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语法复习专题
(5)Unit5介词和连词
一、考点聚焦
1、介词的分类与语__能
(1)介词是虚词,不能单独作句子成分,必须与名词、代词(或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句等)构成介词短语,在句中充当一个成分介词分为简单介词,如at、in、for等;合成介词,如within、inside、onto、througout等;短语介词,如accordingto、outof、becauseof、bymeansof、inspiteof、insteadof等双重介词,如frombehind/above/under、untilafter等分词介词,如considering、including、judgingfrom/by等常见的介词宾语名词、代词、动名词、从句、不定式等如
①Itisgoingtorainthisafternoonaccordingtotheweatherforecast.
②Hequarrelledwithheryesterday.
③Hesuc__ededinpassingthefinalexam.
④I’mstillthinkingofhowIcanfulfilthetaskaheadoftime.
⑤TheprofessorwillgiveusatalkonhowtostudyEnglishwell.
(2)介词短语在句中可作表语、定语、状语和宾补等如
①This__chineisingoodcondition.表语
②Whereisthekeytomybike定语
③Nothingintheworldcouldlivewithoutairorwater.状语
④Shealwaysthinksherselfaboveothers.(宾补)
2、介词搭配
(1)“动词+介词”搭配注意特定搭配与同一介词与多个动词搭配意义不同的情况
①rob__.ofsth./cleartheroadofsnow“夺去、除去”意义的动词与of连用
②supplyuswithfood/filltheglasswithwine(“供给”意义的动词与with连用)
③__keadeskofwood/__kebreadfromflour/__kethe__terialintoacoat(“制作、制造”意义与of、from、into连用)
④介词+the+部位与动词的关系(=动词+__.’s+部位,可换用)strikehimonthehead“击,拍,碰,摸”意义与on连用catchhimbythearm“抓,拉,拿,扯”意义与by连用hittheboyinthefa__(“肚,胸,眼,脸”等人体前部与in连用)
⑤preventstopkeep__.fromdoingsth.“阻止,禁止”意义与from连用
⑥persuadeadvisewarn__.intodoingsth.(“说服,建议”意义与into连用)
⑦buy__.forsth.le__e、get、win、gain、lose等“得失”意义与for连用
⑧____sth.to__.show、teach、sing、write、read等“告知”意义与to连用
⑨givesth.to__.(give、allow、promise、pass、hand等“授予”意义与to连用)注意
⑦⑧⑨可换成buy__.sth.双宾结构⑩sayto__.suggest、explain、apologize、murmur、whisper与“对象”连用必须用to不可说suggest__.sth.同一动词与不同介词搭配意义不同for(寻找)tosth.of听说on拜访lookto眺望agreewith__.hearcallfor需要at(看)onsth.from收到信in请同一介词与不同动词搭配,意义各异replytotheletter回信,singdan__tothemusic和……唱(跳),amountto达到,加起来有……,devoteto把……贡献给,drinkto为……干杯,o__ectto__,lookforwardto渴望,cometo苏醒,belongto属于,searchfor搜……,ask…for…寻找,use…for用作,le__efor前往,take…for误以为,callof倡导,waitfor等待,carefor喜欢,__keupfor弥补损失,turnto求助(救)于,helponeselfto随意,agreeto同意,compare…to把……比作,sendfor派人去请(拿)……,sailfor驶向,航向,setoutfor动身去,goinfor爱好……
(2)常见“形容词+介词”搭配of担心……about/atsth.afraidangryfor替……而担心with__.forsth.渴望……differentfrom与……不同amxiousaboutsth./__担心……differentto…不关心……of讨厌with__.tiredstrictfrom/with因……疲倦insth.要求严格at擅长with__.受……欢迎goodfor对……有益popularinsomepla__流行在……of__.todoso友好for…因……而流行with+名词或what从句pleasedhelpfulto对……有帮助at+抽象名词(听/看到……而高兴)to__.为人所知knownfor因……而出名befamiliarwith熟悉as作为……出名befamiliarto为……熟知(悉)sorryfor…替……后悔disappointedatsth.失望from缺席richin富有……absentin离开此地去了……worthyof值得的,gladaboutsth.for__.为某人某事高兴,farfrom离……远,gratefulforsth.to__.为某事感激某人,freefrom没有……(免除……),proudoftakepridein自豪,satisfiedwithby满意,sureof/about确信,fondof喜欢,fitfor适合,busywithsth.indoingsth.忙着干某事,fullof充满,readyfor准备,similarto相似,wrongwith不对;有毛病……
