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“英语
(二)”完整讲义讲义一 TextA WhatIsaDecision? I.课文内容简介 决策的目的是制定和实现组织目标作决策的原因是有问题存在、目标和目的不正确、或者有某种东西防碍目标或目的的实现作决策的过程对管理人员来说至关重要决策者必须具备从多个可供选择的可能性中确定最佳选择的手段而多种目标的顺序和重要性也部分地基于决策者的价值观今天所作的决策可能会对将来产生深远的影响因此,有经验的管理者能从当前决策看到将来的效果 段落大意课文分成三部分 第
一、二段决策的定义Thedefinitionofdecision 第
三、四段作决策的一般过程Thegeneralprocessofmakingadecision 第五至九段在管理层次上,多种因素影响决策的制定Variousfactorsinfluencingdecisionmakingatthemanageriallevel II.NewWords organizationala.组织上的 goaln.目的,目标 objectiven./a.目标,目的/客观的,真实的 accomplishvt.完成(任务等) predictvt./vi.预言;预示 accompanyvt.伴随,陪同 implementvt.实现;完成 constraintn.强制;强制因素 precedentn.先例,前例 simplifyvt.简化 tendencyn.趋势,倾向 manageriala.经理的,管理人的 makern.制造者;制造商 achievementn.完成,达到 attainvt.达到;完成 optimala.最适宜的,最理想的 suboptimizationn.局部最优化 trade-offn.权衡;物物交换 arguevt./vi.争辩,争论 budgetn./vt.预算 schemen./vt.把…编入预算 definevt.解释,给…下定义 multiplea./n.多样的,复合的/倍数 profitabilityn.赚钱,获利 correctnessn.正确,正确性 unintendeda.非计划中的,非故意的 ongoinga.进行中的,非故意的 entityn.存在,实体 skilleda.熟练的;有技能的 intheway挡路、碍事 tomakeaguessat猜测 andthelike等等,诸如此类 toseekto追求,争取 inpart部分地,在某种程度上 pointofview观点 词汇精讲
1.goaln.目标,进球,球门(同义词aim,end,purpose,objective) Hergoalisaplaceatuniversity.她的目标是在大学任教
2.objective n./a.目的;目标(尤指较长远的目标);宗旨/客观的,如实的 派生词objectn.物体 反义词subjectiven./a.主语;主观事物;/主观的, 用法Herobjectiveistogetacollegeeducation.她的目标是接受大学教育 Ifyoudontworkhard,youllneverachieveyourobjectives. 假如你不努力工作,你将永远达不到目的Achieve表示较难达到的目标 Itisanobjectivereport.这是一篇如实的报道
3.accomplishv.完成(任务)等 Thestudentsaccomplishedthetaskinlessthantenminutes. 学生们在不到10分钟内完成了任务
4.predict v预言,预示,预告 同义词forecastv.预测,预报 Itshardtopredictwhenitwillhappen.很难预见这件事何时发生
5.accompany v.伴随,陪同 Thelonelyoldmanisaccompaniedbyhisdog.这位孤独的老人让他的狗做伴 Allordersmustbeaccompaniedwithcash.所有的订货单必须随付现金 派生词companyn.公司;v.陪伴
6.implementv.实施,履行(诺言)等 Thecommitteessuggestionswillbeimplementedimmediately. 委员会的意见将立即贯彻执行 Thechangestothenationalhealthsystemwillbeimplementednextyear. 对全国医疗体系的改革将在明年进行
7.constraintn.限制,约束 Theytoldthetruthbutonlyunderconstraint.Constraintontherulesofgrammer 他们说了实话但是有所保留(是被迫的)语法规则的限制(约束)
8.tendency n.趋势,倾向 Thereisagrowingtendencyforpeopletoworkathomeinsteadofinoffices. 人们在家里而不是在办公室里工作的趋势日益增长 派生词tendv.趋向,倾向用法tendtodosth. Hetendstogetangrywhenpeopledisagreewithhim. 当人们不同意他的意见时,他很容易生气
9.achievementn.完成,成就, AnOlympicsilvermedalisaremarkableachievementforonesoyoung. 对一个如此年轻的人来说,获得奥运会银牌是个了不起的成就 派生词achievev.完成,做到,达到(目的),实现,获得 Hewillneverachievehisobjectivesifhedoesntworkhard. 如果他不努力,将会永远达不到目的
10.attain v.达到;获得(长期努力后而获得)同义词obtain,get 用法Shehasmadeuphermindtoattainhergoalinlife.她下定决心要达到生活中的目标 Theappletreehasattainedtoagreatheight.苹果树已长得很高了
11.optimaladj最佳的 Thesailorsarewaitingforoptimalweatherconditionsbeforetakingoff.船员们正在等待出航的最佳天气条件
12.argue vt./vi.争辩,争论,辩论用法 作不及物动词用时,后边可以接with,about或over(就…争论),for(赞成)或against(反对) Sheisalwaysreadytoargueoverthesmallestissues.她总喜欢为极小的问题进行争论 HeoftenarguesphilosophywithJames.他常和詹姆斯讨论哲学 Hearguedforimmediateaction.他主张立即行动 Theyarguedagainstsuchapolicy.他们反对这种政策 作及物动词时,表示“说服、用辩论证明”的意思 Iarguedhimoutgoingonsuchadangerousjourney.我说服他不做这样危险的旅行 Hearguedthatmanwasdescendedfromapes.他论证人类的祖先是猿
13.schemen计划方案 Hehasgotacrazyschemeforgettingrichbeforeheis
20. 他制定了一个在20岁之前发财的疯狂计划
14.multipleadj多样的复合的 Whatthepersondoesnextistheresultofthemultipleinfluencestowhichtheyhavebeenexposed. 一个人下一步会做什么是他受到的多种影响的结果
15.ongoingadj进行中的,前进的 Noagreementhasyetbeenreachedandthenegotiationsonestillongoing. 目前还没有达成任何协议,谈判仍在进行
16.entityn存在实体 Heregardedthenorthofthecountryasaseparateculturalentity. 他把这个国家的北方看成一个单独的文化实体
17.skilledadj熟练的,有技能的 Mymotherisveryskilledat/indress-making. 我母亲非常擅长做衣服 PhrasesandExpressions
1.(stand,get,be)intheway碍事,挡道的;妨碍人的 Ifyouarenotgoingtohelp,atleastdontgetintheway!如果你不愿帮忙,至少别妨碍人家 Thechairisintheway,pleasemoveitaway.这把椅子挡着路,请把它移开 相关短语 inaway在某种程度上;在某些方面;从某一点上看 innoway决不;一点也不; inthewayof按照;就…而言 bywayof取道,经由 bytheway顺便问一下
2.tomakeaguessat猜测 Youmighthavebeenabletomakeaguessatwhoshewas.你本来能够猜到她是谁 Canyoumakeaguessattheprice?你猜得出价钱吗?
3.toseekto(inf)寻求,争取 Powerstationsareseekingtoreducetheiruseofoil. 发电站正在设法减少石油的使用
4.inpart部分地;有些部分;在某种程度上 Thiswasinpartduetofinancialdifficulties.部分是由于财政困难 Theresponsibilitywasinpartbecauseofme.部分责任在我
5.pointofview视点,视角 Thebooklooksatcollegelifefromastudentspointofview. 这本书从一个学生的视角来看大学生活
6.tovaryfrom…to…从…到…不同,因…而异 Salaryscalesvaryfromstatetostate. 工资级别因州而异
7.contribute…to把…贡献给… Wellcontributeourselvestothiscareerafterwegraduate.我们毕业后将为此事业作贡献 contributeto导致 Smokingisthemainfactorcontributingtolungcancer.吸烟是导致肺癌的主要因素
8.bebeneficialto对…有利 Joggingisbeneficialtoourhealth.慢跑有利于我们的健康 RecitingpassagesisbeneficialtoimprovingoralEnglish. 朗读(背诵)短文段落对提高英语口语有利 III.课文精讲 第一部分 Para.1 Adecisionisachoicemadefromamongalternativecoursesofactionthatareavailable.Thepurposeofmakingadecisionistoestablishandachieveorganizationalgoalsandobjectives.Thereasonformakingadecisionisthataproblemexists,goalsorobjectivesarewrong,orsomethingisstandinginthewayofaccomplishingthem.
1.madefromamongalternativecoursesofaction是过去分词短语作定语 coursesofaction行动方针 thatareavailable是定语从句,修饰概念短语“行动方针”
2.Thereasonformakingadecisionisthataproblemexists,goalsorobjectivesarewrong,orsomethingisstandinginthewayofaccomplishingthem. 此句是由that引导的表语从句,表语从句由aproblemexist;goalsofobjectivesarewrong; 及somethingisstandinginthewayofaccomplishingthem三个并列句构成 Thereasonfor…isthat是一个常用的句子例Thereasonforcancelingthetravelisthat theylackofmoney.取消旅行的原因是他们手头缺钱 Thereasonwhy…是另外一个常用的句子例Thereare3reasonswhytheyareunwillingtodiscussinsurance.他们不愿意谈论保险的原因有三个 Para.2 Thusthedecision-makingprocessisfundamentaltomanagement.Almosteverythingamanagerdoesinvolvesdecisions,indeed,somesuggestthatthemanagementprocessisdecisionmaking.Althoughmanagerscannotpredictthefuture,manyoftheirdecisionsrequirethattheyconsiderpossiblefutureevents.Oftenmanagersmustmakeabestguessatwhatthefuturewillbeandtrytoleaveaslittleaspossibletochance,butsinceuncertaintyisalwaysthere,riskaccompaniesdecisions.Sometimestheconsequencesofapoordecisionareslight;atothertimestheyareserious.
3.amanagerdoes是省略that的定语从句,修饰先行词everything 当先行词为everything,something,anything,nothing等不定代词时定语从句引导词不可用which,此句的后半部分somesuggestthat……是宾语从句suggestv.认为,提出,建议(其后的宾语从句多用于虚拟语气)
4.althoughconj.“虽然,尽管”引导让步状语从句 例如Althoughmycarisveryold,itstillrunsverywell. 虽然我的汽车很旧,但是仍然跑得很好 requirevt.要求,需要后边由that引导一个宾语从句
5.Oftenmanagersmustmakeabestguessatwhatthefuturewillbeandtrytoleaveaslittleaspossibletochance,butsinceuncertaintyisalwaysthere,riskaccompaniesdecisions. makeabestguessat作出最佳猜测,at表示动作或行为的方向和目标,如lookat(看),aimat(瞄准,目的是),throw(astone)at(向…掷石头),shootat(射击),laughat(嘲笑) 本句中whatthefuturewillbe是一个介词宾语从句,(作介词at的宾语); toleavesth.tochance“凭运气,听任命运的安排,听其自然发展” “as+形容词(或副词)+aspossible”意思是“尽可能地…;尽量” aslittleaspossible尽可能少 Itriedtobeasfriendlyaspossible.我尽量地表示友好 Comeasquicklyaspossible.尽快来 sinceuncertaintyisalwaysthere是一个原因状语从句 riskaccompaniesdecisions.风险伴随着决策
6.sometimes…atothertimes有时…,而有时则… apoordecision一个不良决策 第二部分 Para.3 Choiceistheopportunitytoselectamongalternatives.Ifthereisnochoice,thereisnodecisiontobemade.Decisionmakingistheprocessofchoosing,andmanydecisionshaveabroadrangeofchoice.Forexample,astudentmaybeabletochooseamonganumberofdifferentcoursesinordertoimplementthedecisiontoobtainacollegedegree.Formanagers,everydecisionhasconstraintsbasedonpolicies,procedures,laws,precedents,andthelike.Theseconstraintsexistatalllevelsoftheorganization.
7.“选择”三个词的区别 alternativeadj.两者或多于两者选一个,供选择的,n.替代物 choice选自己喜欢的,挑出,选出 select选出最好的,筛选、精选
8.由if引导的条件状语从句,主句中的不定式被动态tobemade作定语,修饰decision
9.rangen.范围abroadrangeofchoice一个很广的选择范围
10.Formanagers,everydecisionhasconstraintsbasedonpolicies,procedures,laws,precedents,andthelike. 本句中basedon是一个过去分词作定语修饰constraints. bebasedon表示“建立在…基础上 例Thebookisbasedonatruestory.这本书是以一个真实的故事为依据的 Hewasthefirsttodrawamapthatwasbasedonallavailableknowledge,ratherthanguessorimagination.他第一个画出以当时所有的知识为基础的地图,而不是基于猜测和想象 andthelike意思是“等等(之类的东西)” 例Hestudiedpainting,music,Englishandthelike.他学习了绘画、音乐、英语等等
11.atalllevels“在各个层次” Para.4 Alternativesarethepossiblecoursesofactionfromwhichchoicescanbemade.Iftherearenoalternatives,thereisnochoiceand,therefore,nodecision.Ifnoalternativesareseen,oftenitmeansthatathoroughjobofexaminingtheproblemshasnotbeendone.Forexample,managerssometimestreatproblemsinaneither/orfashion;thisistheirwayofsimplifyingcomplexproblems.Butthetendencytosimplifyblindsthemtootheralternatives.
12.fromwhich引导定语从句,修饰coursesofaction行动方针
13.athoroughjobofexamining一个彻底的考察工作 athoroughjob是主语,ofexaminingtheproblems修饰job,hasnotbeendone是句子的谓语 thorougha.彻底的 throughprep.通过,穿过 thoughconj.虽然,尽管(同although) thoughtn.思想
14.Forexample,managerssometimestreatproblemsinaneither/orfashion either/or意思是“非此即彼;二者择一” 例Wefight,orwedont——itsaneither/ordecision. 我们战斗或不战斗-这是二者择一的决定 第三部分 Para.5 Atthemanageriallevel,decisionmakingincludeslimitingalternativesaswellasidentifyingthem,andtherangeisfromhighlylimitedtopracticallyunlimited.
15.Atthemanageriallevel,decisionmakingincludeslimitingalternativesaswellasidentifyingthem,andtherangeisfromhighlylimitedtopracticallyunlimited. 在aswellas结构中,强调前者limitingalternatives,不强调后者 译为作决策包括限定选择和识别选择,或者译成不仅包括识别选择还要包括限定选择(除了包括识别选择外还有限定选择) practicallyad.实际上,事实上(在口语中译为,几乎,简直)在本文中是几乎的意思例如几乎是不可能practicallyimpossible Para.6 Decisionmakersmusthavesomewayofdeterminingwhichofseveralalternativesisbest-thatis,whichcontributesthemosttotheachievementoforganizationalgoals.Anorganizationalgoalisanendorastateofaffairstheorganizationseekstoreach.Becauseindividuals(andorganizations)frequentlyhavedifferentideasabouthowtoattainthegoals,thebestchoicemaydependonwhomakesthedecision.Frequently,departmentsorunitswithinanorganizationmakedecisionsthataregoodforthemindividuallybutthatarelessthanoptimalforthelargerorganization.Calledsuboptimization,thisisatrade-offthatincreasestheadvantagestooneunitorfunctionbutdecreasestheadvantagestoanotherunitorfunction.Forexample,themarketingmanagermayargueeffectivelyforanincreasedadvertisingbudget.Inthelargerschemeofthings,however,increasedfundingforresearchtoimprovetheproductsmightbemorebeneficialtotheorganization.
16.Anorganizationalgoalisanendorastateofaffairstheorganizationseekstoreach. 一个省略that或which的定语从句,修饰astateofaffairs“事物的状态,事态” toseektodosth.追求,争取,寻求,设法(去做某事)
17.Becauseindividualsfrequentlyhavedifferentideasabouthowtoattainthegoals,thebestchoicemaydependonwhomakesthedecision. 本句中,because引导了原因状语从句;在主句中,whomakesthedecision是作dependon的介词宾语从句
18.Frequently,departmentsorunitswithinanorganizationmakedecisionsthataregoodforthemindividuallybutthatarelessthanoptimalforthelargerorganization. 两个that引导的都是定语从句,修饰decisions lessthan在此做状语,表示否定的含义,lessthanoptimal“不太理想” 例如Thisjobislessthanperfect.这份工作不十分理想(完美)
19.thisisatrade-offthatincreasestheadvantagestooneunitorfunctionbutdecreasestheadvantagestoanotherunitorfunction. that引导定语从句,修饰trade-off“权衡” increases和decreases是定语从句的并列谓语 Para.7 Thesetrade-offsoccurbecausetherearemanyobjectivesthatorganizationswishtoattainsimultaneously.Someoftheseobjectivesaremoreimportantthanothers,buttheorderanddegreeofimportanceoftenvaryfrompersontopersonandfromdepartmenttodepartment.Differentmanagersdefinethesameproblemindifferentterms.Whenpresentedwithacommoncase,salesmanagerstendtoseesalesproblems,productionmanagersseeproductionproblems,andsoon.
20.Thesetrade-offsoccurbecausetherearemanyobjectivesthatorganizationswishtoattainsimultaneously. Because引导的原因状语从句中,有一个that引导的定语从句,修饰manyobjectives
21.Someoftheseobjectivesaremoreimportantthanothers,buttheorderanddegreeofimportanceoftenvaryformpersontopersonandfromdepartmenttodepartment. varyfrom…to…表示各不相同的意思 例Thepercentagevariesfrompersontoperson.(税收的)比例因人而异
22.Whenpresentedwithacommoncase presentedwith面对 过去分词短语前面加上when作时间状语 为了表示明确的时间或条件,有时常在分词前面加上when,while,evenif,eventhough,unless等连词作时间、条件、让步等状语(详见语法要点) Para.8 Theorderingandimportanceofmultipleobjectivesisalsobased,inpart,onthevaluesofthedecisionmaker.Suchvaluesarepersonal;theyarehardtounderstand,evenbytheindividual,becausetheyaresodynamicandcomplex.Inmanybusinesssituationsdifferentpeoplesvaluesaboutacceptabledegreesofriskandprofitabilitycausedisagreementaboutthecorrectnessofdecisions.
23.Theorderingandimportanceofmultipleobjectivesisalsobased,inpart,onthevaluesofthedecisionmaker. bebasedon基于,取决于 inpart部分地,在某种程度上 对于多项目标的排序和重要性,部分地基于决策者的价值观
24.differentpeoplesvaluesaboutacceptabledegreesofriskandprofitabilitycausedisagreementaboutthecorrectnessofdecisions. 两个about都是介词短语作定语,修饰前边的名词 不同人关于风险和收益可接受程度的价值观,导致了对于决策正确性的不同意见 Para.9 Peopleoftenassumethatadecisionisanisolatedphenomenon.Butfromasystemspointofview,problemshavemultiplecauses,anddecisionshaveintendedandunintendedconsequences.Anorganizationisanongoingentity,andadecisionmadetodaymayhaveconsequencesfarintothefuture.Thustheskilledmanagerlookstowardthefutureconsequencesofcurrentdecisions.
25.Peopleoftenassumethatadecisionisanisolatedphenomenon assumevt.认为,假定,设想that引导宾语从句 madetoday过去分词短语作定语,“今天作出的决策” farintothefuture形容词短语作定语,“对将来有深远的影响”
27.Thustheskilledmanagerlookstowardthefutureconsequencesofcurrentdecisions. theskilledmanager“一个干练的管理者,一个有经验的管理者” currenta.当前的,现时的n.流,水流,电流,气流 一个干练的管理者可以从当今决策看到未来的结果 附重点句
1.Thereasonformakingadecisionisthataproblemexists,goalsorobjectivesarewrong,orsomethingisstandinginthewayofaccomplishingthem.三个表语从句并列(第一段)
2.Oftenmanagersmustmakeabestguessatwhatthefuturewillbeandtrytoleaveaslittleaspossibletochance,butsinceuncertaintyisalwaysthere,riskaccompaniesdecisions.主从复合句(第二段)
3.Formanagers,everydecisionhasconstraintsbasedonpolicies,procedures,laws,precedents,andthelike.(第三段)
4.Forexample,managerssometimestreatproblemsinaneither/orfashion;(第四段)
5.Becauseindividuals(andorganizations)frequentlyhavedifferentideasabouthowtoattainthegoals,thebestchoicemaydependonwhomakesthedecision.主从复合句(第六段)
6.Frequently,departmentsorunitswithinanorganizationmakedecisionsthataregoodforthemindividuallybutthatarelessthanoptimalforthelargerorgnization.(第六段)
7.Someoftheseobjectivesaremoreimportantthanothers,buttheorderanddegreeofimportanceoftenvaryfrompersontopersonandfromdepartmenttodepartment.(第七段)
8.Whenpresentedwithacommoncase,salesmanagerstendtoseesalesproblems,productionmanagersseeproductionproblems,andsoon.(第七段) TextB SecretsofSuccessatanInterview I.NewWords title分析Secrets秘密successn.成功succeedv. interviewvt./n.面谈,采访;面试,口试 criticismn.批评;评论 candidaten.候选人,候补者;应试者 vaguea.含糊的;不明确的 notionn.概念;想法,看法 prospectn.展望,景象;前景,前程 communityn.社区;共同体 unattractivea.无吸引力的;不引人注意的 indifferencen.冷漠;不感兴趣 interviewern.接见者;面谈者 personalityn.个性;人格;品格 prospectivea.预期的;未来的 speechlessa.不会说话的;不说话的 clarificationn.澄清,阐明 correspondencen.符合,一致;通信 photocopyvt./n.复印,影印;照相复制本 resumen.摘要,梗概;个人简历 inefficiencyn.无效;效能差 neata.整洁的;简洁的;整齐的 conservativea.保存的,防腐的;保守的,守旧的 punkn.(俚)阿飞;朋克(70年代以来英国、美国的年轻人中的颓废派) a.颓废派的 miniskirtn.超短裙 paneln.专门小组 intimidatevt.恐吓,恫吓 clutchvt./vi.抓住,握紧 gripvt./n.紧握,紧夹;掌握,控制 painfula.痛苦的;费力的 rephrasevt.重新措辞,改用别的话表示 词组 toapplyfor申请 daytoday(=day-to-day)work日常工作 totakethetroubleto不辞劳苦,费力 toputoneselfinsomebodysplace设身处地 toonesadvantage对某人有利 toaskfor请求,向…要;寻找 inhand手头上有 tomakesure查明,弄确实;确信 atadisadvantage处于不利地位 toturndown拒绝;调小或调低;翻下 重点词汇词组讲解
1.interview vt./n.面谈,采访 派生词interviewer(采访者),interviewee(被采访者),view(观点、见解)/风景),interview(面试/采访),preview(预习),review(复习)
2.Criticism n.批评;评论 派生词Criticizev.批评;criticala.挑剔的;批评的;关键的
3.prospectn.展望,景象,前景 Theresnotmuchprospectthatthewarwillbeoversoon.这场战争很快结束的可能性不大
4.indifference n.冷漠,不感兴趣 派生词indifferenta.冷漠的;不感兴趣的 用法indifferenceto对…冷漠
5.inefficiency n.无效,效能差 派生词efficienta.有效率的;efficiencyn.效率
6.neata.整洁的,简洁的,整齐的 Youhavegotsuchneathandwriting.你的书写真工整
7.conservativea.保存的,保守的,防腐的 Itendtoberatherconservativeinsuchmatters.我在这些事情方面向来比较保守
8.gripv.紧握,紧夹,掌握,控制 gripShegrippedmyhandinfear.她因害怕紧抓住我的手 相关的同义词 seizeHeseizedmyhand,shookit.他抓住我的手,握着(握手) grabHegrabbedthemoneyandranoff.他(急速)抓过钱就跑了(逃之夭夭) graspGrasptheropewithbothhands.用双手抓牢绳索 holdHewasholdingaknifeinonehand.他一只手抓着(握着)一把刀子 catchThechildcaughtabird.孩子捉了只鸟 arrestThepolicearrestedacriminal.警察抓了个罪犯
9.toapplyfor申请 Idecidedtoapplyforit.我决定去申请
26.Anorganizationisanongoingentity,andadecisionmadetodaymayhaveconsequencesfarintothefuture. anongoingentity“一个发展中的实体,一个运作中的单位”
10.takethetroubleto不辞劳苦, 用法takethetroubleto Someemployeeshavenevertakenthetroubletofindouttheactualtaskstheywillberequiredtodo.有些雇员从来不下工夫去弄清楚要求他们去从事的实际任务
11.toturndown拒绝 HeaskedJanetomarryhimbutsheturnedhimdown.他要简嫁给他,但她拒绝了他 相关词组 turnup出现;turnon打开;turnoff拐弯,关上;turnout结果是,最后证明是,制造; II.课文解析 注课文中「」内的句子为重点句 Thesubjectoftodaystalkisinterviews. 「Thekeywordsherearepreparationandconfidence,whichwillcarryyoufar.」 重点句子分析which引导非限定性定语从句,修饰preparationandconfidence.注意此处不可用that代替which carryyoufar意为“祝你成功” Doyourhomeworkfirst. 「Findoutallyoucanaboutthejobyouareapplyingforandtheorganizationyouhopetoworkfor.」 重点句子分析此句中有三个定语从句,(下边画线的)分别修饰all,thejob和theorganization. 注意后两句中的for不能省略 ManyoftheemployersIinterviewedmadethesamecriticismofcandidates.“Theyharenoideawhatthedaytodayworkofthejobbringsabout.Theyhavevaguenotionsoffurtheringthecompanysprospectsorofservingthecommunity,buthavenevertakenthetroubletofindouttheactualtaskstheywillberequiredtodo.” Donotletthisbesaidofyou.Itshowsanunattractiveindifferencetoyouremployerandtoyourjob. Takethetimetoputyourselfintotheinterviewersplace.Hewantssomebodywhoishard-workingwithapleasantpersonalityandarealinterestinthejob. 「Anythingthatyoufindoutabouttheprospectiveemployercanbeusedtoyouradvantageduringtheinterviewtoshowthatyouhavebotheredtomastersomefactsaboutthepeoplewhoyouhopetoworkfor.」 重点句子分析that引导的定语从句修饰anything who引导的定语从句修饰people.也可以写作forwhomyouhopetowork 译为“你希望为其工作的人 toshow是不定式作目的状语,其中有一个that引导的宾语从句,作动词show的宾语 Writedown(andremember)thequestionsyouwanttoasktheinterviewer(s)sothatyouarenotspeechlesswhentheyinviteyourquestions.Makesurethatholidaysandpayarenotthefirstthingsyouaskabout.Ifallyourquestionshavebeenansweredduringtheinterview,reply“Infact,Ididhaveseveralquestions,butyouhavealreadyansweredthemall.” 「Donotbeafraidtoaskforclarificationofsomethingthathasbeensaidduringtheinterviewifyouwanttobesurewhatwasimplied.butdobepolite.」 重点句子分析besure肯定,确信 dobepolite是强调语气例如Dobecareful! Justbeforeyougototheinterview,lookagainattheoriginaladvertisementthatyouanswered,anycorrespondencefromyourprospectiveemployer,photocopiesofyourletterofapplicationorapplicationformandyourresume. Thenyouwillrememberwhatyousaidandwhattheywant.Thisisveryimportantifyouhaveappliedformanyjobsinashorttimeasitiseasytobecomeconfusedandgiveanimpressionofinefficiency. Makesureyouknowwhereandwhenyouhavetoreportfortheinterview.Gotothebuilding(butnotinsidetheoffice)adayortwobefore,ifnecessary,tofindouthowlongthejourneytakesandwhereexactlytheplaceis. Aimtoarrivefiveortenminutesearlyfortheactualinterview,thenyouwillhavealittletimeinhandandyouwillnotpanicofyouaredelayed.Youstartatadisadvantageifyouarriveworriedandtenminuteslate. 「Dressinclean,neat,conservativeclothes.NowisNOTthetimetoexperimentwiththepunklookor(girl)towearlow-cutdresseswithminiskirts.」Makesurethatyourshoes,handsandhair(andteeth)arecleanandneat. 重点句子分析Now在句中做主语 thepunklook意为“朋克的样子” 「Havetheletterinvitingyouforaninterviewreadytoshowincasethereisanydifficultyincommunication.」 重点句子分析这是个祈使句,invitingyouforaninterview是现在分词作定语,修饰theletter incase引导条件状语从句,译为“以防万一,以免” Youmayfindyourselffacingoneinterviewerorapanel.Thelatterisfarmoreintimidating,butdonotletitworryyoutoomuch. Theinterviewerwillprobablyhaveatableinfrontofhim/her.Donotputyourthingsorarmsonit. Ifyouhaveabagoracase,putitonthefloorbesideyourchair.Donotclutchitnervouslyor,worsestill,dropit,spillingeverything. Shakehandsiftheintervieweroffershishandfirst.Thereislittlelikelihoodthatapaneloffivewantstogothoughtheprocessofallshakinghandswithyouinturn.Soyoudonotbeupsetifnooneoffers. Shakehandsfirmly -aweakhandsuggestsaweakpersonality,andacrushinggripisobviouslypainful.Donotdropthehandassoonasyourshastoucheditasthiswillseemtoshowyoudonotliketheotherperson. Speakpolitelyandnaturallyevenifyouarefeelingshy.Thinkbeforeyouansweranyquestions. Ifyoucannotunderstandask“Wouldyoumindrephrasingthequestion,please?”Thequestionwillthenberepeatedindifferentwords. Ifyouarenotdefinitelyacceptedorturneddownonthespot,ask“whenmayIexpecttoheartheresultsofthisinterview?” Ifyoudoreceivealetterofferingyouthejob,youmustreplybyletter(keepaphotocopy)assoonaspossible. Goodluck! 语 法 As的用法 I.语法
1.AS的用法
(1)用作介词时的基本词义,“作为,担任”,“像,似” 介词短语在句子中可担任的成分状语、定语、宾语补语和表语
(2)用作副词表示程度,as…as…结构中
(3)用作连词,引导状语从句(比较、让步、时间、原因和方式状语从句)
(4)用作关系代词,引导定语从句,
(5)As用于常用习语中
2.过去分词、现在分词、不定式作定语的区别 分词作定语 过去分词作定语,修饰名词、代词,表示被动、已经完成 现在分词作定语,修饰名词、代词,表示主动、正在进行 单个分词一般置于所修饰的词之前,但也有例外 例如anextendedfamily一个扩展了的家庭/asinginggirl一个唱歌的女孩 adevelopedcountry发达国家/adevelopingcountry发展中国家 thepeopleconcerned有关人员 分词短语一般放在所修饰的词之后,例如 Adecisionisachoicemadefromamongalternativecoursesofaction. Havetheletterinvitingyouforaninterview… 现在分词的被动式和过去分词都表示被动,区别在于前者表示修饰的词正在承受的行为,而后者表示修饰的词已承受过了的行为 例如Theproblembeingdiscussedisimportant.正在讨论的这个问题很重要 Theproblemdiscussedyesterdaywasimportant.昨天讨论的那个问题很重要 现在分词的完成主动式,表示动作已经完成havingdone 现在分词的完成被动式,表示动作已经被完成thedecisionhavingbeenmade 不定式作定语 不定式作定语应当放在所修饰的中心词之后例如Wehaveplentyofworktodo. 一般来讲,不定式作定语时,表示动作将要发生另外,还要注意的是不定式有三种时态,也有被动态
3.分词短语作时间、条件、让步状语 为了表示明确的时间或条件,有时常在分词前面加上when,while,evenif,eventhough,unless等连词作时间、条件、让步等状语 例如 Whenpresentedwithacommoncase,salesmanagerstendtoseesalesproblems,productionmanagersseeproductionproblems,andsoon. 当面对同一件事例时,销售经理易于看到销售问题,生产部经理看到生产问题,等等 Factsareterriblethingsifleftspreadingandunexamined. 如果听任事实泛滥不加检测,那是可怕的事 Dontleavethebuildingunlessinstructedtodoso. 除非接到通知,不要离开这幢大楼 II.练习
1.单词英译汉 goal,objective,accomplish,predict,accompany,implement,tendency,achievement,argue,budget,define,entity,
2.词组英译汉 intheway,inpart,pointofview,contributeto,toapplyfor,inhand,toturndown
3.句子英译汉
(1)Adecisionisachoicemadefromamongalternativecoursesofactionthatareavailable.
