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初中英语语法大全语法网络图名词I.名词的种类名词的数规则名词的复数形式名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下
2.不规则名词复数英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,现归纳如下:III.名词的所有格名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格所有格分两种一是名词词尾加,s构成,二是由介词of加名词构成前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示无生命的东西S所有格的构成所有格的用法:of所有格的用法用于无生命的东西thelegsofthechairthecoverofthebook用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时theclassroomsofthefirst-yearstudents用于名词化的词thestruggleoftheoppressed冠词冠词分为不定冠词(aan)定冠词(the)和零冠词I.不定冠词的用法定冠词的用法:零冠词的用法:代词I.代词可以分为以下七大类:不定代词用法注意点onesome与any:one可以泛指任何人,也可特指,复数为onessome多用于肯定句,any多用于疑问句和否定句Oneshouldlearntothinkofothers.HaveyouanybookmarksNoIdonthaveanybookmarks.Ihavesomequestionstoask.some可用于疑问句中,表示盼望得到肯定的答复,或者表示建议,请求等WouldyoulikesomebananasCouldyougivemesomemoneysome和any修饰可数名词单数时,some表示某个,any表示任何一个Ihavereadthisarticleinsomemagazine.Pleasecorrectthemistakesifany.some和数词连用表示“大约”,any可与比较级连用表示程度Therearesome3000studentsinthisschool.Doyoufeelanybettertodayeach和every:each强调个别,代表的数可以是两个或两个以上,而every强调整体,所指的数必须是三个或三个以上Eachstudenthasapocketdictionary./Eachofushasadictionary./Weeachhaveadictionary.Everystudenthasstrongandweakpoints./Everyoneofushasstrongandweakpoints.none和no no等于notany,作定语none作主语或宾语,代替不可数名词,谓语用单数,代替可数名词,谓语单复数皆可以Thereisnowaterinthebottle.HowmuchwateristhereinthebottleNone.Noneofthestudentsareisafraidofdifficulties.other和another:other泛指“另外的,别的”常与其他词连用,如theotherdayeveryotherweeksomeotherreasonnootherwaytheother特指两者中的另外一个,复数为theothers如Heheldabookinonehandandhisnotesintheother.Twostudentsinourclassfailedbutalltheotherspassedtheexam.another指“又一个,另一个”无所指,复数形式是others泛指“别的人或事”如Idontlikethisshirtpleaseshowmeanotherone.Thetrousersaretoolongpleasegivemeanotherpair/someothers.Somelikefootballwhileotherslikebasketball.all和bothneither和eitherall表示不可数名词时,其谓语动词用单数both和all加否定词表示部分否定,全部否定用neither和none.AllofthebooksarenotwritteninEnglish./NotallofthebooksarewritteninEnglish.Bothofusarenotteachers./Notbothofusareteachers./Eitherofusisateacher.形容词和副词I.形容词:
1.形容词的位置1)形容词作定语通常前置,但在下列情况后置:2)多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序:3)复合形容词的构成:IL副词副词的分类:形容词和副词比较等级形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级,比较级和最高级比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est多音节和一些双音节词前加more和most同级比较时常常用as...as...以及notsoas...as..•如Iamnotsogoodaplayerasyouare.可以中多饰比较级的词有:muchmanyalotevenfarabitalittlestillyetbyfaranyagreatdeaL表示一方随另一方变化时用“themore...themore...”句型如Theharderyouworkthemoreprogressyouwillmake.用比较级来表达最高级的意思如Ihaveneverspentamoreworryingday.表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型Ourschoolisthreetimeslargerthanyours./Ourschoolisfourtimesaslargeasyours./Ourschoolisfourtimesthesizeofyours.表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级如favouriteexcellentextremeperfecto五.介词I.介词分类:常用介词区别:动词I.动词的时态动词的时态一共有16种,以ask为例,将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别1)现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况,但和现在有联系,强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果,它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“已经”等词简言之,利用过去,说明现在如Ihavealreadyreadthenovelwrittenbytheworld-famouswriter.(已经看过,且了解这本书的内容)2)一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态,和现在无关,它可和表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“过”,“了”等词简言之,仅谈过去,不关现在如Ireadthenovellastmonth.(只说明上个月看了,不涉及现在是否记住)IlivedinBeijingfortenyears.(只说明在北京住过十年,与现在无关)现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”,在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时,多用现在完成时,如着重表示动作一直在进行,即动作的延续性时,则多用现在完成进行时一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时Ihavereadthatbook.我读过那本书了Ihavebeenreadingthatbookallthemorning.我早上一直在读那本书一般将来时的表达方式IL动词的被动语态:情态动词I.情态动词基本用法:II.情态动词mustmaymightcouldcan表示推测以must为例must+dobe是推测现在存在的一般状态进行;must+bedoing推测可能正在进行的事情;must+havedone是推测可能已经发生过的事情must“肯定,一定”语气强,只用于肯定句中HemustbeamanfromAmerica./Hemustbetalkingwithhisfriend./Hemusthavealreadyarrivedthere.may和might“也许”后者语气弱,更没有把握可用于肯定句和否定句Hemaynotbeathome./Theymighthavefinishedtheirtask.can和could可能”,could表示可疑的可能性,不及can语气强,用于肯定、否定、疑问句中Theweatherinthatcitycouldbecoldnow.Wecouldhavewalkedthere;itwassonear.推测某事本来可能发生,但实际上没有发生CanhebeintheofficenowNohecantbethereforIsawhiminthelibraryjustnow.语气很强,常用于疑问句和否定句中情态动词注意点Lean和beableto:都可以表示能力但beableto可以表达“某事终于成功”,而can无法表达此意Beableto有更多的时态另外,两者不能重叠使用usedto和would:usedto表示过去常常做现在己经不再有的习惯,而would只表示过去的习惯或喜好,不涉及现在need和dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句其形式为neednt/darentdo;Need/dare...do...做实义动词时可用于肯定句,否定句和疑问句其形式为needneeds/needed/daredares/daredtododontdoesnt/didntneed/daretodo非谓语动词I.非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成:IL做宾语的非谓语动词比较:III.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别:IV.非谓语动词做定语的区别:V.非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别:定语从句I.定语从句起了形容词的作用,在句中修饰一个名词或代词被修饰的词叫做先行词,引导定语从句的词叫关系词,他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用,二是在从句中担当一个成分,并与先行词保持数的一致ILthat与whichwhowhom的用法区别:III.as与which的区别:IV.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别:十.名词性从句倒装句十三虚拟语气十四重要句型
1.Itwasnotuntilmidnightthathefinishedhistask.
