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AAlthoughbanksshare__nycommonfeatureswithotherprofit-seekingbusinessestheyplayauniqueroleintheeconomythroughmobilizingsavingsallocatingcapitalfundstofinan__productiveinvestmenttran__ittingmonetarypolicyprovidingapaymentsystemandtransformingrisks. 译文尽管银行与其他以盈利为目的的企业具有许多共同的特征,但它在国民经济中还发挥着特殊的作用银行可以动员储蓄,为生产性企业投资调配资金,传递货币政策,提供支付体系,转化风险AgainstthebackdropofincreasingglobalizationChinahasworkedoutapreliminarytimetableforfurtheropeningupthebankingsector. 译文在经济日益全球化的背景下,中国已经拟订出了银行业进一步开放的日程表 Akeyaspectoftheli__nsingpro__ssisanevaluationofthecompeten__integrityandqualificationsofproposed__nagementincludingtheboardofdirectors. 译文银行开业审批过程中的一个重要内容是对提名的包括董事会成员在内的管理层在能力、品质和资格方面进行评估Allclaimstoforeigncurrencypayableabroadwhetherconsistingoffundsheldinforeigncurrencywithbanksabroadorbillsorchequesagaininforeigncurrencyandpayableabroadaretermedforeignexchange. 译文所有可以在国外得到偿付的外币债权,不管是存在国外银行的资金(以外币形式),还是以外币表示的、可在国外得到偿付的__或支票都被称作外汇Acurrencywhetherinforeignexchangeorbanknotesisusuallycalledconvertibleifthepersonholdingitcanconvertitinotherwordschangeitfreelyintoanothercurrency. 译文一种以外汇或外国钞票形式存在的货币,如果持有者可以将其转换,也就是说可___兑换为另一种货币,这种货币通常被称为可兑换货币Arbitrageintheoriginalsensethusmeanttakingquickadvantageofpri__differen__sprevailingindifferent__rketsapro__sswhichofcoursetendedto__kesuchdifferen__sdisappear. 译文套汇原来的意思是指利用不同市场上的价差迅速获取利益,正是由于套汇的存在才使不同市场上的价差消除Anotherreasonformeasuringassetsathistoricalcostisthegoing-con__rncon__ptwhichholdsthattheentitywillre__ininoperationfortheforeseeablefuture.Mostassetssuchassupplieslandbuildingsandequipmentareacquiredtouseratherthantosell.Underthegong-con__rncon__ptaccountantsassumethatthebusinesswillre__ininoperationlongenoughtouseexistingassetsfortheirintendedpurpose.The__rketvalueofapri__forwhichtheassetcanbesold__ychange__nytimesduringtheassetslife.Thereforeanassetscurrent__rketvalue__ynotberelevantfordecision__king.Moreoverhistoricalcostisamorereliableaccountingmeasureforassets. 译文以历史成本对资产计价的另一原因是基于持续营业的概念,即假定该企业在可预见到的将来仍将继续经营下去大多数资产的购进,诸如原材料、土地、建筑和设备等,只是为了使用而非为了销售在持续经营概念的指导下,会计人员设想,企业为了实现其原本目的而利用现有的资产将能继续经营相当长的时间一项资产的市价,即可卖价,在该资产的生命历程中会有许多次变动因此,一项资产的现行市价同企业实施决策不一定密切相关,甚至可以说,历史成本才是对资产进行会计计量的更加可靠的数据Anauditistheindependentexaminationthatensuresthereliabilityoftheaccountingreportsthat__nagementpreparesandsubmitstoinvestorscreditorsandothersoutsidethebusiness. 译文审计是能确保会计报告的可信性和可靠性的__检查这些会计报告是企业管理部门编制并向投资者、债权人以及企业以外的其他人员提交的Anaccountingentityisanorganizationorasectionofanorganizationthatstandsapartfromotherorganizationsandindividualsasaseparateeconomicunit. 译文一个会计实体就是一个在经济上完全__于其他单位和个人的企业单位或单位所属部门Accrualaccountinggenerallyprovidesthemostaccuratemeasureofearningearningpower__nagerialperfor__n__futurecashflowsetc. 