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2套全国自考现代语言学试卷及答案全国自考现代语言学试卷及答案1(每套题目的答案在每篇的后面,请仔细核对,感谢您的下载)一单项选择题Thestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledlinguistics.AparticularBgeneralCordinaryDgenerativecanbesimplydefinedasthespeechsoundsweusewhenspeakingalanguage.APhonesBSoundsCPhonemesDSpeechsoundsThetwoclausesinasentencearestructurallyequalpartsofthesentence.AsimpleBcompleteCcomplexDcoordinateWhatisactuallyinternalizedinthemindofanativespeakerisasystemofgrammaticalknowledge.AphraseBsentenceCruleDsymbol“Ilikethisshirtverymuch.hasarguments.AoneBtwoCthreeDfour
6.Speechacttheorywasfirstproposedby.AJohnAustinBJohnSeadeCNoamChomskyDJohnFirthlinguisticsreferstothestudyofalanguageorlanguagesatasinglepointintime.withoutreferencetoearlierorlaterstages.ADiachronicBSynchronicCHistoricalDComparativeDifferentfunctionalspeechvarietiesknownasareexpectedinsayachurchsermonadiplomaticencounterafamilydinnerorasportsbroadcast.BstylesCdialectsDaccentsisthestudyoflanguageinrelationtothemind.APsycholinguisticsBSociolinguisticsCLinguisticsDSemanticslO.Ingeneralchildrensholophrasticsentencesbegin.AinthelatepartofthefirstyearortheearlypartofthesecondyearBinthesecondhalfofthesecondyearCbetweentwoandthreeyearsoldDbetweenfourandfiveyearsold二填空题.Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestringsthetwowordsaresaidtoformampair.
12.1nthestructuralistapproachtolinguisticstudy.theresearchersanalyzesentencesbyfollowingaparticularhorder.
13.DinSearlesclassificationofillocutionaryactsrefertotheattemptsbythespeakertogetthehearertodosomethingbymeansofinvitingsuggestingrequestingadvisingwarningthreateningetc.
14.Apdialectofanindividualspeakerissomethingthatcombinesaspectsofallthe.elementsregardingregionalsocialandstylisticvariationinoneformoranother.
15.Accordingtothea.viewtheacquisitionofasecondlanguageinvolvesandisdependentontheacquisitionofthecultureofthetargetlanguagecommunity.
16.Themeaningofanuisconcreteandcontextdependent.
17.TheILanguagefamilyisthefirstandmostwidelyinvestigatedlanguagefamilyoftheworld.
18.Aeisamildindirectorlessoffensivewordorexpressionsubstitutedwhenthespeakerorwriterfearsmoredirectoroffensivewordingmightbeharshunpleasantlydirectoroffensive.
19.Sisacasualuseoflanguagethatconsistsofexpressivebutnonstandardvocabulary;typicallyofarbitraryflashyandoftenephemeralcoinagesandfiguresofspeechcharacterizedbyspontaneityandsometimesbyraciness.2O.Thereareoccasionswhenonecanthinkwithout1justasonemayspeakwithoutthinking.三判断题
21.AccordingtoChomskyaspeakercanproduceandunderstandanunlimitednumberofsentencesbecausehepossessesaninternalizedsetofrulesabouthislanguage.A正确B错误
22.Stressisexclusivelyusedwithwordsnotwithsentences.B错误Acompoundcanbewrittenasonewordwithorwithoutahyphenbetweenitscomponentsorastwoseparatewords.A正确B错误Majorlexicalcategoriesareopencategoriesinthesensethatnewwordsareconstantlyadded.A正确B错误Senseandreferencerefertothesamethinginmeaningstudy.A正确B错误Searlthoughtthatinmakingconversationtheparticipantsmustfirstofallbewillingtocooperate.A正确B错误Thewordknightoncemeant“youthbutwaselevatedinmeaningintimefortheageofchivalry.Thisisanexampleofsemanticshift.A正确B错误Insociolinguisticstaboodenotesanyprohibitionontheuseofparticularlexicalitemstorefertoobjectsoracts.B错误Therighthemispherecontrolsvoluntarymovementsofandrespondstosignalsfromtherightsideofthebody.A正确B错误Languageacquisitionismainlytheacquisitionofthegrammaticalsystemoflanguage.A正确B错误■名词解释.displacementgenerallinguisticsassimilationrulederivationalaffixhierarchicalstructurephonerecursiveness