2.NotuntilhecamebackfromabroadwasIabletoseehimagain.
3.Theharderyouworkthegreaterprogressyouwillmake.
4.Hewalkedaroundthehouseguninhand.
5.Mayyoubeingoodhealth!
6.Wishyouapleasantjourneybackhome!
7.Theprofessorwasahumorousmanwithbignoseanddeep-seteyes.
8.Whatsurprisedmemostwashisimaginationandpatience.
9.Helayonthegrasswithhiseyeslookingattheskyandhishandsunderhishead.
10.SittingunderthetreeareMr.Greenandhisfirstteacher.
11.Onthewallhangtwopicturesoffamousscientists.
12.Lookingbackuponthosepastyearshecouldnthelpfeelingveryproud.
13.NosoonerHardlyhadhearrivedatthetheatrethanwhentheplaystarted.
14.Youngasheishehaslearnedadvancedmathematics.
15.HowIregretthehourswastedinthewoodsandfields!
16.Therestandsabeautifulvaseinthecorneroftheroom.
17.Tenmilesnorthofthetownliesapaperfactory.
18.Theregoesthebell.
19.Nowherehastheworldeverseensuchabirdashere.
20.Itisnousecryingforhelp.
21.IfonlyIhadbeenyourstudentinthemiddleschool!
22.Itisbelievedthatsuchathingwillnothappenagain.
23.OnlywhenheexplaineddidIrealizethereasonforthis.
24.“Heworksparticularlyhard.“Sohedoesandsodoyou.”
25.NotonlyAlicebutalsoJaneandMaryaretiredofhavingoneexaminationafteranother.
26.SuchwasAlbertEinsteinasimplepersonofgreatachievements.addto增加,增进add...to把...加进...addup相加add叩to总计,所有这一切说明Idontthinkthesefactswillanything.Fiftynewbookshavebeenthelibrary.Themusicourenjoymentofthefilm.Youmusthavemadeamistakewhenyouthebilladduptoaddedtoaddtoadded...upbreakawayfrom打破,脱离,挣脱,改掉breakdown出毛病,身体精神衰弱,分解,拆开breakoff暂停,中断breakin强行进入,插话breakinto闯入breakintopieces成为碎片breakout爆发breakup捣碎,驱散,瓦解,学期结束,拆散breakthrough突破Thecriminalmanagedtobreakthepoliceandranintothewoods.Whenheheardthenewshebrokeandcried.Dontbreakwhileothersarespeaking.WhydontyoubreakforafewminutesandhavesomecoffeeWhendoesschoolbreakAfterharvestwebreakthesoilwithatoolpulledbytwooxen.awayfromdowninoffupupbringup抚养,呕吐,提出bringabout造成bringout拿出,出版bringin引入,引进,挣钱bringback使回想起bringdown使下降,使倒下Theshopkeeperbroughthispricetoonlyfivedollars.TheschoolhasbroughtnewforeignteacherstoteachoralEnglish.Thesongbroughthappymemoriesofourschooldays.DoyouknowwhatbroughtthismisunderstandingThekindoldmanagreedtobringtheyoungorphan.Wedecidedtobringthematteratthenextmeeting.Thewindbroughtalotoftreeslastnight.Nextmonththeywillbringaneweditionofthebook.downinbackaboutupupdownoutcallon号召,拜访某人callat拜访、参观某地callfor去叫某人要求,需要callup使回忆起,征召入伍callin召集,请某人来callout大喊,高叫calloff取消,不举行Doctorsareoftencalledinthemiddleofthewar.Pleasewaitformeathome.Illcallyouatyourhouseatseventonight.ThetrainscallsseveralbigcitiesbetweenBeijingandGuangzhou.Hecalledhernamebutshedidntanswer.Thesportsmeetwascalledonaccountoftherain.inforatoutoffcomeabout发生,出现comedownT跌,落,降,传下来comein进来comeintosight/being/existence/use/notice/effectcomeon来临/快点comeout出版,结果是comealong一道来,赶快cometo达至anend/anagreement/astop苏酉星,合计,总共是comeover走过来comeup发芽,走近comeacross偶然碰到comeback回想起comefrom来自,源自IcomethebookIlentyoulastmonth.HowdiditcomethatyoubothgotlostIthoughtyouhadamap.ItsuddenlycametomewhereIhadseentheboybefore.Comenoworelseweshallbelate.Hecamemelikeatiger.Thepriceofpetrolhascomesincethebeginningofthisyear.Thewordcameusemanyyearsago.Whentheexaminationresultcamehehadalreadygotajob.Thebillcameoverathousanddollars.Isowedtheseedsoveramonthagobuttheyhaventcomeyet.foraboutbackonatdownintoouttoupcutacross抄近路cutdown砍倒,削减cutoff切断,割掉,断绝关系cutup连根拔除,切碎through剪断,凿穿cutout删(省)掉,戒掉cutin插嘴Dontcutthistree.Itwillbeveryshadyinsummer.Youmustcutthenumberofcigarettesyousmokeoritwillcauseillness.Wedecidedtocutthemoor旷野tothevillage.Cuttingthetreemeanscuttingthetreeintopieces.Theelectricitywascutwhentheladyrefusedtopaythebill.WewerehavingapleasantconversationwhenTomcut.downdownacrossupoffindieofdisease/hunger/grief/oldage死于疾病,饥饿,寒冷,情感原因diefrom死于意外事故、情形dieaway渐渐消逝dieout绝种diedown炉火渐熄dieoff逐一死去fallbehind落后falloveronesfeet跌跤falldown掉下,跌倒fallback撤退,后退Babiesoftenfallwhentheyarelearningtowalk.Ourteamseemstohavefallentheothers.Assoonastheenemiesfellthepeoplereturnedtotheirvillage.Shefellthebenchandhadherlegbroken.downbehindbackovergoinfor从事,喜爱,参加gothrough通过,经受goover复习,检查go叩(价格)上涨,建造起来goafter追捕,追赶goagainst违反goahead先行,开始吧,问吧,说吧goaway离开goby时间过去godownT沉,降低,(日、月)西沉goonwith继续进行gowith相配,陪同gowithout