译文一般来说,权责发生制最准确地计量了企业的收益、盈利能力、管理业绩、预期现金流量等Accountingcontrolsalsocalledfinancialcontrolsrefertoplanspro__duresandrecordsrequiredforsafeguardingassetsandproducingreliablefinancialaccounts. 译文会计控制又称财务控制,是指为了保证资产的安全性和编制可信赖的财务报表所必须进行的规划、处理程序和记录Acquisitionsareclassifiedaseitherfriendlyorhostiledependinguponthereactionofthetargetcompanysdirectlytotheproposedbid.If__nagementre__insopposedandattemptstodissuadeshareholdersfromac__ptingtheofferoftheacquirertheproposedpurchasepri__isknownasahostileofferasopposedtoafriendlyofferiftheyagreetothetermsandconditions.Butitshouldnotbeassumedthatallhostilebidswillbesuc__ssful.Targetcompaniescanmountexpensivedefensestowardoffunwantedsuitorsalthoughthecostscanbequitehigh.Someofthosedefensesarealsoproductsofthel980sandareequallyormorefamousthansomeofthefinancialengineeringtechniquesdevelopedduringthesameperiod. 译文收购可分为友好收购和恶意收购两种,这取决于收购目标公司对提议的收购__的直接反映如果目标公司的管理层__并试图劝阻股东接受购方公司的出价,则这种提议的收购__被称作恶意收购价反之,如果目标公司接受购方公司的条件,则这种收购被称作友好收购但是,并不是所有的恶意出价都能成功有时目标公司也可能采取代价很高的防卫措施,以抵御它不愿意接受的__者,即使这种防卫成本相当的高其中有些防卫措施是20世纪80年代的产品,它们与同期__出的金融工具同样著名,甚至更为著名Allassetsofcommercialbanksareclassifiedintovariousriskassetsbyriskclassofassetsandeachc1assofassetsisassignedariskweight. 译文商业银行的全部资产都根据风险级别分成了不同类别的风险资产,每一类资产都赋予风险权重AsyndicatedloanisalargecreditgenerallymorethanUSDl0millionnegotiatedbetweenaborrowerandasinglebankbutactuallyfundedbyseveralotherbanks. 译文一笔银团贷款通常都是1000万美元以上的大额贷款,谈判一般在借款人和某一家银行之间进行,但实际供款则由几家银行共同承担BBookkeepingisapro__duralelementofaccountingasarithmeticisapro__duralelementof__the__tics. 译文像算术和数学的关系一样,簿记是会计流程中的第一步骤Banksareparticularlysus__ptibletolegalriskswhenenteringnewtypesoftransactionsandwhenthelegalrightofacounter_____toenterintoatransactionisnotestablished. 译文当银行进入一些新的业务领域或者交易对手开展新业务的合法权利没有确立时,银行很容易遭受法律风险Bankfailurescanserveausefulpurposebyrewardingstrong__nagementsandpenalizingweakones. 译文银行倒闭将有利于体现优胜劣汰的市场规律Bankingsupervisorsrecognizethatbankingisabusinessoftakingrisksinordertoearnprofitandassumesvariedandcomplexrisksthatwarrantarisk-orientedsupervisoryapproach.Consequentlybankregulatorsin__nycountrieshaveadoptedrisk-basedapproachtosupervisebanks.Underthisapproachsupervisorsdonotattempttorestrictrisk-takingbutratherdeterminewhetherbanksidentifyunderstandandcontroltheriskstheyassume. 