38.linguafrancaethnicdialecttheSapir-Whorfhypothesis五,论述题Explainthetermeuphemism”withexamples.Describetheuseofeuphemismsinsocialcommunication.WhatwillresultineuphemisticclichesWhatisthegoalofsociolinguistics1-5BADCB6-10ABAAAminimalhierarchicalDirectivespersonalacculturationutteranceIndo-EuropeaneuphemismSlanglanguage21-25ABAAB26-30BAABAOneofthedesignfeaturesoflanguage.Itreferstothefactthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeakeri・e•languagecanbeusedtorefertothingsthatarepresentornotpresentrealorimaginedmattersinthepastpresentorfutureorinfar-awayplaces.Generallinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageasawhole;whichdealswiththebasicconceptstheories/descriptionsmodelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudyincontrasttothosebranchesofstudywhichrelatetotheresearchofotherareassuchassociolinguisticsandpsycholinguistics.Theassimilationruleisaphonologicalrulewhichassimilatesonesoundtoanotherbycopying”afeatureofasequentialphonemethusmakingthetwophonessimilar.InEnglishthevowelnasalizationruleisanassimilationrule.Derivationalaffixisanaffixaddedtoanexistingformtocreateaword•Generallythepartofspeechofthewordischangedsuchastheaffix-ableinthewordchangeable.HierarchicalstructureisthesentencestructurethatgroupswordsintostructuralconstituentsandshowsthesyntacticcategoryofeachstructuralconstituentsuchasNPandVP.Phonescanbesimplydefinedasthespeechsoundsweusewhenspeakingalanguage•Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning;somedo.somedont.Forexample:[s]and[t]doas[si:m]and[ti:m]aretwowordswithtotallydifferentmeaningand[t]and[th]dorftas[sthDp]and[stDp]meanthesametoaspeakerofEnglish.Recursivenessreferstotherecursivepropertiesofphrasestructurerulesthatcapturetheabilityoflanguagetogeneratemoreconstituentstoasentenceandenablespeakerstorepeatsyntacticconstituentswithinthesamesentence.Forexample“AnScontainsaVP由atmaycontainanotherS;aVPmayincludeanSthatcontainsanotherVP.Alinguafrancaisavarietyoflanguagethatservesasamediumofcommunicationamonggroupsofpeoplefordiverselinguisticbackgrounds•Alinguafrancamustbeanagree-upon^commontongue”usedbypeoplethrowninsocialcontactforvariouspurposes.ForexamplethespokenlanguageofmodernChinaPuTongHuaknownasthccommonspeechservesasaneffectivelinguafrancaamongspeakersof56differentnationalities.EnglishisaninternationallinguafrancausedinnumeroussocialandpoliticalsituationswhereacommonlanguageisaskedAnethnicdialectorlanguagevarietyisasocialdialectofalanguageoftencuttingacrossregionaldifferences.Anethnicdialectisspokenmainlybyalessprivilegedpopulationthathasexperiencedsomeformofsocialisolationsuchasracialdiscriminationorsegregation.ThelanguageoftheAmericanIndiansmaybeanexampleofthisdialect.ThehypothesisreferstothetheoryputforwardbytheAmericananthropologicallinguistsSapirandWhorfwhichstatesthatthelanguagewespeakdeterminesthewayweperceivetheworldandthereforethenatureofthought•Whorfillustratedhisviewbasedinpartonanumberofdifferencesthatheobservedamonglanguages•ForexampletherearedifferentwordsforsnowintheEskimolanguage.ProponentsofthehypothesisbelievethattheEnglishandEskimospeakersperceivesnowindifferentways.Aeuphemismisamildindirectorlessoffensivewordorexpressionsubstitutedwhenthespeakerorwriterfearsmoredirectwordingmightbeharshunpleasantlydirectoroffensive.Euphemismandtabooaretwofacesofthesamecommunicationcoin•Inthissenseaeuphemismisawordorphrasethatreplacesataboowordorservestoavoidfrighteningorunpleasantsubject.Forexamplepeoplesay“portlyor“fUH-figurccrinstcadof’fast“incxpcnsivc”instcadof’cheap”.IntheEnglish-speakingworldpeopledonotdie”,bufpassaway.ortouseanidiomaticexpressionztheyonlykickthebucket”.Theuseofeuphemismsasawayofdisassociatingthedenotativemeaningofawordwithitsnegativeconnotationiseffectiveatleasttospeakersofcertainsocialgroups•Aslongasthereisaneedtoavoidtheuseoftaboolanguagethereisaneedfortheuseofeuphemisticsubstitutes•Andeuphemismshaveconstitutedanindispensablepartofspeakerspolitevocabularyintheirsocialcommunication.Howeveranexcessiveuseofeuphemismsmayhavenegativeeffectsandwillresultineuphemisticclichesthataretobeavoidedinformalspeechandwriting.Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageinsocialcontexts•Inviewoflanguageasaprimarymeansofcommunicationamongindividualspeakersofasocietysociolinguistsareconcernedwiththesocialsignificanceoflanguagevariationandlanguageuseindifferentspeechcommunitiesincludingregionalethnicandsocialgroups•Sociolinguistsarealsoconcernedwiththeinfluenceofextralingnisticfactorsonlanguageusesuchasagegenderprofessionandsocialstatue.全国自考现代语言学试卷及答案2