(3)“名词+介词”要注意习惯搭配和意义区分theabsen__ofwater缺水thehopeofsuc__ss成功的希望h__eachan__offorenteringcollege上大学的机会takeprideinthem为他们感到骄傲thekeytothequestion问题的答案amedicineforcough治咳嗽的药theticketfortomorrow明天的票inBei___g去了北京hisabesen__fromBei___g不在北京tostudy学习方法thewayofstudying__ths学习教学的方法
3、核心介词用法归纳与辨析
(1)表示时间的介词in的用法如下表示在某一较长时间内,如世纪、年、月、季、周等一般用介词in,如inthe1990sintheyearinJanuaryinthewinter/summer/fall/springinthefirstweekof__y还可以用时段名词组成固定短语或词组如inawhileinnotimeinthedaytimeinashortwhileintimeinthemorningafternoonevening但要注意
①atnight/atnoonintheday在白天inthenight(大夜间)
②infivedays(weeksmonthsyears)中in意思是“在……以后”
③in和during表一段时间内两词可互用如inthenightduringthenightinthewarduringthewar但略有区别当接表示“活动”的抽象名词时多用during,接“活动”的动名词及短语时用in如duringthediscussionindiscussingtheproblemduringherstayinHubeiinplayingbasketballduringthecourseofindiggingthetunnel
(2)在具体的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕,常用ononSundays.onTuesdaymorningonChrist__sDay但atChri__asonChrist__sEveonChildren’sDayon__rch8onthemorningafternooneveningofOct.1earlyonthemorningofOct.1区别inthelate/earlymorningofOct.1onarainynightonwarmwinterdays3表示某一时刻或某一点时间用at如小时、分钟等atbreakfastsupperlunchatsixatnoonsunrisesunsetmiddaynightmidnightdawnattheageof15atthetimeofwar但intimeofdanger/trouble注意有些时间名词前不接介词如nextday、lastSunday、thatmorning、theseyearsone、each、any、every、some、all修饰时一般不用介词如somedayoneday、yesterday/afternoonthenightbefore
(4)till、until、to的用法
①tilluntil与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中,与短暂动词连用一般用在否定句中如Hewaitedformetilltwelveo’clock.Hedidn’tgetuptilluntil10a.m.不可用to.但注意在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用till而用until如
②to表“终结”时常用和from连用,但要注意不与from连用时的意义如fromJulytoSeptemberfromsixtotilleight(从……到……为止),但frommorningtillnight(从早到晚),不能用tofrom…to常构成习惯搭配,不可换用其他介词(A)表持久连续、传递、转移的含义fromtimetotime不时,有时,fromdaytoday 天天fromhandtohand不断传下去,frompla__topla__(处处,到处),fromsidetoside左右摇摆,fromdoortodoor(家家户户),fromhousetohouse(挨家挨户),fromshoptoshop(一个商店接一个商店)B表起始终止的全过程或程度加深、状态变化frombeginningtoend从头到尾,自始至终(fromthebeginningtotheendof…);fromhandtomouth仅能糊口,frombadtoworse越来越糟,fromheadtofoot从头到脚fromtoptobottom(整个地,彻底地),fromtoptotoe全身,fromstarttofinish(自始至终,从头到尾)(C)fromone+名词+toanother表示“依次”如fromonecartoanother(顺着车厢依次地)(D)名词+by+同一单数名词,表示“一个一个地”,要与from…to短语区别开onebyone一个一个地;littlebylittlebit一点一点地;stepbystep一步一步地,逐渐地(但byandby不久以后);senten__bysenten__逐句地;daybyday一天一天地;sidebysidewith…和……并肩,一起;shouldertoshoulder肩并肩地,齐心协力;handinhand手拉手,紧紧地;fa__tofa__面对面
(5)in、after、later
①in+一段时间表示说话时为起点一段时间之后,与一般将来时连用;但表示“在……之内”时,用于各种时态
②一段时间+laterlater是副词表示某一具体时间或某一方面具体时间算起的一段时间后
③after+一段时间表示“在……之后”,用于一般过去时;但时间为点时间时,只能用after即after+点时间,用于各种时态Thedoctorwillbewithusinsixminutes.Shegraduatedin1981andeightyearslatershebecamethe__nagerofthefactory.Here__ivedherletterafterfourweeks.另外,in+一段时间+’s+time与within+一段时间的用法如下inaweek’stime=inaweekTheywillarriveinthreedays’time.与将来时连用Mybrother’sbirthdayisintwoweeks’time.(作表语)I’llfinishthebookwithintwoweeks.within=inlessthan…用于各种时态,不超出,在……之内