(2)Oftenmanagersmustmakeabestguessatwhatthefuturewillbeandtrytoleaveaslittleaspossibletochance.
(3)Ifthereisnochoice,thereisnodecisiontobemade.
(4)Formanagerseverydecisionhasconstraintsbasedonpolitics,procedures,laws,precedentsandthelike.
(5)Forexample,managerssometimestreatproblemsinaneither/orfashion.
(6)Decisionmakersmusthavesomewayofdeterminingwhichofseveralalternativesisbest-thatis,whichcontributesthemosttotheachievementoforganizationalgoals.
(7)Inthelargerschemeofthings,however,increasedfundingforresearchtoimprovetheproductsmightbemorebeneficialtotheorganization.
(8)Someoftheseobjectivesaremoreimportantthanothers,buttheorderanddegreeofimportanceoftenvaryfrompersontopersonandfromdepartmenttodepartment.
4.TextA汉译英 决策者应该能够对将来作出最好的推测 Decisionmakersshouldbeabletomakeabestguessatwhatthefuturewillbe. 有人认为经理们所作的一切均与决策有关 Somepeoplebelievealmosteverythingamanagerdoesinvolvesdecision. 没有正确的选择就没有正确的决定 Ifthereisnoproperchoice,thereisnoproperdecision. 不同的人对同样的问题有不同的看法,所以解决的办法也不同 Differentpeoplehavedifferentideasaboutthesameproblem;theirsolutionstotheproblemare,therefore,alsodifferent. 决策者往往是公司业务发展的关键 Decisionmakersoftenplaythekeyroleinthedevelopmentofthebusinessofacompany. Decisionmakersareusuallykeypeoplewhodeterminethecompanysbusinessdevelopment.历年考题
1.Almosteverythingamanagerdoes______(involve)decisions.Indeed,somesuggestthatthemanagementprocessisdecisionmaking.(
99.4) 答案是involves.考点involve为谓语动词,应该用一般现在时amanagerdoes为省略了引导词that的定语从句修饰先行词everything.
2.Ifthereisnochoice,thereisnodecision______(make)(
99.4) 答案是tobemade.考点tobemade是动词不定式作定语修饰decision.
3.Almosteverythingamanagerdoes______decisions;indeed,somesuggestthatthemanagementprocessisdecisionmaking.(
00.4) A.imposes B.improvise C.involves D.indicates 答案为C.
4.Ihavenoideawhatsstanding______accomplishingourgoalsandobjectives. (
03.10) A.inthewayof B.bywayof C.onthewayof D.inoneswayof 答案为A
5.Formanagers,everydecisionhasconstraints_____(base)onpolicies,procedures,laws.(
03.04)(
04.10) 答案为based,考点过去分词短语作后置定语
6.When_____(present)withacommoncase,salesmanagerstendtoseesalesproblemsandproductionmanagersseeproductionproblems.(
02.10) 答案为presented.考点present是过去分词短语作时间状语
7.Anorganizationisagroupofpeople,andadecision______(make)todaymayhaveconsequencesfarintothefuture.(
02.10) 答案是made.考点make是过去分词作定语,修饰decision.
8.汉译英通常管理者必须对未来的情况作出最佳的预测 答案Oftenmanagersmustmakeabestguessatwhatthefuturewillbe.讲义二 TextA BlackHoles 课文简介 本文主要介绍了黑洞的概念,黑洞是怎样产生的,以及有关黑洞的一些研究 对于黑洞的研究才刚刚起步,因此黑洞对于我们来说还很神秘,需要我们的不断探索 什么是黑洞?Whatisablackhole? 宇宙中有一些点,它们的体积趋向于零而密度变得无穷大由于具有强大的吸引力,物体只要进入离这些点一定距离内,就会被这强大的吸引力吸收掉,连光线也不例外因此,没有任何信号能从这个范围内传出,这个范围的边界被称为“视界”(eventhorizon).视界里面的情况人类无法看到,所以科学家称之为“黑洞” 一颗燃烧尽了的恒星由于自身的重力而不断塌陷,最后就会形成黑洞尽管关于黑洞的理论是正确的,但是科学家一直在寻找黑洞存在的证据 课文分为三部分 Paragraph1Whatisablackhole? Paragraph2-paragraph4Thetheoryofblackholes Paragraph5Speculationsaboutblackholesareendless. NewWords 1astronomern.天文学家 2escapevi./vt.逃跑;避免 3exertvt.尽(力);发挥(威力等) 4explodevt./vi.使爆炸;爆炸 5densityn.密集度,稠密度 6collapsevt./vi./n.倒塌,崩溃 7supernovan.超新星 8daytimen.白天,日间 9dwarfn.矮子 10neutronn.中子 11shrinkvt./vi./n.收缩,缩小/退缩,畏缩 12gravityn.严肃,认真;严重性 13marblen./a.弹子,大理石 14boundaryn.分界线,边界 15observern.遵守者,奉行者 16interchangeablea.可交换的,可互换的 17constanta./n.永恒的,经久不变的 18measurementn.衡量,测量 19implicationn.含意,暗示 20basisn.基础,根据 21launchvt./n.发射,投射;发动,发起(运动) 22galaxyn.星系,银河系 23observatoryn.天文台;了望台 24convincinga.有说服力的,使人信服的 25binarya./n.二,双,复 26twina./n.双胞胎的,双胞胎 27companionn.同伴,同事 28speculationn.推测,猜测 29swallowvt.吞咽 30mankindn.人类 31operatevi./vt.运转,起作用;动手术 词组 1toresearchinto研究 2speculationabout关于…猜测 3toswallowup吞没,耗尽 4tomakeuseof利用 Toreduceto归纳,简化,迫使 Toapplyto适用于,应用 词汇精讲 1escapev.逃跑,避免 Alionhasescapedfromitscage. 一头狮子从笼子里跑出来了 2exert vt.用尽;尽力;运用;行使;施加,产生(影响等) 用法exertpressureonsb.给…施加压力 Sheexertedherselfallyeartoearngoodmarks.她整年努力以期获得好分数 Hesbeenexertingalotofpressureonmetochangemymind.他一直在施加种种压力要我改变主意 Blackholesexertverystronggravity.黑洞产生很强的引力 3explodev.爆炸,突发 xplosionn. explosivea. AbombexplodedatoneofLondonsbusiestrailwaystationthismorning. 今天上午一颗炸弹在伦敦最繁忙的火车站爆炸了 4collapsev.n.倒塌,崩溃 例句参考教材第34-35页的wordStudy2 5shrink(shrank,shrunk)v.退缩;畏缩;n.收缩;缩小 用法Thegrossnationalproductshrankonepercentlastyear.去年国民生产总值减少了1%. Washingwoolinhotwaterwillshrinkit.在热水中洗羊毛会使它缩水 Wewillnevershrinkbackbeforedifficulties.我们在困难面前决不退缩 6boundaryn.分界线,边界 Wecrossedthestateboundaryatmidnight. 我们在午夜穿过了州界 7constantadj.不断的,经常的;永恒的,始终如一n……常数 Heisinconstanttroublewiththepolice.他总是不断和警察惹麻烦 Therearenoconstantsatall.根本没有不变的事物 对比同义词 continual时断时续的Itcontinuallyshrinksbytheforceofitsowngravity continuous连续不间断的Thebrainneedsacontinuoussupplyofblood. 大脑需要不断的供血 constant强调不变,永恒 8implication n.牵连;涉及;卷入;含意;暗示 派生词implyv.暗示,含意 用法Sheseemedbyimplicationtoacknowledgethatfact.她似乎含蓄地承认了那事实 TheimplicationofyourstatementisthatIwaswrong.你这话的弦外之音是我错了 9launch v.发射,发动n.发射 Thelaunchofthethirdman-madesatelliteturnedtobeagreatsuccess.第三枚航天器的发射结果是巨大成功 Inthe1980sourcountrylaunchedanumberofsatellites.80年代我国发射了多颗卫星 10convincing a.令人信服的;有说服力的; 派生词convincev.使人信服,使…相信 用法Sheisveryconvincing.她很另人信服 Convincesb.ofsth.使某人确信某事;convincesb.that从句 Wefailedtoconvincehimofhismistakes.我们没能使他相信他是错误的 Carefulobservationconvincedthemthatitwasso.仔细的观察使他们相信情况是这样的 11companion n.同伴,同行,伴侣,同事 派生词companyn.同伴,陪伴;accompanyv.陪同,陪伴 用法Heisagoodcompaniononthejourney.他是个好旅伴 表示“同事”的词associate,colleague,fellowofficial,fellowworker,co-worker 12operate v.操作,运行,起作用;动手术 派生词operationn.操作 用法Themachineisntoperatingproperly.机器运转不正常 Heoperatedontheeyesofthepatient.他给病人的眼睛动了手术 Hasthemedicinestartedtooperate?药物开始见效了吗? 词组phrases
1.toresearchinto研究 SheisresearchingintopossiblecuresforAIDS. 她正在研究治疗艾滋病的方法 2speculationabout关于…的猜测 WeheardallkindsofspeculationaboutthecauseofthePresidentsdeath.我们听到关于总统死亡原因的种种猜测 Peoplehavemuchspeculationaboutthegovernmentsintentions.对政府的意图,人们作了许多猜测 3toswallowup吞没;并吞 Hiswifesclothesbillswalloweduphiswages.老婆买的衣服耗尽了他的工资 Thefogswallowedupthewholecity.雾笼罩全城 Sheswallowedthemedicinewiththehelpofsomewater.她用水把药咽下了 Hisfigurewasswallowedupinthedark.他的身影消失在黑暗中 4tomakeuseof利用=totakeadvantageof Weshouldmakegooduseofourleisuretime.我们应该好好利用休闲时间 Hewasmakingfulluseofhisopportunity.他正充分利用他的机会 toreduce…to简化,归纳,迫使 Monthsbombingreducedthecitytoruins. 几个月的轰炸使这个城市变成了废墟 5toapplyto适用于 Itdoesnotapplytoyou.它不适用于你 课文详解 BlackHole Whatisablackhole?Well,itsdifficulttoanswerthisquestion,sincethetermswewouldnormallyusetodescribeascientificphenomenonareinadequatehere.Astronomersandscientiststhinkthatablackholeisaregionofspace(notathing)intowhichmatterhasfallenandfromwhichnothingcanescape-notevenlight.Sowecantseeablackhole.Ablackholeexertsastronggravitationalpullandyetithasnomatter.Itisonlyspace-orsowethink.Howcanthishappen? 第一部分 Para.1 1since引导的是原因状语从句,定语从句wewouldnormallyusetodescribeascientificphenomenon修饰先行词theterms“术语” inadequate=notenough 2句中“intowhich”以及后面的“fromwhich”两个都是引导的定语从句,修饰先行词aregionofspace“空间区域”如果which在定语从句中作介词的宾语,那么这个介词可以提到从句前,构成“介词+which”引导的定语从句这里注意两个搭配fallinto;escapefrom 3Ablackholeexertsastronggravitationalpullandyetithasnomatter.Itisonlyspace-orsowethink. astronggravitationalpull一个很强的引力=gravity yet=but但是 sowethink.是倒装句,“我们认为如此”(wethinkso) Thetheoryisthatsomestarsexplodewhentheirdensityincreasestoaparticularpoint;theycollapseandsometimesasupernovaoccurs.Fromearth,asupernovalookslikeaverybrightlightintheskywhichshineseveninthedaytime.Supernovawerereportedbyastronomersintheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturies.SomepeoplethinkthattheStarofBethlehemcouldhavebeenasupernova.ThecollapseofastarmayproduceaWhiteDwarforaneutronstar-astar,whosematterissodensethatitcontinuallyshrinksbytheforceofitsowngravity.Butifthestarisverylarge(muchbiggerthanoursun)thisprocessofshrinkingmaybesointensethatablackholeresults.Imaginetheearthreducedtothesizeofamarble,butstillhavingthesamemassandastrongergravitationalpull,andyouhavesomeideaoftheforceofablackhole.Anymatterneartheblackholeissuckedin.Itisimpossibletosaywhathappensinsideablackhole.Scientistshavecalledtheboundaryareaaroundtheholethe“eventhorizon.”Weknownothingabouteventswhichhappenonceobjectspassthisboundary.Butintheory,mattermustbehaveverydifferentlyinsidethehole. 第二部分 Para.2 4Thetheory…asupernovaoccurs.此句是复合句thatsomestarsexplodewhentheirdensityincreasestoaparticularpoint是表语从句;whentheirdensityincreasestoaparticularpoint是时间状语 注意toaparticularpoint是固定搭配表示“达到某一点” 此句讲了超新星supernova产生的步骤,注意有四个不及物动词vi.的用法 explodeincreasecollapseoccur Fromearth,asupernovalookslikeaverybrightlightintheskywhichshineseveninthedaytime. which引导定语从句,修饰light
6.SomepeoplethinkthattheStarofBethlehemcouldhavebeenasupernova. 有人认为圣诞星可能是一颗超新星couldhave+过去分词表示对以前发生的行为或动作的推测 Icouldhavetoldyouaboutit,butIdontrememberitnow.我可能给你说过这件事,但我现在记不得了
7.Thecollapseofastar…astar,whosematteris…gravity. whose引导非限定性定语从句,修饰star.注意so…that的用法
8.Imaginetheearth…ablackhole. 该句的主要结构是“imagine…,andyou…”而“reduced…tomarble”和“having…pull”分别为过去分词和现在分词短语作定语,修饰theearth. mass质量 havesomeidea略知一二 Forexample,ifamanfellintoablackhole,hewouldthinkthathereachedthecenterofitveryquickly.Howeveranobserverattheeventhorizonwouldthinkthatthemanneverreachedthecenteratall.Ourspaceandtimelawsdontseemtoapplytoobjectsintheareaofablackhole.Einsteinsrelativitytheoryistheonlyonewhichcanexplainsuchphenomena.Einsteinclaimedthatmatterandenergyareinterchangeable,sothatthereisno“absolute”timeandspace.Therearenoconstantsatall,andmeasurementsoftimeandspacedependonthepositionoftheobserver.Theyarerelative.Wedonotyetfullyunderstandtheimplicationsoftherelativitytheory;butitisinterestingthatEinsteinstheoryprovidedabasisfortheideaofblackholesbeforeastronomersstartedtofindsomeevidencefortheirexistence.Itisonlyrecentlythatastronomershavebegunspecificresearchintoblackholes.InAugust1977,asatellitewaslaunchedtogatherdataaboutthe10millionblackholeswhicharethoughttobeintheMilkyWay.Andastronomersareplanninganewobservatorytostudytheindividualexplodingstarsbelievedtobeblackholes. Para.3
9.Forexample,…veryquickly 本句是表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气主句谓语动词用wouldthink,if引导的条件状语从句谓语动词用过去时fell.
10.Ourspaceandtimelawsdontseemtoapplytoobjectsintheareaofablackhole. 我们的时空法则似乎不适用于黑洞区内的物体(介词短语作定语)
11.Wedonotyet…relativitytheory;butitis…fortheirexistence. yet still 此句中的it为形式主语,实际主语为that引导的主语从句 before引导时间状语从句
12.Itisonlyrecentlythatastronomershavebegunspecificresearchintoblackholes. 此句是强调句,强调状语onlyrecently.强调结构为Itis+被强调部分+that…
13.asatellitewaslaunchedtogatherdataaboutthe10millionblackholeswhicharethoughttobeintheMilkyWay.(about引导的介词短语作定语修饰data) which引导定语从句修饰holes data的单数为datum
14.Exploding和believedtobeblackholes均为分词作定语,修饰stars Themostconvincingevidenceofblackholescomesfromresearchintobinarystarsystems.Binarystars,astheirnamesuggests,aretwinstarswhosepositioninspaceaffectseachother.Insomebinarysystems,astronomershaveshownthatthereisaninvisiblecompanionstar,a“partner”totheonewhichwecanseeinthesky.Matterfromtheonewhichwecanseeisbeingpulledtowardsthecompanionstar.Couldthisinvisiblestar,whichexertssuchagreatforce,beablackhole?Astronomershaveevidenceofafewotherstarstoo,whichmighthaveblackholesascompanions. Para.4
15.Themost…affectseachother. as的用法,引导非限定性定语从句修饰Binarystars“双星系” whose引导定语从句修饰twinstars
16.下面的几句话中的which用作定语从句的引导词,可用于限制性定语从句,也可用于引导非限制性定语从句that则不可用于引导非限制性定语从句 Thestoryofblackholesisjustbeginning.Speculationsaboutthemareendless.Theremightbeamassiveblackholeatthecenterofourgalaxyswallowingupstarsataveryrapidrate.Mankindmayonedaymeetthisfate.Ontheotherhand,scientistshavesuggestedthatveryadvancedtechnologycouldonedaymakeuseoftheenergyofblackholesformankind.Thesespeculationssoundlikesciencefiction.Butthetheoryofblackholesinspaceisacceptedbymanyseriousscientistsandastronomers.Theyshowusaworldwhichoperatesinatotallydifferentwayfromourownandtheyquestionourmostbasicexperienceofspaceandtime. 第三部分 Para.5 17Theremightbe…averyrapidrate. swallowingupstarsataveryrapidrate是现在分词短语作定语,修饰hole atthecenterofourgalaxy是状语 story比较真实的故事 fiction不太真实的故事同义词novel 18Theyshowus…spaceandtime. 此句中which引导限定性定语从句修饰world 注意介词in和from的用法,它们各自的搭配为inaway和different…from 译为他们给我们展示了一个跟我们自己的截然不同的世界 重点句
1.Well,itsdifficulttoanswerthisquestion,sincethetermswewouldnormallyusetodescribeascientificphenomenonareinadequatehere.(第一段)
2.Astronomersandscientiststhinkthatablackholeisaregionofspace(notathing)intowhichmatterhasfallenandfromwhichnothingcanescape-notevenlight.Sowecantseeablackhole.(第一段)
3.Thetheoryisthatsomestarsexplodewhentheirdensityincreasestoaparticularpoint;theycollapseandsometimesasupernovaoccurs.(第二段)
4.SomepeoplethinkthattheStarofBethlehemcouldhavebeenasupernova.(第二段)
5.ThecollapseofastarmayproduceaWhiteDwarforaneutronstar-astar,whosematterissodensethatitcontinuallyshrinksbytheforceofitsowngravity.(第二段)
6.Imaginetheearthreducedtothesizeofamarble,butstillhavingthesamemassandastrongergravitationalpull,andyouhavesomeideaoftheforceofablackhole.(第二段)
7.Forexample,ifamanfellintoablackhole,hewouldthinkthathereachedthecenterofitveryquickly.(第三段)
8.butitisinterestingthatEinsteinstheoryprovidedabasisfortheideaofblackholesbeforeastronomersstartedtofindsomeevidencefortheirexistence.(第三段)
9.Itisonlyrecentlythatastronomershavebegunspecificresearchintoblackholes.(第三段)
10.Andastronomersareplanninganewobservatorytostudytheindividualexplodingstarsbelievedtobeblackholes.(第三段)
11.Binarystars,astheirnamesuggests,aretwinstarswhosepositioninspaceaffectseachother.(第四段)
12.Theremightbeamassiveblackholeatthecenterofourgalaxyswallowingupstarsataveryrapidrate.(第五段)
13.Theyshowusaworldwhichoperatesinatotallydifferentwayfromourownandtheyquestionourmostbasicexperienceofspaceandtime.(第五段) TextB WorldswithinWorlds NewWords
1.planetn.行星
2.revolvevi.旋转;绕转
3.solara.太阳的,日光的;利用太阳光的
4.largelyad.
1.大量地;
2.主要地
5.glittervi.闪闪发光,闪烁 n.闪光
6.cloudlessa.无云的,晴朗的
7.unlikelya.未必可能的;靠不住的
8.astronautn.宇航员
9.thrillinga.
1.令人激动的;
2.颤动的,震颤的
10.outera.外部的
11.whereasconj.而,却;反之
12.lessera.较小的,更少的,次要的
13.concerneda.
1.有关的;
2.关切的,担心的
14.microscopica.
1.显微镜的;
2.微观的;
3.微小的,细微的
15.whilstconj.
1.当…时;
2.然而;
3.虽然,尽管
16.plateau([复]plateaus或plateaux)n.高原
17.tropicala.