译文银行监管人员应该认识到银行是一个通过经营高风险业务来获取利润的企业,并且承担各种复杂的风险,因此对风险源头必须采取监管的方法目前,许多国家采取以风险为基础的监管模式按照这种方法,监管当局不约束银行的风险经营,而是确定银行是否识别、了解和控制了他们所面临的风险CCurrentassetsareassetsthatareexpectedtobeconvertedtocashsoldorconsumedduringthenext12monthsorwithinthebusinesssnor__loperatingcycleiflongerthanayear.Theoperatingcycleisthetimespanduringwhichlcashisusedtoacquiregoodsandservi__sand2thesegoodsandservi__saresoldtocustomerswhointurnpayfortheirpurchaseswithcash.Formostbusinessestheoperatingcycleisafewmonths.Afewtypesofbusinesshaveoperatingcycleslongerthanayear.CashAccountsRe__ivableNotesRe__ivableduewithinayearorlessarecurrentassets.MerchandisingentitiessuchasSearsPenneysandKMarthaveanadditionalcurrentassetInventory.Thisaccountshowsthecostofgoodsthatareheldforsaletocustomers. 译文流动资产流动资产是指可望在12个月内或一个企业正常经营周期即超过一年多一点的期间,将其转化为现金、被销售或被消费的资产经营周期是一个时间阶段,在此期间
(1)使用现金__商品或服务;
(2)把这些商品或服务转卖给其他顾客,这些顾客要用现金付款买进大多数企业的营运周期为几个月现金、应收账款和应收__为期一年或不超过一年像希尔斯(Sears)、潘雷斯(Penneys)和凯•马特(KMart)等大型连锁百货商店都还有另外的流动资产,这就是库存商品这种商品库存起来还是为了对顾客销售,因此账上要显示出这类商品的成本Chinawillcontinuetopursueasoundmonetarypolicyandseekrefinementsintheconductofmonetarypolicybyrelying__inlyonindirectpolicyinstruments. 译文中国将继续推行稳健的货币政策,并主要依靠间接政策工具,以求最佳的效果Cashflowsintoacompanyfromsalesandflowsoutforcostofgoodssoldandexpense;andalthoughcostofgoodssoldandexpensesaredeductedfromsalesonanaccrualbasisincomestatementtheresultingnetincomefiguredoesnotshowtheamountofcashgeneratedbyoperations. 译文销售收入使现金流入公司,销售产品的成本和销售费用使现金流出企业;在权责发生制损益表中,销售收入减去产品销售成本和销售费用后得到的净收益金额并没有反映经营产生的现金数额Contribution__rginisthedifferen__betweentotalrevenuesandtotalvariablecosts;itistheportionofsalesrevenueavailabletocoverfixedcost. 译文贡献边际是收入总额与变动成本总额的差额,它反映出有多少销售收入可以用来弥补固定成本ConsumerCreditsarehighriskandhighinterestcreditproductswhichareusuallyclassifiedintothreesorts:amortizationloancreditcardandnon-installment1oanforpurchasingcarsornon-structurehousesorinvestingalittleamountandsoon. 译文消费信贷是一种高风险、高利率的信贷产品消费信贷通常分为三种分期偿还贷款、信用证和一次性偿还信贷借款人向银行申请贷款,用于__汽车或活动房屋或进行小额投资等DDecidingontheappropriatelevelofsystemicprotectionisbyandlargeapolicyquestiontobetakenbytherelevantauthoritiesincludingthe__ntralbankparticularlywhereit__yresultinacommitmentofpublicfunds. 译文确定适当的系统保护机制通常是相关当局(包括__银行)的一个政策问题,特别是在可能涉及公众资金的委托事项的时候(确定适当的系统保护机制尤为重要)Domesticentities__yapplywiththeSAFEforopeningaforeignexchangeaccountforcurrentaccounttransactionstheSAFEshallspecifyre__iptsandpaymentsscopeoperatingduration__ilingoftheaccountbalan__accordingtotheutilizationoftheforeignexchangeaccountand__keaclearindicationintheforeignexchangeaccountutilization__rtificatetheforeignexchangeregistration__rtificate. 译文境内机构开立经常项目外汇账户应当经___批准境内机构申请开户时,___应当根据外汇账户的用途,规定账户的收支范围、使用期限及相应的结汇方式或者核定最高金额,并在《外汇账户使用证》或者《外商投资企业外汇登记证》中注明Derivativelysyndicatedloanstaketwoforms-loansaleandassetsecuritization. 译文派生辛迪加贷款有两种形式出售贷款和资产证券化EExternalguarantee__ybeofferedbyqualifiedfinancialinstitutionsandenterprisesmeetingthegover__entrequirementsandapprovedbytheSAFE. 