(6)地点介词at、on、in、to、across、through、over、under、below
①at在较小的场所,in在较大的场所,on在……的平面上如atthedoor、attheairport、atthestation、at55ParkStreet、inChina、inthenorth、inAsia、onthedesk、onthewall等
②on、at、in还可以表示两地相对位置若A地属于B地,用in;A地位于B地的外面且有边缘衔接用on;无边缘的衔接有to如JapanliestotheeastofChina.范围之外______liesinthesoutheastofChina.(范围之外)Hunanprovin__liesonthewestofHubeiprovin__.毗邻TheislandliesoffthecoastofChina.相隔一定距离
③地点介词的引申、比喻意义inthesun在阳光下,inthedarkness在黑暗中,inthedark不知道,infreezingweather在严寒天气中,inthemud在泥中,intheearth在地下inthedesert在沙漠中inahe__yrain在大雨中,inthesnow/wind在雪/风中inpublic当众,introuble在困境中,getintotrouble陷入困境,outoftrouble摆脱困难,beyondhope绝望
④across在物体表面“穿过”;through则表示在三维空间内部“穿过”如Theywalkedacrosstheplayground.Iwalkedthroughtheforest.
⑤over/under/above/belowover、above译作“在……之上”;under、below译作“在……的下面”,其区别在于over、under表示一种直接的、垂直的上下关系;而above、below则表示一般的“高于”或“低于”,不一定是垂直“在上”或“在下”如Alittleboatisnowunderthebridge.Thereisabridgeovertheriver.Thesunsinksbelowthehorizon地平线Thewindowiswellabovethetree.
⑥表示地点介词的静态性和动态性Hewalkedtothestation(静态,表示方向和目的地)Hewalkedtowardsthestation.动态,只表示方向Heiskindtotowardsus.(两者通用)Heisatthestation.静态,表示地点Theyarrivedatthestation.动态,表示地点Heswamawayfromtheship.动态“离开”Hestoodawayfromtheshop.静态“远离”Hefellontothefloor.动态“到地面”ThecityisontheChangjiangRiver.静态“平面”Goofftheroad.偏离了道路(动态“离去”)Comealongtheriver.沿着河过来(线)acrossthefields跨过田野……,overthedesert跨越沙漠acrosstheriver横跨这条河……,overthehill翻过这座山beinthehouse静态,在这里……stayoutofthecar静态,在……外gointothehouse动态,进入flyoutofthecountry动态,离开
(7)表示方式、手段、工具的介词
①bytheyear/hour/day按年/小时/天如Herentahousebytheyeardayhour.按by+the+单位名称但tothepound按磅算,totheton按吨计
②表泛指的方式、手段bypost/__il邮寄,bytelephoneradio但onthephone/ontheradio/onTV电讯器材,byelectricity用电,by__chinery用电器,byhardworklearnsth.byheartthroughthesa____itethroughpracti__throughhisowneffortsthroughexperien__throughthetelescop
③交通工具类bybus/train/car/taxiroadbybike/bicycleonhorseback/onfootbyplane/jet/spa__shipbyairbyship/boat/lifeboatbysea/bywater另外bymeansof用……方法,bywayof经由,取道于,用……方法,withthehelppermissionof__./with__.’shelppermis-sion
④表方式、手段的其他用法Hebeatthedogwithawhip.with+工具机器One__ellswithhisnose.with+人体器官,但byhand“手工,用手”Hestoodupwithpride.with+情绪、情感、态度的名词注意使用语言、材料、文字等用in如inEnglishinkpencil另外如inhighgoodlowspiritsinangerinjoyincomfortinsorrowinsafetyindangerinneedindebtinloveinfuninpainintearsinsurpriseingoodpoorhealthingoodorderinflowerinawayinalowvoi__insilen__inwithsatisfactioninahurryinwithwordslive/feedonfoodkneelonone’skneetakecatch__.bysurprise出其不意
(8)表示“除……之外”的几组常用介绍比较
①besides除……以外,(还有)作副词时意思是“而且,更何况”Wellallwenttothecine__besidesShaw.除了肖外,我们都去了电影院ItwastoolatetoseeafilmandbesidesIwastired.