1.热带的;
2.炎热的
18.coloureda.有色的
19.religionn.宗教;宗教信仰
20.circumstancen.[pl.]情况,环境;境遇 PhrasesandExpressions
1.agreatmany很多
2.aboveall首先,首要
3.asarule通常;一般说来 togetherwith和 Firstofallletusconsidertheearth(thatistosay,theworld)asaplanetrevolvingroundthesun.Theearthisoneofnineplanetswhichmoveinorbitroundthesun.Thesenineplanets,togetherwiththesun,makeupwhatiscalledoursolarsystems.Howthiswonderfulsystemstartedandwhatkeptitworkingwithsuchwonderfulaccuracyislargelyamysterybutastronomerstellusthatitisonlyoneofmillionsofsimilarsystemsinspace,andoneofthesmallest. Thestarswhichweseeglitteringintheskyonadarkandcloudlessnightarealmostcertainlythesunsofothersolarsystemsmoreoflesslikeourown,buttheyaresofarawayinspacethatitisunlikelythatweshallevergettoknowverymuchaboutthem.Aboutourownsolarsystem,however,wearelearningmoreeveryday. BeforetheAmericanandRussianastronautsmadetheirthrillingjourneysintoouterspaceitwasdifficultforustorealizewhatourearthlookedlikefromhundredsofthousandsofmilesaway,butthephotographswhichtheastronautswereabletotakeshowustheearthinspacelookingnotverydifferentfromwhatthemoonlookslikewhenwelookatitfromtheearth.Theearthis,however,verydifferentfromthemoon,whichtheAmericanastronautshavefoundtobewithoutlifeorvegetation,whereasourearthisverymuchaliveineveryrespect.Themoon,bytheway,iscalledasatellitebecauseitgoesroundourearthaswellasroundthesun.Inourwords,itgoesroundthesunwithourearth.Thesurfaceofourearthiscoveredbymassesoflandandlargerareasofwater.Letusconsiderthewaterareasfirst.Thetotalwaterareaisaboutthreetimesaslargeasthelandarea.Theverylargeseparateareasofwaterarecalled“oceans”andthelesserareasarecalled“seas.” Inmostoftheoceansandseassomeofthewaterisfoundtobeflowinginaparticulardirection―thatistosay,fromoneparttowardsanotherpartoftheoceanorseaconcerned.Thewaterwhichisflowinginthismannerissaidtobemovingasa“current.”Therearemanythousandsofcurrentsinthewatersoftheoceansandseas,butonlycertainofthestrongerandbettermarkedcurrentsarespeciallynamedandofgreatimportance.Therecurrentsareimportantbecausetheyaffecttheclimateofthelandareasclosetowheretheyflowandalsobecausetheycarrylargequantitiesofmicroscopicanimalandvegetablelifewhichformsalargepartofthefoodforfishes. Thenatureandcharacteristicsofthesurfaceofthelandareasoftheearthvaryagreatdealfromareatoareaandfromplacetoplace.Thesurfaceofsomeareasconsistslargelyofhighmountainsanddeepvalleyswhilst,inotherareas,mostofthesurfaceconsistsofplains.IfonemadeajourneyovertheContinentsoneworldfindeverykindofsurfaceincludingmountainranges,plains,plateaux,deserts,tropicalforestlandsandemptyareascoveredpermanentlybyiceandsnow. Whenthinkingandlearningabouttheworldweshouldnotforgetthatourworldisthehomeofavarygreatmanydifferentpeople―peopleswithdifferentcolouredskins,livingverydifferentlivesandhavingverydifferentideasaboutagreatmanyimportantthingssuchasreligion,government,educationandsocialbehaviour. Thecircumstancesunderwhichdifferentpeoplelivemakeagreatdifferencebetweenthewayinwhichtheyliveandthewayinwhichwelive,anditoughttobeourbusinesstotrytounderstandthosedifferentcircumstancessothatwecanbetterunderstandpeopleofotherlands.Aboveall,weshouldavoiddecidingwhatwethinkaboutpeopledifferentfromourselveswithoutfirsthavinglearnedagreatdealaboutthemandthekindoflivestheyhavetolive.Itistruetosaythatthemorewelearnaboutotherpeople,thebetterweunderstandtheirideasand,asarule,thebetterwelikethosepeoplethemselves. 词汇讲解
1.revolvev.旋转,绕转 Theearthrevolvesround/aroundthesun.地球绕着太阳转
2.solaradj.太阳的,日光的,利用太阳光的例thesolarsystem太阳系
3.whereas conj.而,却,反之 Hemustbeaboutsixty,whereashiswifelooksaboutthirty.他一定有60岁了,而他的妻子看起来只有30岁 Youeatamassiveplateoffoodforlunch,whereasIhavejustasandwich.你中午吃了一大盘食物,而我只吃了个三明治
4.concerned有关的,关心的,担心的 Iwasquiteashockforallconcerned.这对所有有关人士都是一个震惊 HerjobissomethingconcernedwithEnglish.她的工作和英语有关
5.tropicaladj.热带的,炎热的 Idlovetolivesomewherewithatropicalclimate. 我想生活在某个属于热带气候的地方 Augustwasalmosttropicalthisyear.今年八月十分炎热
6.circumstancen.环境,情况,境遇 Wecantdecideuntilweknowallthecircumstances. 我们只有在了解所有的情况后才能作出决定 词组
1.agreatmany,agoodmany很多(后边加可数名词)
2.aboveall最重要的,尤其;首先 Aboveall,dontforgettowrite.最重要的是别忘了写信 Inchoosingthecurtainforaroom,youshouldconsiderthematerialfromthepointofviewoftexture,itsweight,itspattern-butitscolouraboveall.在挑选房间窗帘面料时,你应该考虑质地、重量和图案等,但最重要的是颜色
3.asarule在多数情况下,通常,一般而言=usually AsaruleImhomebysix.我通常六点前在家 Asarule,Ionlyreaddetectivenovels.通常我只读侦探小说
4.togetherwith和,连同 Thesenewfacts,togetherwiththeotherevidence,provetheprisonersinnocence.这些新的事实连同其他证据证明这个犯人清白无辜 John,togetherwithhisbrother,hasgonetotheparty.约翰连同他的兄弟一起去参加宴会了 注意togetherwith作插入语时,句子的谓语动词的数取决于前面的主语 重点句子
1.Thestarswhichweseeglitteringintheskyonadarkandcloudlessnightarealmostcertainlythesunsofothersolarsystemsmoreorlesslikeourown,buttheyaresofarawayinspacethatitisunlikelythatweshallevergettoknowverymuchaboutthem. which引导定语从句 so…that…结果状语从句中it为形式主语
2.Theearthis,however,verydifferentfromthemoon,whichtheAmericanastronautshavefoundtobewithoutlifeorvegetation,whereasourearthisverymuchaliveineveryrespect. which引导非限定性定语从句,修饰themoon vegetation植物 whereas=while然而 alive意为“有活力的”,在句中作表语类似的形容词还有afraid,alone,alike,asleep,awake,aware等 ineveryrespect在每一个方面
3.Inmostoftheoceansandseassomeofthewaterisfoundtobeflowinginaparticulardirection-thatistosay,fromoneparttowardsanotherpartoftheoceanorseaconcerned. tobeflowing不定式作主语补语 concerned是分词作定语,修饰theoceanorsea
4.Therearemanythousandsofcurrentsinthewatersoftheoceansandseas,butonlycertainofthestrongerandbettermarkedcurrentsarespeciallynamedandofgreatimportance. Thousands/hundredsof+名词复数 Eg.Hundredsofmeters 此处waters指的是“大片的水,水域” peoples表示人种 woods表示森林,树木
5.Thecircumstancesunderwhichdifferentpeoplelivemakeagreatdifferencebetweenthewayinwhichtheyliveandthewayinwhichwelive,anditoughttobeourbusinesstotrytounderstandthosedifferentcircumstancessothatwecanbetterunderstandpeopleofotherlands. 三个定语从句,由underwhich和两个inwhich引导, 第一个underwhichdifferentpeoplelive修饰circumstances 第二个inwhichtheylive修饰theway 第三个inwhichwelive修饰theway oughtto=should应该 business责任,业务 it是形式主语,真正主语是totrytounderstandthosedifferentcircumstances 目的状语从句,由sothat引导 otherlands其它国家
6.Aboveall,weshouldavoiddecidingwhatwethinkaboutpeopledifferentfromourselveswithoutfirsthavinglearnedagreatdealaboutthemandthekindoflivestheyhavetolive. 注意动词avoid后接动名词作宾语 decide判定 what引导宾语从句作deciding的宾语 theyhavetolive是省略连词的定语从句,修饰lives
7.Itistruetosaythatthemorewelearnaboutotherpeople,thebetterweunderstandtheirideasand,asarule,thebetterwelikethosepeoplethemselves. 注意themore…,thebetter…,thebetter…比较结构 Unit2补充语法知识 that与which引导定语从句的异同点 that不可引导非限制性定语从句which可引导非限制性定语从句 that不可用作介词宾语which可用作介词宾语介词+which inthat“在于”,是复合连词,非介词宾语 that可以用于指代人或物which不可以用于指代人 当先行词是不定代词、序数词、形容词最高级所修饰的词时,只能用that而不能用which引导定语从句 比如everything,anything,first,second等Unit2练习
1.词汇英译汉 escape,explode,collapse,shrink,gravity,measurement,basis,launch,convincing,companion, speculation,swallow,operate,tomakeuseof,agreatmany,aboveall
2.句子英译汉 1)Astronomersandscientiststhinkthatablackholeisaregionofspaceintowhichmatterhasfallenandfromwhichnothingcanescape. 2)Thetheoryisthatsomestarsexplodewhentheirdensityincreasestoaparticularpoint. 3)SomepeoplethinkthattheStartofBethlehemcouldhavebeenasupernova. 4)Ifamanfellintoablackhole,hewouldthinkthathereachedthecenterofitveryquickly. 5)Itisonlyrecentlythatastronomershavebegunspecificresearchintoblackholes. 6)Ontheotherhand,scientistshavesuggestedthateveryadvancedtechnologycouldonedaymakeuseoftheenergyofblackholesformankind. 7)Theremightbeamassiveblackholeatthecenterofourgalaxyswallowingupstarsataveryrapidrate. 8)Theyshowusaworldwhichoperatesinatotallydifferentwayfromourownandtheyquestionourmostbasicexperienceofspaceandtime. 3句子汉译英 黑洞是什么,天文学家还没有完全解决这个问题 Astronomershavenotyetfullysolvedtheproblemofwhatablackholeis. 据说黑洞可以将其周围的一切物体,如星星吞食掉 Itissaidthatblackholesareabletoswallowupalltheobjectsaroundthem,suchasstars. 对黑洞的研究刚刚开始,各种各样的假说层出不穷 Theresearchofblackholesisjustbeginningandspeculationaboutthemareendless. 科学家仍不能说出黑洞内发生了什么 Scientistsstillcannottellwhathappensinsideablackhole. Itisstillimpossibleforscientiststotellwhathappensinsideablackhole. 如果我们认识了黑洞,黑洞就不那么可怕了 Ifweunderstoodblackholes,theywouldnotbesofearful. Blackholeswillnotbesofearfulifwegettoknowthem. 历年考题
1.Astronomersandscientiststhinkthatablackholeisaregionofspace______whichmatterhasfallenand______whichnothingcanescape. A.towards…towardsB.into…fromC.outof…fromD.through…from 答案是B.考点定语从句中介词+which的结构;fallinto掉进去;escapefrom从…逃离
2.汉译英要说出黑洞里面发生了什么是不可能的(不定式作主语) 答案Itisimpossibletosaywhathappensinsidetheblackhole.
3.汉译英只是在最近天文学家才开始对黑洞进行具体研究(强调句型) 答案Itisonlyrecentlythatastronomershavebegunspecificresearchintoblackholes.
4.汉译英有些星辰的密度达到某一点就会爆炸 答案Somestarsexplodewhentheirdensityincreasestoacertainpoint. Unit2单元课后练习 ⅠWordSpelling
1.密度n.d________
2.(使)倒塌,(使)崩溃v.c________
3.边界线,边界n.b________
4.永恒的,经久不变的a.c________
5.基础,根据n.b________
6.发射,发动v.l________
7.双胞胎之一a.t________
8.同伴,同事n.c________
9.人类n.m________
10.推测,猜测n.s________
11.吞v.s________
12.不充分的a.i________
13.物质n.m________
14.情况,环境a.c________
15.发生,出现v.o________
16.强烈的a.i________
17.证据n.e________
18.看不见的a.i________
19.宇航员n.a________
20.热带的a.t________ ⅡWordForm
1.Supernovae____(report)byastronomersintheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturies.
2.Imaginetheearthreducedtothesizeofamarble,butstill____(have)thesamemass,andyouhavesomeideaoftheforceofablackhole.
3.Ifone____(make)ajourneyovertheContinentsonewouldfindeverykindofsurfaceincludingmountainranges,plains,andemptyareascoveredpermanentlybyiceandsnow.
4.Andastronomersareplanninganewobservatorytostudytheindividualexplodingstars____(believe)tobeblackholes.
5.Matterfromtheonewhichwecansee____(pull)towardsthecompanionstar.
6.Theremightbeamassiveblackholeatthecentreofourgalaxy____(swallow)upstarsataveryrapidrate.
7.Themost____(convince)evidenceofblackholescomesfromresearchintobinarystarsystems.
8.Theyshowusaworldwhichoperatesina____(total)differentwayfromourown.
9.Thesurfaceofsomeareas____(consist)largelyofhighmountainsanddeepvalleys.
10.Ourworldisthehomeofaverygreatmanydifferentpeople-peopleswithdifferent____(colour)skins. ⅢVocabularyandStructure
1.Astronomersandscientiststhinkthatablackholeisaregionofspace(notathing)____whichmatterhasfallenand____whichnothingcanescape-notevenlight. [A]intointo [B]intofrom [C]frominto [D]fromfrom
2.Thisprocessofshrinkingmaybesointense____ablackholeresults. [A]whether [B]what [C]which [D]that
3.Binarystars,____theirnamesuggests,aretwinstarswhosepositioninspaceaffectseachother. [A]as [B]that [C]what [D]if
4.Insomebinarysystems,astronomershaveshownthatthereisaninvisiblecompanionstar,apartnerto____whichwecanseeinthesky. [A]theone [B]that [C]theones [D]those
5.Ontheotherhand,scientistshavesuggestedthatveryadvancedtechnologycouldoneday____theenergyofblackholesformankind. [A]makefunof [B]makesureof [C]makeuseof [D]makesenseof
6.Astronomershaveevidenceofafewotherstarstoo,whichmighthaveblackholesas____. [A]companies [B]comparisons [C]compounds [D]companions
7.Theearthisoneofnineplanetswhichmovein____roundthesun. [A]track [B]orbit [C]tour [D]route
8.InAugust1977,asatellitewas____togatherdataabouttheblackholesintheMilkyway. [A]posted [B]delivered [C]launched [D]transmitted
9.Thetermswewouldnormallyusetodescribeascientificphenomenonare____here. [A]inadequate [B]invisible [C]intense [D]individual
10.Weknownothingabouteventswhichhappenonceobjectspassthisboundary,But____,mattermustbehaveverydifferentlyinsidethehole. [A]inaddition [B]inperson [C]indetail [D]intheory ⅣC-ETranslation
1.这个收缩的过程如此强烈,以至于黑洞产生了
2.直到最近天文学家们才开始研究黑洞
3.但是从理论上说,物质在黑洞里的行为一定非常不同
4.黑洞最强有力的证据来自对双星系的研究
5.有一天也许人类也会遭此命运 单元自测答案Unit2 ⅠWordSpelling
1.density
2.collapse
3.boundary
4.constant
5.basis
6.launch
7.twin
8.companion
9.mankind
10.speculation
11.swallow
12.inadequate
13.matter
14.circumstance
15.occur
16.intense
17.evidence
18.invisible
19.astronaut
20.tropical ⅡWordForm
1.werereported
2.having
3.made
4.believed
5.isbeingpulled
6.swallowing
7.convincing
8.totally
9.consists
10.coloured ⅢVocabularyandStructure
1.B
2.D
3.A
4.A
5.C
6.D
7.B
8.C
9.A
10.D ⅣC-ETranslation
1.Thisprocessofshrinkingissointensethatablackholeresults.
2.Itisonlyrecently/Itisnotuntilrecentlythatastronomershavebegunspecificresearchintoblackholes.
3.Butintheory,mattermustbehaveverydifferently/inaverydifferentmannerinsidetheblackhole.
4.Themostconvincingevidenceofblackholescomesfromresearchintobinarystarsystems.
5.Mankindmayonedaymeetthisfate. 讲义三 TextAEuthanasia ForandAgainst Forandagainst=Fororagainst Proand(or)Con赞成 课文简介 安乐死是否合法?对于这个问题,不同的国家有不同的观点在欧洲,荷兰和比利时两个国家已经给予其合法化 本文主要通过荷兰人齐思ooo范o万德尔o德o尤德要求医生对他执行安乐死的事例,对有关安乐死的种种问题进行了讨论医生是否有权剥夺别人的生命?执行安乐死对身患绝症的人来说是一种解脱还是谋杀?对此存在着截然不同的两种观点 Paras1-4Thesubjectabouteuthanasia Paras5-10Thereareopinionsforandagainstthepracticeofeuthanasia practice=practice实施,实践 NewWords1euthanasia n.无痛楚的死亡;安乐死 2weaken vt./vi.削弱,减弱 3Dutchman n.荷兰人 4deteriorate vt./vi.(使)恶化 5lethal a.致死的 6injection n.注射;注射剂 7nationwide a./ad.全国性的;在全国范围内 8debate vt./vi./n..争论,辩论 9legal a.法律上的;合法的 10Dutch a./n.荷兰人的;荷兰语 11parliament n.议会,国会 12prosecute vt.对…起诉 13request n.请求,要求 14criterion n.标准,准则 15crowd n./vi.群,人群 16ensure vt.保证,担保 17healthcare n.保健 18oppose vt.反对,反抗 19tradition n.传统,惯例 20hospice n.(晚期病人)收容所 21council n.理事会,委员会 22founder n.创造者;缔造者 23consideration n.考虑,体谅 24elderly a./n.较老的,人过中年的 25disabled a.伤残的; 26burden n./vt.担子,负担;责任,义务 27opt vi.抉择,选择 28shorten vt./vi.缩短,缩小 29vulnerable a.易受伤的,弱小的 30prohibition n.禁止;禁令 31individual n./a.个人,个体;个人的,个别的 32paternalistic a.家长式的统治的 33moving a.活动的,移动的 34sensitive a.敏感的,灵敏的 词组1tobeaffectedwith 患有…疾病 2todebateon 关于…进行辩论 3tomakerequestfor 要求 4beopposedto 反对 5toopenup 打开,开办,开辟,坦诚地或无拘束地谈话 6totake…intoaccount 考虑到 7needfor 对…的需要 8tooptout(of) 决定不参加…决定从…退出 9tohave…atheart 对某事十分关心 词汇精讲
1.weaken v.削弱;变弱; Sheseemstobeweakening. Theyhaveneverweakenedtheirstandforhumanrights. 派生词weaka.虚弱的,软弱的 手写板000741 类似的词有 short,sharp,wide,dark,broad 同义词Undermine
2.debate争论,辩论 用法todebateon对…进行辩论; LincolndebatedDouglasonthisissue.林肯与道格拉斯就这个问题进行了辩论 Educationisthecurrentfocusofpublicdebate.教育是当前公众争论的焦点 同义词dispute
3.legal a.法律上的,合法的 派生词illegala.不合法的
4.request vt/n.请求,要求 搭配requestfor要求…;makearequestfor要求;atsb‘srequest应…之要求; 例Hemadearequestforimmediatehelp.他要求立即给予帮助 Thesingergaveonemoresongatourrequest.歌唱家在我们的要求下又唱了一首歌 Theymadearequesttoreleasetheprisoners.他们要求释放犯人 其他用法request后接that从句时,从句的谓语动词用虚拟语气“should+动词原形”的形式例Herequestedthathe(should)stayformoredays.他请求再住一些天
5.criterion标准,准则复数criteria(批评、判断、决定的标准和准则) 例Whatcriteriadoyouusetojudgeagoodwine?你用什么标准判断酒的好坏? 同义词standard标准(客观的、公正的标准,可用于比较、衡量事物) 例Thestandardoflivinghasimprovedgreatly.生活的标准已经大大提高
6.ensure vt.保证,保护;赋予 用法ensuresb.that确保…ensuresth. Icanensurethathewillcomeat12oclock.我能保证他将在12点钟来 他的才能将保证他得到成功Hisabilitywillensurehissuccess.
7.opposevt.反对 派生词oppositionn.反对;opponentn.对手 用法beopposedto反对, Wearefirmlyopposedtothisdirtypoliticaldeal.我们坚决反对这场肮脏的政治交易 Whathesaidwastotallyopposedtothefacts.他说的与事实完全相反 Heisverymuchopposedtomygoingabroad.他非常反对我出国 区别oppose与beopposedto Theyopposedtheplan.他们反对此计划(表示动作) Theywereopposedtotheplan他们反对此计划(表示态度)
8.disabled伤残的,使失去战斗力的 派生词disablev.使不能…;ableadj.有能力的;enablev.使能够………;unablea.不能的,没有能力的; 用法 thedisabled残疾人 disablesb.fromdoingsth.使某人不能干…,使某人丧失能力; 一场事故使他再也不能打篮球了Anaccidentdisabledhimfromplayingbasketball. enablesb.todosth.使某人能作某事 乘飞机使我们几个小时就能越过太平洋FlyingenablesustogoacrossthePacificinafewhours. beabletodosth.能够做某事 我们能说英语WeareabletospeakEnglish. beunabletodosth.不能做某事 我们不能在9点钟之前到Weareunabletogettherebefore9o‘clock.
9.sensitive adj.敏感的,灵敏的 派生词sensen.感觉,感知; 用法besensitiveto对…很敏感 Herreplyshowedthatshewasverysensitivetocriticism.她的回答表明她对批评非常敏感 他对天气变化很敏感Heissensitivetothechangeofweather. 词组精讲
1.todebateon关于…进行辩论 LincolndebatedDouglasonthisissue.林肯与道格拉斯就这个问题进行了辩论
2.tomakerequestfor要求 Hemadearequestforimmediatehelp.他要求立即给予帮助
3.toopposedto反对 Heisverymuchopposedtomygoingabroad.
4.toopenup打开,开办,开辟 WeshallopenuptheresourcesoftheNWareasofourcountry. 我们将开发我国西北地区的资源 Theyarepreparingtoopenupanationaldebate.他们正准备展开一场全国性的争论 5totake…intoaccount考虑到;估计 Wemusttakelocalconditionsintoaccount.我们必须考虑到当地的条件 Youmusttakeherinexperienceintoaccount.你必须考虑到她无经验而予以体谅 相关词汇totake…intoconsideration考虑到
6.needfor对…的需要 Theresagrowingneedforcheaprentedhousinginthelargecities. 大城市对廉租房的需求不断增加 课文句子精讲 TextA Euthanasia ForandAgainst “Wemustn‘tdelayanylonger……swallowingisdifficult……andbreathing,that’salsodifficult.Thosemusclesareweakeningtoo……wemustn‘tdelayanylonger.” 第一部分paras.1——paras4 Para.1
1.“Wemustn‘tdelayanylonger…”我们不可以再拖延了 mustn‘t不应该,不可以 notanylonger不再,再也不,nolonger不再 ThesewerethewordsofDutchmanCeesvanWendeldeJoodeaskinghisdoctortohelphimdie.Affectedwithaseriousdisease,vanWendelwasnolongerabletospeakclearlyandheknewtherewasnohopeofrecoveryandthathisconditionwasrapidlydeteriorating. Para.2
2.affectedwithaseriousdisease为过去分词短语作原因状语;句中therewasnohopeofrecoveryandthathisconditionwasrapidlydeteriorating是knew的两个宾语从句 本句的意思是范o万德尔身患重病,再也不能清楚地说话他知道他没有希望康复,身体状况正在急剧恶化 VanWendel‘slastthreemonthsoflifebeforebeinggivenafinal,lethalinjectionbyhisdoctorwerefilmedandfirstshownontelevisionlastyearintheNetherlands.Theprogrammehassincebeenboughtby20countriesandeachtimeitisshown,itstartsanationwidedebateonthesubject. Para.3
3.VanWendel‘slastthreemonthsoflife……werefilmed 不可数名词前面有单位词修饰,谓语的数与单位词的数一致 例Twobottlesofbeerwereserved.
4.句中“beinggivenafinal,lethalinjectionbyhisdoctor”为被动结构的动名词短语,用作介词“before”的宾语句中“film”用作动词,表示“将故事拍成电影” 本句的意思范o万德尔生命的最后三个月,在接受医生给他打的最后致命一针之前,被拍成了电影并于去年首次在荷兰电视上播出
5.句中“since”为副词,表示“从那以后”;eachtime引导的是时间状语从句 本句译为“从那时起,已有20多个国家购买了这个节目,每次播放都引起对这个问题的全国性大辩论 TheNetherlandsistheonlycountryinEuropewhichpermitseuthanasia,althoughitisnottechnicallylegalthere.However,doctorswhocarryouteuthanasiaunderstrictguidelinesintroducedbytheDutchParliamenttwoyearsagoareusuallynotprosecuted.Theguidelinesdemandthatthepatientisexperiencingextremesuffering,thatthereisnochanceofacure,andthatthepatienthasmaderepeatedrequestsforeuthanasia. permits=allowsPara.4
6.which引导定语从句修饰country,although引导让步状语从句 itisnottechnicallylegal根据法律是不合法的 technicallyad.严格按法律意义地,严格遵循某些规章制度地 (备注荷兰在2001年四月已立法) 本句译为“尽管它根据法律是不合法的,但是荷兰是欧洲唯一允许安乐死的国家”
7.whocarryouteuthanasiaunderstrictguidelinesintroducedbytheDutchparliamenttwoyearsago是定语从句修饰doctors.而其中“introduced…ago”为过去分词短语作定语,修饰guidelines.介词under在此表示“根据,按照” 主句doctors……areusuallynotprosecuted. 本句的意思是不过,执行安乐死的医生如果遵守荷兰议会两年前制定的严格准则,通常不会遭起诉
8.三个that引导的都是demand的宾语从句,说明执行安乐死必须同时满足这三个条件demand在此表示“规定”,而不是“要求”的意思,因此,其后所接宾语从句也没有用(should)+动词原形的虚拟语气形式 本句的意思是这些准则要求,病人必须正在经受极大的痛苦,没有制愈的可能,并且病人一再恳求安乐死 introduce推行 Inadditiontothis,aseconddoctormustconfirmthatthesecriteriahavebeenmetandthedeathmustbereportedtothepolicedepartment. 9aseconddoctormustconfirmthatthesecriteriahavebeenmetandthedeathmustbereportedtothepolicedepartment. aseconddoctor=anotherdoctor另外一名医生 第二部分para.5——para.10 Shoulddoctorsbeallowedtotakethelivesofothers?Dr,WilfredvanOijen,CeesvanWendel‘sdoctor,explainshowhelooksatthequestion Para.5提出问题Shoulddoctorsbeallowedtotakethelivesofothers? 10CeesvanWendel‘sdoctor,是Dr,WilfredvanOijen的同位语此句的主语和谓语被同位语所分开,谓语是explains,howhelooksatthequestion是宾语从句 life的复数是lives “Well,it‘snotasifI’mplanningtomurderacrowdofpeoplewithamachinegun.Inthatcase,killingistheworstthing1canimagine.Butthat‘sentirelydifferentfrommyworkasadoctor.IcareforpeopleandItrytoensurethattheydon’tsuffertoomuch.That‘saverydifferentthing.” Para.6 11asif=asthough仿佛,好像…似的 引导方式状语从句,一般用虚拟语气,如果与事实相符,也可用陈述语气 12Inthatcase,在那种情况下casen.情况,事例,案例,病例 killingistheworstthing1canimagine.杀人是我能想象出的最残忍的事情 Para.