没有,缺少goout外出,熄灭goallout全力以赴gooff爆炸,进行,变坏,断电,停止供应gobackon背约,食言gobeyond超出Manynewfactorieshavegone_inthepastfewyears.Rentshavegonegreatlyrecently.Manyyearshavegonesincewefirstmet.Let!scontinueourjourneyuntilthesungoes.HisactionswentthewillofthepeopleIcantdoitforitgoesmyduty.Over100studentswentthisentranceexamination.Thebombwentandkilledtenpeople.Thebuyerwentthecarcarefullybeforereachingadecision.Thistiedoesntgomyblueshirt.Ifyouthinkyoucansolvetheproblemgo.Manystudentswentplayingbasketball.upupbydownagainstbeyondthroughoffoverwithaheadinforgetdownT来,记下,使沮丧getdownto致力于,专心于geton进展,进步,穿上,上车getoff脱下,下车getin收集,插话getaway逃跑,逃脱,去休假getover忘记,越过,克服,从疾病中恢复getalongwith进展,相处getup起床getthrough打通电话,完成,通过getround消息传开getclosetosth.接近几乎getintotroublegettoknowgetback取回,收回getoutShespokesofastthatIcouldntgetwhathesaid.Wewillfindwaystogetdifficulties.Thestoryhasgotandeveryoneknowsaboutit.WhenIgetwiththereportFllgotothecinema.Afteradeliciousmealthetwomengottobusiness.Dontalwaysgetawordwhenothersarespeaking.Ittookmealongtimetogetsuchanunpleasantexperience.downoverroundthroughdowninovergiveaway赠送,泄露,出卖giveout发出,疲劳,分发,公布giveoff发出光、热、气体giveintosb.屈月艮giveup放弃,让座位Hisaccentatlastgavehim.Theliquidgaveastrongsmell.Theheadmastergavethenamesoftheprize-winners.Thesoldiersgavethetowntotheenemies.WhowillhelpmetogivethebooksDontbelieveinthosewhogivehisfriends.Afteralongwalkmystrengthgave.awayoffoutupoutawayouthandin交上,提交handout分发handdown流传,遗传hangabout闲逛hang叩挂电话holdback阻止,隐瞒hold叩举起,使停顿holdon别挂电话,等,坚持holdout持续,坚持,伸出holddown控制,镇压Imsureheisholdingsomething.Shemanagedtoholdheremotionuntilherguestshadleft.Thenshecried.Tellhimtoholdamoment.Illcomesoon.Ourfoodsupplywon!tholdformorethanafewdays.Thetrainwasheldasaresultofthefloods.Thesemeasureshelpedtoholdthecityspopulation.Holdyourleftarmplease.backbackonoutupdownupkeepupcourageEnglishspirits保持keepupwith足艮上keepoffgrass不接近,离开keepawayfrom避开,不接近,离...远远的keepoutofkeeptorulespromise坚持,遵守keepon继续坚持下来keepback阻止,留下,隐瞒,扣下keepfrom克制,阻止Theangryladytoldthestrangerstokeepfromher.Icanhardlykeepmytearsafterhearinghiswords.Onlypridekeptherburstingintotears.Icanscarcelykeepaskinghimwhathehasdone.Donttouchme”screamedthewomanKeep!nKeepuntilyousucceed.Keepyourcourageandyoullsucceedintheend.Thethickcoatcankeepthecold.Alwaystrytokeeptheruleswhenyouplayagame.Ican!tkeepwitheverythingyouredoing.awaybackfromfromoffonupouttoupknockat/on敲knockinto撞到某人身上knockdown撞倒knockoutof把...敲出knockover撞倒knockoff停止工作,休息Theboxersoonknockedhisopponent.Theofficestuffknocksatsixeveryday.Tryknockingthewindowandseeifthereisanyoneindoors.Hewassoabsorbedinhisbookthatheknockedthecarparkedtheredownoffonintoleavefor离开前往leaveout删去,遗漏leavebehind遗留,忘记拿走leaveto留给,遗嘱赠于leaveover遗留剩下,延期nWhosenamehasbeenleftndemandedtheteacher.Whenhediedheleftallhispropertyhisniece.Hesuddenlyrealizedthathehadlefthisumbrella.Dontleavethismatteruntiltomorrow.Leavesomemeatfortomorrow.Thosearequestionsleftbyhistory.outtobehindoveroveroverlook叩查找,向上看lookthrough翻阅,浏览lookon旁观lookon...as看作lookinto调查lookafter/at/for照顾/看/寻找lookoutfor当心lookabout/around/round四下查看lookdown叩on瞧不起lookback叩on回忆,回顾lookab.叩anddown仔细打量某人lookabintheface/eyes直视某人Look!Thereisabigholeinfront.Hetookpartinthegameandtherestofusjustlookedandcheeredforhim.Theoldmanlookeduponthedaysofhisyouth.Shewassosnobbish势利thatshelookeduponallhisneighbours.Thepolicepromisedtolookthecaseassoonaspossible.Helookedbutsawnobodyandhelistenedbuthearnothing.throughoutonbackdownintoabout/around/roundmakeup编造,配制,打扮,组成makeupfor弥补makeinto/of/from制成makeout弄懂,发现,看出填写,开列清单makefor走向,驶往,促使CanyoumakethislengthofclothasuitIaskedthedriverifhewasmakingLondonMyfathermadeacheckformetobuythecamera.Wemustmakethelossnextweek./Hetriedhardtomakeforthedamagehehaddone.HemadeastorywhichIfoundhardtobelieve.SomeoneiscomingbutIcantmakewhoitis.intoforoutup/upupoutpassaway去世passby经过passdownon...to传给passthrough经历passover漠视,忽视Theoldclockhasbeenpassedtomefrommygrandfathersgrandfather.Themanpassedlastweekinpeace.Wearepassingdifficulttimes.Thesecretarypassedthedetailsinthefirstpartofhisreport.downawaythroughoverpayback还钱,报复payfor付钱,为…受到惩罚,因…得到报应payoff还清HowmuchdidyoupaythedictionaryYoushouldpaythemoneyyouborrowedfromme.rilpayhimforallhiscrimes罪彳亍againstme.Somedayyoullpaywhatyouhavedonetoday.Hasshepaythedebtyetforbackbackforoffpickup拾起,获得information接人,站起,收听,自然习得language/knowledge,恢复重获pickuphealthpickout挑选,辨认,看出Ipickedtheinformationwhilewaitinginthequeue.Myfriendhasarrangedtopickmeat6:
00.Thepatienthaspickedhealthduringthelasttwoweeks.Shepickedthemostexpensivepairofshoes.IcantpickJohninthecrowd.CanIpickVOAwiththisshort-waveradioHefelldownsuddenlybutpickedhimselfquickly.upupupoutoutupuppickcotton/flower/leaves/words选词put叩搭起,张贴,举起,安装,投宿,安排住下putupwith忍受putout伸出,扑灭putoff推迟putinto放进,翻译putaway放好,存钱putdown记下平息puton穿戴上映,增加putonweight/speedputforward提出,提前putthrough接通电话putaside放到一边putback放回Heputhalfhiswageeveryweek.Thegovernmentsoonputtherevolt暴舌L・Putyourwatch.Itsslow.Heputhishandformetoshake..PleaseputmetoExtension分机
2.Weputfornightatthevillageinn.Heisveryproudandheoftenputairs.摆架子Wehadatelephoneputinouroffice.Icantputwithyourlaziness.awaydownforwardoutthroughuponupuppulldown拆掉,推翻pullon匆匆穿上/off脱pullin进站pullout取出火车离站pulldown往下拉,拆毁pullover驶到一边pullthrough恢复健康,渡过难关,脱离险境pullup使停住Thetrainslowlypulledanddisappearedinthedistance.Alltheoldhousesherehavenowbeenpulledandnewonesaretobebuilt.ThecarpulledwhenIblewthehorn.Thedoctorthinksthemanwillpull.Thedriverpulledatthetrafficlights.outdownoverthroughuppushover推倒,刮倒pushaheadonforward继续前进,坚持下去pushthrough排除困难办好谋事,努力设法通过,挤过WevedecidedtopushwithourplantobuildanewroadManytreeswerepushedinthehurricane.Theyweredeterminedtopushthenewrulesatanycost..Takecarenottopushthebaby・Theypushedthecrowdandatlastreachedus.onoverthroughoverthroughrunacross偶然碰到runafter追逐,追捕runaway逃跑runfor竞选runinto偶然碰到困难遇见人,相撞runoutof用完Ifyoudrivesofastyoullrunsomeonesomeday.Iranafriendofmineintheexhibition.Ourwaterhasrun.CanyoufillupsomemorebottlesWhydoyoualwaysrunadventureHedidntwanttorunpresidentthatyear.Inthatwayyouwillonlyrundifficulties.intoacross/intooutafterforintoseeoff送行seethrough看透,识破seeto照料,照管sendfor派人去请sendoff送行1sendout发出光亮等sendup发射setup建立setoff出发,触发,引起setout动身,着手todo陈述setabout开始着手doingsettoworkn.开始做setback拨回,使推迟Ishallsetmywatchbyfiveminutes.Wesetreadingthetextaloudimmediatelythebellrang.Wesetatdaybreakyesterdayandwevebeentravellingeversincethen.Isettoadvisehimnottodrink.WhatwerethereasonshesetinhisreportThepresidentsetaspecialgroupofsoldierstoguardhim.Theunpopularlawsetaseriesofprotests.抗议backaboutoff/outoutoutupofftakeoff脱掉,起飞takeon呈现雇佣takeaway拿走takein吸收,领会take叩从事,占用时间空间takedown记录,取下takeback收回takefor误认为takealong随身带takeover接管takeoutItakeallIsaidabouthisdishonesty.Hewenttotheshelfandtookabookofpoems.AtfirstItookhimadoctor.Icanseethatmostofyouhavetakeneverythingthattheteachertaught.Billhasnowtakenhisfathersbusiness.Myjobtakesmostofmytime.Thebosstooktwentypeopleforhisnewcompany.backdownforinoverupontakechargeof负责,takesth.forgranted想当然,takeholdof抓住,takepridein以代替taketurnstodo轮流做takeoffice就职thinkof想起thinkof...as把…看作thinkout想出thinkup想出thinkabout考虑thinkover仔细考虑thinkwellofsb.对某人看法好turnoff/on打开turnover翻身,反复考虑,翻(书页),翻转turnout证明为,结果,制造成品turnto转向,求助turndown调低,拒绝turnagainst变得敌视,反对turnaway打发走,驱逐,转过脸去turnback返回,转回去turnround转过身来turnup向上翻,露面,出现,音量调大turnin上缴turn叩sidedown把倒置,弄得乱七八糟andletmeseeyourface.TheEnglisheveningpartyturnedagreatsuccess.ThesightoftheaccidentwastoomuchforhertobearandsheturnedThefootballstadiumwasfullandmanypeoplehadtobeturned.Thearmyturnedhimonaccountof因为hispoorhealth.Sheturnedthewholehouseinhersearchforhermissingpurse.WheredidyourpurseturnIfounditinthesnow.Thevillagerssuddenlyturnedtheforeignerswholivednearby.Thefactoryturns2000newcarslastyear.toroundoveroutawayawaydownupsidedownupagainstout1Ispenttwohourslookingthestudents1papers.