译文提供对外__,只能由符合国家规定条件的金融机构和企业__,并须经外汇管理机关批准Effectivesupervisionofbankingorganizationsisanessentialcomponentofastrongeconomicenviro__entinthatthebankingsystemplaysa__ntralrolein__kingpaymentsandmobilizinganddistributingsavings. 译文有效的银行监管是宏观经济稳健的重要组成部分银行体系在支付、动员储蓄、资源配置等方面起着中心作用ExportCreditisgover__entgover__entexportcreditagenciesguaranteelendingchanneledthroughacommercialbanktosupportexport. 译文出口信贷是__(或者是__的出口信贷代理机构)为了支持本国出口而保证通过某一商业银行提供贷款FFixedcostsaredefinedasthecoststhatdonotvaryintotalwithchangesinactivitylevelatleastwithinarelevantrange. 译文固定成本被定义为总额在一定相关范围内不随业务量增减变动而变动的成本Forcompaniesbalan__sheetaccountsshouldbereconciledwherethebookbalan__andthefinancialstatementbalan__sareadjustedforsuchitemsasdepositsintransitoutstandingchecksbankchargesnotescollectedandsimilaritems. 译文企业由于存在在途存款、未兑现支票、银行手续费、托收__等类似项目,要求调整账面余额和财务报表余额,因此资产负债表项目也要相应进行调节Fo___itingprovidesasour__ofnon-recoursefinan__throughuseofdraftspromissorynotesorotherinstrumentsrepresentingsumsduetotheexporter. 译文福费廷通过汇票、本票或其他信用工具对出口商提供无追索权的贷款GGenerallyalltradingassetsshouldbe__rkedto__rketonaregularbasissothattheresultsoftheinstitutionaccuratelyreflecttheactionstakenanddecisions__deduringaperiod.Inthiswayabankisdifferentfromacompanyinotherindustries. 译文一般来说,所有这类资产都应该不断按市价作为计价基础,这种制度使得营业资产能准确反映一段时期内银行的业务活动和决策在这方面,银行业与其他行业的企业有很大差别IIftherewillbeacorporateshareholderwithasignificantholdinganasses__entofthefinancialconditionofthecorporateparentshouldbe__deincludingitscapitalstrength. 译文如果银行的控股股东是法人,监管当局还应审查银行母公司的财务状况,包括其资本实力InlinewiththegrowthofinternationaltradeandtheliberalizationofcapitalmovementsthevolumeofforeignexchangebusinessgrewtremendouslyinthecourseoftheSixtiesandtheearlySeventies. 译文伴随国际贸易的发展和资本流动自由化,外汇业务在20世纪60年代和70年代初取得了长足的发展InternationalcommercialloansrefertoborrowingbydomesticentitiesfromfinancialinstitutionsenterprisesindividualsorothereconomicorganizationsoutsideChinaterritoryorforeign-fundedfinancialinstitutionswithintheChineseterritoryintheformofloanscontractedforrepaymentinforeigncurrencies. 译文国际商业贷款是指境内机构向中国境外的金融机构、企业、个人或者其他经济组织以及在中国境内的外资金融机构筹借的,以外国货币承担契约性偿还义务的款项Inthecashflowstatementcashflowsincludecashandcashequivalents.Cashequivalentsarehighlyliquidshort-terminvestmentsuchastreasurybillscommercialpapersmoney__rketfundsetc.Theymustbereadilyconvertibletoknownamountsofcashandsoneartheir__turitythattheypresentinsignificantriskofchangesinvaluebecauseofchangesininterestrate.Generallycashequivalentsonlyincludeinvestmentswithoriginal__turitiesofthreemonthsorless.Thetotalamountsofcashandcashequivalentsatthebeginningandendoftheperiodshowninthestatementofcashflowsshallbethesameassimilarlytitledlineitemsorsubtotalsshowninthestatementoffinancialpositionasofthosedates. 