7、8(两位反对安乐死的人和他们的观点) Manypeople,though,aretotallyagainstthepracticeofeuthanasia,Dr.AndrewFerguson,ChairmanoftheorganizationHealthcareOpposedtoEuthanasia,saysthat“inthevastmajorityofeuthanasiacases,whatthepatientisactuallyaskingforissomethingelse.Theymaywantahealthprofessionaltoopenupcommunicationforthemwiththeirlovedonesorfamily-there‘snearlyalwaysanotherquestionbehindthequestion.” 13Manypeople,though,aretotallyagainstthepracticeofeuthanasia,此句中的though=however 14ChairmanoftheorganizationHealthcareOpposedtoEuthanasia,是Dr.AndrewFerguson,的同位语此句的主语和谓语被同位语所分开 Britainalsohasastrongtraditionofhospices-specialhospitalswhichcareonlyforthedyingandtheirspecialneeds.CicelySaunders,PresidentoftheNationalHospiceCouncilandafoundermemberofthehospicemovement,arguesthateuthanasiadoesn‘ttakeintoaccountthattherearewaysofcaringforthedying.Sheisalsoconcernedthatallowingeuthanasiawouldunderminetheneedforcareandconsiderationofawiderangeofpeople“It’sveryeasyinsocietynowfortheelderly,thedisabledandthedependenttofeelthattheyareburdens,andthereforethattheyoughttooptout.Ithinkthatanythingthatlegallyallowstheshorteningoflifedoesmakethosepeoplemorevulnerable. 15“presidentoftheNationalHospiceCouncilandafoundermemberofthehospicemovement”是CicelySaunders的同位语此句的主语和谓语被同位语所分开 “thateuthanasiadoesn‘ttakeintoaccountthattherearewaysofcaringforthedying是argue的宾语从句;在宾语从句中,therearewaysofcaringforthedying是take的宾语从句 此句的意思是国家晚期病人收容所委员会主席和收容运动发起人茜西里?桑得斯认为安乐死没有考虑到总会有办法照顾临终病人 16“thatanythingthatlegallyallowstheshorteningoflifedoesnotmakethosepeoplemorevulnerable”句中第一个that是think的宾语从句的引导词,thatlegallyallowstheshorteningoflife是定语从句,修饰anything. vulnerable是形容词作宾语补语 Manyfindthisprohibitionofanindividual‘srighttodiepaternalistic.Althoughtheyagreethatlifeisimportantandshouldberespected,theyfeelthatthequalityoflifeshouldnotbeignored.Dr.vanOijenbelievesthatpeoplehavethefundamentalrighttochooseforthemselvesiftheywanttodie“Whatthosepeoplewhoopposeeuthanasiaaretellingmeisthatdyingpeoplehaven’ttheright.Andthatwhenpeopleareveryill,weareallafraidoftheirdeath.Buttherearesituationswheredeathisafriend.Andinthosecases,whynot?” Para.9 17“whatthosepeoplewhoopposeeuthanasiaaretellingme”是主语从句,thatdyingpeoplehaven‘ttheright是表语从句;在主语从句中,whoopposeeuthanasia是定语从句,修饰people.本句的意思那些反对安乐死的人告诉我的是临终之人没有这个权利 andthat(time)when… 18Whynot是一个省略句,意思是Whynothelpthemdie? Whynothaveeuthanasia? But“whynot?”isaquestionwhichmightcausestrongemotion.ThefilmshowingCeesvanWendel‘sdeathwasbothmovingandsensitive.Hisdoctorwasclearlyafamilyfriend;hiswifehadonlyherhusband’sinterestsatheart.Some,however,wouldarguethatitwouldbedangeroustousethisparticularexampletosupportthecaseforeuthanasia.Notallpatientswouldreceivesuchahighlevelofindividualcareandattention. Para.10 19Some,however,wouldarguethatitwouldbedangeroustousethisparticularexampletosupportthecaseforeuthanasia. that引导宾语从句,从句中it是形式主语,不定式touse是实际主语 20Notallpatientswouldreceivesuchahighlevelofindividualcareandattention. 并不是所有的病人都能得到如此高水平的个别护理和关照 accept是主动的接受 重点句 Euthanasia ForandAgainst “Wemustn‘tdelayanylonger……swallowingisdifficult……andbreathing,that’salsodifficult.Thosemusclesareweakeningtoo……wemustn‘tdelayanylonger.” ThesewerethewordsofDutchmanCeesvanWendeldeJoodeaskinghisdoctortohelphimdie.Affectedwithaseriousdisease,vanWendelwasnolongerabletospeakclearlyandheknewtherewasnohopeofrecoveryandthathisconditionwasrapidlydeteriorating. VanWendel‘slastthreemonthsoflifebeforebeinggivenafinal,lethalinjectionbyhisdoctorwerefilmedandfirstshownontelevisionlastyearintheNetherlands.Theprogrammehassincebeenboughtby20countriesandeachtimeitisshown,itstartsanationwidedebateonthesubject. TheNetherlandsistheonlycountryinEuropewhichpermitseuthanasia,althoughitisnottechnicallylegalthere.However,doctorswhocarryouteuthanasiaunderstrictguidelinesintroducedbytheDutchParliamenttwoyearsagoareusuallynotprosecuted.Theguidelinesdemandthatthepatientisexperiencingextremesuffering,thatthereisnochanceofacure,andthatthepatienthasmaderepeatedrequestsforeuthanasia.Inadditiontothis,aseconddoctormustconfirmthatthesecriteriahavebeenmetandthedeathmustbereportedtothepolicedepartment. Shoulddoctorsbeallowedtotakethelivesofothers?Dr,WilfredvanOijen,CeesvanWendel‘sdoctor,explainshowhelooksatthequestion “Well,it‘snotasifI’mplanningtomurderacrowdofpeoplewithamachinegun.Inthatcase,killingistheworstthing1canimagine.Butthat‘sentirelydifferentfrommyworkasadoctor.IcareforpeopleandItrytoensurethattheydon’tsuffertoomuch.That‘saverydifferentthing.” Manypeople,though,aretotallyagainstthepracticeofeuthanasia,Dr.AndrewFerguson,ChairmanoftheorganizationHealthcareOpposedtoEuthanasia,saysthat“inthevastmajorityofeuthanasiacases,whatthepatientisactuallyaskingforissomethingelse.Theymaywantahealthprofessionaltoopenupcommunicationforthemwiththeirlovedonesorfamily-there‘snearlyalwaysanotherquestionbehindthequestion.” Britainalsohasastrongtraditionofhospices-specialhospitalswhichcareonlyforthedyingandtheirspecialneeds.CicelySaunders,PresidentoftheNationalHospiceCouncilandafoundermemberofthehospicemovement,arguesthateuthanasiadoesn‘ttakeintoaccountthattherearewaysofcaringforthedying.Sheisalsoconcernedthatallowingeuthanasiawouldunderminetheneedforcareandconsiderationofawiderangeofpeople“It’sveryeasyinsocietynowfortheelderly,thedisabledandthedependenttofeelthattheyareburdens,andthereforethattheyoughttooptout.Ithinkthatanythingthatlegallyallowstheshorteningoflifedoesmakethosepeoplemorevulnerable. Manyfindthisprohibitionofanindividual‘srighttodiepaternalistic.Althoughtheyagreethatlifeisimportantandshouldberespected,theyfeelthatthequalityoflifeshouldnotbeignored.Dr.vanOijenbelievesthatpeoplehavethefundamentalrighttochooseforthemselvesiftheywanttodie“Whatthosepeoplewhoopposeeuthanasiaaretellingmeisthatdyingpeoplehaven’ttheright.Andthatwhenpeopleareveryill,weareallafraidoftheirdeath.Buttherearesituationswheredeathisafriend.Andinthosecases,whynot?” But“whynot?”isaquestionwhichmightcausestrongemotion.ThefilmshowingCeesvanWendel‘sdeathwasbothmovingandsensitive.Hisdoctorwasclearlyafamilyfriend;hiswifehadonlyherhusband’sinterestsatheart.Some,however,wouldarguethatitwouldbedangeroustousethisparticularexampletosupportthecaseforeuthanasia.Notallpatientswouldreceivesuchahighlevelofindividualcareandattention. TextBAdvantageUnfair NewWords 1conspiracyn.
1.阴谋,密谋;
2.阴谋集团,阴谋帮派 2old-boyn.
1.老同学;
2.(招呼用)老朋友,老弟,老兄 3networkn.
1.[纺]网眼织物;
2.网状物,网络 4escalatorn. 自动扶梯 5privilegen. 特权 vt. 给予…特权 6professionn. 职业(尤指脑力劳动或受过专业训练的) 7graduatevi. 大学毕业,[美]毕业 vt. [主美]准予…毕业 a.
1.毕业的;
2.研究生的 n. 大学毕业生;[美]毕业生 8unfaira. 不公平的,不公正的 9employmentn.
1.使用;
2.雇佣;
3.职业,工作 10publishvt.
1.出版,刊印;
2.公布,发表 11seniora.
1.年长的,年纪较大的;
2.地位较高的,资历较深的;
3.[英](大学)高年级的,[美]大学四年级的 n.
1.年长者,
2.资历深者,上级 12appointvt.
1.任命,委任(as);
2.约定,指定(时间,地点) 13privatea.
1.私人的,私有的;
2.私营的,私立的;
3.秘密的,私下的 14headmastern. (中学或小学的)校长 15leadinga.
1.领导的,指导的;
2.最重要的,主要的 16biasn. 偏见 v. [常用被动语态]有偏见(against,towards) 17entryn.
1.进入,入场(权),入会权;
2.入口;
3.登记,条目,帐目 18meritn.
1.优点,长处;
2.功绩,功劳 19fiercelyad.
1.凶猛地,凶残地;
2.猛烈地 20competitivea. 竞争的;比赛的 21entrancen.
1.进入;
2.入口,门口;
3.入场,入会,入学 22additionala. 附加的,追加的;另外的 23abolishvt. 废除(法律,习惯等);取消 24applicantn. 申请人,请求者 25performancen.
1.执行,完成;
2.表现,工作性能;
3.演出,演奏 26accessiblea.
1.易接近的,能进去的;
2.易受影响的(to);
3.可理解的(to) 27eliten. [集合名词]精英,杰出人物 a. 杰出的,精英的 28academica.
1.(高等)专科院校的,研究院的,学会的;
2.学术的 29excellencen. 优秀,杰出 30recruitvt./vi.
1.征募(新兵),吸收(新成员);
2.聘用,补充 n. 新兵;新成员 31equivalenta.
1.相等的,相同的(to);
2.等价的,等量的,等效的 n.
1.等价(物),等量(物);
2.对应词(或对应语) 32ivyn.常青藤 33replicatevt.重复;复制 34elitistn.
1.杰出人物;
2.杰出人物统治论者 a.
1.杰出人物的;
2.杰出人物统治论的 35remediala.
1.治疗的,治疗上用的;
2.补救的 36primea.
1.最初的,基本的;
2.首要的,主要的;
3.第一流的,最好的 37visionn.
1.想像力,幻觉;
2.视力,视觉;
3.眼光 38classlessa.
1.无阶级的;
2.不属于任何阶级的 PhrasesandExpressions 1toamountto
1.达到,总计;
2.相当于,等于 2onaverage(onanaverage或ontheaverage)平均 3toblame…for 为…责备某人 4bynature 生来,天生,就其本性而言 5beworthdoing 值得做… ProperNames WalterEllis 沃尔特埃利斯 Oxbridge 牛津大学和剑桥大学 Oxford 牛津,牛津大学 Cambridge 剑桥,剑桥大学 JohnRae 约翰雷 Westminster 威斯敏斯特 France 法兰西,法国 IvyLeague 常春藤联合会 Harvard 哈佛大学 Yale 耶鲁大学 Princeton 普林斯顿大学 Stanford 斯坦福大学 Berkeley 伯克利 JohnMajor 约翰梅杰 escalator 电梯elevator,lift profession career事业,职业(终身所从事的职业) vocation指帮助人的职业,如医生,护士,教师 occupation(比较正式)职业 job工作,职业 work工作,职业TextB重点词汇
1.appoint任命,委任 appointment He‘sjustbeenappointedasdirectorofthepublishingdivision.他刚被任命为出版社的主任
2.accessible adj.易接近的,能进去的, Theproblemwithsomeofthesedrugsisthattheyaresoveryaccessible.毒品的问题在于毒品太易得到了 Shehasmadesomeattempttomakeoperaaccessibletoawiderpublic.她曾尝试着让歌剧走进更广大的大众 派生词accessn.通路,入口,接近(或进入)的机会
3.toamountto达到,总计;相当于 Thecostamountsto$3,
000.费用总计3000美元 Herwordsamounttoarefusal.她的话无异于拒绝
4.toblamesb.for为…责备某人 PublicopinionblamesMrs.Smithforleadingthegirlastray. 舆论责怪史密斯夫人把那位姑娘引入歧途 Youcan‘treallyblameHelenfornotwantingtogetinvolved. 海伦不想被卷入其中,你确实不能为此责备她
5.bynature生来,天生, Heisanoptimistbynature.他生来一个乐天派 Hewas,bynature,amanoffewwords.他是天生沉默寡言的人 afew+可数名词 alittle+不可数名词 TextB重点句子 AdvantageUnfair AccordingtothewriteWalterEllis,authorofabookcalledtheOxbridgeConspiracy,Britainisstilldominatedbytheold-boynetwork itisn‘twhatyouknowthatmatters,butwhoyouknow.HeclaimsthatatOxfordandCambridgeUniversities(Oxbridgeforshort)afewselectpeoplestartonanescalatorridewhich,overtheyears,carriesthemtothetopsofBritishprivilegeandpower.Hisresearchrevealedthatthetopprofessionsallcontinuetobedominated,ifnot90percent,then60or65percent,byOxbridgegraduates. Andyet,saysEllis,OxbridgegraduatesmakeuponlytwopercentofthetotalnumberofstudentswhograduatefromBritain‘suniversities.OtherresearchesalsoseemtosupporthisbeliefthatOxbridgegraduatesstartwithanunfairadvantageintheemploymentmarket.Inthelaw,arecentlypublishedreportshowedthatoutof26seniorjudgesappointedtotheHighCourtlastyear,allofthemwenttoprivateschoolsand21ofthemwenttoOxbridge. Butcanthisbesaidtoamounttoaconspiracy?NotaccordingtoDr.JohnRae,aformerheadmasterofoneofBritain‘sleadingprivateschool,Westminster “IwouldacceptthattherewasabiasinsomekeyareasofBritishlife,butthatbiashasnowgone.Sometimeago-inthe60sandbefore-entrytoOxfordandCambridgewasnotentirelyonmerit.Now,there‘sabsolutelynoquestioninanyobjectiveobserver’smindthatentrytoOxfordandCambridgeisfiercelycompetitive.” Howevermanywoulddisagreewiththis.For,althoughoverthree-quartersofBritishpupilsareeducatedinstateschools,overhalfthestudentsthatgotoOxbridgehavebeentoprivate,overhalfthestudentsthatgotoOxbridgehavebeentoprivate,or“public”school.IsthisbecausepupilsfromBritain‘sprivateschoolsaremoreintelligentthanthosefromstateschools,oraretheysimplybetterprepared? Onaverage,about£5,000ayearisspentoneachprivateschoolpupil,morethantwicetheamountspentonstateschoolpupils.Sohowcanthestateschoolsbeexpectedtocompetewiththeprivateschoolswhentheyhavefarfewerresources?AndhowcantheypreparetheirpupilsforthespecialentranceexamtoOxfordUniversity,whichrequiresextrapreparation,andforwhichmanypublicschoolpupilstraditionallystayatschoolanddoanadditionalterm? Untilrecently,manyblamedOxfordforthisbiasbecauseoftheuniversity‘sspecialentranceexam(Cambridgeabolisheditsentranceexamin1986)ButlastFebruary,OxfordUniversitydecidedtoabolishtheexamtoencouragemorestateschoolapplicants.Fromautumn1996,OxfordUniversityapplicants,likeapplicantstootheruniversities,willbejudgedonlyontheirAlevelresultsandontheirperformanceatinterviews,althoughsomedepartmentsmightstillsetspecialtests. However,somearguethatthere‘snothingwronginhavingelitelacesoflearning,andbytheirverynature,theseplacesshouldnotbeeasilyaccessible.Mostcountriesarerunbyaneliteandhavecentersofacademicexcellencefromwhichtheelitearerecruited.WalterEllisacceptsthatthisistrue “ButinFrance,forexample,therearesomethinglike40equivalentsofuniversity,whichprovidethiselitethroughamuchbroaderbase,InAmericayou‘vegottheIvyLeague,centredonHarvardandYale.withPrincetonadStanfordandothers.Butagain,thoseuniversitiestogether-theeliteuniversities-areabouttenorfifteeninnumber,andarebeingpushedalingfrombehindbyothergreatuniversitieslike,forexample,ChicagoandBerkeley,Soyoudon’thavejustthisnarrowconcentrationoftwouniversitiesprovidingaconstantlyreplicatingelite.” WhenitcomestoOxfordandCambridgebeingelitistbecarseorfhenumberofprivateschoolpupilstheyaccept,ProfessorStoneofOxfordUniversityarguesthatthereisasimplefactheandhisassociatescannotignore “Ifcertainschoolssobetterthanothersthenwejusthavetoacceptit.Wecannotbeaplaceforremedialeducation.It‘snotwhatOcfordistheretodo.” However,sinceacademicexcellencedoesappeartoberelatedtotheamountofmoneyspentperpupil,thisdoesseemtoimplythatPrimeMinisterJohnMajor‘svisionofBritainasaclasslesssocietyisstillalongwayoff.AnditmaybeworthrememberingthatwhileJohnMajordidn’thimselfgotoOxbridgemostofhisministersdid.
1.Britainisstilldominatedbytheold-boynetwork;itisn‘twhatyouknowthatmatters,butwhoyouknow. 强调句,不是你懂得知识重要,而是你认识谁重要
2.HeclaimsthatatOxfordandCambridgeUniversities(Oxbridgeforshort)afewselectpeoplestartonanescalatorridewhich,overtheyears,carriesthemtothetopsofBritishprivilegeandpower.比喻少数精选出来的人,进了牛津或剑桥,就像坐上了电梯一样,很快就会爬上英国权力的顶峰
3.Onaverage,about£5,000ayearisspentoneachprivateschoolpupil,morethantwicetheamountspentonstateschoolpupils. Onaverage=Ontheaverage平均每个在私立学校读书的学生平均每年要花费约5000英镑,是每个国立学校学生花费的两倍多
4.AndhowcantheypreparetheirpupilsforthespecialentranceexamtoOxfordUniversity,whichrequiresextrapreparation,andforwhichmanypublicschoolpupilstraditionallystayatschoolanddoanadditionalterm? which和forwhich都是引导定语从句修饰exam
5.WhenitcomestoOxfordandCambridgebeingelitistbecauseofthenumberofprivateschoolpupilstheyaccept,professorStoneofOxfordUniversityarguesthatthereisasimplefactheandhisassociatescannotignore Whenitcomesto…“当谈及,涉及…时” 例如Whenitcomestoourchildrentakingtheexam,Ialmostknownothing. 当谈到孩子们的考试,我一无所知
6.AnditmaybeworthrememberingthatwhileJohnMajordidn‘thimselfgotoOxbridge,mostofhisministersdid. beworth+动名词用主动式表示被动含义 例如Thisbookisworthreading.这本书值得一读 Thefilmisworthseeing.此电影值得一看 Unit3练习
1.词汇英译汉 weaken.deteriorate.debate.legal.request.criterion.ensure.opposetraditionconsiderationdisabled.burdenvulnerableprohibitionsensitive 词组todebateon.tomakerequestforbeopposedto.totake…intoaccount
2.句子英译汉(重点句) Affectedwithaseriousdisease,vanWendalwasnolongerabletospeakclearlyandheknewtherewasnohopeofrecoveryandthathisconditionwasrapidlydeteriorating. VanWendel‘slastthreemonthsoflifebeforebeinggivenafinal,lethalinjectionbyhisdoctorwerefilmedandfirstshownontelevisionlastyearintheNetherlands. Theprogrammehassincebeenboughtby20countriesandeachtimeitisshown,itstartsanationwidedebateonthesubject. Whatthosepeoplewhoopposeeuthanasiaaretellingmeisthatdyingpeoplehaven‘ttheright. Theguidelinesdemandthatthepatientisexperiencingextremesuffering,thatthereisnochanceofacure,andthatthepatienthasmaderepeatedrequestsforeuthanasia. Ithinkthatanythingthatlegallyallowstheshorteningoflifedoesmakethosepeoplemorevulnerable.
3.句子汉译英P.59 安乐死的确能解除临终病人的痛苦 Euthanasiacanreallyhelpridthedyingpatientsofextremesuffering. Euthanasiadoesreleasethedyingpeoplefromtheirsuffering. 你知道不知道荷兰是欧洲唯一允许安乐死的国家? DoyouknowthattheNetherlandsistheonlycountryinEuropethatpermitseuthanasia? 支持这一观点的医生并不意味着他们不关心病人 Thosedoctorswhosupporttheideanevermeantheydon‘tcareabout/forpatients. 在第一个医生诊断疾病之后,必须由另外一名医生确认病情 Afterthefirstdoctorhasdiagnosedtheillness,aseconddoctormustconfirmthecase. 反对者认为病人并不一定真正希望结束生命,可能请求之后另有他求 Opponentsthinkpatientsmaynotreallywanttoendtheirlives,andprobablythereisanotherrequestbehindtherequest. 历年考题
1.Thefilm______(show)CeesVanWendel‘sdeathwasbothmovingandsensitive.(
99.10) 答案showing.考点showing是现在分词作定语修饰thefilm.
2.EachtimetheprogrammerofVanWendal‘slastdaysbeforeeuthanasiawasshowedonTV,itstartsanationwidedebate______thesubject.(
99.10) A.for B.against C.on D.of 答案C.考点词组debateon对…的争论
3.汉译英每次播放这个节目,都引起对此话题的全国性大辩论(
99.10) 答案Eachtimeitisshown,thisprogramstartsanationwidedebateonthesubject.
4.汉译英据说那个病人曾要求医生助他一死(
00.10) 答案Thepatientissaidtohaveaskedthedoctortohelphimdie. (或者Itissaidthatthepatienthasaskedthedoctortohelphimdie.) 语法一致关系 一致关系是指句子成分之间须在人称、数、性等方面保持一致在英语中最主要的一致关系是主语和谓语动词之间数的一致,即主谓一致其次,人称代词和它们所指的对象之间也要保此一致
一、主谓一致 在现代英语中主谓一致基本遵循如下原则 语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近原则
二、代词一致 代词一致是指句子中代词应在数、性、人称等方面保持一致,或代词和它所指代的名词词组在某些方面保此一致 讲义四 TextA SlaveryOnOurDoorstep I.课文内容简介 这篇文章介绍了在英国工作的大约两万多名海外家仆,这些家仆中有1/10正遭受雇主的各种各样的虐待和奴役尽管英国政府采取了新的措施,这些佣人的生活和工作条件并没有发生太大的变化 这种状况得到了媒体的普遍关注 解决问题的关键办法也许在于允许家佣们自由地选择顾主 段落大意 Paras.1-2InBritain,about10%ofthedomesticservantsarebeingexploitedandabusedinvariousforms. Paras.3-8Thesadconditionofdomesticsreceivedmediaattention. Para.9Thekeytotheproblemliesinallowingdomesticworkersthefreedomtochangeemployers. II.NewWords
1.slaveryn.奴隶制度,奴役
2.domestica./n.家庭的,家务的,本国的/家仆
3.Britonn.大不列颠人;英国人
4.statisticsn.统计数字,统计资料
5.diplomatn.外交家;外交官
6.abroadad.到国外;在国外
7.exploitvt.开发,开采;利用
8.abusevt./n.滥用,虐待
9.campaignn./vi./vt.战役,运动
10.sexuallyad.在性方面
11.passportn.护照
12.Filipinon./a.菲律宾人;菲律宾的
13.maidn.少女,侍女,女仆
14.executevt.实行,执行,完成
15.convictvt./n.证明…有罪;宣判
16.despiteprep.尽管,任凭
17.guiltn.有罪,内疚
18.deservinga.应得的,值得的
19.Saudin.沙特阿拉伯人,沙特阿拉伯的
20.breadwinnern.养家糊口的人
21.shelfn.架子
22.minimumn./a.最小量;最小的
23.employeen.雇员,雇工
24.leafletn.小叶,嫩叶;传单,活页
25.incidencea./n.影响程度,影响范围
26.immigrantn.a.(从国外)移民的,侨民的;侨民,移民
27.statusn.情形,状况;地位,身份
28.kingdomn.王国,领域
29.concessionn.让步;特许权
30.immigrationn.移居;外来的移民
31.foreignern.外国人
32.deportvt.驱逐出境 PhrasesandExpressions
1.tobringover把…带来;使转变
2.toconvictof证明…有罪
3.bedeservingof值得,应得
4.besupposedto应该
5.todistinguish…from把……与…区别开 PorperName Singapore
1.新加坡岛;
2.新加坡;
3.新加坡市 Lydia 莉迪亚加西亚 ThePhilippines
1.菲律宾;
2.菲律宾群岛 Kumari 库马里(人名) SriLanka 斯里兰卡 UnitedKingdom 联合王国 词汇精讲 slave奴隶 slavery 奴隶制 discover discoveryn.发现 domestic a.家庭的;国内的,本国的;n.家仆 反义词abroad GDP(=grossdomesticproduct)国内生产总值 Manywomenfeeltheycannotapplyforthetopjobsbecauseofdomesticcommitments. 很多妇女感觉她们因为家庭责任而不能申请高级工作 Thepresident‘snewforeignpolicyisheavilyinfluencedbydomesticfactors. 总统的对外政策在很大程度上受到了国内因素的影响 家仆domestic,servant,maid(女佣),femalegirl Briton大不列颠人;英国人 Britain英国,不列颠 英伦三岛England、Scotland,Welsh,theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国 Briton英国人;theBritish;Englishman oversea海外的,在海外 exploit vt.开发,开采;利用,剥削n.exploition Heexploitedhisauthoritypersonalgratification.他利用职权来满足个人的私欲 Amineisexploitedforitsminerals.开发矿山是为了采矿 Thecompanyexploiteditsworkerswithlonghoursandlowpay. 该公司利用长工时、低工资的方法来剥削工人 Resourcesshouldbeproperlyexploited.开发资源要适度 abusev./n 虐待,滥用 DrugandalcoholabusecontributedtoBrian‘searlydeath. 滥用毒品和酗酒导致了布莱恩的早逝 Bephysicallyabused肉体受到虐待 theIraqiprisonerabuse abuseone‘spower campaign n.战役,运动;v.参加运动 TheHuai-HaiCampaignwasessentialtothevictoryoftheWarofLiberation. 淮海战役对解放战争的胜利至关重要 Wearelaunchingacampaignagainstwaste.我们正发起一场反浪费活动 Heannouncedthathewouldcampaignforthesenate.他宣布他将参加议员竞选 sex性别;visa签证 executevt.将…处死,执行,实行executivea.执行的,执政的 Thecriminalwasexecutedafterthetrial.审判后罪犯被处死 Allorderswereimmediatelyexecuted.所有的命令将尽早执行 CEO=ChiefExecutiveOfficer首席执行官 EMBA=ExecutiveMasterofBusinessAdministration高级管理人员工商管理硕士 convict vt.证明…有罪,宣判…有罪;n.罪犯 Hewasconvictedofsmuggling.他被判犯有走私罪 相关词汇accusesb.of…指控某人有罪; chargesbof……指控某人有罪 despite prep.尽管,任凭 Despitethefactthattherewasalmostnohopeoffindingthemissingboy,thesearchpartystillwentonlooking.尽管找到失踪男孩几乎无望,搜寻的人群仍然在继续寻找 Despitetheshortageofrawmaterials,industrialoutputhasincreasedbytenpercent.尽管原材料短缺,工业产量仍增长百分之十 Despitewhathesaid,Ididn‘tbelievethenews.不论她如何说,我也不相信这个消息 相关词汇inspiteof尽管,任凭 deserving a.应得,值得 派生词deservev.应得,值得(宾语可用名词、动名词、或不定式) 用法bedeservingof;deserve+n./doing/todosth. Hiseffortsarecertainlydeservingofpraise.他的努力当然值得表扬 Thequestiondeservesconsideration.这个问题值得考虑 Hedeservestolosebecausehecheated.他该输,因为他作弊 Theprojectdeservesfurtherinvestigation.这个项目值得进一步调查 SaudiArabia沙特阿拉伯 breadwinner同义词provider shelf复数变f为I+ves类似地,life,leaf minimum a./n.最小量;最低限制 派生词minimizev.使最小化反义词maximumn.最大量,最大限制(手写板) 用法Wageincreasesarebeingkepttoaminimuminmanycompaniesbecauseofthedepression. 由于经济不景气,很多公司的工资增长都被限制在最小幅度 Weneedaminimumoftenpeopletoplaythisgame.玩这个游戏我们至少需要10个人 Wehavereducedthecoststotheminimum.我们已将费用减至最低额 employee雇员employer雇主 incidence发生率 statusn.
1.情况,状况
2.地位,身份同义词situation thestatusofworldaffairs世界形势 statusasascholar学者身份 immigrantstatus移民身份 statusofwomeninsociety妇女的社会地位 thepoliticalsituation政治面貌 thedomesticsituation国内形式 theinternationalsituation国际形式 tokickout 驱逐出境 词组
1.tobringover把…带来;使转变 Youmightbringyourgirlfriendovertomorrowevening.明天晚上你不妨把你的女朋友带来 Whatshesaidbroughtmeovertoheropinion.她的话使我转而同意她的意见 Canthissmallboatbringthemovertothissideoftheriver? 这条小船能把他们运到河的那边吗? 相关词汇bringup养育,抚育;bringabout引起,带来,产生
2.bedeservingof值得,应得 Heisdeservingofthepraiseforhiswork.鉴于他的工作应受到这表扬 Therobberisdeservingofcapitalpunishment.这个强盗应处极刑
3.besupposedto应该,理应 Youarenotsupposedtosmokeinhere.你不应在这里吸烟 Employeesaresupposedtobehereateighteveryday.雇员们应该每天8点钟到这里 III.课文精讲 第一部分 paras.1-2 Thereareestimatedtobemorethan20,000overseasdomesticservantsworkinginBritain(theexactfigureisnotknownbecausetheHomeOffice,theGovernmentdepartmentthatdealswiththis,doesnotkeepstatistics)Usually,theyhavebeenbroughtoverbyforeignbusinessmen,diplomatsorBritonsreturningfromabroad.,Ofthese20,000,justunder2,000arebeingexploitedandabusedbytheiremployers,accordingtoaLondon-basedcampaigninggroupwhichhelpsoverseasservantsworkinginBritain.