一、单项选择题Avowelisonethatisproducedwiththefrontpartofthetonguemaintainingthehighestposition.AbackBcentralCfrontDmiddleTheopenbackandlongvowelis.c[a:]D[u:]Anembeddedclausefunctionsasaunitinitsmatrixclause.AstructuralBgrammaticalClexicalDlinearPhrasestructureruleshaveproperties.ArecursiveBgrammaticalCdoubleDmanyDialectalsynonymsaresynonymsusedindifferentdialects.ApersonalBregionalCsocialDprofessionalresultedmainlyfromtheexpansionofthestudyoflinguisticsespeciallythatofsemantics.APragmaticsBPragmatismCPhonologyDPracticalismGrammaticalchangesmaybeexplainedinpartasanalogicchangeswhichareorgeneralization.AelaborationBsimplificationCexternalborrowingDinternalborrowingBlackEnglishisakindofdialect.AregionalBstandardCethnicDsituationalThecriticalperiodforlanguageacquisitionreferstotheshortperiodofyearsoldinoneslifeduringwhichthehumanbrainismostreadytoacquireaparticularlanguage.A1-2B2-12C1-12D13-18lO.Inasense.humanscanbesaidtobebiologicallyprogrammedtoacquireatleastonelanguageWhatismeantbythisviewoflanguageacquisitionisthathumansareequippedwiththeneuralprerequisitesforlanguageandlanguageuse.AbehavioristBnativistCmentalistDempiricist填空题.Languageisasystemconsistingoftwosofstructuresortwolevels.Englishisanilanguage.Theaffixesoccurringatthebeginningofawordarecalledp.Wordsandphrasesareorganizedaccordingtothesyntacticc.Pstructurerulesallowustobetterunderstandhowwordsandphrasesformsentencesandsoon.Cisregardedasconstitutedbyallkindsofknowledgeassumedtobesharedbythespeakerandthehearer.ThemajorphonologicalchangeinthehistoryofEnglishknownastheGreatVowelShiftinvolvessevenlongortvowelsofMiddleEnglish.Certainwordsinallsocietiesareconsideredt—theyareforbiddenortobeavoided.
19.Tosatisfytheneedsofthephoneticiansinthestudyofspeechsoundsasetofsymbolscalleddareaddedtobroadtranscriptiontoshowthemoresubtledifferencesbetweensimilarsounds.speechreferstothesimplemodifiedspeechusedbyparentsbaby-sittersetc.whentheytalktoyoungchildrenwhoareacquiringtheirnativelanguage.判断题Bothphonologyandphoneticsarestudiesofsoundthoughtheyhavedifferentemphases.A正确B错误Caseconditionlikeadjacencyconditionisoneofthegeneralprinciplesofuniversalgrammar.A正确B错误AccordingtoSearlesclassificationofillocutionaryactsspeechactsfallintofivegeneralcategories.Theyarerepresentativesdirectivescommissivesexpressivesanddeclarations.A正确B错误Generallyspeakingthestandardlanguageismoreeffectiveinexpressingideasthananyotherdialectco-existingwithit.A正确B错误TheerroranalysisapproachshowsthattherearestrikingsimilaritiesinthewaysinwhichdifferentL2learnersacquireanewlanguage.A正确B错误Languagechangeisdifferentfromthechangeinthegrammar.A正确B错误Anacronymisashortenedformofawordorphrasewhichrepresentsthecompleteform.A正确B错误BritishEnglishandAmericanEnglisharethetwogeographicalvarietiesoftheEnglishlanguage.A正确B错误Researchfindingshaveshownthatlanguageprocessingcentersaresituatedinasingleareaofthelefthemisphere.A正确B错误InBlackEnglishwhentheverbisnegatedftheindefinitepronounssomethingsomebodyandsomebecomethenegativeindefinitesnothingnobodyandnonesuchasHedontknownothing.SuchdoublenegationconstructionsindicatethatspeakersofBlackEnglisharedeficientbecausetheyuselanguageillogically”.A正确B错误名词解释.culturaltransmissionasadefiningfeatureofhumanlanguagefreemorphemehierarchicalstructureco-hyponymsutterancemeaningthenamingtheorycomplementaryantonymsconversationalimplicaturehighvarietyrightearadvantage五,论述题Newwordscanbeformedinmanyways.Pleaseillustrateborrowingcompoundingblendingandback-formationeachwithtwoexamples.