②ex__pt除去,除……之外(不再有)Weallwentex__ptJohn.我们都去了,约翰没有在否定句中,两词可以换用,如Hehasnootherhatsex__pt/besidesthisone.
③ex__ptfor除了……(对句子主题进行细节校正或附加说明)后接名词、代词或what从句,此时与ex__ptthat+句子意思相同Hewasverycleverex__ptforcarelessness.
④ex__ptthat…除了……一点以外Hehasnotchangedex__ptthatheiswearingdarkglasses.
⑤but与ex__ptbut和ex__pt在表示“除了……以外”时可以通用,但应注意以下三点
①前面有不定人词、疑问代词在意义上对称时,多用butAllbutonearehere.NobodybutIlikes__kingmodelships.
②后接不定式短语为排除对象时,多用butHehasnothingtodobutwait.(前有do后省to)
③but与一些固定结构连用h__enochoi__buttodosth.只得做某事,cannotbutdosth.不得不cannothelpbutdosth.不得不……,butfor…如不是……
(9)between与among.between通常指两者之间也可以用于三者以上的两者之间如AnnisbetweenTomandBill.SwitzerlandliesbetweenFran__Ger__nyAustraliaandItaly.Theysoonfinishedtheworkbetweenthemselves.共同,合作Shewasbusybetweencookingwashingsewingandlookingafterthebaby.表示接连不断地,一个接一个地忙这忙那Ahorsecanbeseenbetweentreesnow.among表示三者以上之间如Thestoryissaidtoh__ehappenedinavillageamongthehills.Hewashappytobeamongfriendsagain.Wemustagreeamongourselves.一起,共同我们必须达成共识Londonisamongthelargestcities.=oneof与最高级连用
(10)表原因的介词for、becauseof、duetoHedidn’tcometothemeetingbecauseofhisillness.Thereasonforhiscominglateisthathewasill.Hewaspraisedforhisbr__eryandcourage.Theaccidentisduetoyourcarelessdriving.11不定式复合结构中的for、of这里所说的不定式复合结构形式指的是for或of加上人或事,作动词不定式逻辑主语的结构
①Itiscleverofyoutoansweritlikethat.
②Itisquitehardformetoexplainwhy.注意两句中的of和for的使用,表语形容词能够说明不定式逻辑主语的性质、特征与面貌时用of如果说明不定式行为本身的性质、状态等则用for
(12)兼作连词和副词的介词
①after、sin__、till/still、before这些词既是介词,又是连词Thechildrenwenthomeaton__afterschool.Theywenttobedaftertheyhadfinishedthejob.
②in、on、along、down、up、after、before、along、beyond等介词可兼作副词Herandownthehill.(介词)Canyouliftthatboxdownfromtheshelfforme副词
③有的介词可以兼作连词和副词Allthestudentsgottoschoolbeforeme.before为介词Wedowanttobuysomethingnowbeforepri__sgoup.连词H__en’tIseenyoubeforebefore为副词
(13)介词的省略
①表示时间的介词on、at、in的省略在next、last、yesterday、tomorrow、each、one、any、every、all等词之前,可以省略,也可以不省略如(at)lastweekend、(on)thatday等
②介词for表示时间的省略要求(A)以all开头的名词短语,for要省略如Istayedwithherallhemorning.(B)表示一段时间的短语之前,for可以省略,也可以不省略如Ih__ebeenwaitinghereIformorethanthreehours.(C)否定句中,表示时间的短语前的for不能省略如Ih__en’tseenyouforthirtyyears.D时间状语在主句之前,for不能省略如Forthewholemorningtheold__nkeptreading.
③某些动词短语之后的介词可以省略Nothingcanpreventmefromdoingthejob.Shespentnearlytwohoursintranslatingit.
(14)某些名词与介词构成的固定搭配
①要求接to的名词有key、answer、visit、entran__、apology、introduction、road等
②要求接in的名词有interest、satisfaction、expert等Heisexpertinteaching__allchildren.15几个常用的并列连词
①both…andeither…orneither…norboth…and“双方都”,连接句子的两个主语时,其后谓语动词通常用使用复数形式either…or与neither…nor注意采取“就近原则”
②notonly…butalsoaswellas注意两者强调对象不同,notonly…butalso强调的是butalso之后部分,而aswellas则强调其前面的部分notonly…butalso采取“就近原则”,而aswellas只是一个插入语,采取“就远原则”如Mr.__ithaswellashiswifeandchildrenhascometoNan___gforavisit.notonly…butalso结构中的notonly可用于句首,连接两个分句时,第一个从句主谓要倒装Notonlyishecleverbutalsoheishardworking.