专有名词普通名词国名地名人名,团体机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-mapssea-seasgirl-girlsday-days2以sxchsh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classesbox-boxeswatch-watchesdish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leavesthief-thievesknife-kniveswife-wiveshalf-halves加-schief-chiefsproof-proofsroof-roofs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加-esparty-partiesfamily-familiesstory-storiescity-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词,或专有名词以y结尾的,加-stoy-toysboy-boysday-daysray-raysHenry-Henrys6以辅音字母加-0结尾的名词一般加-esNegro-Negroeshero-heroespotato-potatoestomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianosphoto-photosauto-autos9kilo-kilossolo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroesvolcano-volcanoes/volcanos7以元音字母加_o结尾的名词加_sradio-radiosbamboo-bambooszoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truthsmouth-mouthsmonth-monthspath-paths规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-menwoman-womenfoot-feetgoose-geesemouse-mice2单复数相同sheepdeermeansworksfishyuanJin3只有复数形式trousersclothesthanksgoodsglasses4一些集体名词总是用作复数peoplepolice5部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可以作复数(成员)classfamilycrowdcouplegroupgovernmentpopulationteampublicparty6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关)times(时代)spirits(情绪),drinks(饮料)sands(沙滩)papers(文件报纸)looks(外表)brains(头脑智力)greens(青菜)7表示“某国人”加-sAmericansAustraliansGermansGreeksSwedesEuropeans单复数同形SwissPortugueseChineseJapanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men-womenEnglishmenFrenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-lawlookers-onpassers-bystory-tellersboyfriends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-upshousewivesstopwatches将两部分变为复数womensingersmenservants单数名词在末尾加stheboysfatherJacksbookherson-in-law^sphoto复数名词一般在末尾加’theteachers5roomthetwinsmother不规则复数名词后加Sthechildrenstoyswomensrights以S结尾的人名所有格加,S或者’DickensnovelsCharlessjobtheSmithshouse表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加,SJapansandAmericasproblemsJanesandMarysbikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加SJapanandAmericasproblemsJaneandMarysfather表示某人家店铺所有格后名词省略thedoctorsthebarbersthetailorsmyuncles1表示时间todaysnewspaperfiveweeksholiday2表示自然现象theearthsatmospherethetreesbranches3表示国家城市等地方的名词thecountrysplantheworldspopulationChinasindustry4表示工作群体theshipscrewmajoritysviewtheteamsvictory5表示度量衡及价值amilesjourneyfivedollarsworthofapples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词theliferstimetheplaysplot7某些固定词组abirdseyeviewastonesthrowatoneswitsend(不矢口所措)1指一类人或事,相当于akindofAplaneisamachinethatcanfly.2第一次提及某人某物,非特指Aboyiswaitingforyou.3表示“每一”相当于everyoneWestudyeighthoursaday.4表示“相同”相当于thesameWearenearlyofanage.5用于人名前表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事AMr.SmithcametovisityouwhenyouwereoutThatboyisratheraLeiFeng.6用于固定词组中Acoupleofabitonceuponatimeinahurryhaveawalkmanyatime7用于quiterathermanyhalfwhatsuch之后Thisroomisratherabigone.8用于so(astoohow)+形容词之后Sheisascleveragirlasyoucanwishtomeet.1表示某一类人或物Thehorseisausefulanimal.2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前theuniversethemoonthePacificOcean3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Wouldyoumindopeningthedoor4用于乐器前面playtheviolinplaytheguitar5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人thereachthelivingthewounded6表示“一家人”或“夫妇”theGreenstheWangs7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前Heisthetallerofthetwochildren.8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海,山川群岛的名词前theUnitedStatestheCommunistPartyofChinatheFrench9用于表示发明物的单数名词前ThecompasswasinventedinChina.10在逢十的复数数词之前,指世纪的某个年代inthe1990s11用于表示单位的名词前Ihiredthecarbythehour.12用于方位名词,身体部位名词,及表示时间的词组前Hepattedmeontheshoulder.1专有名词,物质名词,抽象名词,人名地名等名词前BeijingUniversityJackChinaloveair2名词前有thismywhosesomenoeachevery等限制Iwantthisbooknotthatone./Whosepurseisthis3季节,月份,星期,节假日,一日三餐刖MarchSundayNationalDayspring4表示职位,身份,头衔的名词前LincolnwasmadePresidentofAmerica.5学科,语言,球类,棋类名词前Helikesplayingfootball/chess.6与by连用表示交通工具的名词前bytrainbyairbyland7以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husbandandwifeknifeandforkdayandnight8表示泛指的复数名词前Horsesareusefulanimals.1人称代词主格Iyouhesheitweyouthey宾格meyouhimheritusyouthem2物主代词形容词性myyourhisheritsourtheir名词性mineyourshishersitsourstheirs3反身代词myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitselfourselvesyourselvesthemselves4指示代词thisthatthesethosesuchsome5疑问代词whowhomwhosewhichwhatwhoeverwhicheverwhatever6关系代词thatwhichwhowhomwhoseas7不定代词one/some/anyeach/everynone/nomany/muchfew/little/afew/alittleother/anotherall/bothneither/either14彦饰someanyeveryno和bodythingone等构成的复合不定代词时nobodyabsenteverythingpossible2以-able-ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后thebestbookavailabletheonlysolutionpossible3alivealikeawakeawareasleep等可以后置theonlypersonawake4和空间、时间、单位连用时abridge50meterslong5成对的形容词可以后置ahugeroomsimpleandbeautiful6形容词短语一般后置amandifficulttogetonwith代词数词性状形容词冠词前的形容词冠词指示代词不定代词代词所有格序数词基数词性质状态大小长短形状新旧温度颜色国籍产地材料质地名词allbothsuchtheathisanotheryoursecondnextonefourbeautifulgoodpoorlargeshortsquarenewcoolblackyellowChineseLondonsilkstone1形容词+名词+edkind-hearted6名词+形容词world-famous2形容词+形容词dark-blue7名词+现在分词peace-loving3形容词+现在分词ordinary-looking8名词+过去分词snow-covered4副词+现在分词hard-working9数词+名词+edthree-egged5副词+过去分词newly-built10数词+名词twenty-year1时间副词soonnowearlyfinallyoncerecently5频度副词alwaysoftenfrequentlyseldomnever2地点副词herenearbyoutsideupwardsabove6疑问副词howwherewhenwhy3方式副词hardwellfastslowlyexcitedlyreally7连接副词howwhenwherewhywhetherhowevermeanwhile4程度副词almostnearlyveryfairlyquiterather8关系副词whenwherewhy1简单介词aboutacrossafteragainstamongaroundatbelowbeyondduringinon2合成介词insideintoontooutofoutsidethroughoutuponwithinwithout3短语介词accordingtobecauseofinsteadofuptoduetoowingtothanksto4双重介词fromamongfrombehindfromundertillafterinbetween5分词转化成的介词considering(就而论),including6形容词转化成的介词likeunlikenearnextopposite1表示时间的inonatat表示片刻的时间,in表示一段的时间,on总是与日子有关2表示时间的sincefromsince指从过去到现在的一段时间,和完成时连用,from指从时间的某一点开始3表示时间的inafterin指在一段时间之后,after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中4表示地理位置的inontoin表示在某范围内,on指与什么毗邻,to指在某环境范围之外5表示在”的oninon只表示在某物的表面上,in表示占去某物一部分6表示“穿过”的throughacrossthrough表示从内部通过,与in有关across表示在表面上通过,与on有关7表示“关于”的aboutonabout指涉及到,on指专门论述8between与among的区between表示在两者之间,among用于三者或三者以上的中间别9besides与except的区别besides指“除了...还有再加上”,except指“除了,减去什么”,不放在句首10表示用”的inwithwith表示具体的工具,in表示材料,方式,方法,度量,单位,语言,声音11as与like的区别as意为“作为,以...地位或身份”like为“象...一样”指情形相似12in与into区别in通常表示位置(静态)into表示动向,不表示目的地或位皆■A现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般ask/asksaskedshall/willaskshould/wouldask进行am/is/areaskingwas/wereaskingshall/willbeaskingshould/wouldbeasking完成have/hasaskedhadaskedshall/willhaveaskedshould/wouldhaveasked完成进行have/hasbeenaskinghadbeenaskingshall/willhavebeenaskingshould/wouldhavebeenasking将来时用法例句1will/shall+动词原形表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态Mysisterwillbetennextyear.2begoingto+动词原形含有“打算,计划,即将”做某事,或表示很有可能要发生某事Itsgoingtoclearup.Weregoingtohaveapartytonight.3be+doing进行时表示将来gocomestartmoveleavearrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作Heismovingtothesouth.AretheyleavingforEurope4beaboutto+动词原形表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作,后面一般不跟时间状语Iwasabouttoleavewhenthebellrang.Themeetingisabouttoclose.5beto+动词原形表示按计划进行或征求对方意见Weretomeetattheschoolgateatnoon.6一般现在时表示将来时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情,可用一般现在时表示将来Themeetingstartsatfiveoclock.Theplaneleavesattenthisevening.常用被动语态构成常用被动语态构成1一般现在时am/is/areasked6过去进行时was/werebeingasked2一般过去时was/wereasked7现在完成时have/hasbeenasked3一般将来时shall/willbeasked8过去完成时hadbeenasked4过去将来时should/wouldbeasked9将来完成时will/wouldhavebeenasked5现在进行时am/is/arebeingasked10含有情态动词的can/must/maybeasked注息事项被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词固定结构begoingtousedtohavetohadbetter变为被动态时,只需将其后的动词变为被动态如Treesshouldnotbeplantedinsummer./Theboywasmadefunofbyhisclassmates.Newspapersusedtobesentherebythelittlegirl.汉语有一类句子不出现主语,在英语中一般可用被动结构表示如Itisbelievedthat...Itisgenerallyconsideredthat...Itissaidthat..・Itiswellknownthat...Itmustbepointedoutthat...Itissupposedthat...Itisreportedthat...Itmustbeadmittedthat...Itishopedthat...下面主动形式常表示被动意义如Thewindowwants/needs/requiresrepairing.Thebookisworthreadingtwice.Thedoorwontshut./Theplaywontact.Theclotheswasheswell./Thebooksellswell.Thedishtastesdelicious./Waterfeelsverycold.下面词或短语没有被动态leaveenterreachbecomebenefitcostequalcontainlastlackfitfailhaveappearhappenoccurbelongtotakeplacebreakoutcomeaboutagreewithkeepupwithconsistofhaveonloseheart等等情态动词用法否定式疑问式与简答can能力(体力,智力,技能)允许或许可(口语中常用)可能性(表猜测,用于否定句或疑问句中)cannot/cannot/cantdoCan...do...Yes...can.No...cant.couldcouldntdomay可以(问句中表示请求)可能,或许(表推测)祝愿(用于倒装句中)maynotdoMay...do...Yes...may.No・・・mustnt/cant.mightmightnotdoMight...do...Yes...mightNo