1.本句为therebe句型的变体,workinginBritain为现在分词短语作定语,修饰servants.译文据统计,在英国工作的外籍家庭佣人有两万多人
2.括号里内容(由于处理该项事务的政府部门-内政部-没有做过统计,精确数字不得而知) 原因状语从句中主语“内政部”有一个同位语
3.句中“arebeingexploitedandabused”为现在进行时被动语态,表示“正在被…剥削和凌辱” “under”的意思是“低于,不到” “-based”意为“设(驻)在…的,以…为基础的,以…为主要手段的” 例如shore-basedaircraft岸基飞机 theagency‘sParis-basedpressofficer该机构驻巴黎的新闻发布官 本句意思根据设在伦敦的帮助在伦敦工作的外籍家庭佣人的政治组织说, 在两万多外籍家庭佣人中几乎有2000人正遭受雇主的剥削和虐待 Theabusecantakeseveralforms.Oftenthedomesticsarenotallowedtogoout,andtheydonotreceiveanypayment.Theycanbephysically,sexuallyandpsychologicallyabused.Andtheycanhavetheirpassportsremoved,makingleavingor“escaping”virtuallyimpossible.
4.“havetheirpassportsremoved”是have+宾语+过去分词的结构 “removed”是过去分词作宾补,表示被动,意为“使得护照被拿走” 例如havemywalletstolen,havetheradiorepaired making…impossible为现在分词短语作结果状语 本句意思他们在身体上、性和心理上遭受凌辱他们还会被收去护照,使得出走或“逃跑”根本不可能 第二部分 paras.3-8 Thesadconditionofwomenworkingasdomesticsaroundtheworldreceivedmuchmediaattentionearlierthisyearinseveralhighlypublicisedcases.Inoneofthem,aFilipinomaidwasexecutedinSingaporeafterbeingconvictedofmurder,despiteprotestsfromvariousquartersthatherguilthadnotbeenadequatelyestablished.GroupslikeAnti-SlaveryInternationalsayother,lessdramatic,casesareequallydeservingofattention,suchasthatofLydiaGarcia,aFilipinomaidworkinginLondon
5.Thesadconditionofwomenworkingasdomesticsaroundtheworld在句中作主语,谓语是received受到,“inseveralhighlypublicizedcases”的意思是“在几个被高度曝光的案例中” 本句意思今年年初,几个透明度颇高的案例中有关世界各地的家庭女佣的悲惨状况受到新闻媒体的关注 “IwashiredbyaSaudidiplomatdirectlyfromthePhilippinestoworkinLondonin
1989.Iwassupposedtobepaid£120butIneverreceivedthatamount.Theyalwaysthreatenedthattheywouldsendmebacktomycountry.”
6.句中“beingconvictedofmurder”为动名词被动式作介词“after”的宾语,表示“被判为谋杀罪”“that”引导protests的同位语从句,表示抗议的内容本句意思其中一个案例是讲一位菲律宾女佣因被指控犯有谋杀罪在新加坡被处死,尽管有来自各地的抗议认为她的罪名不足以成立 Para.5 ThenthereisthecaseofKumarifromSriLanka.Themainbreadwinnerinherfamily,sheusedtoworkforaverylowwageatateafactoryinSriLanka.Becauseshefounditdifficulttofeedherfourchildren,sheacceptedajobworkingasadomesticinLondon.ShesaysshefeltlikeaprisonerattheLondonhousewheresheworked.
7.Themainbreadwinnerinherfamily,sheusedtoworkforaverylowwageatateafactoryinSriLanka.She是同位语usedtodosth.过去经常的动作 “Nodaysoff-ever,nobreaksatall,noproperfood.Ididn‘thavemyownroom;Isleptonashelfwithaspaceofonlythreefeetaboveme.Iwasn’tallowedtotalktoanybody.Iwasn‘tevenallowedtoopenthewindow.MyemployersalwaysthreatenedtoreportmetotheHomeOfficeorthepolice. Para.7 Attheendof1994theBritishGovernmentintroducednewmeasurestohelpprotectdomesticworkersfromabusebytheiremployers.Thisincludedincreasingtheminimumageofemployeesto18,gettingemployeestoreadandunderstandanadviceleaflet,gettingemployerstoagreetoprovideadequatemaintenanceandconditions,andtoputinwritingthemaintermsandconditionsofthejob(ofwhichtheemployeesshouldseeacopy)
8.include后要接动名词作宾语increasing,getting,和getting均为动名词短语,作included的宾语,表示新措施包括的三项内容 “toagree”和“toput”并列作第二个getting的宾补 “toputinwritingthemaintermsandconditions…的正常语序为toputthemaintermsandconditions… inwriting,因为作宾补的介词短语较短,而宾语较长,故把宾补提前 本句意思措施包括把雇工的最小年龄提高到18岁,使受雇者能阅读并理解通告单,使雇主同意提供适当的生活费用和条件,并写出工作条件和主要的工作条款(受雇者应有此种副本) Para.8 However,manypeopledoubtwhetherthiswillsuccessfullyreducetheincidenceofabuse.Forthemainproblemfacingoverseasmaidsanddomesticswhotrytocomplainaboutcruellivingandworkingconditionsisthattheydonothaveindependentimmigrantstatusandsocannotchangeemployer.(TheyareallowedintheUnitedKingdomunderaspecialconcessionintheimmigrationruleswhichallowforeignerstobringdomesticstaffwiththem.)Soiftheydocomplain,theyriskbeingdeported. 该句的主要结构为“For…problem…isthat…”“facing”为现在分词作定语修饰problem.“who”引导定语从句修饰“maidsanddomestics” 本句意思是因为那些企图抗议恶劣生活和工作条件的外籍女佣和家仆所面临的主要问题是他们没有独立的移民身份,因此不能更换雇主 第三部分 Para.9 Allowingdomesticworkersthefreedomtoseekthesametypeofworkbutwithadifferentemployer,iftheysochoose,iswhatgroupslikeAnti-SlaveryInternationalarecampaigningtheGovernmentfor.Itis,theysay,therighttochangeemployerswhichdistinguishesemploymentfromslavery.
10.allowing……动名词短语作主语 iftheysochoose……条件状语从句 what引导表语从句,whatgroups…arecampaigningtheGovernmentfor. WearecampainingtheGovernmentforhumanrights. ThiskeyiswhatIamlookingfor.
11.“itis…Which…”为强调句强调主语“theysay”为插入语. todistinguish…from把…区分开 本句意思他们说,正是有权改变雇主的这一做法区分了雇佣制和奴隶制 附重点句
1.Thereareestimatedtobemorethan20,000overseasdomesticservantsworkinginBritain(theexactfigureisnotknownbecausetheHomeOffice,theGovernmentdepartmentthatdealswiththis,doesnotkeepstatistics)Therebe表“存在”的句型
2.Ofthese20,000,justunder2,000arebeingexploitedandabusedbytheiremployers,accordingtoaLondon-basedcampaigninggroupwhichhelpsoverseasservantsworkinginBritain.
3.Andtheycanhavetheirpassportsremoved,makingleavingor“escaping”virtuallyimpossible.
4.Thesadconditionofwomenworkingasdomesticsaroundtheworldreceivedmuchmediaattentionearlierthisyearinseveralhighlypublicisedcases.
5.Inoneofthem,aFilipinomaidwasexecutedinSingaporeafterbeingconvictedofmurder,despiteprotestsfromvariousquartersthatherguilthadnotbeenadequatelyestablished. Guiltn.有罪反义词innocence Guiltyadj.有罪的反义词innocente
6.ThenthereisthecaseofKumarifromSriLanka.Themainbreadwinnerinherfamily,sheusedtoworkforaverylowwageatateafactoryinSriLanka.
7.Thisincludedincreasingtheminimumageofemployeesto18,gettingemployeestoreadandunderstandanadviceleaflet,gettingemployerstoagreetoprovideadequatemaintenanceandconditions,andtoputinwritingthemaintermsandconditionsofthejob(ofwhichtheemployeesshouldseeacopy)注意三个并列的动名词短语
8.Forthemainproblemfacingoverseasmaidsanddomesticswhotrytocomplainaboutcruellivingandworkingconditionsisthattheydonothaveindependentimmigrantstatusandsocannotchangeemployer.
9.Itis,theysay,therighttochangeemployerswhichdistinguishesemploymentfromslavery. TextB ReturnofTheChainGang I.NewWords Title翻译又返回到用铁链子把囚犯们拴在一起干活的时代了
1.gangn.
1.一队,一族;
2.(囚犯,歹徒等)一群,一帮
2.eyewitnessn.目击者;见证人
3.unisonn.一致;协调
4.interstatea.[主美]州际的
5.BBC(=BritishBroadcastingCorporation)英国广播公司
6.correspondentn.
1.对应物;
2.新闻通讯员,记者,通信者
7.shacklen.
1.[常pl.]镣铐;
2.[pl.]束缚,枷锁
8.ditchn.沟,沟渠 vt./vi.开渠;筑渠
9.weedn.
1.杂草,野草;
2.水生植物 vt.除草,拔草
10.denyvt.
1.否定,否认;
2.拒绝接受,拒绝给予
11.re-introductionn.重新采用,重新引入
12.gapn.裂口,裂缝
13.toiletn.盥洗室;厕所
14.circusn.
1.马戏团,杂技团;
2.马戏场,杂技场
15.degradevt.
1.降级,贬代;
2.堕落;
3.退化
16.plantationn.
1.种植园,大农场;
2.植树造林
17.spokesman([复]spokesmen)n.发言人;代言人
18.racistn.种族主义者 a.种族主义的;种族歧视的
19.raciala.种族的
20.inhumanea.不人道的,残忍的
21.ineffectivea.无效的;不起作用的
22.civila.
1.国民的;民用的;
2.国内的,民间的
23.unionn.
1.工会,协会;
2.结合,联合
24.libertyn.
1.自由,自由权;
2.冒昧,失礼;
3.[常pl.]特许权,特权
25.punishmentn.
1.处罚,罚,刑罚;
2.折磨,损害
26.disaffectionn.不满
27.argumentn.
1.争论,辩论;
2.论据,理由 PhrasesandExpressions
1.towatchover看守,照管,监视
2.inunison完全一致地
3.tocallup
1.打电话;
2.使想起,使忆起 PorperNames Huntsville 亨茨纬尔 Alabama 阿拉巴马 ClareBolderson 克莱尔博尔德森 Georgia 佐治亚 DonClaxton 唐克莱克斯顿 AlvinBronstein 阿尔文布朗斯坦 Arkansas 阿肯色 重点词汇精讲
1.deny否认,否定 用法deny后要加动名词作宾语 Neildeniesbreakingthewindow,butI‘msurehedid.内尔否认打破了窗户,但我肯定是他干的
2.degrade v.降级,贬低 派生词graden.等级,级别 de-是前缀表示“reduce,remove,down,showinganopposite”的意思 相关词汇构词法code-decode;value-devalue;form-deform;merit-demerit;
3.ineffective无效的 反义词effectivea.有效的; II.课文分析 Eyewitnessessayiswasascenestraightoutofablackandwhitemoviefromthe1950s.AsthesunroseoverthefieldsofHuntsville,Alabama,intheAmericanSouth,theconvictsgotdownfromthetrucksthathadbroughtthemthere.Watchedoverbyguardswithguns,theyraisedtheirlegsinunisonandmadetheirwaytotheedgeofthehighway,Interstate
65.TheBBC‘sWashingtoncorrespondentClareBoldersonwasthereandshesentthisreport
1.chaingang用铁链拴在一起劳动的囚犯队
2.Eyewitnessessayitwasascenestraightoutofablackandwhitemoviefromthe1950s. 目击者说这仿佛是直接取自20世纪50年代黑白电影的一幕 句中宾语从句省略了引导词that.straight为副词,意为“直接地”
3.Watchedoverbyguardswithguns,theyraisedtheirlegsinunisonandmadetheirwaytotheedgeofthehighway,Interstate
65.他们在荷枪实弹的警卫的看守下,步伐一致地迈动双腿,向着65号州际公路路边走去 watchedover为过去分词短语作伴随状语 makeone‘swayto去往,朝…走去 thehighway,interstate65(美国)65号州际公路 “Theyworewhiteuniformswiththewords‘ChainGang’ontheirbacksand,ingroupsoffive,wereshackledtogetherinlegironsjoinedbyaneight-footchain.Theprisonerswillworkforupto90daysonthegang they‘llclearditchesofweedsandmendfencesalongAlabama’smainroads.Whiletheyareworkingonthesang,they‘llalsoliveinsomeoftheharshestprisonconditionsintheUnitedStates.There’llbenotelevisionsorphonecalls;manyotherday-to-dayprivilegeswillbedenied.” TheauthoritiesinAlabamasaythereisalotofsupportforthere-introductionofchaingangsintheStateafteragapof30years(thelastgangswereabolishedinGeorgiaintheearly1960s)Manypeoplebelieveitisaneffectivemaytogetcriminalstopaybacktheirdebttosociety.
4.Manypeoplebelieveitisaneffectivewaytogetcriminaltopaybacktheirdebttosociety. 许多人相信这是一种让罪犯向社会还清债务的有效途径 it是形式宾语,不定式togetcriminaltopaybacktheirdebttosociety为实际宾语 Theprisonersstayshackledwhentheyusetoilets.Theyreactedsharplytothetreatmenttheyaregiven
5.Theyreactedsharplytothetreatmenttheyaregiven.他们强烈反抗他们所受到的待遇 theyaregiven为定语从句,修饰thetreatment Prisonerone“Thisislikeacircus.Azoo.Allchainedheretoazoo.We‘reallanimalsnow.”
6.Allchainedheretoazoo. 此句为省略句,谓语动词are被省略,应为allarechainedheretoazoo.意为所有的人都被锁链拴住,这里成了动物园 Prisonertwo“It‘sdegrading.It’sembarrassing.” Prisonerthree“Inchains.It‘sslavery!” Sixoutofeverytenprisonersinchainsareblack,whichiswhythechaingangscallupimagesofslaveryincenturiesgoneby,whentheblackpeoplewerebroughtfromAfricainlegironsandmadetoworkinplantationsownedbywhitemen.Notsurprisingly,althoughthree-quartersofthewhitepopulationofAlabamasupportschaingangs,onlyasmallnumberofblackpeopledo.DonClaxton,spokesmanfortheStateGovernmentofAlabama,insiststhatthesystemisnotracist
7.Sixoutofeverytenprisonersinchainsareblack,whichiswhythechaingangscallupimagesofslaveryincenturiesgoneby,whenblackpeoplewerebroughtfromAfricainlegironsandmadetoworkinplantationsownedbywhitemen. which引导非限定性定语从句,修饰前句话 goneby过去分词短语,修饰centuries. when引导另一个定语从句,修饰centuries. 句中并列谓语是werebrought,(were)madetowork是主语补语,因此不可以省略不动式符号to “Thisisn‘tsomethingthat’sdoneforracialreasons,forpoliticalreasons.Thisissomethingthat‘sgoingtohelpsavethepeopleofAlabamataxmoneybecausetheydon’thavetopayasmanyofficerstoworkonthehighways.Andit‘sgoinggohelpcleanupourhighwaysandit’sgoingtohelpcleanuptheState.” However,there-introductionofthesemeasureshascausedagreatdealofstrongdisagreement.Humanrightsorganizationssaythatputtingprisonersinchainsisnotonlyinhumanebutalsoineffective.AlvinBronstein,memberoftheCivilLibertiesUnion,saysthatstudyafterstudyhasshownthatyoucannotpreventpeoplefromcommittingcrimesbypunishmentorthethreatofpunishment“Whattheywilldoismakeprisonersmoreangry,morehostile,sothatwhentheygetoutofprison,theywillincreasetheleveloftheircriminalbehaviour.”
8.“Whattheywilldoismakeprisonersmoreangry,morehostile,sothatwhentheygetoutofprison,theywillincreasetheleveloftheircriminalbehavious.” what引导的主语从句中有do,则在表语中不定式省略to sothat引导结果状语从句 Civillibertiesgroupssaythatchainingpeopletogetherdoesn‘tsolvethecausesofcrime,suchaspovertyordisaffectionwithinsociety.Whatitdoesispunishprisonersfortheillsofsociety.TheysaythepracticetakestheUnitedStatesbacksotheMiddleAge,andthatitisashametoAmericansociety.Butthat’snotanargumentlikelytowinfavouramongmanypeopleintheDeepsouthoftheUnitedstates.Alabama‘sexperimentistobewidenedtoincludemoreprisoners,andotherStates,suchasArkansasandArizona,willveryprobablyintroducetheirownchaingangschemes.
9.Whatitdoesispunishprisonersfortheillsofsociety. 同上句what引导的主语从句中有do,则在表语中不定式省略to,
10.Butthat‘snotanargumentlikelytowinfavouramongmanypeopleintheDeepSouthoftheUnitedStates. 划线部分为形容词短语作定语,修饰argument. winfavour意为“赢得赞同” benotlikelyto不可能 favor喜欢 III.语法 Therebe“存在”句型
1.tobe作谓语动词单复数与后面的主语一致 例如Therearealotofpeopleintheroom. Thereisoneperson/nobodyintheroom.
2.be与助动词搭配作谓语 例如Thereisnodoubtabouthisguilt. Therecanbeverylittledoubtabouthisguilt.
3.与其它词相结合构成谓语 例如Thereareestimatedtobemorethan… Thereisgoingto…
4.其它一些表示“存在”意义的动词也可以代替tobe作谓语 例如Thereexistedaconflict.
5.除be之外,谓语动词还可以用occur,come,livestand,lie 以及复合结构happentobe,seemtobe,belikelytobe,beboundtobe.例句参见书中P.91注释1 IV.练习
1.单词英译汉 domestic,statistic,diplomat,exploit,campaign,execute,convict, despite,deserving,shelf,minimum,status,deport,
2.句子英译汉
(1)Thereareestimatedtobemorethan20,000overseasdomesticservantsworkinginBritain.
(2)Ofthese20,000,justunder2,000arebeingexploitedandabusedbytheiremployers.
(3)Thesadconditionofwomenworkingasdomesticsaroundtheworldreceivedmuchmediaattentionearlierthisyearinseveralhighlypublicizedcases.
(4)AFilipinomaidwasexecutedinSingaporeafterbeingconvictedofmurder,despiteprotestsformvariousquartersthatherguilthadnotbeenadequatelyestablished.
(5)SheusedtoworkforaverylowwageatateafactoryinSriLanka.
(6)Becauseshefounditdifficulttofeedherfourchildren,sheacceptedajobworkingasadomesticinLondon.
(7)Soiftheydocomplain,theyriskbeingdeported.
(8)Thisincludedincreasingtheminimumageofemployeesto18,gettingemployeestoreadandunderstandanadviceleaflet,gettingemployerstoagreetoprovideadequatemaintenanceandconditions,andtoputinwritingthemaintermsandconditionsofthejob(ofwhichtheemployeesshouldseeacopy)
(9)Forthemainproblemfacingoverseasmaidsanddomesticswhotrytocomplainaboutcruellivingandworkingconditionsisthattheydonothaveindependentimmigrantstatusandsocannotchangeemployer.
(10)Itis,theysay,therighttochangeemployerswhichdistinguishesemploymentfromslavery.
3.句子汉译英
(1)处理有关事务的政府部门没有做统计 Thegovernmentdepartmentthatdealswithrelevantaffairsdoesnotkeepstatistics.
(2)正因为她无法养家才同意做家仆 Itwasbecauseshefounditdifficulttofeedherfamilythatsheacceptedajobworkingasadomestic.
(3)她是一名沙特外交官直接从菲律宾雇到伦敦来工作的 ShewashiredbyaSaudidiplomatdirectlyfromthePhilippinestoworkinLondon.
(4)家仆的工作状况得到了新闻媒介的关注 Theconditionsofworkingasdomesticshavereceivedmediaattention.
(5)雇主们总是威胁要把我们遣送回国 Theemployersalwaysthreatenedtosendusbacktoourcountries.
4.历年考题
(1)Whentheygetoutofprison,they______(increase)theleveloftheircriminalbehavior. 答案willincrease. 考点时间状语从句中主句用将来时,从句用一般现在时表示将来从句谓语动词是get一般现在时,所以从句用willincrease.(主将从现)
(2)Attheendof1994theBritishGovernmentintroducednewmeasurestohelp______domesticworkersfromabusebytheiremployers. A.protect B.suspect C.expect D.inspect 答案是A. 考点是protect…from保护…免受…
(3)_____theirdifferences,theyfellpassionatelyinlovewitheachother. A.Asfor B.Owingto C.Despite D.Through 答案C. 考点despite表示让步的关系本句的意思是尽管他们之间有分歧,但他们彼此深爱对方 讲义五 TextA TheNewMusic I.课文简介 六十年代后期在美国和英国几乎同时出现的新音乐,它来源于已经存在的三种音乐形式布鲁斯blues,摇滚乐rock‘nroll和民间音乐folkmusic.这三种旧的音乐各自有其特点 新音乐从这三种以及其他的音乐形式中自由地吸取元素,并发展成一种全新的、更具表现力的音乐,它采取全新的电子乐器和扬声器技术,加上灯光背景效果,使听众融入整个音乐氛围当中 本文从三个方面分别介绍了新音乐与旧音乐的不同点 Para.1Thethreeexistingmusicformshadtheircharacteristicsrespectively. Paras.2-4Thenewmusicoriginatedfromtheexistingmusicformsbutdiffersfromtheminthreemainrespects. II.NewWords
1.bluesn.布鲁斯(源于美国南部黑人之中抑郁伤感的曲调)
2.rock‘n’rolln.摇滚乐
3.folkn./a.人们,家属;民间的
4.musiciann.音乐家,作曲家
5.transformationn.变化,转化;改造
6.rhythmica.有韵律的,有节奏的
7.musicallyad.在音乐方面;好听地
8.distincta.与其他不同的,独特的
9.consciousnessn.意识,知觉;
10.youthfula.年轻的,朝气蓬勃的
11.anti-wara.反战的
12.sentimentn.感情,情绪
13.spontaneousa.自发的,本能的,自动的
14.originatevi./vt.发源;发生
15.imitatorn.模仿者
16.Negron./a.黑人,黑人的
17.eclecticismn.折中主义
18.synthesisn.结合,合成
19.jazzn.爵士乐
20.readilyad.乐意地,很快地,容易地
21.limitlessa.无限制的,无限的
22.instrumentn.仪器,乐器
23.electronica.电子的
24.amplifiern.放大器
25.guitarn.六弦琴,吉他
26.electronicsn.电子学
27.studion.工作室;播音室
28.penetratinga.穿透的,贯穿的,深刻的
29.therebyad.由此,从而
30.passivea.被动的;消极的
31.participantn./a.参加者,参与的
32.multimediaa./n.多种手段的,多媒体的
33.ballroomn.舞厅
34.lightingn.照明,照明设备 PhrasesandExpressions
1.totakeplace发生
2.totakeover接管,接任
3.totakeon具有,担任,雇佣 ProperName Beatlle披头士摇滚乐队 SanFrancisco旧金山 BobDylan鲍伯狄伦 JeffersonAirplane杰佛逊飞机 词汇精讲 rock‘n’roll=rockandrollorrockingandreeling摇滚乐 folkn.家属,亲属 Howareallyourfolks? Jazz爵士乐 Rapmusic说唱乐 Popmusic流行乐 Classicalmusic古典音乐 Musicmusician音乐家 Musical音乐的musicallyadv. rhythmicadj.节奏的 rhythmn.节奏,韵律 rhymen.压韵 distinct a.独特的,明显的 派生词distinctionn.区分,辨别,分清 用法distinct…from区分于… Goldisdistinctformiron.金不同于铁 Isawthreedistinctobjectsinthedistance,butIcannotidentifythem. 我清楚地看到远处的3个物体,但不能分辨是什么东西 consciousness n.意识,知觉,觉悟 派生词consciousa.有意识的,有知觉的;consciouslyad.有意识地,自觉地 subconsciousa.潜意识的 Helostconsciousnessafterhisaccidentandneverrecoveredit. 发生事故后,他失去了知觉,再也没有恢复 Workinginanunemploymentofficehadhelpedtoraisehispoliticalconsciousness. 在失业办公室工作使他的政治觉悟得到提高 Wereyouconsciousofhishostility?你有没有意识到他的敌意? anti-slaveryanti- 表反对,抗,排斥 anti-SARS抗非典的 anti-Virus反病毒的 sentiment的同义词feeling,但前者指比较细腻的感情;而feeling一般指感觉 spontaneous a.自发的,本能的,自动的 Herspeechseemedspontaneous,butwasinfactcarefullypreparedbeforehand. 她的演讲看起来是即兴的,但实际上事先经过了精心准备 Acrowdofpeoplegatheredspontaneouslyatthesceneoftheaccident. 一群人自发地聚集在事故现场 agroupof一群 originatevt. originala.独到的 originalityn.独创,原始 Negro=blackpeople黑人;whitepeople白人 readily乐意地,很快地,容易地 Theyoungermechanicreadilyfixedthecar.年轻的机修工很快地把车修好了 Shereadilyacceptedhisproposalofmarriage.她乐意地接受了他的求婚 词根-less,-ic,-cs thereby adv.由此,从而 Shewishedtotravelabroadandtherebyshecouldlearnaboutdifferentcustoms. 她希望能去国外旅游,从而了解不同的风俗习惯 Hebecameacitizen,therebygainingtherighttovote.他成了一名公民,由此获得了选举权 passive被动的,消极的 反义词activea.积极的,活跃的 Youarepassivewhenyouallowthingstohappen,butdonothing.当你让这些事发生,而不做任何事来阻止它,你是消极的 participant参加者,参与者 派生词participatev.参加,参与;participationn.参加 Allparticipantsfinishingtheracewillreceiveamedal.所有完成比赛的参与者都将得到一枚奖牌相关用法participatein参与 Weshouldactivelyparticipateinthemasssportsactivities.我们应该积极参加群众性体育活动
1.totakeplace发生 takeplace=happen Greatchangeshavetakenplaceoverthepast20years.在过去的20年里,中国发生了巨大的变化 Thestrikedidn‘ttakeplaceafterall.罢工没有发生 区别takeplace与taketheplaceof takeplace“发生”;而taketheplaceof“代替”; 例如Doyouthinktherobotscantaketheplaceofman‘stasks? 你认为机器人能代替人的工作吗? totakeover接管,接任 HeisgoingtotakeovermyjobwhileIamonholiday.我去度假时他将接替我的工作 Thislargecompanyhastakenovermanysmallones.这个大公司已经接管许多小公司 totakeon具有;担任(工作等);雇佣 Don‘ttakeonmorethanyoucando.不要接受你担负不了的任务 Thecitytookonafestiveair.这个城市呈现出了一派节日气氛 Thefirmtookonanewclerk.公司雇了个新职员III.课文精讲 第一部分para.1 Thenewmusicwasbuiltoutofmaterialsalreadyinexistence bules,rock‘n’roll,folkmusic.Butalthoughtheformsremained,somethingcompletelynewandoriginalwasmadeoutoftheseolderelements-moreoriginal,perhaps,thaneventhenewmusiciansthemselvesyetrealize.Thetransformationtookplacein1966-
1967.Uptothattime,theblueshadbeenanessentiallyblackmedium.Rock‘n’roll,abluesderivative,wasrhythmicdancemusic.Folkmusic,oldandmodern,waspopularamongcollegestudents.Thethreeformsremainedmusicallyandculturallydistinct,andevenaslateas1965,noneofthemwereexpressinganyradicallynewstatesofconsciousness.Bluesexpressedblacksoul;rockwasthebeatofyouthfulenergy;andfolkmusicexpressedanti-warsentimentsaswellasloveandhope.
