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句子成分(MembersofaSentence)什么叫句子成分呢?句子的组成成分叫句子成分在句子中,词与词之间有一定的组合关系,按照不同的关系,可以把句子分为不同的组成成分句子成分由词或词组充当现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种,即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语英语的根本成分有七种主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、表语(predicative)、宾语(object)、定语(attribute)、状语(adverbial)和补语(complement)英语句子的根本结构可以归纳成五种根本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的根底英语五种根本句型列式如下:主语可以作主语的成分有名词(如boy)主格代词(如you)动词不定式,动名词等主语一般在句首注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家!谓语谓语由动词构成,是英语时态、语态变化的主角,一般在主语之后不及物动词(vi.)没有宾语,形成主谓结构,如Wecome.此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思这类动词叫做不及物动词,后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等SIV(不及物动词)Thesun|wasshining.太阳在照耀着Themoon|rose.月亮升起了Theuniverse|remains.宇宙长存Weall|breatheeatanddrink.我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝Who|cares管它呢?Whathesaid|doesnotmatter.他所讲的没有什么关系They|talkedforhalfanhour.他们谈了半个小时Thepen|writessmoothly这支笔书写流利根本句型二SVP(主+系+表)此句型的句子有一个共同的特点句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个说明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的意思这类动词叫做连系动词(种类)系动词分两类belookkeepseem等属一类,表示情况;getgrowbecometurn等属另一类,表示变化be本身没有什么意义只起连系主语和表语的作用其它系动词仍保持其部分词义感官动词多可用作联系动词lookwell/面色好soundnice/听起来不错feelgood/感觉好,smellbad/难闻S|V(是系动词)|PThis|is|anEnglish-Chinesedictionary.这是本英汉辞典Thedinner|smells|good.午餐的气味很好He|fell|inlove.他堕入了情网Everything|looks|different.He|isgrowing|tallandstrong.他长得又高又壮Thetrouble|is|thattheyareshortofmoney.麻烦的是他们缺少钱Ourwell|hasgone|dry.我们井枯槁了Hisface|turned|red.他的脸红了Therebe结构Therebe表示存在有这里的there没有实际意义,不可与副词there那里混淆此结构后跟名词,表示(存在)有某事物试比拟Thereisaboythere.(那儿有一个男孩)/前一个there无实意,后一个there为副词那里,0谓+宾)此句型句子的共同特点是谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语广生的动作,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整这类动词叫做及物动词宾语位于及物动词之后,一般同主语构成一样,不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是代词宾格,如mehimthem等S|V(及物动词)|0Who|knows|theanswer谁知道答案?She|smiled|herthanks.她微笑表示感谢He|hasrefused|tohelpthem.他拒绝帮他们He|enjoys|reading.他喜欢看书They|ate|whatwasleftover.他们吃了剩饭He|said|Goodmorning.H他说”早上好!”
7.1|want|tohaveacupoftea.我想喝杯茶根本句型四SVo0(主+谓+间宾+直宾)有些及物动词可以有两个宾语,如give给,pass递,bring带,show显示这两个宾语通常一个指人,为间接宾语;一个指物,为直接宾语间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前一般的顺序为动词+间接宾语+直接宾语如Givemeacupofteaplease.强调间接宾语顺序为动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语如ShowthishousetoMr.Smith.假设直接宾语为人称代词动词+代词直接宾语+介词+间接宾语如Bringittomeplease.S|V(及物)|(多指人)I0(多指物)She|ordered|herself|anewdress.她给自己定了一套新衣裳She|cooked|herhusbandadeliciousmeal.她给丈夫煮了一顿美餐He|brought|you|adictionary.他给你带来了一本字典He|denies|her|nothing.他对她什么都不拒绝I|showed|him|mypictures.我给他看我的照片I|gave|mycar|awash.我洗了我的汽车根本句型五sV0C(主+谓+宾+宾补)此句型的句子的共同特点是动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整宾语补足语位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系,它们一起构成复合宾语名词/代词宾格+名词Thewarmadehimasoldier./战争使他成为一名战士.名词/代词宾格+形容词Newmethodsmakethejobeasy./新方法使这项工作变得轻松.名词/代词宾格+介词短语Ioftenfindhimatwork./我经常发现他在工作.名词/代词宾格+动词不定式Theteacheraskthestudentstoclosethewindows./老师让学生们关上窗户.