9...mightnot.must必须,应该(表主观要求)肯定,想必(肯定句中表推测)mustnot/mustntdoMust...do...Yes...must.No...neednt/donthaveto.haveto只好,不得不(客观的必须,有时态人称变化)donthavetodoDo...havetodo...Yes・.・do.No...dont.oughtto应当(表示义务责任,口语中多用shouldoughtnotto/oughtnttodoOught...todo...Yes...ought.No..oughtnt.shall将要,会用于一三人称征求对方意见用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等shallnot/shantdoShall...do...Yes...shall.No...shant.should应当,应该(表义务责任)本该(含有责备意味)shouldnot/shouldntdoShould...do...will意愿,决心请求,建议,用在问句中would比较委婉willnot/wontdoWill...do...Yes・.・wilLNo..wont.wouldwouldnot/wouldntdodare敢(常用于否定句和疑问句中)darenot/darentdoDare...do...Yes...dare.No...darent.need需要必须常用于否定句和疑问句中neednot/needn^tdoNeed...do...Yes・・・must.No...neednt.usedto过去常常现在已不再usednot/usednt/usenttododidntusetodoUsed...todo...Yes・・・used.No・.・usednt.Did...usetodo...Yes・・・did.No...didnt.非谓语形式构成特征和作用时态和语态否定式复合结构不定式todotobedoingtohavedonetobedonetohavebeendone在非谓语前加notforsb.todosth.具有名词,副词和形容词的作用在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语分词现在分词doinghavingdonebeingdonehavingbeen具有副词和形容词的作用在句中做定、表、宾补和状语done过去分词done动名词doinghavingdonebeingdonehavingbeendonesbsdoing具有名词的作用在句中做主、宾、定和表语情况常用动词只接不定式做宾语的动词hopewantofferlongfailexpectwishaskdecidepretendmanageagreeafforddeterminepromisehappen只接动名词做宾语的动词或短语mindmissenjoyimaginepractisesuggestfinishescapeexcuseappreciateadmitpreventkeepdislikeavoidriskresistconsidercanthelpfeellikesucceedinbefondo£objecttogetdowntobeengagedininsistonthinkofbeproudoftakeprideinsetaboutbeafraidofbetiredoflookforwardtodevoteoneselftobeworthbebusypayattentiontostickto两者都可以意义基本相同beginstartlikelovehateprefercontinue(接不定式多指具体的动作,接动名词多指一般或习惯行为)needwantrequire(接动名词主动形式表示被动意义,若接不定式则应用被动形式)意义相反stoptodo停止手中事,去做另一件事stopdoing停止正在做的事意义不同remember/forget/regrettodo(指动作尚未发生)remember/forget/regretdoing(指动作已经发生)goontodo(接着做另外一件事)goondoing(接着做同一件事)trytodo(设法,努力去做,尽力)trydoing(试试去做,看有何结果)meantodo(打算做,企图做)meandoing(意识是,意味着)canthelptodo(不能帮忙做)canthelpdoing(忍不住要做)常见动词与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念例句不定式askbegexpectgetordertellwantwishencourage主谓关系强调动作将发生或已经完成Iheardhimcallmeseveraltimes.havenoticeseewatchhearfeelletmake现在分词noticeseewatchhearfindkeephavefeel主谓关系强调动作正在进行,尚未完成Ifoundherlisteningtotheradio.过去分词动宾关系动作己经完成,Wefoundthevillage多强调状态greatlychanged.区别举例不定式与被修饰词往往有动宾关系,一般式表示将来,进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生,完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生Ihavealotofpaperstotype.Ihavealotofpaperstobetyped.动名词通常指被修饰词的用途,无逻辑上的任何关系Shallwegototheswimmingpool现在分词与被修饰词之间是主谓关系,表示动作与谓语动作同时发生theboilingwater/theboiledwaterthedevelopingcountry/thedevelopedcountrythefallingleaves/thefallenleaves过去分词与被修饰词之间是被动关系,表示动作发生在谓语动作之前,现已经完成区别举例不定式多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作,做主语时可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面做表语有时可和主语交换位置,而且意义不变,并且还能用what来提问主语或表语Mydreamistobecomeateacher.Toobeythelawisimportantdreambusinesswishideaplandutytask做主语时常用动名词与不定式的功能区别不大,然而它更接近于名词,表示的动作比较抽象,或者泛指习惯性的动作,有时也可以用it做形式主语,做表语时可以和主语互换位置Itisnousesayingthatagainandagain.Teachingismyjob.分词无名词的性质,不能做主语但是有形容词的性质,可以做表语,多表明主语的特征性质或者状态等,可被veryquiterather等副词修饰现在分词多含有“令人...”之意,说明主语的性质特征,多表示主动,主语多为物过去分词一般表示被动或主语所处的状态,含有“感到...”之意,主语多是人Thesituationisencouraging.Thebookiswellwritten.常见分词有astonishingmovingtiringdisappointingpuzzlingshockingboringamusing及其-ed形式关系词先行词从句成分例句备注关系代词who人主语Doyouknowthemanwhoistalkingwithyourmotherwhomwhich和that在从句中做宾语时,常可以省略,但介词提前时whom人宾语Mr.SmithisthepersonwithwhomIamworkingTheboywhomsheloveddiedinthewar..后面关系代词不能省略,也不可以用thatwhose人,物定语Ilikethosebookswhosetopicsareabouthistory.Theboywhosefatherworksabroadismydeskmate.that人,物主语,宾语Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.SheisthepopstarthatIwanttoseeverymuch.which物主语,宾语ThebookwhichIgaveyouwasworth$
10.Thepicturewhichwasabouttheaccidentwasterrible.as人,物主语,宾语Heissuchapersonasisrespectedbyallofus.ThisisthesamepenasIlostyesterday.as做宾语一般不省略关系副词when时间时间状语Iwillneverforgetthedaywhenwemetthere.可用onwhichwhere地点地点状语ThisisthehousewhereIwasbom.可用inwhichwhy原因原因状语Icantimaginethereasonwhyheturneddownmyoffer.可用forwhich情况用法说明例句只用that的情况
1.先行词为alleverythinganythingnothinglittlemuch等不定代词时
2.先行词被allanyeveryeachmuchlittlenosomefew等修饰时
3.先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时
4.先行词既指人又指物时
5.先行词被theonlythevery修饰时