译文在现金流量表中,现金流量包括现金和现金等价物现金等价物是指具有高度流动性的短期投资,例如短期国库券、商业__、用在短期资金市场投资的资金,等等这些现金等价物必须随时能转换为已知金额的现金,并且在临近它们的到期日时,不会因为利率的变化而出现变动的风险一般来说,现金等价物仅包括到期日为3个月或3个月以内的投资现金流量表中列示的期初和期末的现金和现金等价物总额应该与相同期间的财务状况表中相同项目的金额或小计金额相同InternalRateofReturnissimilartothenetpresentvalueapproachinthatitemphasizestheprofitabilityofinvestmentsandtakesintoaccountthetimevalueofmoney. 译文与净现值法类似,内部收益率法强调投资的获利能力,并且考虑了货币时间价值Inthe__nagementoftheirportfoliocommercialbanksemphasizetheimportan__ofassetandearningdiversificationtheimmediaterecognitionaslossesofallcreditsjudgedtobeuncollectableandthe__intenan__ofappropriatecreditlossallowan__. 译文商业银行在管理自己的投资组合时强调资产和收益应多样化,所有被判定为无法收回的贷款应立即得到确认,同时应保持合适的信贷损失准备NNonprofitorganizationssuchaschurchesmosthospitalsgover__entagenciesandcollegeswhichoperateforpurposesotherthantoearnaprofituseaccountinginfor__tioninmuchthesamewaythatprofit-orientedbusinessesdo. 译文非盈利组织教堂、大多数医院、__机构和学校都是非盈利单位它们的工作不是为了赚钱但它们也要利用会计信息,其利用方式同盈利单位差不多OOnNovember271996Chinafor__llyliftedallre__iningcurrentaccountestrictionsandbecameanArticleVIIImemberoftheInternationalMonetaryFund. 译文1996年11月27日,中国正式取消了经常项目下尚存的汇兑限制,成为国际货币基金组织(IMF)第八条款成员Overdraftisanagreedlineofcreditoperatingdirectlythroughthecurrentaccount. 译文__是指直接通过活期账户进行的约定的信用额度PPendingfactors__yincludeaproposedmergeroracquisitionliquidationpro__edingscapitalinjectionpreferringliensonadditionalcollateralorrefinancingplans. 译文这些特殊的因素包括合并或兼并计划、清算收益、资本注人、增加抵押物或者再__计划Prudentialrequirementscoverabroadspectrumofbankingactivitiesandplayanimportantpartinassuringtheeffectivenessofthesupervisorypro__ss.Ofwhichtherearefivekeyareaswheretheextensiveprudentialpolicieshavebeenimplementedbybankregulatorsofmostcountriesthesearecapitaladequacyassetcon__ntrationsloanclassificationsystemandadequacyofloanlossreservesliquidityandrisk__nagementandinternalcontrols. 译文谨慎性要求包含了银行活动的各个领域,并且在确保银行监管的有效性方面发挥着重要的作用世界各国银行在制定和实施银行制度时都在以下五个方面体现了谨慎性要求资本充足率、资产集中、贷款分类系统和坏帐准备金计提的充分性、流动性以及风险管理和内部控制Presentvalueisthevaluetodayofanamounttobere__ivedorpaidinthefuture;thefutureamountmustbediscountedataspecifiedrateofinterest.Con__ptuallytheamountofaliabilityofanyparticulartimeisthepresentvalueofallfutureoutflowsofassetsrequiredtopaytheliabilityinfull.Obviouslyifaliabilityisshort-termthepresentvalueofoutflowsneededtopayitisapproxi__telyequaltothestatedamountoftheliability.Inthecaseoflong-termliabilitieshoweverthepresentvalueoffutureoutflowsofassetsneededtosettleanobligationisoftensignificantlydifferentfromthestatedamountofthatliability.Netpresentvalueisthedifferen__betweenthepresentvaluesofaninvestmentsexpectedcashinflowsandoutflows.Whenweevaluateaninvestmentprojectwecanusethenetpresentvaluemethodtocompareallexpectedcashinflowsassociatedwithaninvestmentwiththecurrentandfutureoutflows.Allcashflowsarediscountedtotheirpresentvaluesgivingrecognitiontothetimevalueofmoney.Forthisreasonthenetpresentvaluemethodissuperiortoboththepaybackmethodandtheunadjustedrateofreturnmethodandhasgainedinpopularityespeciallyinre__ntyears. 