagesche__contentsche__andstructuresche__h__ea__rtainrelationshipwhichcanbecombinedtoguidebusinessEnglishtranslation.SecondBusinessEnglishisgreatlydifferentfromcommonEnglishandhasitsownfeatures.InthesecondchaptertheauthorhasdealtdetailedlywiththecharacteristicsofbusinessEnglishfromfourperspectives:lexicallevelsyntacticleveltextuallevelandsociallevelwhichhasagreatinfluen__onitstranslation.Thirdsin__businessEnglishisafieldwithitsownfeaturesitstranslation__rtainlyhassomeparticularprinciplesandstrategies.AfteraviewoffeaturesofbusinessEnglishindetailthreebasicprinciplesforbusinessEnglishtranslationareputforward:faithfulnessaccuracyandconcisenesswhichisoffirstimportan__intranslating.Thenfivegeneralpro__ssesarepresentedwhicharedirectlyguidedbyregistersche__theoryandderivedfromthefeaturesofbusinessEnglish.Aslongasthetranslatorcanreflectaccuratelythefieldtenorandmodeinbusinessactivitiesonthebasisofhislanguagecontentandstructuresche__inhismemorybusinessEnglishtranslationcouldbedonesuc__ssfullyandperfectly.Sin__businessEnglishisincreasinglyimportantitisne__ssarytoproposesomerequirementsforbusinesstranslators.Ononehandbilingualproficiencyisthemostimportantandessentialqualificationforeverybusinesstranslator.Howeveronlybilingualproficiencyisnotenoughforbusinesstranslators.Sin__businessEnglishcoversvariousfieldsbusinesstranslatorsshould__sterthetechnicaltermsandfixedexpressionsinbusinessEnglishandknowtherelativeprofessionalbackgroundknowledgeasmuchaspossible.Itisimpossibleforatranslatorwithlittletechnicaltermsorprofessionalknowledgetodoagoodbusinesstranslationno__tterhowgoodhisEnglishorChineseis.OntheotherhandfamiliarizingthedistinctsyntacticandtextualfeaturesofbusinessEnglishisacriticalpoint.Aslongasthetranslatorachievestheequivalen__oftheinternalandexternalstructureintheoriginalhistranslationcanbefaithfulaccurateandidio__tic.Finallysociallythetranslatorshouldkeeppa__withthetime.Almosteverydaytherearenewwordsemergingintheworldandparticularlyintheworldofbusinesswhichisarapidlydevelopingone.Asatranslatorheshouldfocusoncurrentaffairsmorethanotherpeoplewhicharesignificantforbusinesstranslation.Besidesatranslatorshouldholdstrongpatien__andresponsibilityduringtranslation.Businesstranslationcon__rnsthebenefitnotonlyofindividualsbutalsoofthewholecountry.Whatsmoresomeforeignbusines__enarenotfamiliarwiththelawsrulesandpoliciesofChinasothetranslatorshouldbearstrongresponsibilityfornotonlytranslatingthe__terialbutalsocommunicatingwiththeforeign_____.Onlyinthiswaycanatranslatorachievesuc__ssfulandperfecttranslation.Thesignifican__ofthisthesisisto__kecontributionstotheresearchonbusinessEnglishandbusinessEnglishtranslationandbeofsomehelptothosewhoseprofessionisbusinessEnglishtranslatorsorthosewhoareintendingtoworkinthisfield.TheshiningpointofthisthesisisthatSche__theoryandRegistertheoryh__ebeenwidelyusedby__nyscholarsinEnglishLanguageTeachingorBusinessEnglishWritingwhileinthispaperIwanttofullyexplorethebasicprinciplesandgeneralpro__ssesforbetterbusinessEnglishtranslationonthebasisoftheintegrationofthetwotheorieswhichcanbothbeappliedtobusinessEnglishtranslationfromtheperspectiveofvocabularysenten__structurebackgroundknowledgeandtextorganizationetc.Howeverbecauseofthelimitationoftimeandknowledgeonthebusinessfieldandbecauseoftheincomprehensivecollectionof__terialstheresurelyexistmistakesandim__turityinthethesissuchaslackofanoveralltheoreticalknowledgeandageneralunderstandingofbusinessEnglishaccordinglytheprinciplesandpro__ssessum__rizedabovearenotperfectenough.Thereforemoreeffortswillbe__detofurtherexplorebusinessEnglishtranslationinmyfuturestu___s.Bibliography
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20011.AcknowledgementsThedissertationowesagreatdealofgratitudeto__nypeople.FirstandforemostmyspecialgratitudegoestomysupervisorProfessorWuZhifangwhoseconstantencouragementconsideratepatien__stimulatinginstructionsstrictguidan__andcriticaljudgmentsh__ehelpedmeconsiderablyinthepro__ssofwritingthisthesis.Theydeservemyheartfeltgratitudefor__nyimprovements__deinthecurrentversion.Myprofoundthanksandappreciationalsogotoprofessorswhoh__etaughtmeduringthe__courseinSchoolofForeignLanguagesofWHUTProfessorWangDa___ProfessorXuZhisuoProfessorWeiWandeProfessorLiuShengminandProfessorLiXiaohui.Ih__ebenefitedagreatdealfromtheirilluminativelecturesandstrictattitudetowardsstudyduringmydaysinWuhanUniversityofTechnology.1amreallyblessedtoh__ebrilliantclas__atesroom__tesandotherfriendswhohelpedmeinonewayoranotherinthecourseofthepreparationofmythesis.LastbutnottheleastIwouldliketothankmybelovedparentsfortheirconsistentsupportandcareineverypossibleway.。