名词/代词宾格+分词Isawacatrunningacrosstheroad./我看见一只猫跑过了马路.sIV(及物)I0(宾语)Ic(宾补)They|appointed|himmanager.他们任命他当经理They|painted|thedoorgreen.他们把门漆成绿色This|set|them|thinking.这使得他们要细想一想They|found|thehousedeserted.他们发现那房子无人居住What|makes|him|thinkso他怎么会这样想?We|saw|him|out.我们送他出去但常用的英语句子并不都象根本句型这样简短,这些句子除了根本句型的成分不变外,通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语(modifier)而加以扩大这些修饰语可以是单词(主要是形容词、副词和数词),也可以是各种类型的短语(主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语)我们称之为定语、状语
一、定语定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子,汉语中常用……的表示定语通常位于被修饰的成分前假设修饰someanyeveryno构成的复合不定代词时,(如something、nothing);或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时,那么定语通常置后副词用作定语时须放在名词之后形容词作定语Thelittleboyneedsabluepen.(little修饰名词boy;blue修饰名词pen.)/小男孩需要一支兰色的钢笔Tomisahandsomeboy./Tom是个英俊的男孩Thereisagoodboy./有个乖男孩数词作定语相当于形容词Twoboysneedtwopens./两个男孩需要两支钢笔Thetwoboysarestudents./这两个男孩是学生Therearetwoboysintheroom./房间里有两个男孩代词或名词所有格作定语HisboyneedsTomVspen./他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔HisnameisTom./他的名字是汤姆TherearetwoboysofTomsthere./那儿有Tom家的两个男孩介词短语作定语Theboyintheclassroomneedsapenofyours./教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔TheboyinblueisTom./穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆Therearetwoboysof9andthreeof
10./有两个9岁的,三个10岁的男孩名词作定语Theboyneedsaballpen./男孩需要一支圆珠笔Itisaballpen./这是一支圆珠笔Thereisonlyoneballpeninthepencilbox./这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔副词作定语Theboythereneedsapen./那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔ThebestboyhereisTom./这里最棒的男孩是Tom不定式作定语Theboytowritethisletterneedsapen./写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔TheboytowritethisletterisTom./将要写这封信的男孩是汤姆Thereisnothingtodotoday./今天无事要做分词(短语)作定语Thesmilingboyneedsapenboughtbyhismother./那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔ThepenboughtbyherismadeinChina./她买的笔是中国产的Therearefiveboysleft./有五个留下的男孩定语从句Theboywhoisreadingneedsthepenwhichyouboughtyesterday./那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔TheboyyouwillknowisTom./你将认识的男孩叫汤姆Therearefiveboyswhowillplaythegame./参加游戏的男孩有五个
二、状语状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句,说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等状语在句子中的位置很灵活,常见情况为通常在句子基本结构之后,强调时放在句首;修饰形容词或副词时,通常位于被修饰的词之前;表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头,强调时放在句首,地点状语一般须在时间状语之前;一些表示不确定时间(如often)或程度(如almost)的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后,动词之前有时状语在句中的某个位置会引起歧义,应注意,如Theboycallsthegirlintheclassroom.一般理解成男孩喊教室里的女孩(此时intheclassroom为girl的定语),也可以理解为男孩在教室里喊女孩(此时intheclassroom为地点状语),最好写作Intheclassroomtheboycallsthegirl.V副词(短语)作状语Theboyneedsapenverymuch./男孩非常需要一支钢笔(程度状语)Theboyneedsverymuchthepenboughtbyhismother./男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔(宾语较长那么状语前置)Theboyreallyneedsapen./男孩真的需要一支钢笔(程度状语)Theboyneedsapennow./Nowtheboyneedsapen./Theboynowneedsapen./男孩现在需要一支钢笔(时间状语)(说明状语的位置非常灵活一)介词短语作状语Intheclassroomtheboyneedsapen./在教室里,男孩需要一支钢笔(地点状语)BeforehismotherTomisalwaysaboy./在母亲面前汤姆总是一个男孩子.(条件状语)OnSundaysthereisnostudentintheclassroom./星期天,教室里没有学生.