6.句中已经有who或which时,为了避免重复时Hetoldmeeverythingthatheknows.A11thebooksthatyouofferedhasbeengivenout.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverread.Wetalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthatweremembered.HeistheonlymanthatIwanttosee.Whoisthemanthatismakingaspeech只用whichwhowhom的情况
1.在非限制性定语从句中,只能用which指代物,用who/whom指人
2.在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句Hehasasonwhohasgoneabroadforfurtherstudy.Ilikethepersontowhomtheteacheristalking.Thosewhorespectothersare中,只能用which指物whom指人
3.先行词本身是that时,关系词用which先行词为thoseonehe时多用whoousuallyrespectedbyothers.定语从句区别例句限制性定语从句中名词前有such和thesame修饰时,关系代词用as不能用whichHeisnotsuchafoolashelooks.Dontreadsuchbooksasyoucantunderstand.非限制性定语从句中as和which都可以指代前面整个主句如果有“正如,象”的含义,并可以放在主句前,也可以放在后面,那么用as;而which引导的从句只能放主句后,并无“正如”的意思Theywonthegameaswehadexpected.Theywonthegamewhichwehadntexpected.Asiswellknownheisafamousfilmstarinthe1980s.类别语法意义及特征例句限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限制作用,如果去掉,主句意思就不完整明确,这种从句与主句的关系十分密切,写时不用逗号分开TheaccidenthappenedatthetimewhenIleft.非限制性定语从句对先行词作附加的说明,与主句的关系不十分密切,较松散从句和主句之间用逗号分开,相当于一个插入语,不能用that引导,关系代词做宾语时也不能省略Hismotherwhomheloveddeeplydiedtenyearsago.种类作用常用关联词例句主语从句在复合句中做主语,相当于名词,一般置谓语之前,也可用it作形式主语,主语从句放主句之后thatwhetherifasifasthoughwhowhosewhichhowwhenwherewhywhatwhateverwhoeverwhereverWhetherhewillcomeornotdoesntmattermuch.Whoevercomesherewillbewelcome.表语从句在复合句中做表语,相当于名词,位于系动词之后Itlooksasifitisgoingtosnow.宾语从句在复合句中做宾语,相当于名词Heaskedmewhichteamcouldwinthegame.同位语从句放在名词之后newsproblemideasuggestionadvicethoughthopefact等表明其具体内容Youhavenoideahowworriedweare.Thefactthatheliedagaingreatlysurprisedus.种类连接词注意点时间状语whenwheneverwhileasbeforeafteruntiltillbythetimeassoonashardly...whennosooner...thanthemomenttheminuteimmediatelydirectlyinstantly主句表示将来意义时,从句须用一般现在时;while引导的从句中动词一般是延续性的;until用在肯定句中主句动词是延续性的,而否定句中主句动词为短暂性的地点状语wherewherever原因状语becauseassincenowthatbecause语气最强,since较弱,表示大家都明了的原因,as又次之条件状语ifunlessonceincaseaslongasonconditionthat从句中动词时态不可用将来时,常用一般时代替目的状语sothatinorderthatforfearthatsothat和inorderthat后常接mayshouldcouldwould等情态动词结果状语so...thatsuch...that比较状语thanas...asnotso/as...asthemore...themore方式状语asifasthoughasasif和asthough引导的从句一般用虚拟语气让步状语thoughalthoughevenifeventhoughasnomatterwhatwhatevernomatterwhowhoevernomatterwhichwhichevernomatterhowhowevernomatterwhenwheneveras在让步状语从句中常用倒装形式;although和though用正常语序,可和yet连用,但不可和but连用种类倒装条件例句〜A倒装herethereupdowninoutoffaway等副词开头的句子表示强调Outrushedthechildren.表示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首Underthetreestoodtwotablesandfourchairs.强调表语,置于句首,或为保持句子平衡Presentatthemeetingwere1000students.部分倒装neverhardlyscarcelyseldomlittlenotuntilnot等表示否定意义的副词放于句首HardlydidIknowwhathadhappened.only和修饰的状语放于句首OnlythendidherealizedtheimportanceofEnglish.notonly...butalso连接并列的句子,前倒后不倒NotonlydoesheknowFrenchbutalsoheisexpertatit.neither...nor...连接并歹0的句子,前后都倒装NeitherdoIknowitnordoIcareaboutit.so...thatsuch...that中的so或such及修饰的成分放于句首时前倒后不倒Sobusyishethathecannotgoonaholiday.as引导的让步状语Childasheishehaslearnedalot.soneither或nor表示前句内容也适用于另外的人或事Hecanplaythepiano.Socani.用于表示祝愿的祈使句中Mayyoubeingoodhealth!省略if的虚拟条件WereIyouIwouldnotdoitinthisway.类别用法例句If引导的条件从句与现在事实相反从句动词过去式(be用were)主句动词should/would/could/might+动词原形Ifhewereherehewouldhelpus.与过去事实相反从句动词had+过去分词主句动词should/would/could/might+have+过去分词IfIhadbeenfreeIwouldhavevisitedyou.与将来事实相反从句动词过去式/should+动词原形/were+不定式主句动词should/would/could/might+动词原形Ifitshouldraintomorrowwewouldnotgocamping.其它状语从句asif引导的状语从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式Theyaretalkingasiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears.inorderthat/sothat引导的状语从句中动词用can/could/may/might/would等+动词原形Turnonthelightsothatwecanseeitclearly.宾语从句demandsuggestorderinsist后接的从句中动词为should+动词原形Hesuggestedthatwenotchangeourmind.wish后的从句中分别用过去式,过去完成式和should/would+动词原形表示与现在,过去和将来情况相反IwishIcouldbeapopsinger.主语从句在Itisnecessary/important/strangethat..Itissuggested/demanded/ordered/requestedthat...等从句中,谓语动词用should+动词原形Itisstrangethatsuchapersonshouldbeourfriends.其它句型中Itistimethat...句型中动词用过去式或should+动词原形Itshightimethatweleft.wouldrather所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完成式Iwouldratheryoustayedathomenow.Ifonly句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式,表示强烈Ifonlyourdreamhad。