1.inexistence表示现有的,已有的wasbuildoutof是词组表示“从…当中产生”
2.“although…remained”是让步状语从句 “completelynewandoriginal”是一个后置定语,修饰“something” 本句意思是虽然新音乐保留了原有的形式,但某些全新的、独创性的东西从旧的 成分中脱颖而出的——它们也许比新音乐家意识到的还要更富有独创性
3.Uptothattime,theblueshadbeenanessentiallyblackmedium.Rock‘n’roll, abluesderivative,wasrhythmicdancemusic. Uptothattime,意为“到那个时候(即新音乐产生时)为止”,表示“过去的过去”,所以谓语用过去完成时abluesderivative为rock‘n’roll的同位语
4.Thethreeformsremainedmusicallyandculturallydistinct,andevenaslateas1965,noneofthemwereexpressinganyradicallynewstateofconsciousness. musicallyandculturallydistinct意思是“在音乐上和文化上都是不同的” newstateofconsciousness指新的意识状态 本句意思是新音乐是从已有的音乐布鲁斯,摇滚乐,民间音乐中产生的 第二部分paras.2-4 Para.2 In1966-1967therewasspontaneoustransformation.IntheUnitedStates,itoriginatedwithyouthfulrockgroupsplayinginSanFrancisco.InEngland,itwasledbytheBeatles,whowerealreadyestablishedasanextremelyfineandhighlyindividualrockgroup.Whathappened,aswellasitcanbeputintowords,wasthis..Firsttheseparatemusicaltraditionswerebroughttogether.BobDylanandtheJeffersonAirplaneplayedfolkrock,folkideaswitharockbeat.Whiterockgroupsbeganexperimentingwiththeblues.Ofcourse,whitemusicianshadalwaysplayedtheblues,butessentiallyasimitatorsoftheNegrostyle;nowitbegantobethewhitebands‘ownmusic.Andallofthegroupsmovedtowardsabroadereclecticismandsynthesis.Theyfreelytookoverelementsfromjazz,fromAmericacountrymusic,andastimewentonfromevenmorediversesources.Whatdevelopedwasamusicreadilytakingonvariousformsandcapableofanalmostlimitlessrangeofexpression.
5.InEngland,itwasledbytheBeatles,whowerealreadyestablishedasanextremelyfineandhighlyindividualrockgroup. beestablishedas意为“被确认为” 全句大意为“在英国,这个潮流是由披头士摇滚乐队领导的,该乐队已经得到广泛认可,是一支非常优秀且极富个性的乐队”
6.whathappened,aswellasitcanbeputintowords,wasthis. aswellas像…一样好,比较结构,toputintowords“用文字表达” 大意为“发生的情况,如果能用文字表达,就是这样”
7.Firsttheseparatemusicaltraditionswerebroughttogether. 新音乐的第一个特点将各种分离的音乐传统结合到一起
8.Theyfreelytookoverelementsfromjazz,fromAmericacountrymusic,andastimewentonfromevenmorediversesources. and后面的并列句中可以看作是省略了“theyfreelytookoverelements.” “astimewenton”表示“随着时间推移”,as是连词,而“readilytakingonvariousforms”和“capableofanalmostlimitlessrangeofexpression”分别为现在分词短语和形容词短语作定语,修饰music. 本句意思是,他们自由地吸收爵士音乐、美国乡土音乐的成分,而随着时间的推移,他们甚至对各种各样的音乐兼收并蓄
9.Whathappenedwasamusicreadilytakingonvariousformsandcapableofanalmostlimitless rangeofexpression. Whathappened是主语从句readilytakingonvariousforms是现在分词短语和形容词短语capableofanalmostlimitlessrangeofexpression.都是作定语,修饰music. 全句大意是“最后发展成一种能轻松采取多种形式的,几乎有无穷的表现力的新音乐”Para.3 新音乐的第二个特点广泛使用电子乐器及电子放大器技术 Thesecondthingthathappenedwasthatallthemusicalgroupsbeganusingthefullrangeofelectricinstrumentsandthetechnologyofelectronicamplifiers.Theelectricguitarwasanoldinstrument,butthenewelectroniceffectswerealtogetherdifferent-sodifferentthatanewlistenerin1967mightwellfeelthattherehadneverbeenanysoundslikethatintheworldbefore.Electronicsdid,infact,makepossiblesoundsthatnoinstrumentuptothattimecouldproduce.Andinstudiorecordings,newtechniquesmadepossibleeffectsthatnotevenanelectronicbandcouldproduceliveElectronicamplifiersalsomadepossibleafantasticincreaseinvolume,themusicbecomingasloudandpenetratingasthehumanearcouldstand,andtherebyachievinga“total”effect,sothatinsteadofanaudienceofpassivelisteners,therewerenowaudiencesoftotalparticipants,feelingthemusicinalloftheirsensesandalloftheirbones.
10.Thesecondthingthathappenedwasthatallthemusicalgroupsbeganusingthefullrangeofelectricinstrumentsandthetechnologyofelectronicamplifiers. 句中“thathappened”是一个定语从句,修饰“thesecondthing.”. 后一个“that”引导表语从句 本句意思是发生的第二件事是所有乐队都开始使用全套的电子乐器和电子扬声器技术
11.sodifferentthatanewlistenerin1967mightwellfeelthattherehadneverbeenanysoundslikethatintheworldbefore. 本句中有三个that,第一个引导结果状语从句,第二个引导表语从句,第三个是指示代词,指的是电吉他发出的声音注意表语从句中用的时态是过去完成时,说明电吉他的效果与1967年前大不相同
12.Electronicsdid,infact,makepossiblesoundsthatnoinstrumentuptothattimecouldproduce. didmake为强调形式possible在句中作宾语补语,提前到宾语sounds前,因为它有一个较长的定语从句修饰
13.Andinstudiorecordings,newtechniquesmadepossibleeffectsthatnotevenanelectronicbandcouldproducelive. 本句的顺序应为“Instudiorecordings,newtechniquesmadeeffectsthatnotevenanelectronicbandcouldproducelivepossible”“effects…live”是made的宾语,其中that引导定语从句,修饰effect,而possible则是effects的宾语补足语因为effects带有一个定语从句,从句比较长,为避免句子不平衡,因此把possible提前本句意思是在录音室录制时,新技术有可能制作出甚至电子乐队现场表演时也演奏不出的效果
14.Electronicamplifiersalsomadepossibleafantasticincreaseinvolume,themusicbecomingasloudandpenetratingasthehumanearcouldstand,andtherebyachievinga“total”effect,sothatinsteadofanaudienceofpassivelisteners,therewerenowaudiencesoftotalparticipants,feelingthemusicinalloftheirsensesandalloftheirbones. 分词独立结构themusicbecomingasloudandpenetratingasthehumanearcouldstand在句中作伴随状语music是becoming的逻辑主语,sothat相当于结果状语从句feeling现在分词短语作伴随状语 Para.4 新音乐的第三个特点音乐成为整个环境的一部分 Third,themusicbecomesamulti-mediaexperience;apartofatotalenvironment.Thewallsoftheballroomswerecoveredwithchangingpatternsoflight,thebeginningofthenewartofthelightshow.Andtheaudiencedidnotsit,itdanced.Withrecordsathome,listenersimitatedtheselightingeffectsasbesttheycould,andheightenedthewholeexperiencebyusingdrugs.Oftenmusicwasplayedoutofdoors,wherenatureprovidedtheenvironment.
15.句中“withrecordsathome”是with+名词+介词短语结构,作方式状语 “heightenedthe wholeexperience”指“使整个体验更刺激” 本句意思是在家里欣赏唱片时候听众尽力模仿照明效果,甚至服用毒品来增强整个音乐享受的快感 附重点句
1.Thenewmusicwasbuiltoutofmaterialsalreadyinexistence bules,rock‘n’roll,folkmusic.
2.Butalthoughtheformsremained,somethingcompletelynewandoriginalwasmadeoutoftheseolderelements-moreoriginal,perhaps,thaneventhenewmusiciansthemselvesyetrealize.
3.Uptothattime,theblueshadbeenanessentiallyblackmedium.
4.Thethreeformsremainedmusicallyandculturallydistinct,andevenaslateas1965,noneofthemwereexpressinganyradicallynewstatesofconsciousness.
5.InEngland,itwasledbytheBeatles,whowerealreadyestablishedasanextremelyfineandhighlyindividualrockgroup.
6.Whathappened,aswellasitcanbeputintowords,wasthis.Theyfreelytookoverelementsfromjazz,fromAmericacountrymusic,andastimewentonfromevenmorediversesources.Whatdevelopedwasamusicreadilytakingonvariousformsandcapableofanalmostlimitlessrangeofexpression.
7.Thesecondthingthathappenedwasthatallthemusicalgroupsbeganusingthefullrangeofelectricinstrumentsandthetechnologyofelectronicamplifiers.Theelectricguitarwasanoldinstrument,butthenewelectroniceffectswerealtogetherdifferent-sodifferentthatanewlistenerin1967mightwellfeelthattherehadneverbeenanysoundslikethatintheworldbefore.Electronicsdid,infact,makepossiblesoundsthatnoinstrumentuptothattimecouldproduce.Andinstudiorecordings,newtechniquesmadepossibleeffectsthatnotevenanelectronicbandcouldproducelive.Electronicamplifiersalsomadepossibleafantasticincreaseinvolume,themusicbecomingasloudandpenetratingasthehumanearcouldstand,andtherebyachievinga“total”effect,sothatinsteadofanaudienceofpassivelisteners,therewerenowaudiencesoftotalparticipants,feelingthemusicinalloftheirsensesandalloftheirbones.
8.Withrecordsathome,listenersimitatedtheselightingeffectsasbesttheycould,andheightenedthewholeexperiencebyusingdrugs.TextB DifferentTypesOfComposers I.NewWords Title分析composers作曲家 musician音乐家
1.composern.作曲家
2.inspirevt.
1.鼓舞;
2.使产生灵感
3.fruitfula.有成果的,有收获的
4.outputn.
1.产量;
2.输出
5.themen.
1.题目,主题;
2.主旋律
6.invariablyad.不变地
7.improvisevt.
1.即兴创作;
2.临时准备,临时凑成
8.symphonyn.
1.交响曲,交响乐;
2.交响乐队,交响音乐会
9.handlen.柄,把手 vt.
1.拿,弄;
2.运用,操纵;
3.经营,管理
10.constructivea……建设的,建设性的
11.creativea.创造性的
12.notebookn.笔记本
13.preliminarya.预备的;初步的 n.初试;预赛
14.painstakinga.苦干的;费力的
15.traditionalistn.传统主义者;因循守旧者
16.thematica.
1.题目的,主题的;
2.主旋律的
17.conceptionn.概念,观念
18.well-establisheda.
1.固定下来的;
2.得到确认的
19.tempervt.
1.[冶]使回火,锻炼;
2.调合
20.well(-)tempered
1.脾气好的;
2.(键盘乐器)调到平均律的
21.clavichordn.[音]击弦古钢琴
22.mold(=mould)n.模子;模型 vt.用模子做,浇铸
23.saken.缘故
24.completenessn.
1.完整,圆满;
2.完成,结束
25.summarizevt./vi.概述,总结
26.diversifieda.多样化的
27.conventionala.
1.惯例的,常规的;
2.(艺术等)因袭的
28.experimentala.实验的;经验的
29.harmonyn.
1.协调,和谐;
2.融洽,一致
30.sonorityn.响亮,洪亮
31.evidenta.明显的,明白的 PhrasesandExpressions
1.inotherwords换句话说
2.inasense在某种意义上
3.atastretch连续不断地
4.toserveas适合
5.tobelongin应归入(类别、范畴等)
6.inadvance
1.在前面;
2.预先
7.Itgoeswithoutsayingthat不言而喻,理所当然
8.forthesakeof为了…之好处;为了…的目的 重点词汇精讲
1.inspire鼓舞,使产生灵感 Hisqualitiesofleadershipinspiredhisfollowers.他的领袖风范激励着他的追随者 Thedesignofthecarhasinspiredmanyimitations.这辆轿车的设计引起了众多模仿
2.fruitful有成果的,有收获的 派生词fruitn.水果
3.theme题目,主题 thematic主体的 Doestheconferencehaveacentralthemethisyear?今年大会有中心议题吗?
4.handle柄,把手;运用,操纵;经营,管理 Ifyoucan‘thandlethejobI’llgetsomeoneelsetodoit.如果你应付不了这个工作,我就让别人来做 Whohandlesthemarketinginyourcompany? 谁在你们公司里负责市场营销? 词组
1.inasense在某种意义上 She‘sright,inasense,becausewedidagreetowait,butonlyuntilJune.她在某种意义上是对的,因为我们确实同意等待,但只等到六月
2.atstretch连续不断地,一口气地 atastretchstretchv.伸展n.一段连续时间 There‘snowayIcouldworkfortenhoursatastretch.我不可能连续不断地工作10个小时
3.toserveas适合,用作 Intheabsenceofanythingbetter,thesofawouldserveasabedforacoupleofnights. 在没有更好的东西情况下,这个沙发可以当作床睡几个晚上
4.forthesakeof为了…的目的; 为了…起见,由于…缘故 Thecompanyhaddecidedtoclosedownthisdepartmentforthesakeofeconomy. 为了节约,这个公司已经决定关闭这个部门 Wediditforconvenience‘ssake.我们是为了方便才这样做的 II.课文分析
1.Icanseethreedifferenttypesofcomposersinmusicalhistory,eachofwhomcreatesmusicinasomewhatdifferentfashion. 本句分析我认为音乐史上可以区分三种不同类型的作曲家,每种作曲家音乐创作手法也各有一定的不同 ina…fashion用……方式 Thetypethathasfiredpublicimaginationmostisthatofthespontaneouslyinspiredcomposer-theFranzSchuberttype,inotherwords.Allcomposersareinspired,ofcourse,butthistypeismorespontaneouslyinspired.Musicsimplywellsoutofhim.Hecan‘tgetitdownonpaperfastenough.Youarealmosttellthistypeofcomposerbyhisfruitfuloutput.Incertainmonths,Schubertwroteasongaday.HugoWolfdidthesame.
2.Musicsimplywellsoutofhim. wellv.喷涌,涌出 Inasense,menofthiskindbeginnotsomuchwithamusicalthemeaswithacompletedcomposition.Theyinvariablyworkbestintheshorterforms.Itismucheasiertoimproviseasongthanitistoimproviseasymphony.Itisn‘teasytobeinspiredinthatspontaneouswayforlongperiodsatastretch.EvenSchubertwasmoresuccessfulinhandlingtheshorterformsofmusic.Thespontaneouslyinspiredmanisonlyonetypeofcomposer,withhisownlimitations.
3.Inasense,menofthiskindbeginnotsomuchwithamusicalthemeaswithacompletedcomposition. 从一定意义上说,这些作曲家与其说是从某一音乐主题开始创作,不如说他们一开始就有一个完整作品成竹在胸 notsomuch…as与其…不如… Heisnotsomuchascientistasapoet. 与其说他是个科学家,不如说他是个诗人
4.Itisn‘teasytobeinspiredinthatspontaneouswayforlongperiodatastretch. 连续很长时间使自己的灵感都处于不自主状态绝非易事 atastretch一口气地,不休息地 Beethovenbelongstothesecondtype-theconstructivetype,onemightcallit.Thistypeservesasanexampleofmytheoryofthecreativeprocessinmusicbetterthananyother,becauseinthiscasethecomposerreallydoesbeginwithamusicaltheme.InBeethoven‘scasethereisnodoubtaboutit,forwehavethenotebooksinwhichheputthethemesdown.Wecanseefromhisnotebookshowheworkedoverhisthemes-howhewouldnotletthembeuntiltheywereasperfectashecouldmakethem.BeethovenwasnotaspontaneouslyinspiredcomposerintheSchubertsenseatall.Hewasthetypethatbeginswithatheme;makesitapreliminaryidea;anduponthatcomposesamusicalwork,dayafterday,inpainstakingfashion.MostcomposerssinceBeethoven’sdaybelongtothissecondtype.
5.belongto属于,列入,是…的一员 Beethovenbelongstothesecondtype-theconstructivetype.贝多芬属于第二类作曲家 MostcomposerssinceBeethoven‘sdaybelongtothissecondtype. 自Beethoven时代以来,大多数作曲家属于这第二种类型(创造型) Thatdictionarybelongstome.那本词典是我的 ThethirdtypeofcomposerIcanonlycall,forlackofabettername,thetraditionalisttype.MenlikePalestrinaandBachbelonginthiscategory.Theybotharecharacteristicofthekindofcomposerwhoisborninaparticularperiodofmusicalhistory,whenacertainmusicalstyleisabuttoreachitsfullestdevelopment.Itisaquestionatsuchatimeofcreatingmusicinawell-knownandacceptedstyleanddoingitinawaythatisbetterthananyonehasdoneitbeforeyou.
6.belongin属于…(一类),归入…(范畴、环境、类别等) MenlikePalestrinaandBachbelonginthiscategory. 像Palestrina和Bach这样的人属于此类范畴(传统型) Bigdogsshouldbelonginthecountry,notthecity.大型犬(养)在农村而不是城市 Thetraditionalisttypeofcomposerbeginswithapatternratherthanwithatheme.ThecreativeactwithPalestrinaisnotthethematicconceptionsomuchasthepersonaltreatmentofawell-establishedpattern.AndevenBach,whocomposedforty-eightofthemostvariousandinspiredthemesinhisWellTemperedClavichord,knewinadvancethegeneralformalmoldthattheyweretofill.Itgoeswithoutsayingthatwearenotlivinginatraditionalistperiodnowadays.
7.Thetraditionalisttypeofcomposerbeginswithapatternratherthanwithatheme. 传统主义类型的作曲家的创作开始于模式而不是主题
8.Itgoeswithoutsayingthatwearenotlivinginatraditionalistperiodnowadays. 不用说,我们现在已不是生活在传统主义的时期…… Onemightadd,forthesakeofcompleteness,afourthtypeofcomposer-thepioneertype menlikeGesualdointheseventeenthcentury,MoussorgskyandBerliozinthenineteenth,DebussyandEdgarVareseinthetwentieth.Itisdifficulttosummarizethecomposingmethodsofsodiversifiedagroup.Onecansafelysaythattheirapproachtocompositionistheoppositeofthetraditionalisttype.Theyclearlyopposeconventionalsolutionsofmusicalproblems.Inmanyways,theirattitudeisexperimental-theyseektoaddnewharmonies,newsonorities,newformalprinciples.Thepioneertypewasthecharacteristiconeattheturnoftheseventeenthcenturyandalsoatthebeginningofthetwentiethcentury,butitismuchlessevidenttoday.
9.Onemightadd,forthesakeofcompleteness,afourthtypeofcomposer-thepioneertype 为了全面起见,还可以加上第四种类型——先锋型 forthesakeof为了…起见,由于…缘故
10.Onecansafelysaythattheirapproachtocompositionistheoppositeofthetraditionalisttype. 可以有把握的说,他们创作的方法与传统主义者类型相反 approachto通往…的方法,approachv.n.处理,探讨,方法,态度 语法 语序
一、语序 主语用S表示,谓语用V表示;如果谓语动词为不及物动词,则用vi表示; 如果谓语为系动词(link),则后面跟表语,用C表示;如果谓语动词为及物动词, 则用vt表示,后面要跟宾语,用O表示
(一)主语和谓语的位置P.126
1.自然语序主语+谓语+宾语或表语或状语
2.倒装语序(部分倒装、全部倒装) Therearesomebooksonthetable. Doyouhaveabook? Haveyoueverseenthefilm?
(1)语法结构引起的倒装 a.由there,now,thus,then引起的某些句子 b.由so,neither,nor引出,表示前面所说的情况同样也适用于另一人或物的肯定句或否定句 c.省略了if的虚拟条件句 d.在某些让步状语从句中 e.在某些表示祝愿的句子中 f.以never,little,notonly,notuntil,hardly,scarcely,only等表示否定或基本否定的词引出的句子中
(2)为了表达效果修辞引起的倒装
(二)宾语的位置P.130 a.宾语在多数情况下紧跟在谓语动词后面如果有两个宾语,间接宾语通常放在直接宾语的前面 b.当谓语动词加副词构成的短语动词(如giveup,carryon等)担任时,如果宾语较短,特别是当宾语是代词时,一般插在短语动词之间 c.在下列情况下宾语通常放在主语前面 在特殊疑问句中,当宾语是由疑问词表示或修饰时 在感叹句中,当宾语是由what等词修饰时 在从句中,当宾语由一个连接代词或关系代词表示或修饰时
(三)定语的位置P.132 定语有时放在它所修饰的词的前面,有时放在后面 a.当定语由一个形容词或分词担任时,通常放在它所修饰的词的前面 b.当定语由短语或从句担任时,一般放在它所修饰的词的后面 c.当一个词由多个定语修饰时,要注意他们后面的前后顺序
(四)状语的位置P.134 a.修饰动词的状语多数放在这个动词的后面;如果这个动词带有宾语,状语就放在这个宾语的后面,若宾语较长,而状语较短,一般就把状语放在宾语的前面 b.当一个动词同时由时间状语荷地点状语修饰时,时间状语一般放在地点状语之后 c.如果一个动词带有两个时间状语或地点状语,代表较小单位的状语通常放在前面 d.较长的状语一般放在较短的状语之后 e.有时状语可插在主语和谓语之间
二、分词独立结构(多用于书面语,分词在句中作时间、条件、伴随、原因状语)
1.分词隐含的逻辑主语与句子主语一致 Whenwaitingforthebus,wehadalongtalk. Hearingthenews,theyalljumpedwithjoy. Iftranslatedwordbyword,thesentencewillbemeaningless.
2.分词隐含的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致(独立结构) Theholidaysbeingover,theybegantodotheirworkagain. Herbody,withhandsandfeetbound,wasdiscoveredbyahikeronMarch
17. with+名词+过去分词
三、练习
(一)单词、词组英译汉 musicianrhythmicdistinctconsciousnessoriginatereadilyinstrumentelectronictherebypassiveparticipant totakeplace totakeover totakeon inasense atastretch toserveas inadvance forthesakeof
(二)英译汉
1.Thenewmusicwasbuiltoutofmaterialsalreadyinexistence.
2.Folkmusic,oldandmodern,waspopularamongcollegestudents.
3.Theyfreelytookoverelementsformjazz,fromAmericancountrymusic.
4.Withrecordsathome,listenersimitatedtheselightingeffectsasbesttheycould.
5.Inasense,menofthiskindbeginnotsomuchwithamusicalthemeaswithacompletedcomposition.
6.MostcomposerssinceBeethoven‘sdaybelongtothissecondtype.
7.MenlikePalestrinaandBachbelonginthiscategory.
(三)汉译英 这一章是关于热能转化成动力的 Thechapterisaboutthetransformationofheatintopower. 一群人自发地聚集在事故现场 Agroupofpeoplegottogetherspontaneouslyatthesceneofthe accident. 这次争吵是由误会引起的 Thequarreloriginatedfromamisunderstanding. 1949年后,军队接管了这个城市 Thearmytookoverthiscityafter
1949. 为了你的健康,你不应该承担太繁重的工作 Foryourhealth,youshouldavoidtakingontoomuchwork.
(四)历年考题
1.Intheprocessofcomposition,itisn‘teasytobeinspiredinaspontaneouswayforlongperiods_____astretch…… A.at B.for C.over D.in 答案是A. 考点词组atastretch一口气,连续不断的
2.汉译英 新音乐是由业已存在的材料构建出来的 Thenewmusicwasbuiltoutofmaterialsalreadyinexistence.
3.汉译英那时在大学生中流行的正是民间音乐 Itwasfolkmusicthatwaspopularamongcollegestudentsatthattime.
4.汉译英不用说我们现在已不是生活在传统社会 Itgoeswithoutsayingthatwearenotlivinginatraditionalsociety. 讲义六 TextA ImprovingIndustrialEfficiencythroughRobotics Ⅰ课文简介 机器人在工业生产中的使用越来越普遍目前大多数的机器人用于汽车工业,此外在别的工业领域虽然应用的程度低一些,(althoughtoalesserdegree)但也开始出现它们已经可以代替人进行一些工作 那么机器人与自动化机械有什么不同呢?它们的不同在于机器人完成某一特定任务后,可由计算机重新编制程序去完成另一项任务 现在科学家与工程技术人员正在研制新一代机器人,使机器人具有视觉、有触觉、并且能够做出关键性的决策未来机器人将会在许多领域代替人的工作 Paras.1-3Robotsareusedinmanyareas Para.4Thedifferencebetweenrobotsandothermachines. Paras.5-7Techniciansandengineersaretryingtodesignnewtypesofrobots.(willbeabletoseeobjects;willhaveasenseoftouch;willmakecriticaldecisions.) ⅡNewWords 词汇精讲
1.efficiency n.效率,功效 派生词efficienta.有效率的;inefficienta.无效率的;inefficiencyn.无效率 Thesemachineshaveraisedefficiencymanytimes. Agoodmanagerisbothcompetentandefficient.好的经理应当是称职而且有效率的 区别efficient和effective efficienta.有效率的;effectivea.有效的
2.robotics机器人学,机器人技术
3.robot机器人;自动控制装置
4.increasingly ad.日益,越来越多 派生词increasev.增加,提高;increasinga.越来越多的; Heisincreasinglyrudetome.他对我越来越粗鲁 Thisargumentbecameincreasinglybitter.他们的争论越来越激烈 Bitter激烈的,怀恨在心的 Industrialproductionasawholeincreasedby20percent.工业生产总体上增长了20%. It‘llbesometimebeforesupplycankeepupwiththeincreasingdemand. Keepupwith赶上,同步 随着需求的不断增长,一段时间以后供应也会上升
5.prevalent a.popular流行的,普通的
6.automotive
1.自动的,机动的;
2.汽车的 automotiveindustry汽车工业
7.weld vt./n.焊接 spot-welding点焊
8.spray n.
1.浪花,水花;
2.喷雾,喷雾状物 vt.喷;向…喷射;喷涂 vi.喷;溅散 spraypainting喷漆
9.cast vt.
1.投,扔,抛,掷;
2.投射(光,影,视线等)(on,at);
3.浇铸,铸造 n.
1.投,掷;
2.模具;
3.演员(阵容)
10.framen.架构,框架
11.install vt.安装
12.appliancen.
1.应用,适用;
2.用具,器械
13.calculatorn.计算者;
2.计算器
14.radioactivea.[原]放射性的;放射引起的
15.personnel n.全体人员,全体职工;人事(部门) person可数名词 people集合名词 personal a.个人的 派生词personn.人;personala.个人的,私人的 Allpersonnelwillreceiveanextraweek‘svacation.全体人员将获得额外的一星期假期 ThenewdirectoroftheTVstationislikelytomakemajorchangeinpersonnel. 电视台的新台长有可能做很大的人事变动 Ican‘tinsistuponmypersonalopinion.我不能坚持个人的观点
16.expose vt.暴露,揭露 派生词exposuren.暴露,揭露 用法toexposeto将…暴露于…之下;使…面临… Parentsshouldnotexposethechildrentoviolentprogram.父母不应该让孩子接触暴力节目 Whenshewenttocollege,Marywasexposedtoalotofnewideas. 玛丽上大学后接触到许多新思想 Weshouldexposechildrentonewideas.我们应该让孩子们接触新思想
17.radiation n.放射,发光
18.reduction n.减少,减小 reducev.减少,减小
19.automatic a.自动的;无意识的 auto-前缀,表自动
20.reprogramme v.再次(重新)设定程序
21.completion n.完成,结束 complete v.完成
22.specific a.特有的,特定的 special特殊的
23.switch n./v开关,转换 Change、shift改变,变换,转换 Havingconsideredthatproblem,theyswitchedtheirconversationtoothermatters. 考虑了那个问题后,他们把话题转到其他问题上 Noneofuswisshestoswitchbacktotheoldsystem.我们谁也不愿意回复到旧制度 Inthelastthreeyears,heswitchedfromoneprofessiontoanother. 在过去的三年里,他从一个职业转向另一个职业 turnon/off switchon/off打开、接通/关闭
24.critical a.批评的,对…谴责的,紧要的,危急的 criticize(se)v.批评 criticismn.批评 派生词criticizev.批评,批判;criticismn.批评;critic n.评论家 Hiscriticalanalysiswashelpful.他的批评性分析很有帮助 Thepatientwasinacriticalcondition.病人处于危险的情况 Theoldmanwascriticaloftheboy‘simpolitebehavior. 那个老人不满意男孩的不礼貌行为 Atthecriticalmoment,weshouldbecapableoffacinganydifficulties. becapableof beableto 在关键时刻,我们应该有能力面对一切困难 Heiscriticalofherignoranceoflaw.对于她对法律的无知,他持批评态度
25.digital a.手指的,指状的;
2.数字的,计数的 digitn.数字、手指
26.camera n.照相机,摄影机
27.light-sensitive a.光敏的
28.intensity n.强烈;剧烈 派生词intensea.强烈的,剧烈的 名词后缀intensity Thepainincreasedinintensity.疼痛加剧了 Theintensityoftheplaylefttheaudiencenumbed.这部戏的紧张程度使观众麻木了
29.grayscale灰度
30.brightnessn.
1.明亮,晴朗,
2.聪敏,机灵
31.scalen.刻度;规模;比例尺 Theyaremakingwarpreparationsonalargescale.他们正大规模地搞战备 Thescaleisaninchtothemile.比例是用一英寸代表一英里
32.shaden.阴影;遮光物 shadesofgray/red/green/blue(颜色变化的程度)
33.calculationn.计算
34.defective a.有缺点的,有缺陷的
35.assemble vt.集合,装配 vi.集合 fittogether组装在一起
36.attendant n.
1.服务员,
2.出席者 attend v.出席
37.fireman n.消防队员 firefighter消防队员
38.housekeeper n.管理家务的主妇;女管家 词组phrasesandexpressions
1.toexposeto+名词“暴露,面临,接触” 例一个接触了英语两年的学生astudentwhohasbeenexposedtoEnglishfor2years 你以前可能接触过这种思想Youmayhaveexposedtothisideabefore.
2.inthat在于,原因是 inthat不能引导定语从句 inwhich介宾结构,可引导定语从句 butthat若不是 nowthat既然 Menaredifferentfromotheranimalsinthattheformercancreateandusetoolswhilethelattercannot.人与动物的不同之处在于,人会制造和使用工具而其他动物则不能 Ilikethecity,butIlikethecountrybetterinthatIhavemorefriendsinthecountry. 我喜欢城市,但我更喜欢农村,因为在农村我有许多朋友
3.inbetween在中间
4.inquestion正被谈论的 theobject…underconsideration Wherearethegirlsinquestion?谈论中的女孩们在哪? That‘snotthepointinquestion.那不是要考虑的问题 区别inquestion,outofquestion,outofthequestion outofquestion没有问题; Topasstheexamisoutofquestion.通过考试没问题 outofthequestion不可能 Theirvictoryisoutofthequestion;they‘velosttoomanymen. 他们是不可能胜利的,他们损失的人太多
5.plentyof充足,大量=alotof Therewasplentyofworkforthemtodo.有很多工作需要他们做 Ihaveplentyofhumoroustales.我有许多幽默的故事 Tale story workon从事 Convertinto toconvertinto tochange…into Ⅲ课文精讲 第一部分 Paras.1-3 Robots,becomingincreasinglyprevalentinfactoriesandindustrialplantsthroughoutthedevelopedworld,areprogrammedandengineeredtoperformindustrialtaskswithouthumanintervention. Para.1
1.第一句中“becomingincreasinglyprevalentinfactoriesandindustrialplantsthroughoutthedevelopedworld”是现在分词短语作伴随状语,插在主语和谓语中间(也可放在句首) 在翻译时可以按照原文语序,即“机器人在所有发达国家的工厂和其他工业部门里日益得到普遍的应用,通过编程和策划在无人干预的条件下完成工业生产任务” engineer v.策划,设计,制造 perform执行 plantn.工厂,车间,生产部门 factoryn.工厂,制造厂 Para.2
2.Mostoftoday‘srobotsareemployedintheautomotiveindustry,wheretheyareprogrammedtotakeoversuchjobsasweldingandspraypaintingautomobileandtruckbodies. takeover接管 lorry卡车 where引导非限制性定语从句,对主句起补充说明作用翻译时,按照原文语序即可“目前大多数机器人用于汽车工业,它们按编程去承担轿车和卡车车身的焊接和喷漆这样的工作”
3.Theyalsoloadandunloadhot,heavymetalformsusedinmachinescastingautomobileandtruckframes. 此句中,“castingautomobileandtruckframes”是现在分词词组作定语修饰machines,意思是“铸造轿车和卡车框架的机械”;而“usedinmachinescastingautomobileandtruckframes”又是“metalforms”的定语,因此本句的意思是“机器人还可用来装卸铸造轿车和卡车框架的机械上使用的炽热、笨重的金属铸模(构件)” Para.3
4.Robots,alreadytakingoverhumantasksintheautomotivefield,arebeginningtobeseen,althoughtoalesserdegree,inotherindustriesaswell. 本句中,“alreadytakingoverhumantasksintheautomotivefield”是现在分词词组作非限定性定语,相当于一个非限制性定语从句其中“althoughtoalesserdegree”是状语“to…degree”表示“在某种程度上” 翻译“除了在汽车生产领域替代工人劳动外,机器人也开始在别的工业部门应用,虽然应用的程度上低一些”
5.Theretheybuildelectricmotors,smallappliances,pocketcalculators,andevenwatches. 在其它领域机器人用来做电机,小的用具,袖珍计算器,甚至是手表
6.Therobotsusedinnuclearpowerplantshandletheradioactivematerials,preventinghumanpersonnelfrombeingexposedtoradiation. 句中“nuclearpower”核电站 “usedinnuclearpowerplants”是过去分词短语作定语修饰“therobots”此句话谓语是“handle”意思是搬运,处理 preventfrom阻止做… eg.Themedicinewillpreventyoufromgettingcold. “preventinghumanpersonnelfrombeingexposedtoradiation”是分词作状语“prevent…fromdoingsth.”是固定搭配表示“阻止…做…” Thesearetherobotsresponsibleforthereductioninjob-relatedinjuriesinthisnewindustry. beresponsiblefor对…负责任 在新的工业领域中机器人用来减少所有与工作有关的事故的发生 第二部分 Para.4
7.Whatmakesarobotarobotandnotjustanotherkindofautomaticmachine? make可带有双宾语 译文是什么使得一个机器人是机器人而不是一个自动化机器呢? 例如AllworkandnoplaymadeJackadullboy.只工作不玩使杰克成了傻孩子 (只工作不玩耍,聪明孩子也变傻只会工作不会玩儿,杰克变成小傻孩儿)
8.Robotsdifferfromautomaticmachinesinthataftercompletionofonespecifictask,theycanbereprogrammedbyacomputertodoanotherone. 在此句中,“inthat”是复合连词表示“原因是…,因为,在于……”可以看作是引导原因状语从句 与“inthat”相类似的复合连词还有butthat(若不是)nowthat(既然)等 (参看教材P.145的注释4中的例句)
9.Asanexample,arobotdoingspotweldingonemonthcanbereprogrammedandswitchedtospraypaintingthenext. 句中doingspotweldingonemonth是分词短语作定语修饰robot; thenext相当于thenextmonth与前边的onemonth相呼应 本句意思是“例如,一个机器人这个月做点焊工作,下个月可以重新编程去做喷漆工作”
10.Automaticmachines,ontheotherhand,arenotcapableofmanydifferentuses;theyarebuilttoperformonlyonetask. 自动化机床,没有能力去做许多不同用途,它们被制造出来只是做一件事情 第三部分Paras.5-7 Para.5
39.Thenextgenerationofrobotswillbeabletoseeobjects,willhaveasenseoftouch,andwillmakecriticaldecisions. 下一代机器人将会有视觉、触觉并且能够做关键性的决策
40.Engineersskilledinmicroelectronicsandcomputertechnologyaredevelopingartificialvisionforrobots. skilled是过去分词短语作定语 artificial人工的 在微电子学和计算机技术上有专长的工程技术人员正研制机器人的人工视觉
3.Withtheabilityto“see”,robotscanidentifyandinspectonespecificclassofobjectsoutof astackofdifferentkindsofmaterials. identify识别 inspect检查 介词短语中“tosee”是动词不定式作定语修饰“ability”.“outof…”表示“从…里”.句中withtheabilitytosee是作全句的状语 本句翻译拥有了这种看的能力,机器人能够识别出不同种类的物体
4.Onerobotvisionsystemuseselectronicdigitalcamerascontainingmanyrowsoflight-sensitivematerials. 一种机器人的视觉系统是用含有光敏材料的数字摄像机制作成的
5.Whenlightfromanobjectsuchasamachinepartstrikesthecamera,thesensitivematerialsmeasuretheintensityoflightandconvertthelightraysintoarangeofnumbers. “whenlightfromanobjectsuchasamachinepartstrikesthecamera,”是一个状语从句句中的“fromanobjectsuchasamachinepart”是介词短语作后置定语修饰light. 意为“当一个物体(如机器零件)上的光线照射到摄像机上时,…… 主句中“convert…into”意思是“把…转换成……” 例Weconvertedthesmallbedroomintoasecondbathroom. 我们把这个小卧室改成了另一个浴室 arangeof一个…范围 Thenumbersarepartofagrayscalesysteminwhichbrightnessismeasuredinarangeofvalues.Onescalerangesfrom0to15,andanotherfrom0to
255. 翻译数字是灰度系统的一部分,在灰度系统中,一个范围内的亮度用一些数字被测量表示一个刻度范围是0到15,另一个是0到
225. The0isrepresentedbyblack.Thehighestnumberiswhite.Thenumbersinbetweenrepresentdifferentshadesofgray. 数字“0”代表黑色,“255”代表白色这两个数字之间的是各种不同灰度的颜色 Thecomputerthenmakesthecalculationsandconvertsthenumbersintoapicturethatshowsanimageoftheobjectinquestion. 翻译计算机将数字转变为图像,这些图像能够表明物体的形象
12.Itisnotyetknownwhetherrobotswillonedayhavevisionasgoodashumanvision. 本句的真正主语是“whether”引导的主语从句,it是形式主语; “asgoodashumanvision”是后置定语修饰“vision”. 注意此句按照原语序翻译较好“迄今尚不清楚机器人会不会有朝一日具有人眼那样的视力” Techniciansbelievetheywill,butonlyafteryearsofdevelopment. 技术人员相信要使它变成现实,只能等待若干年之后 Para.6
1.Engineersworkingonotheradvancesaredesigningandexperimentingwithnewtypesofmetalhandsandfingers,givingrobotsasenseoftouch. 句中workingonotheradvances是现在分词短语作后置定语修饰engineers. givingrobotsasenseoftouch是现在分词短语作结果状语 从事其它领域的工程师,正在设计新型的手和手指,以便给机器人增添触觉 Otherengineersarewritingnewprogramsallowingrobotstomakedecisionssuchaswhethertodiscarddefectivepartsinfinishedproducts.Todothis,therobotwillalsohavetobecapableofidentifyingthosedefectiveparts. discard抛弃 defective有缺陷的 疑问词+todosth. whattodo howtodo 疑问词是why的时候要省略to,通常用于否定 Eg.Whynotaskhim. 其他的工程师,正在编一些允许机器人做出决策的程序,例如,是否抛弃那些有缺陷的零部件为了做到这些,机器人也必须能够识别出那些有毛病的零部件 Para.7
14.Thesefuturerobots,assembledwithasenseoftouchandabilitytoseeandmakedecisions,willhaveplentyofworktodo. 此句中“assembled…decisions”是一个过去分词作状语“toseeandmakedecisions 是不定式短语作定语修饰ability. assemble装备
15.Theycanbeusedtoexploreformineralsontheoceanfloororindeepareasofminestoodangerousforhumanstoenter. 句中explore是不及物动词,词义是“勘探,勘察”,后面跟介词for, too…to太…以致不能…,太…所以不… 例It‘stoocoldforustogoswimming.天气太冷,我们不能去游泳. 全句大意是“它们可用在海底探矿或进入对人有危险的矿井深处 Theyworkasgasstationattendants,firemen,housekeepers,andsecuritypersonnel. 本句翻译机器人也能够作为煤气站的服务员,救火队员等保安作用 Anyonewantingtounderstandtheindustryofthefuturewillhavetoknowaboutrobotics. 想要了解未来工业的机器人,必须了解机器人学 Ⅳ重点句子
1.Robots,becomingincreasinglyprevalentinfactoriesandindustrialplantsthroughoutthedevelopedworld,areprogrammedandengineeredtoperformindustrialtaskswithouthumanintervention.
2.Mostoftoday‘srobotsareemployedintheautomotiveindustry,wheretheyareprogrammedtotakeoversuchjobsasweldingandspraypaintingautomobileandtruckbodies. 强调非限定性定语从句的引导词“where”
3.Theyalsoloadandunloadhot,heavymetalformsusedinmachinescastingautomobileandtruckframes. 注分词短语作定语
4.Robots,alreadytakingoverhumantasksintheautomotivefield,arebeginningtobeseen, 现在分词短语作定语
5.Therobotsusedinnuclearpowerplantshandletheradioactivematerials,preventinghumanpersonnelfrombeingexposedtoradiation. used过去分词短语作 preventing伴随状语
6.Robotsdifferfromautomaticmachinesinthataftercompletionofonespecifictask,theycanbereprogrammedbyacomputertodoanotherone.
7.Asanexample,arobotdoingspotweldingonemonthcanbereprogrammedandswitchedtospraypaintingthenext. Reprogrammed与switched是并列的
8.Withtheabilityto“see”,robotscanidentifyandinspectonespecificclassofobjectsoutofastackofdifferentkindsofmaterials. to“see”不定式作后置定语
9.Whenlightfromanobjectsuchasamachinepartstrikesthecamera,thesensitivematerialsmeasuretheintensityoflightandconvertthelightraysintoarangeofnumbers. 本句练习翻译
10.Itisnotyetknownwhetherrobotswillonedayhavevisionasgoodashumanvision.
11.Engineersworkingonotheradvancesaredesigningandexperimentingwithnewtypesofmetalhandsandfingers,givingrobotsasenseoftouch.
12.Thesefuturerobots,assembledwithasenseoftouchandabilitytoseeandmakedecisions,willhaveplentyofworktodo. assembledwith…过去分词短语作定语
13.Theycanbeusedtoexploreformineralsontheoceanfloorordeepareasofminestoodangerousforhumanstoenter. Too…to太…而不能…… TextB PredictingEarthquakes ⅠNewWords
1.earthquaken.地震
2.warningn.警告;警报 a.警告的
3.forecastvt.
1.预测,预报;
2.预示 Eg Theyforecastalargedropinunemploymentoverthenexttwoyears. 他们预测,在未来的两年中失业率会大大下降 Snowhasbeenforecastfortonight.预报今晚有雪 同义词predictv.预测,预言(参见Unit1生词)
4.giantn.
1.巨人;
2.巨物,巨大的动物 a.巨大的
5.shiftvt./vi.替换;转移 n.
1.转换,转移;
2.轮班 [同义词]switch、change
6.faultn.
1.缺点,毛病;
2.错误,过失;
7.seismica.[地]断层,地震的
8.precedevt.先于…,比…优先 vi.在前面,居前,领先
9.radonn.氡
10.decayvi.
1.腐朽,腐烂;
2.衰败;
3.[原]衰变 vt.使腐朽,使腐烂 n.
1.腐朽,腐烂;
2.衰败
11.radiumn.镭
12.undergrounda.
1.地下的;
2.秘密的,隐蔽的 ad.
1.在地下;
13.speculatevi.思索;推测(on/upon,about) vt.
1.投机;
2.思索,推测 eg Sofar,thepolicecanonlyspeculateonthepossiblemotivesforthekilling. 到目前为止,警方还只能推测这起杀人案的动机 Scientistshavebeenspeculatingontheoriginoflife.科学家们一直在思索生命的起源 speculator思索者,投机者 speculation n. speculative a.
14.subsidevi.
1.沉淀;
2.沉降,下沉;
3.平静下来,平息,减退
15.datum([复]data)n.
1.资料,材料;
2.数据
16.reliabilityn.可靠性
17.partiala.
1.偏袒的,偏心的,对…偏袒(to);
2.部分的,不完全的 Eg Thejudge‘sdecisionshouldbepartialtonoparties.法官的决定不应偏袒任何一方 Thepolicehaveonlyapartialdescriptionofthesuspect.警察对嫌疑犯的描述是不完全的
18.up-to-datea.
1.最新的,现代化的;
2.直至目前的 Eg Theyareup-to-datedevelopmentonthecomputerindustry.它们是计算机工业的最新发展 Anup-to-datemap最新版地图
19.analyzevt.分析
20.easterna.
1.东方的,东部的;
2.向东方的,来自东方的 western southern northern PhrasesandExpressions
1.toworkon
1.从事…;
2.对…有影响
2.tosetup
1.设立,建立;
2.建立,提出
3.onthealert警戒,处于戒备状态 Eg Passengersonbusesshouldbeonthealertagainstpick-pockets.公共汽车上的乘客应提防扒手 Nuclear-armedbomberswereonthealertduringthecrisis.核武装轰炸机在危机期间处于警戒状态 becausedby由…引起 beinvolvedin卷入,投入,参与 beassociatedwith与有关Ⅱ重点句子讲解
1.Theyhopetodevelopanearlywarningsystemthatcanbeusedtoforecastearthquakessothatlives canbesaved.他们希望研究出一种能够用来预报地震的早期预警系统,以拯救生命 该句中that引导的定语从句修饰anearlywarningsystem. sothat引导目的状语从句说明前边的复合句
2.ThenationsthatareactivelyinvolvedinearthquakepredictionprogramsincludeJapan,China,Russia,andtheUnitedStates. 定语从句中短语beinvolvedin…“参加,参与” Eg Allthechildrenwereinvolvedintheschoolplay.所有的孩子都参加了学校排练的剧 Thefourmenwereallinvolvedinorganizingandcarryingoutthemurders.这四个人都参与组织和实施了这些谋杀案
3.Thesenetworksareonthealertforwarningsignsthatshowtheweakeningofrocklayersthatcanprecedeanearthquake. 这些网络始终处于戒备状态,搜索地震前岩石可能松动的警告迹象 第一个定语从句修饰warningsigns 第二个定语从句修饰theweakeningofrocklayers
4.Scientistsspeculatethattheamountofradonincreasesinthegroundwhenrockslayersshift,exposingnewrocks,andthusmoreradon. 科学家推测,当岩层位移时,露出新岩石,地下氡的含量会增加,因此就产生更多的氡 exposingnewrocks,andthusmoreradon.分词短语作动词shift的结果状语
5.However,allthescientistsagreethatmoredataisnecessarytoprovethatradonlevelsinwaterare associatedwiththepossiblebirthofanearthquake. beassociatedwith与…有关 但是,所有科学家都同意还需要有更多的数据才能证明水中氡含量与可能发生地震之间有着联系 在宾语从句中又有一个that引导的宾语从句
6.Whilethisisasmallstart,itisstillabeginning. 尽管这是一个小的开端,但毕竟还只是处于初始阶段 While在本句中引导让步状语从句,意为“尽管,虽然” conj.
(1)引导让步状语从句
(2)引导时间状语从句时表示“在…之间”
(3)表示两个并列关系的转折,“而,然而” n.一回儿 eg.Waitawhile等一会儿 stillconj.毕竟,尽管如此 ad.还,仍然,仍旧 n.静物 a.静止的,不动的 standstill站着不动 Ⅲ补充语法 不定式在句中的作用 不定式除了不可以作谓语之外,它可以担任句子的成分有主语、表语、宾语、 定语、状语和补语常用来表示未来要做的事,以及愿望、打算、决心等
1.主语 Tosumupexperienceisimportant. Itisimportanttosumupexperience.(it为形式主语)
2.表语 Ouraim(goal)istopasstheexam.OurobjectiveistomasterEnglish. masterv.掌握 n.主人
3.宾语 常用不定式作宾语的及物动词有 want,like,wish,hate,hope,expect,manage,try,desire,intend, prefer,mean,decide,promise,agree,disagree,refuse,choose, long(渴望),plan,offer,happen,fail,pretend,care,learn,continue start,begin,forget, 例句Anyonewantingtounderstandtheindustryofthefuturewillhavetoknowaboutrobotics. (另外不定式还可以作一些形容词的宾语,如able,unable,afraid,willing,sure,free,please,sorry,ready,glad,eager)
4.定语 不定式作定语一定要放在所修饰的中心词之后
(1)Withtheabilityto“see”,robotscanidentifyandinspectonespecificclassofobjectsoutofastackofdifferentkindsofmaterials.
(2)Thesefuturerobots,assembledwithasenseoftouchandabilitytoseeandmakedecisions,willhaveplentyofworktodo.
(3)Ihaveafewwordstosay.
5.状语 用于修饰动词、形容词、副词及整个句子,表示目的、结果、原因、程度等 结果状语 Atomsaretoosmalltobeseen. …deepareasofminestoodangerousforhumanstoenter. 目的状语 Weshouldbequietsoasnottodisturbothers. Hesoldnewspapersinordertoearnmoneyforhisfamily.
6.补语 不定式常用于下列单词后作补语ask,enable,tell,force Heasksmetocallhimat10a.m.(不定式作宾语补语) Iamaskedtocallhimat10a.m.(不定式作主语补语) 注意Inoticehimleavetheclassroom.(宾语补语可省略不定式符号to) Heisnoticedtoleavetheclassroom.(主语补语不可省略不定式符号to) 表示感觉类的词,后面的宾语补语可以省略,但这类词所在的句子如果变为被动语态, 后面的“to”必须加上,即主语的补语,不能省略“to” 不定式有三种时态,也有被动语态(各举一例) Iamwillingtodosth. Iamgladtobeworkingwithyou. Iamsorrytohavekeptyouwaiting. Itisapleasureformetobeinvited. Ⅳ练习
一、单词、词组英译汉 efficiencyincreasinglyinstallpersonnelexposereductioncompletionspecificswitchcriticalintensityscaledefectiveinthatinquestionplentyof
二、汉译英
1.近几年,机器人的应用越来越广泛和深入 Inrecentyears,theuseofrobotsisbecomingincreasinglywideranddeeper. Robotsareusedmoreandmorewidelyanddeeplyinrecentyears. Robotshavebeenincreasinglyusedwideranddeeperinrecentyears.
2.新开发的机器人有触觉,可以看见物体,还能做决定 Thenewly-developedrobotshaveasenseoftouch,areabletoseeobjects,andcanmakedecisionaswell.
3.机器人在汽车行业应用广泛 Robotsareemployedwidelyintheautomotiveindustry. Theuseofrobotsintheautomotiveindustryisprevalent.
4.感光材料、数字照相机都是照相器材 Light-sensitivematerialsanddigitalcamerasareallphotographicequipment.
5.机器人与自动化机器有重大的区别 Thereisasignificantdifferencebetweenrobotsandautomaticmachines. Therearemajordifferencesbetweenrobotsandautomaticmachines. 历年考题
1.Mosttoday‘srobotsareemployedintheautomotiveindustry,_____theyareprogrammedtotakeoversuchjobsasweldingandspraypainting.(
99.4) A.as B.which C.when D.where 答案D 考点where引导的非限定定语从句,修饰automotiveindustry.
2.Robotsdifferfromautomaticmachinesin_____aftercompletionofonespecifictask,theycanbereprogrammedtobeanotherone.(
00.4) A.which B.that C.how D.whether 答案B 考点inthat复合连词引导原因状语从句,表示“在于”
3.Robots,alreadytakingoverhumantasksintheautomotivefield,arebeginning______(see)inotherindustriesaswell.(
00.4)(
01.10) 答案tobeseen 考点begintodosth.所以用动词不定式,而且用被动式
4.Anyone______(want)tounderstandtheindustryofthefuturewillhavetoknowaboutrobotics.(
00.10)(
01.4) 答案wanting 考点现在分词短语作定语修饰anyone.
5.Thenationsthat______actively_______(involve)inearthquakepredictionprogramsincludeJapan,China,Russia,andtheUnitedStates. 答案areinvolved 考点词组beinvolvedinsth.
6.汉译英机器人将要在哪些领域替代人的工作呢?(
00.10) 答案Inwhatfieldwillrobotstakeoverhumantasks?