42.Statebrieflyyourunderstandingofthedifferencesbetweenthetermacquisitionandthetermlearninginlanguageacquisitionstudy答案1-5CCBAB6-10ABCBB11setsintonationprefixescategoriesPhraseContexttensetaboodiacriticsCaretaker21-25AAABA26-30BBABBCulturaltransmissionisoneofthemajordefiningfeaturesofhumanlanguage.Humansarebornwiththeabilitytoacquirealanguagebutdifferentfromanimals.Theactualuseofhumanlanguageisnotgeneticallytransmittedratheritisculturallytransmittedi•e•ithastobetaughtandlearnt.Theindependentunitsofmeaningthatcanbeusedfreelyandallbythemselves.Thesentencestructurethatgroupswordsintostructuralconstituentsandshowsthesyntacticcategoryofeachstructuralconstituent•suchasNPandVP.Hyponymsthathavethesamesuperordinatearecalledco-hyponyms.Forexample“tulip广violefandrose”areco-hyponymsand“floweristhesuperordinate.Utterancemeaningistherealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication.Itisconcreteandcontext-dependent.ForexampletheutterancemeaningofThebagisheavyindifferentcontextscanbeastatement.arequestforhelpandevendeclinationtosomeonesrequestfbrhelp.OneoftheoldestnotionsconcerningmeaningthenamingtheorywasproposedbytheancientGreekscholarPlato.Accordingtothistheory;thelinguisticformsorsymbolsinotherwordsthewordsusedinalanguagearetakentobelabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor.Sowordsarejustnamesorlabelsforthings.Apairofcomplementaryantonymsischaracterizedbythefeaturethatthedenialofonememberofthepairimpliestheassertionoftheother.Inotherwordsitisnotamatterofdegreebetweentwoextremesbutamatterofeitheroneortheother•Forexamplealiveanddeadmaleandfemale.Forvariousreasonsthefourmaximsunderthecooperativeprinciplesareoftenviolatedorflouted”.MostoftheseviolationsgiverisetowhatGricecallsconversationalimplicature”Jnotherwordswhenweviolateanyofthesemaximsourlanguagebecomesindirect•ForexampleA:DoyouknowwhereMr•XlivesB:Somewhereinthecity.HereBisfloutingthemaximofquantity•Theimplicatureproducedis“IdonotwishtotellyouwhereMr•Xlives.”HighvarietyofH-varietyreferstoamorestandardVarietywhichisusedformoreformalorseriousmatterssuchasspeechesmadeingovernmentthemediaschoolorchurch.ForexampleinSwitzerland/StandardGermanisaHighVarietywhileSwissGermanisaLow-variety.Dichoticlisteningtestsprovethatthespeechsignalspresentedintherighteargodirectlytotheleftbrainwhilethoseheardintheleftearmustfirstgotothefighthemispherefromwhereitistransferredtotheleftsideofthebrainforprocessing.Thusstimuliheardinthelefteararereportedlessaccuratelythanthoseheardintherightear•Thisphenomenonisknownastherightearadvantage.lBorrowingisaprocessbywhichwordsareborrowedfromotherlanguagese.g.ParliamentwasborrowedfromFrenchandbalconyfromItalian;Compoundingisaprocessofcombiningtwoormorewordsintoonelexicalunit.e.g.Sailboatfour-year-old;Blendingisaprocessofforminganewwordbycombiningpartsofotherwordse・g・smogsmoke+fogmotelmotor+hotelBackformationisaprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedbytakingawaythesuffixofanexistingworde.g.editeditortypewritetypewriterThedistinctionbetweenacquisitionandlearningwasproposedbytheAmericanSLAscholarStephenKrashenontheassumptionthattheyaredifferentprocesses.Acquisitionreferstothegradualandsubconsciousdevelopmentofabilityinthefirstlanguagebyusingitnaturallyindailycommunicativesituations.Learninghoweverisdefinedasaconsciousprocessofaccumulatingknowledgeofasecondlanguageusuallyobtainedinschoolsettings•ItisrecognizedthatchildrenacquiretheirnativelanguagewithoutexplicitlearningwhileasecondlanguageismorecommonlylearnedbuttosomedegreemayalsobeacquireddependingontheenvironmentalsettingandtheinputreceivedbytheL2learner•Arulecanbelearnedbeforeitisinternalizedie•acquiredzbuthavinglearnedaruledoesnotnecessarilyprecludehavingtoacquireitlater.AB。