译文现值是指在未来一定时间能够得到或需要支付的资金的现在价值,即按原定贴现率将终值折算为它们的现值从理论上讲,任一特定时点的负债是指需要将来用资产偿还的现在价值显而易见,偿还短期负债的现金流出大约等于设定的负债金额然而,要偿还__负债,现金流出值与设定的负债金额差别很大净现值是指一项投资方案预期现金流入的现值和流出现值之间的差额评估一项投资方案的优劣,我们可以运用净现值的方法,比较不同的投资方案未来现金流入与现在和未来现金流出的差额考虑到货币时间价值所有现金流量都应贴现为现值因此,净现值比回收期法和未调整报酬率法更完善,在近几年具有广泛的适用性RRatio____ysiscon__ntratesonthepastratherthanonthefuture.Acompanysfutureperfor__n____yor__ynotbeanextrapolationofpasttrends.Howeverwecanlearnfrompastperfor__n__aboutdeterioratingtrendsvolatilityandoftenabout__nagementscontroloverthesefactors. 译文比率分析的重点放在过去而不是未来根据过去趋势进行的推断或许能够说明一个公司未来的业绩,或许不能够说明一个公司的未来业绩但是,我们可以从过去的业绩了解恶化的经济趋势、变动情况以及管理层对这些因素的控制情况SSeriousbankingproblemshavearisenfromthefailureofbankstorecognizeimpairedassetstocreatereservesforwritingofftheseassetsandtosuspendrecognitionofinterestincomewhenappropriate. 译文如果银行不能及时识别损失的资产,增加核销呆账的准备金,并在某些情况下停止计息,银行就会面临严重的风险问题Supervisorsmustassesstheownershipstructureofbankingorganizationsincludingthebanksdirectandindirectcontrollingand__jordirectorindirectshareholders.Thisasses__entshouldreviewthecontrollingshareholderspastbankingandnon-bankingbusinessventuresandtheirintegrityandstandinginthebusinesscommunityaswellasthefinancialstrengthofall__jorshareholdersandtheirabilitytoprovidefurtherfinancialsupportshoulditbeneeded.Aspartofthepro__ssofcheckingintegrityandstandingthesupervisorshoulddeterminethesour__oftheinitialcapitaltobeinvested. Whereabankwillbepartofalargerorganizationli__nsingandsupervisoryauthoritiesshoulddeterminethattheownershipandorganizationalstructurewillnotbeasour__ofweaknessandwillminimizetherisktodepositorsofcontagionfromtheactivitiesconductedbyotherentitieswithinthelargerorganization.Theotherinterestsofthebanks__jorshareholdersshouldbereviewedandthefinancialconditionoftheserelatedentitiesassessed. 译文监管当局应当评估银行机构的所有权结构,包括银行的直接和间接的控制者主要的直接和间接的股东这项评估应该检查控股股东过去是否在银行或非银行业务活动中有过度冒险的行为,评估其在商业活动中的诚信和能力,所有主要股东的资金实力以及在银行发展需要的时候提供进一步支持的能力作为检查银行诚信和业务运作能力的一项主要内容,监管者要审定申请者投入初始资本的来源如果银行是一个大型企业的一部分,营业执照主管部门和监管当局还要检查该企业的所有权结构和组织结构,要确保银行和企业总部的业务活动不会形成同一个风险源,不会因为企业组织内部其他部门出现问题而将风险传染或转嫁给银行,应该确保这种关系给存款人带来的风险降至最低与此同时,监管当局还需要进一步检查银行主要股东的其他投资情况,并对银行关联企业的财务状况进行评估TThehostauthorityshouldalsoconsiderwhetherthehomecountrysupervisorcapablyperformsitssupervisorytaskonaconsolidatedbasis. 译文监管当局还应该考虑母国监管者能否可靠地完成联合监管的任务Thegeneralprovisionrelatestotheinherentriskoflosseswhichalthoughnotseparatelyidentifiedisknownfromtheexperien__tobepresentinanyloanportfolio;andtothoseidentifiedloanswhere__terialun__rtaintyexistsastothequantumofspecificprovisionsrequired. 