(时间状语)分词(短语)作状语Hesitsthereaskingforapen./他坐在那儿要一支笔(表示伴随状态)Havingtofinishhishomeworktheboyneedsapen./因为不得不完成作业,男孩需要一支笔(原因状语)Frightenedhesitstheresoundlessly./(因为)受了惊吓,他无声地坐在那儿(原因状语)不定式作状语Theboyneedsapentodohishomework./男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业(目的状语)TomakehisdreamcometrueTombecomesveryinterestedinbusiness./为实现梦想,汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣.名词作状语Comethisway!/走这条路!(方向状语)状语从句时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、比拟状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句
三、同位语同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分,近乎于后置定语如Westudentsshouldstudyhard./(students是we的同位语,都是指同一批学生)Weallarestudents./(all是we的同位语,都指同样的我们)
四、独立成分有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分,称为句子独立成分(注意区别于分词独立结构)感慨词:ohhelloahaah等肯定词yes否认词no称呼语称呼人的用语插入语一些句中插入的IthinkIbelieve等(插入语前后都有逗号)如:Thestory!thinkhasnevercometotheend./我相信,这个故事还远没结束.情态词,表示说话人的语气(多作为修饰全句的状语):perhaps也许maybe大概,acturely实际hcertainly当然,等
五、分词独立结构分词作状语时其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致!否那么应有自己的逻辑主语,构成分词独立结构例错句:Studyinghardyourscorewillgoup.正确1Studyinghardyoucanmakeyourscoregoup.或2Ifyoustudyhardyourscorewillgoup.解析错句中分词studying没有自带逻辑主语,那么其逻辑主语就是句子的主语,既yourscore.显然做study的应是人,不应是yourscore分数.正确句1更正了句子的主语,使其与分词逻辑主语一致同为you;正确句2那么使用条件分句带出study的主语,不过已经不是分词结构了.分词独立结构常省略beinghavingbeen.不过Therebeing../的场合不能省略.如Gamebeingoverhewenthome.Hestandstherebookbeinginhand.独立结构还可用withwithout引导,作状语或定语这种结构不但可以用分词,还可以用不定式、形容词、介词短语、副词或名词等如Withnothingtodohefellasleepsoon./无事可做,他很快就睡着ToTheteachercameinwithglassesonhisnose./老师进来了,戴着一付眼镜注意,此句onhisnose不可省略!句子成分练习题
(一).指出以下句中主语的中心词(4分,4分钟)Theteacherwithtwoofhisstudentsiswalkingintotheclassroom.Thereisanoldmancominghere.
(3)Theusefuldictionarywasgivenbymymotherlastyear.theirbreakfastTodotoday!shomeworkwithouttheteachefshelpisverydifficult.
(二)选出句中谓语的中心词(10分,10分钟)Idontlikethepictureonthewall.A.dontB.likeC.pictureD.wallThedaysgetlongerandlongerwhensummercomes.A.getB.longerC.daysD.summerDoyouusuallygotoschoolbybusA.DoB.usuallyC.goD.busTherewillbeameetingatthelibrarythisafternoon.A.willbeB.meetingC.thelibraryD.afternoonDidthetwinshaveporridgeforA.DidB.twinsC.haveD.breakfastTomdidnftdohishomeworkyesterday.A.TomB.didntA.giveB.didC.whomD.book
(三)挑出以下句中的宾语(10分,10分钟)Mybrotherhasntdonehishomework.PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.Youmustpaygoodattentiontoyourpronunciation.HowmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclassSomeofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimminghowaboutyou@Theoldmansittingatthegatesaidhewasill.©Theymadehimmonitoroftheclass.
⑧Goacrossthebridgeandyouwillfindthemuseumontheleft.(DYouwillfinditusefulafteryouleaveschool.⑩TheydidntknowwhoFatherChristmasnreallyis.
(四)挑出以下句中的表语(5分,5分钟)Theoldmanwasfeelingverytired.WhyisheworriedaboutJimTheleaveshaveturnedyellow.SoonTheyallbecameinterestedinthesubject.Shewasthefirsttolearnaboutit.
(五)挑出以下句中的定语(6分,6分钟)TheyuseMrMrswiththefamilyname.WhatisyourgivennameOnthethirdlapareClass1andClass
3.@Iamafraidsomepeopleforgottosweepthefloor.Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.Iamwaitingforthesoundoftheothershoe!