(16)几个常用的从属连词
①when、while、as都表示“当……时候”,when引导的从句的动作与主句的动词可同时发生,也可先后发生;as、while引导的从句则强调主句和从句的动作同时发生如WhenIgotothestationthetrainhadalreadyleft.Hesangmerrilyashewasworking.
②till、until均表示“到……时候止”,肯定句中的谓语必须是延续性动作如Iworkedtilllateatnight.若主句谓语是终止性动词,则主句要用否定形式,意为动作“到……才……”开始发生如Shedidn’tgetupuntilhermothercamein.注意till和until通常情况下可以互换,只是在句首时until比till更常用
③though、although均引导让步状语从句,意为“虽然……”,although较正式,though最常用如ThouthAlthoughhewastiredhekeptonworking.注意though、although引导的从句不能与but、however连用,但可以与yet、still连用though还可以与别的词结合使用,如eventhough、asthough而although则不能这样搭配
④nosooner…than、hardly…when、assoonas三者都表示“一……就”,“刚刚……就”的意思(A)assoonas置于主句前后都可以,而且有备各种时态如AssoonasshegetshereI’ll____heraboutit.__ryleftassoonasthefinishedthework.Bhardly…when、nosooner…than不能表示将来的事,其主句的谓语动词一般用过去完成时,从句用过去时若将hardly或nosooner放在句首,句子要倒装如Nosoonerhadhearrivedthanhewentawayagain.
⑤某些表示时间的名词(词组)也可用作从属连词它们是themomenttheminutetheinstantthedaythetimethefirstsecondthird…timethespringsummerautumnwintereveryeachnextanytimedaybythetime都可引导时间状语从句如Hismother___dthespringhereturned.Callmeuptheminutehearrives.
二、精典名题导解选择填空
1.Thehomeimprovementsh__etakenwhatlittlethereis_________mysparetime.__ET2001A.fromB.inC.ofD.at解析答案为C本题考查句子结构中介词of的有法what引导的从句作谓语h__etaken的宾语,而从句中的基本句型为“thereislittleof…”表示“……有很少”,what修饰little提到了从句句首注意正确把握句子结构和介词用法,要明白ofmysparetime和inmysparetime的区别
2.____________productionupby60%thecompanyhashadanotherex__llentyear.__ET2000A.AsB.ForC.WithD.Through解析答案为C本题考查with的复合结构作状语的用法“with+名词+不定式/分词/名词/形容词/介词短语等”可在句中作伴随、时间、原因、条件等状语本题中with的复合结构作伴随状语
3.Thechangesinthecitywillcostquitealot___________theywills__eusmoneyinthelongrun.(2000春季高考题)A.orB.sin__C.forD.but解析答案为D本题考查并列连词or、for、but和从属连词的意义和用法并列连词or通常表示选择关系;for表示因果关系;but表示转折关系;从属连词sin__表示原因通过比较前后两个分句意思可知,它们是转折关系
4.Aftersheconsideredtheproblemshegotatallboxtostand________.A.onB.upC.aboveD.by解析答案为A不定式“tostand+介词”作定语修饰atallbox其中被修饰词在逻辑意义上是不及物动词,只有加上吊尾介词,句子意思才完整吊尾介词往往由于受到汉语的影响而缺少,吊尾介词使用的场合有
(1)定语从句中,先行词被一个不及物动词所修饰,不及物动词后要接介词,先行词被“动词+介词”组成的短语动词所修饰,介词常在句尾Heisthe__nIjustspoketo.2what、whose、who、whatever等引导的宾语从句,宾语从句出现吊尾介词Ican’ti__ginewhatitislike.3强调句型,特殊疑问句中由于被强调部分和疑问词位置变更,常出现吊尾介词Itwasthepoorboythatweg__ethebooksto.WhatforWheretoWhowith4不及物动词的不定式修饰表“涉及对象、场合、工具、方式、材料”等意义的名词时常带吊尾介词aroomtoliveinabenchtositonThereisnothingtoworryabout.Sheisagoodgirltoworkwith.5某些形容词后接不定式或“动词+介词”型短语,动词的不定式形式表“反射”,常用吊尾介词
①fit、easy、hard、comfortable、difficult、he__y等形容词后
②Theriverisgoodtoswimin.Theboxistoohe__ytocarry.
③beworthdoingsth.beworthyofbeingdone/tobedonewant/require/needdoing。