译文一般损失准备金是指根据经验可以判断出在任何一种投资组合中都存在损失的风险,但这种损失风险不能单独确认,只能提取一般准备金有些专项贷款在不能准确提供应计提专项准备金的金额时,也只能计提一般准备金Thepastfewyearshaveseen__rkedac__lerationofChinasbankingreformparticularlysignificantstrengtheningofthe__ntralbankscapacityforsupervisionand__croeconomic__nagementsubstantialimprovementinthe__nagementofthecommercialbanksandgreateropennessofthebankingindustry. 译文在过去的几年中,中国银行业的__速度显著加快,特别是强化了__银行的监管职能和宏观调控能力,商业银行经营管理大有改善,银行业对外开放进一步扩大 Thegover__entintrodu__dacomprehensivepackageofmeasuresaimedatrestoringfinancialorderaswellasaddressingtheinflationarypressureandsignsofoverheatingparticularlyintherealestatesectorandthestock__rkets. 译文__采取了一系列措施以整顿金融秩序,应对通货膨胀的压力及经济过热现象,尤其是房__和股票市场的过热现象 Theimplementationofthestabilizationandstructuralmeasureshasbeena__jorfactorunderlyingtheresilien__oftheChineseeconomyinthecontextofthecrisisinAsianfinancial__rketsandthere__ntweakeningofglobaleconomicactivity. 译文宏观经济稳定政策和结构调整措施,是我国经济在亚洲____阴影笼罩和近年来全球经济疲弱的环境下,依然保持较快发展的一个重要因素 ThePBCdidnothaveaclearlegalstatusuntiltheenactmentoftheLawofthePeoplesBankofChinainMarch
1995. 译文直到1995年3月《中国人民银行法》的颁布,中国人民银行才取得了明确的法律地位 ThislawhasstrengthenedthePBCsindependen__byprohibitingitsfinancingoffiscaldeficitsandinterferen__intheperfor__n__ofitsfunctionsbyanygover__entagencynon-gover__entorganizationorindividual. 译文该法强化了央行的__性,禁止其对财政赤字进行__,其行使职能时不受任何__机构、非__组织以及任何个人的干预 Thereformofthefinancialsystemandparticularlythediversificationofbankinginstitutionshaveincreasedcompetitioninthebankingsectorandimprovedfinancialservi__sinChina. 译文金融体系的__,特别是银行结构的多元化,加强了我国银行内部间的竞争,从而改善了中国金融业的服务质量 Thebuyerofanoptiondecideswhetherornothewilltakeupcallorsupplyputtheamountofacurrencystipulatedinthecontractandpaysapremiumforthisright. 译文期权的__者有权决定是否吸纳(买入期权)或提供(卖出期权)合约中标明的一定数量的货币,并为此权利支付一定的费用Theregistrationofexternaldebt__ybeperformedonacase-by-casebasisorperiodicallytheregistration__rtificateforexternaldebtshallbeformulatedsignedandissuedbytheSAFE. 译文外债登记分为逐笔登记和定期登记外债登记证由外汇管理局统一制定和签发The__ntralbankrequirescommercialbankstokeepadequatelegalreservesandex__ssreserves. 译文__银行要求商业银行保留充足的法定准备金和超额储备TheIRRisanimportanttestforassessingthequalityofaprojectinfinancialandeconomictermsandiswidelyusedbydecision__kerstodeterminewhetheraprojectisfinanciallyandeconomicallyviable.Whi1ethefinancialIRRmeasureswhetheraprojectislikelytobeprofitableenoughtocovertheaveragecostofcapitaloflendersandsponsorstheeconomicIRRindicateswhethertheprojectisefficientlyusingthecountrysresour__i.e.whetheritseconomicIRRishigherthantheopportunitycostofcapital. 译文内部收益率是从财务和经济角度衡量一个项目质量的重要指标,它被决策者广泛使用,用以从财务角度和经济角度确定一个项目是否具有可行性财务内部收益率可以衡量一个项目的盈利是否可以弥补贷款人和项目主办人的平均资本成本,而经济内部收益率则Theoperatingtargetofcommercialbanksisprofit.Therevenueofcreditconstitutesthe__inpartofrevenueofthebanks. 