(六)挑出以下句中的宾语补足语(6分,6分钟)Shelikesthechildrentoreadnewspapersandbooksinthereading-room.Heaskedhertotaketheboyoutofschool.Shefounditdifficulttodothework.TheycallmeLilysometimes.IsawMrWanggetonthebus.DidyouseeLiMingplayingfootballontheplaygroundjustnow分,8分钟)
①Therewasabigsmileonherface.Everynightheheardthenoiseupstairs.HebegantolearnEnglishwhenhewaseleven.Themanonthemotorbikewastravellingtoofast.WiththemedicineboxunderherarmMissLihurriedoff.Shelovesthelibrarybecauseshelovesbooks.Iamafraidthatifyouvelostityoumustpayforit.ThestudentsfollowedUncleWangtoseetheothermachine.(A)划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语(5分,5分钟)Pleasetellusastory.Myfatherboughtanewbikeformelastweek.MrLiisgoingtoteachushistorynextterm.Hereisapen.GiveittoTom.Didheleaveanymessageforme句子成分练习题
(二)指出以下句子中划线局部的句子成分
1.Whetherwellgodependontheweather.Peoplesstandardsoflivingaregoingupsteadily.Thatwashowtheyweredefeated.Thenurserytakesgoodcareofourchildren・F11returnthebooktoyoutomorrow.Wearesurethatweshallsucceed.Thewomanwithababyinherarmsishisother.TherearemanyfilmthatIdliketosee.Haveyoumetthepersonaboutwhomhewasspeakinghavealotofworktodo.
11.AnywayIwontstopyoufromdoingit.saiditinfun.Wecansendacarovertofetchyou.ShehadtoworkstandingupSeeingthissomecomradesbecameveryworried.Muchinterestedheagreedtogiveitatry.Thebusarrivedtenminuteslate・Weshouldservethepeopleheartandsoul.Springcomingonthetreeturnedgreen.Somefarmerssawsomethingstrangeinthesky.Wethinkitnecessarythateveryoneshouldattendthemeeting・Ifsstrangethatshedoesntcometoday・ItwasinthelibrarythatIcometoday・Helikesdrawingattimeswhenheisntworking.Weleftinsuchahurrythatweforgottolockthedoor.句子成分练习题
(二)A
1、sixyearssinceIbegantostudyEnglish.A.ItisB.IhavebeenC.ThereareD.Itwas
2、intheroomatthattime.A.NobodywasB.SomeonewereC.WhoisD.Heare、ITSverynoisyoutside.isgoingonA.WhoB.WhatC.WhichD.Where
4、inEnglishinclasseverydayisimportant.A.SpeakB.TalkingC.SayingD.Totell
5、Theremustbenearthefactory.A.abookstoreB.bookstorebooksstoreD.booksstores
6、Althoughitsraininghardarestillworkinginthefields.A.buttheyB.andtheyC.theyD.sincetheyB
1、Thedoctoraswellasthenursesgreatconcernforthepatients.A.showB.showsC.haveshownD.areshowing
2、Yoursonmustbeacleverboy—heA.isB.isntC.mustD.mustnt
3、Thecomputercenterlastyearisverypopularamongstudentsinthisschool.A.openB.openingC.openedD.beingopened
4、Igototheshoptodayforthereisalotoffoodathome.A.mustntB.hadtoC.cantD.needn!t、Dontexcited.getB.isC.seemD.lookThisroomeverymorning.A.iscleaningB.iscleanedC.cleansD.cleaningc
1、Gladtomeetyou!isyourfullnameA.WhatB.WhereC.HowD.Who
2、Heistolifttheheavybox.A.tooweakB.weaktooC.enoughweakD.weakenough
3、Thedaysarewarmerandwarmerinspring.A.gettingB.lookingC.seemingD.going
4、HisjobisEnglish.A.teachB.toteachC.taughtteaches
5、Twoballsare.A.underthedeskB.intheD、Weshouldgetreadyothers.A.helpingB.tohelpC.helpD.helpwith
2、interestingworkwearedoingA.WhataB.HowC.WhatD.Whatan
3、IwantateacherwhenIgrowup・fx;fc.A.tobeB.toC.beD.being
4、-Wouldyouliketogoonapicnicwithmetoday-Idontthinkso.TobehonestIreallydontfeellikeonapicnic.A.goingB.togoC.goD.went5DoyouknowA.wheredoesheliveB.whereheliveshelives6Letdoitagain.A.IB.meC.heD.sheIdontknow.A.howtodoB.whattodoC.wheretodoD.whentodoE
1、IsawhimbasketballwithJackanhourago.A.playsB.toplayC.playedD.playo
2、Sorrywevekeptyouforalongtime.A.waitedB.singC.standD.waiting
3、Theteachertolduslateagain.A.aren!tbeB.dontbeC.nottobeD.notbe、Wefindtheroomvery.A.warmB.warmlyC.terriblyD.hardlyF
1、Ifounddifficulttoworktogetherwithhim.A.itB.itsC.thatD.those
2、Weallknowourdutytocleanourclassroomafterschooleveryday.A.thatB.thisC.whichD.it3Hefoundveryinterestingtoplaywiththelittledog.A.whatB.itC./D.thatG1Tomsaidheagooddreamyesterdayevening.A.dreamB.dreamedC.haveD.has2ChildrenahappylifeinChina.A.leadB.livingC.hasD.leadingH1AmericaJapanandCanadaarecountries.A.developingB.developedC.lessdevelopedD.develop2-skirtisthatonthechair-Letmesee.Ohnoitsnotmine.A.WhoseB.WhatC.WhosD.Which3DoyouhaveanythingA.sayingB.toAayC.saidD.say4Lookthereisantreebythewall.A.appleB.applesC.applesD.apples5WhereisseatA.yoursB.yourC.youD.yourselvesI1Theboxisheavyforhercarry.A.very;toB.too;nottoC.too;toD.verytoo;to-didyoubuythenewbag-LastMonday.A.WhereB.HowC.WhenD.WhoYoucanseethesesignsinahospital.canyouseethemA.WhereelseB.WhereplaceelseWhereelseplaceD.ElsewhereTheywentouttheiroldfriends.A.visitB.visitingC.tovisitvisitedThereisawideriverourvillage.A.outsideB.overC.fromD.belowJTheyoungmanworksintheoffice.A.mebrotherB.mybrotherC.mybrothersD.meOurEnglishteacheroftenhelpsuswithstudy.A.MrsWangB.MrsWangC.MrsWangs.D.ofhimsomerailwayworkersarebusyrepairingthetrain.A.ThemB.HeC.TheyD.
(三)
①homework.
②English.(§)attention
④words@togoswimming
⑥hewasill.
⑦himmonitor
⑧bridgemuseum®itschool.⑩whoFatherChristmasreallyis.
(四)
①tired.
②worried
③yellow.©interested
⑤thefirst
(六)
①toreadnewspapersandbooks
②totaketheboy
③difficult
④Lilygetonthebus
⑥playingfootball
(七)
①onherface.
②Everynight
③whenhewaseleven.
④toofast.
⑤Withthemedicineboxunderherarmbecauseshelovesbooks.ifyouvelostit
⑧toseetheothermachine.
(八)
①US间接宾语astory直接宾语
②me间接宾语anewbike直接宾语
③us间接宾语history直接宾语Tom间接宾语it直接宾语me间接宾语message直接宾语A.1-6AABBAC1-6BBCDAB1-5AAABA1-7BCAABBB1-4DDCA1-3ADB1-2BA1-5BABABI.1-5CCACAJ.1-3BAC:SV(主+谓)二SVP(主+系+表)二SV0(主+谓+宾)四SVo0(主+谓+间宾+直宾)五SV0C(主+谓+宾+宾补)根本句型SV(主+谓)C.doD.hishomework
⑦WhatIwanttotellyouisthis.A.wantB.totellC.youD.is
⑧Wehadbettersendforadoctor.A.WeB.hadC.sendD.doctor
⑨Heisinterestedinmusic.A.isB・interestedC.inD.music⑩WhomdidyougivemybooktoTheirs答案()0teacher
②man
③dictionary
④Todo
(二)
①B
②A
③C
④A
⑤C
⑥C
⑦D
⑧C
⑨A⑩A
(五)
①family
②given
③third
④some
⑤downstairs
⑥oftheothershoe!。