译文商业银行的经营目标是利润,贷款收入是银行收入的主要组成部分Thebasicprincipleofdouble-entrybookkeepingisthateverytransactionhasatwofoldeffect.Inotherwordsavalueisre__ivedandavalueisyieldedorpartedwith. 译文__记账的基本原则是每一项经济业务都同时具有双重效果换言之,就是伴随着一笔价款的收进,必有一笔价款的让与或付出Tofinan__thenationaldebtthegover__entissuesavarietyofdebtsecurities.ThemostwidelyheldliquidsecurityistheTreasurybillwhichiscommonlyissuedbytheministryoffinan__.HoweversomeTreasurybillsliketheTreasurybilloftheU.S.gover__entdonotactuallypayinterest.Insteadtheyareissuedatadiscountfrompartheirvalueat__turity.Theinvestorsyieldcomesfromtheincreaseinthevalueofthesecuritybetweenthetimeitwaspurchasedandthetimeit__tures. 译文为了筹集国债资金,__会发行各种债券,其中最受欢迎的流动性证券是国库券,一般由财政部发行然而,有些国库券,比如美国__发行的国债,事实上是不付利息的,而是按照平价(即债券到期时的价值)的折扣价来发行投资者的收益来自于从__债券至债券到期这段时间内债券的升值TherearenumerouschallengesfacingthebankingindustrywhentheyarecarryingoutInternetbankingservi__s.Ofthefirstonewhichpeoplecaremostistheprovisionofasecureplatformforbankingtransactionsandatthesametimeprotectthecustomersprivacy.Thesecondchallengeiswhether__nagementhasthecreativityandvisiontoharnessthetechnologyandprovidecustomerswiththenewfinancialproductsne__ssarytosatisfytheircontinuallychangingfinancialneeds.译文银行业开展网上银行服务时会面临许多挑战其中最重要的、也是人们最为关心的是如何为网上交易提供一个安全的平台,同时又要保护客户的隐私第二个挑战是银行管理层是否具有创造性和深谋远虑,以充分利用新技术,并为客户提供足以满足其不断变化的财务需求的新的金融产品UUndertheloanclassificationsystemcriteriausedtoassigncreditqualityratingsarepri__rilybaseduponthedegreeofriskandthelikelihoodoforderlyrepaymentandtheireffectonabankssafetyandsoundness. 译文在贷款分类系统中,贷款的风险度、贷款偿还的有序性及其对银行安全性和稳健经营状况的影响程度通常是确定贷款等级分类的基础 Undertherisk-basedcapitalguidelinequalifyingtotalcapitalconsistsoftwotypesofcapitalcomponents-Tier1andTier
2.Tier1capitalincludescommonstockholdersequityqualifyingperpetualpreferredstocksubjecttolimitationsandminorityinterestinconsolidatedsubsidiarieslessgoodwilland__rtainotherdeduction.Tier2capitalincludespreferred-stocknottobeincludedinTier1capitalandsubjecttolimitationstheallowan__forcreditlossesqualifyingseniorandsubordinateddebtandlimited-lifepreferredstockless__rtaindeductions. 译文根据风险资本指南的有关规定,限制性资本总额由两类资本组成--1类和2类1类资本包括普通股股东权益、限制性永久优先股(受一定的限制)和合并子公司的少数股本,然后减去商誉和其他应该扣减的项目2类资本包括1类资本范围以外并且受到一定限制的优先股、信贷损失备抵、限制性优先债务和次级债务、定期优先股,然后减去某些应该扣减的项目WWithtotalassetsamountingtoUSD
34.4billiontheforeignbankinginstitutionsaccountfor20per__ntoftheforeigncurrencyloan__rketinChina. 译文外资金融机构总资产达到344亿美元,占在华外币贷款市场的20%YYoucanunderstandnowthatbreak-evenpointissuchapointofsalesorunitsatwhichtheamountofsalesrevenueorthenumberofunitssoldequalsthecosts;thepointatwhichthereisneitherprofitnorloss. 译文保本点又称收支平衡点,是指当销售额或销售量等于成本时的销售额或销售量,在这一点公司没有盈利和亏损。