7.Itisnotyetknown______computerswillonedayhavevisionasgoodashumanvision. A.whether B.if C.that D.how 答案A 考点whether引导的主语从句
8.Robots,______(become)increasinglyprevalentinfactoriesandindustrialplantsthroughoutthedevelopedworld,areprogrammedandengineeredtoperformindustrialtaskswithouthumanintervention. 答案becoming 考点现在分词作状语 Robots,becoming______(increase)prevalentinfactories,areprogrammedandengineeredtodomorejobs. 答案increasingly
9.Therenetworksareonthe______forwarningsignsthatshowtheweakeningofrocklayersthatcanprecedeanearthquake.(
01.10) A.eagerness B.alarm C.alert D.guard 答案C 考点TextB中的短语onthealert
10.汉译英近年来,计算机在各个领域的应用越来越广泛 Inrecentyears,theapplicationofcomputersisbecomingwiderandwiderinallfields. Inrecentyears,computersareusedmoreandmorewidelyinallfields. Inrecentyears,computershavebeenincreasinglyusedinallfields. 讲义七 TextA LeisureandLeadership I.课文简介 title leisure freetime,sparetime,freedomfromwork休闲 leadv.领导a.领导的n.领导;铅 leadern.领导人;leadershipn.导向,引导 第一部分现代人越来越重视休闲活动与生活质量 Paras.1-2Asfaras“qualityoflife”isconcerned,leisureplaysanimportantroleinlife. 第二部分不同的人对休闲时间的利用也不一样,主要取决于他们的工作性质和生活方式 Paras.3-6Thespecificuseofleisurevariesfrompersontoperson. 第三部分我们需要从社会中获得各种兴趣大众在积极利用休闲方面需要指引和领导 Paras.7-9Weacquireinterestsinavarietyofthingsandsubjectsfromoursociety. 第四部分休闲有可能影响我们的工作 Para.10Leisurewillinreturnencourageacademicwork. (说明研究表明,在就业工作中的劳动者不能发挥任何创造性,而玩乐的作用之一,就是帮助人们表达在就业工作中被压抑的潜在性,重新找回自我在今后我国将会出现娱乐指数,出现休闲支出的年增长率,这可能成为国家经济发达与否的一个隐性指标) II.NewWords
1.leadershipn.领导;领导人员
2.researchn./vi.研究,调查
3.attachvt.固定住,系;附加;把(重点)放在
4.possessionn.有,拥有
5.satisfactionn.满意,满足
6.relaxationn.松弛,放松
7.desirablea.称心的,合意的,理想的
8.occupationn.占领;占有;职业
9.portrayvt.描绘,描写
10.urbana.城市的,都市的
11.stressfula.紧张的,压力重的
12.loomvi.隐隐呈现,逼近
13.renewaln.更新,重新开始
14.underlievt.支撑;构成
15.acquirevt.获得,得到
16.recognitionn.认出,承认
17.impartvt.把…分给,给予
18.positivea.明确的,确实的;积极的;正的,阳性的
19.motivatevt.作为…的动机;激发
20.relevanta.贴切的,中肯的
21.communicatorn.传播者,传播工作者
22.participationn.参加,参与
23.attainmentn.达到,到达 PhrasesandExpressions
1.beconcernedwith关于,涉及,忙于;关心,关切
2.toattachimportanceto认为…很重要
3.totaketo开始从事;养成…的习惯
4.toput…touse使用,利用
5.berelevantto与…有关
6.onthepartof就…而言
7.toset…asobjective把…作为目标 词汇精讲
1.attach vt.固定住,系;附加;把(重点)放在 Sheattachedachaintothedog‘scollar.她把链条拴在狗的项圈上 Sheattachesgreatimportancetobeingfinanciallyindependent. 她认为在经济上独立很重要 Passengersshouldattachlabelstotheirbagsbeforeboardingtheairplane. 旅客在登机前必须在提包上拴上标签
2.possession n.有,拥有,pl.财产(总称,不强调每件东西的价值) 对比belongingsn. 派生词possessv.拥有,有 Helostmostofhispossessionsduringthewar. 战争期间他丢失了大部分财产 He‘shadpossessionofthehousefortenyears. 他拥有这所房产已有十年 Shehasneverreallybeeninterestedinmaterialpossessions. 她从未对物质财富产生过兴趣 satisfyv.满意 relaxv.放松
3.desirable a.称心的,合意的,理想的 派生词desirev.希望,愿望 用法用在Itisdesirablethat…句型中,that从句里谓语动词要用(should)+动词原形 Itisdesirablethatheshouldattendthemeeting. 他参加会议是最理想的了 Hehasahighlydesirablejob.他有一份非常称心的工作 Wedesireyourearlyreplytothisinquiry. 我们期待对这个询问早日回复 occupyv.占领,占用 describle描绘 suburbana.郊外的 stressv./n.紧张,压力 renewalv.重新开始,更新 liev.躺过去式和过去分词lay,lain;现在分词lying layv.放置过去式和过去分词laid,laid
4.acquire vt.获得,得到同义词obtainv. SheacquiredanoriginalpaintingbyVanGogh. 她得到了一幅梵高的原画 IacquiredalittleSpanishwhileIwasinPeru. 我在秘鲁时学到了一点西班牙语 区别acquire与require requirev.需要,需求 recognizev.认出认识 impart同义词give
5.positive a.明确的,确实的;积极的, 反义词negativea.消极的,否定的 activea.积极的 反义词passivea.消极的 Hegavepositiveinstructions.他给了明确的指示 Canyoubepositiveaboutwhatyousaw?你能肯定你所见到的东西吗? Healwaysadoptsapositiveattitudewhencorrectingstudent‘smistakes. 他在纠正学生的错误时总是采取积极的态度 Motivate作“激励,鼓励”讲时,同义词 encouragev.激励,鼓励
6.relevant a.贴切的,中肯的,与…有关的 派生词relevancen.相关;irrelevantadj.不相关的,不贴切的 用法berelevantto与…相关 Topicsforconversationshouldberelevanttotheexperienceandinterestsofthestudents. 谈话的题目应该与学生的经历与兴趣有关 Anyrelevantinformationshouldbegiventothepolice.任何有关信息都应交给警察 Hiscolourisn‘trelevanttowhetherheisagoodlawyer.他的肤色与他是否是个好律师无关 communicatorn.传播者、发报机其动词为 communicatev.交流 communicatorn.传播者;发报机 participantn.参加者a.参加的 participatev.参加 attainv.完成,达到 词组
1.beconcernedwith关于,关切,关注 Herjobissomethingconcernedwithcomputers她的工作与电脑有关 Yourparentsareconcernedwithyourhealth.你父母总是很关心你的健康 相关词组beconcernedabout关心,担心
2.toattachimportanceto认为…很重要
3.totaketo养成……的习惯;开始喜欢… Shewassodepressedshetooktodrugs. 她极度沮丧以至染上了吸毒的习惯 She‘stakentotennislikeaducktowater. 她开始喜欢上网球,而且如鱼得水 相关词汇takeup从事,占据;takeover接管,接任;takeon具有,承担,呈现
4.toput…touse使用;利用 toputtogooduse充分利用
5.onthepartof就…而言 Therewasnofurtherhesitation,atleastonhispart,astowhatwastobedone. 至少对他来说,关于下一步要做什么没有在犹豫 asto=asfor关于至于 Ihavedonenothingwrongonmypart.我什么也没做错 onone‘spartof在某人这一方面
6.toset…asobjective把…作为目标 Thecompanytriestosettheimprovementofqualityastheirobjective. 这个公司把提高质量作为他们的目标 Schoolsshouldsetstudents‘developmentinanall-roundwayastheirobjective. 学校应该把学生的全面发展作为自己的目标 allround=all-around全方位的 beinvolvedin参与,介入 toamountto等价于,等同于,实际上 tocomeintocontactwith与……接触 III.课文精讲 第一部分Paras.1——2 Observationsandresearchfindingsindicatethatpeopleinadvancedindustrialsocietiesareincreasinglyconcernedwithopportunitiesforleisureandwhattheycandointheirleisuretime. Observation(n.)→observe(v.)
1.indicatevt.指出,表明带有两个并列宾语从句,分别由that和what引导 观察与研究成果表明,生活在先进的工业化社会的人们越来越关心休闲的机会和休闲中他们能干些什么 Theimportancepeopleattachtopaidholidaysandtherapiddevelopmentofserviceformassentertainmentandrecreationaresignsofthisincreasingconcern.
2.此句主语较长(划线部分),分为两个部分,即“Theimportancepeopleattachtopaidholidays”“paidholidays”意为“带薪假期”(人们对带薪休假的重视)和“therapiddevelopmentofservicesformassentertainmentandrecreation”(大众娱乐服务的快速发展)其中“peopleattachtopaidholidays”是定语修饰“importance” 人们赋予带薪休假的重要性和大众娱乐服务的快速发展是日益关注这一问题的标志 Theterm“qualityoflife”isdifficulttodefine.Itcoversaverywidescopesuchaslivingenvironment,health,employment,food,familylife,friends,education,materialpossessions,leisureandrecreation,andsoon.Generallyspeaking,thequalityoflife,especialasseenbytheindividual,ismeaningfulintermsofthedegreetowhichthesevariousareasoflifeareavailableorprovidesatisfactiontotheindividual.
3.Generallyspeaking,thequalityoflife,especialasseenbytheindividual,ismeaningfulintermsofthedegreetowhichthesevariousareasoflifeareavailableorprovidesatisfactiontotheindividual. “especiallyasseenbytheindividual”是定语从句,其中的关系代词as作主语,相当于whichis,谓语动词中省去了is.意思是“特别是在个人看来(个人所认为的生活质量)” 词组“intermsof”的意思是“根据,按照;在…方面,就…而言” 例如Intermsofeducation,everypersonshouldhaveopportunity. 就教育来说,每个人都应该有机会 “towhichthesevariousareasoflifeareavailableorprovidesatisfactiontotheindividual”是定语从句修饰“thedegree”. 一般来说,生活质量,特别在个人看来,其意义是由这些不同的生活领域可以供个人享受或者可以使个人满意的程度来衡量的 词组“to…degree”到…程度 例如We‘reallinvolvedinthismatter,buttodifferentdegrees. 我们都与此事有牵连,但程度不一样 Thenumberofterroristattackshasincreasedtoafrighteningdegree.恐怖袭击的次数上升到一个令人恐惧的程度 第二部分Paras.3——6 Asactivitycarriedoutasonethinksfitduringone‘ssparetimeleisurehasthefollowingfunctions relaxation,recreationandentertainment,andpersonaldevelopment.Theimportanceofthesevariesaccordingtothenatureofone’sjobandone‘slife-style.Thus,peoplewhoneedtoexertmuchenergyintheirworkwillfindrelaxationmostdesirableinleisure.Thosewithabettereducationandinprofessionaloccupationsmaytendmoretoseekrecreationandpersonaldevelopment(e.g.,cultivationofskillsandhobbies)inleisure.
4.Asactivitycarriedoutasonethinksfitduringone‘ssparetimeleisurehasthefollowingfunctions relaxation,recreationandentertainment,andpersonaldevelopment. 此句中第一个as是介词,意思是“作为”“carriedoutasonethinksfitduringone‘ssparetime”是过去分词短语作定语修饰activity.第二个as是连词,引导方式状语从句,修饰动词词组“carriedout” 休闲作为空闲时进行的自己认为适当的活动,休闲具有下列功能放松、娱乐、个人发展 词组“carryout”意思是“完成,实现,贯彻,执行”
5.peoplewhoneedtoexertmuchenergyintheirworkwillfindrelaxationmostdesirableinleisure. exertv.尽全力,努力,施加,发挥,行使,产生影响 在工作中需要付出很多精力的人,更渴望休闲时放松 Thespecificuseofleisurevariesfromindividualtoindividual.Eventhesameleisureactivitymaybeuseddifferentlybydifferentindividuals.Thus,thefollowingarepossibleusesoftelevisionwatching,apopularleisureactivity achangeofexperiencetoprovide“escape”fromthestressandstrainofwork;tolearnmoreaboutwhatishappeninginone‘senvironment;toprovideanopportunityforunderstandingoneselfbycomparingotherpeople’slifeexperiencesasportrayedintheprogrammes.
6.Thespecificuseofleisurevariesfromindividualtoindividual. 对休闲的利用,人与人不同
7.Thus,thefollowingarepossibleusesoftelevisionwatching,apopularleisureactivity achangeofexperiencetoprovide“escape”fromthestressandstrainofwork;tolearnmoreaboutwhatishappeninginone‘senvironment;toprovideanopportunityforunderstandingoneselfbycomparingotherpeople’slifeexperiencesasportrayedintheprogrammes. 句中apopularleisureactivity是televisionwatching的同位语,冒号后边的三个并列成分用来解释看电视的不同利用
(1)Achangeofexperiencetoprovide“escape”fromthestressandstrainofwork; 改变感受来“逃避”工作的压力和紧张
(2)Tolearnmoreaboutwhatishappeninginone‘senvironment. 更多了解自己周围正在发生的一切
(3)Toprovideanopportunityforunderstandingoneselfbycomparingotherpeople‘slifeexperiencesasportrayedintheprogrammes.提供机会理解自己,通过对比节目中描绘的别人的经历 Inanurbansocietyinwhichhighlystructured,fast-pacedandstressfulworkloomslargeinlife,experiencesofadifferentnature,beittelevisionwatchingorbird-watching,canleadtoaself-renewalandamore“balanced”wayoflife.
8.本句中“inwhichhighlystructured,fast-pacedandstressfulworkloomslargeinlife”是定语从句修饰“urbansociety”“Inaurbansociety………inlife”是整个句子的状语主句的主语是experiences,谓语是canleadto…… loomv.(危险)逼近,朦胧出现 短语loomlarge意思是“显得严重(突出),阴影逼近 “beittelevisionwatchingorbird-watching”是让步状语从句,省去了连接词whether,系动词be放到了主语it之前不倒装的形式为 whetheritistelevisionwatchingorbird-watching. 在城市社会中,结构紧密、节奏快捷、充满压力的工作笼罩着人们的生活,某种不同性质的经历,不管是看电视还是看鸟,都能导致自我更新和一种更加“平衡”的生活方式 Sinceleisureisbasicallyself-determined,oneisabletotaketoone‘sinterestsandpreferencesandgetinvolvedinanactivityinwaysthatwillbringenjoymentandsatisfaction.
9.Since引导原因状语从句,that引导定语从句 由于休闲基本上是自己决定的事,个人就可以培养自己的兴趣和爱好,并以能为自己带来享乐和满足的方式参与某项活动 第三部分Paras.7——9 Ourlikesanddislikes,tastesandpreferencesthatunderlieourchoicesofsuchactivitiesasreadingbooks,goingtothecinema,camping,orcertainculturalpursuits,areallrelatedtosocialcontextsandlearningexperiences.Weacquireinterestsinavarietyofthingsandsubjectsfromourfamilies,schools,jobs,andthemassmedia.Basically,suchattitudesamounttoarecognitionthatleisureisanimportantareaoflifeandabeliefthatleisurecanandshouldbeputtogooduse.
10.Ourlikesanddislikes,tastesandpreferencesthatunderlieourchoicesofsuchactivitiesasreadingbooks,goingtothecinema,camping,orcertainculturalpursuits,areallrelatedtosocialontextsandlearningexperiences. that引导定语从句修饰ourlikesanddislikes,tastesandpreferences. 我们的喜爱与厌恶、品味与偏爱决定我们选择这样的活动,如读书、看电影、野营、或者某些文化追求,所有这些活动均与社会环境和学习经历有关
11.Basically,suchattitudesamounttoarecognitionthatleisureisanimportantareaoflifeandofabeliefthatleisurecanandshouldbeputtogooduse. 此句中的两个that从句都是同位语从句,分别修饰recognition和belief. 基本上说,上述态度相当于一个共识休闲是生活的一个重要方面;相当于一个信念休闲能够并且应该充分利用 amountto达到,到…之多;相当于,例如 Myincomeforthatyearamountsto$10,
000.那一年我的收入达10,000美元 Yourwordsamounttoarefusal.你的话相当于拒绝 Professionalworkersinrecreationservices,too,willfindthattoimpartpositiveleisureattitudestothegeneralpublicisessentialformotivatingthemtousetheirleisureincreativeandsatisfyingways.Hence,itcanbearguedthatthepeoplewithwhomwecomeintocontactinthesevariouscontextsarealllikelytohaveexertedsomeinfluenceinshapingourattitudes,interestsandevenskillsrelevanttohowwehandleleisure.Influenceofthiskindisaformofleadership.
12.Professionalworkersinrecreationservices,too,willfindthattoimpartpositiveleisureattitudestothegeneralpublicisessentialformotivatingthemtousetheirleisureincreativeandsatisfyingways 此句中find后是that引导的宾语从句,在宾语从句中,从句的主语是动词不定式“toimpartpositiveleisureattitudestothegeneralpublic”,谓语是系表结构“isessential” “for”之后的部分是介词短语作essential的状语,表示目的 从事娱乐业的专业工作者也会发现,培养大众积极的休闲态度对促进他们以创造性的,满意的方式利用休闲时间十分必要
13.Hence,itcanbearguedthatthepeoplewithwhomwecomeintocontactinthesevariouscontextsarealllikelytohaveexertedsomeinfluenceinshapingourattitudes,interestsandevenskillsrelevanttohowwehandleleisure. 此句的主干结构是主语从句it作形式主语,真正的主语是“thatthepeople…handleleisure”在主语从句中,主语是thepeople,“withwhomwecomeintocontactinthesevariouscontexts”是其定语“我们在这些不同环境中接触的人”“comeintocontactwith”是固定搭配表示“与…相联系”,“与…接触”在本句中,介词“with”提前到whom前面谓语是arealllikelytohaveexertedsomeinfluence“很可能产生某些影响” “shaping后接三个并列宾语,即ourattitudes,interests和skills;relevanttohowwehandleleisure是形容词短语作后置定语修饰skills,其中的howwe…是relevantto的宾语从句 因此,可以这么说,我们在不同环境中接触的人都可能对形成我们的态度、兴趣、甚至对如何处理休闲时间的技巧产生某些影响Parents,teachersinschools,workassociatesandcommunicatorinorusingthemassmediaareallcapableofarousingourpotentialinterests.Forexample,thedegreetowhichandthewaysinwhichaschoolencouragesparticipationingames,sportsandculturalpursuitarelikelytocontributetotheshapingofleisureattitudesonthepartofthestudents.
14.Parents,teachersinschools,workassociatesandcommunicatorinorusingthemassmediaareallcapableofarousingourpotentialinterests. 父母、学校的老师、工作中的同事、大众媒体的传播工作者都能对我们的兴趣产生潜在的影响 arousing动名词的原形动词为arouse,意思是“唤醒,唤起,鼓励,引起”
15.Forexample,thedegreetowhichandthewaysinwhichaschoolencouragesparticipationingames,sportsandculturalpursuitarelikelytocontributetotheshapingofleisureattitudesonthepartofthestudents. 此句主语部分中心词是thedegree和theways,其后各接一个由介词+which引导的定语从句由于两个定语从句除了介词不同外,其他部分相同,所以第一个定语从句省去了与第二个定语从句相同的部分 学校鼓励参加游戏、运动和文化活动的程度和方式可能对形成学生的休闲态度起一定作用 第四部分Paras.10 Schoolsusuallysetastheireducationalobjectivetheattainmentofabalanceddevelopmentoftheperson.Themoreseriouslythisissought,themorelikelypositiveattitudestowardsleisureaswellasacademicworkwillbeencouraged.
16.Schoolsusuallysetastheireducationalobjectivetheattainmentofabalanceddevelopmentoftheperson. 句中“set…asobjective”把…看作是目标.“theattainmentofabalanceddevelopmentoftheperson;是set的宾语”astheireducationalobjective是宾语补足语,因为宾语较长,所以后置 学校常常把达到个人均衡发展定为它们的教育目标 Themoreseriouslythisissought,themorelikelypositiveattitudestowardsleisureaswellasacademicworkwillbeencouraged. 该句是“themore…,themore…”的句型表示“越…越…” 对此追求得越认真,就越可能鼓励人们对待休闲和学术工作持积极态度 附重点句
1.Theimportancepeopleattachtopaidholidaysandtherapiddevelopmentofserviceformassentertainmentandrecreationaresignsofthisincreasingconcern.
2.Generallyspeaking,thequalityoflife,especialasseenbytheindividual,ismeaningfulintermsofthedegreetowhichthesevariousareasoflifeareavailableorprovidesatisfactiontotheindividual.
3.Asactivitycarriedoutasonethinksfitduringone‘ssparetimeleisurehasthefollowingfunctions relaxation,recreationandentertainment,andpersonaldevelopment.
4.Thus,thefollowingarepossibleusesoftelevisionwatching,apopularleisureactivity achangeofexperiencetoprovide“escape”fromthestressandstrainofwork;tolearnmoreaboutwhatishappeninginone‘senvironment;toprovideanopportunityforunderstandingoneselfbycomparingotherpeople’slifeexperiencesasportrayedintheprogrammes.
5.Inanurbansocietyinwhichhighlystructured,fast-pacedandstressfulworkloomslargeinlife,experiencesofadifferentnature,beittelevisionwatchingorbird-watching,canleadtoaself-renewalandamore“balanced”wayoflife
6.Ourlikesanddislikes,tastesandpreferencesthatunderlieourchoicesofsuchactivitiesasreadingbooks,goingtothecinema,camping,orcertainculturalpursuits,areallrelatedtosocialcontextsandlearningexperiences.
7.Basically,suchattitudesamounttoarecognitionthatleisureisanimportantareaoflifeandofabeliefthatleisurecanandshouldbeputtogooduse.
8.Professionalworkersinrecreationservices,too,willfindthattoimpartpositiveleisureattitudestothegeneralpublicisessentialformotivatingthemtousetheirleisureincreativeandsatisfyingways.
9.Hence,itcanbearguedthatthepeoplewithwhomwecomeintocontactinthesevariouscontextsarealllikelytohaveexertedsomeinfluenceinshapingourattitudes,interestsandevenskillsrelevanttohowwehandleleisure.
10.Parents,teachersinschools,workassociatesandcommunicatorinorusingthemassmediaareallcapableofarousingourpotentialinterests.
11.Forexample,thedegreetowhichandthewaysinwhichaschoolencouragesparticipationingames,sportsandculturalpursuitarelikelytocontributetotheshapingofleisureattitudesonthepartofthestudents.
12.Themoreseriouslythisissought,themorelikelypositiveattitudestowardsleisureaswellasacademicworkwillbeencouraged. TextB TheTimeMessage I.NewWords
1.elusivea.
1.躲避的;
2.难以捉摸的,难以理解的
2.trickya.
1.狡猾的,耍花招的;
2.难以处理的
3.slipvi.
1.滑动,滑过;
2.溜,溜走 vt.使滑动;使滑过
4.quicksandn.流沙
5.oversupplyvt./n.过多供应
6.waysiden.路边 a.路边的
7.flexiblea.
1.柔韧的,柔顺的;
2.可变通的,灵活的
8.readjustmentn.再整理,再调整
9.projectn.
1.设计,规划;
2.项目 vt.
1.方案,计划;
2.投射,映射;
3.使突出
10.appointmentn.
1.任命;
2.约会
11.weeklya.每周的;一周一次的 ad.每周;每周一次 n.周刊,周报
12.adjustmentn.调整
13.realistica.
1.现实的,实际的;
2.逼真的;
3.现实主义的,现实主义者的
14.underestimatevt.低估,看轻
15.overestimatevt.过高估计;过高评价
16.emergencyn.紧急情况;突发事件
17.routinen.日常工作;例行手续,常规;a.日常的;例行的;常规的
18.crasha.紧急的,速成的
19.inflexiblea.
1.不可弯曲的,僵硬的;
2.不可改变的,固执的
20.adjustvt.
1.调整,调节;
2.校准
21.deemvt.认为,相信
22.assignmentn.
1.分配,委派;
2.任务,(课外)作业
23.freshman([复]freshmen)n.
1.新手,生手;
2.大学一年级学生
24.kidvt./vi./n.
1.戏弄,开玩笑;
2.欺骗,哄骗
25.faithfullyad.忠诚地;如实地
26.temptationn.引诱,诱惑 PhrasesandExpressions
1.tolookaheadto向前看;展望未来
2.toallocate.……for分配给……;配给
3.tofallbythewayside半途而废,中途退出
4.tohangup
1.把…挂起来;
2.挂断(电话);
3.延迟,拖延
5.tothrowoff扔掉;摆脱
6.toworkout作出;制定出
7.uptodate
1.最新的,新式的;
2.切合目前情况的(on)
8.tokid.……intodoing欺骗…去做…
9.tostickwith坚持;继续 重点词汇精讲 eludev.逃避
1.slip v.滑动,滑过 Iheldherfirmlybythearmincasesheslippedontheice.我紧紧地抓住她的胳膊,以防她在冰上滑倒 Justslipoutoftheroomwhilenobody‘slooking. 趁人没注意赶紧溜走
2.flexible a.柔韧的,灵活的 派生词inflexiblea.不可弯曲的,僵硬的
3.adjustment n.调整 派生词adjustv.调整 Headjustedhimselfveryquicklytotheheatofthecountry.他使自己很快适应了这个国家的炎热的气候 Iadjustedmywatchyesterday,butitisgainingtimeagain.我昨天刚对了表,但现在又走快了
4.underestimate vt.低估,看轻 派生词estimatev.评价,评估;overestimatevt.过高估计;过高评价 词组
1.tolookaheadto向前看,展望未来 Lookstraightahead,andyouwillseetheshipinthedistance.直视前方,你就会看到远处的轮船 Lookingaheadtothe21stcentury,whatshallwedo?展望二十一世纪,我们该怎么办?
2.toallocate…for分配给,配给 Theteacherallocatedtaskstoeachofus.老师给我们每个人都分配了任务 Howmuchfundshasthegovernmentallocatedfortheproject? 政府给这项工程拨了多少款?
3.tofallbythewayside半途而废,中途退出 Cheerup,don‘tfallbythewayside.打起精神来,不要半途而废 Arecouncilmenallowedtofallbythewayside.议员可以中途退出吗?
4.tohangup把电话挂断; ShehungupbeforeIcouldexplaintoher.我还没来得及向她解释她已经挂断了电话 Hangyourcoatuponthathook.把你的上衣挂在那个挂钩上 toholdon别挂断
5.uptodate最新的,新式的;切合目前情况的 Shealwayswearsclothesthatarerightuptodate.她总是穿着最时尚的衣服 Weagreetothisplanbecauseitisuptodate.我们同意这个计划,因为它切合目前的情况
6.kidsb.intodoingsth.欺骗…去做… Hewaskiddedintobelievingthathewonthelottery.别人骗他说他赢了彩票 Hekiddedthelittleboyintobelievinghim.他哄骗那个小男孩相信他
7.tostickwith坚持,继续 Istickwithmyoriginalidea.我坚持我原来的主张 II.课文分析 Youmayhavebeenexposedtothisideabefore,butthistimetrytohear.Thereisamessagethatistryingtoreachyou,anditisimportantthatitgetthroughloudandclear.Themessage?
1.Youmayhavebeenexposedtothisideabefore,butthistimetrytohear.(para.1) 注意情态动词+完成式,表示也许,可能,应该,想必已经做了某事 你也许以前接触过这一思想,不过这次试着听一听
2.Thereisamessagethatistryingtoreachyou,anditisimportantthatitgetthroughloudandclear. 该句是由and连接的并列句,在后半句中,it是形式主语,that从句是实际主语,句意为 “有一条信息要传达给你,重要的是,这条信息响亮而清楚地传到你的耳际” Timemanagement! Timeiselusiveandtricky.Itistheeasiestthingistheworldtowaste-themostdifficulttocontrol.Whenyoulookahead,itmayappearyouhavemorethanyouneed.Yetithasawayofslippingthroughyourfingerslikequicksand.Youmaysuddenlyfindthatthereisnowaytostretchthelittletimeyouhavelefttocoverallyourobligations.Forexample,asabeginningstudentlookingaheadtoafulltermyoumayfeelthatyouhaveanoversupplyoftimeonyourhands.Buttowardtheendofthetermyoumaypanicbecausetimeisrunningout.Theanswer?
3.Youmaysuddenlyfindthatthereisnowaytostretchthelittletimeyouhavelefttocoverallyourobligations. 在that引导的宾语从句中,youhaveleft是定语从句修饰thelittletime,省略了关系代词 tocoverallyourobligations是stretch目的状语;obligations职责、责任 全句大意为你可能突然发现无法延长所剩不多的时间来完成所有应做的工作 Control! Timeisdangerous.Ifyoudon‘tcontrolit,itwillcontrolyou.Ifyoudon’tmakeitworkforyou,itwillworkagainstyou.Youmustbecomethemasteroftime,nottheservant. Studyhardandplayhardisanoldproverb,butitsillmakessense.Youhaveplentyoftimeforclasses,study,work,andplayifyouuseyourtimeproperly.Itisnothowmuchtimeyouallocateforstudythatcountsbuthowmuchyoulearnwhenyoudostudy.
4.Studyhardandplayhardisanoldproverb,butitstillmakessense. 努力学习,尽兴游戏是一则古老的谚语,但它今天仍有意义
5.Itisnothowmuchtimeyouallocateforstudythatcountsbuthowmuchyoulearnwhenyoudostudy.动词count意思是重要,有价值,起作用 强调句,正常语序Itisnot…but…thatcounts.由于被强调部分过长,所以倒装 全句大意为起作用的不是你分配多少学习时间,而是你真正学到了多少东西 例如Itisnotwhattoreadthatcountsbuthowtoread. 不是读什么书起作用而是怎样读书 Toomuchwastedtimeisbadmedicine.Themoretimeyouwaste,theeasieritistocontinuewastingtime.Soon,doingnothingbecomesahabityoucan‘tbreak.Itbecomesadrug.Whenthishappens,youloseyourfeelingofaccomplishmentandyoufallbythewayside.Afullscheduleisagoodschedule. Somestudentsrefusetohearthetimemessage.Theyrefusetoacceptthefactthatcollegelifedemandssomedegreeoftimecontrol.Thereisnoescape.Sowhat‘sthenextstep?Ifyouseriouslywishtogetthetimemessage,thispassagewillgiveittoyou.Remember-itwillnotonlyimproveyourgradesbutalsofreeyoutoenjoycollegelifemore.
6.Remember-itwillnotonlyimproveyourgradesbutalsofreeyoutoenjoycollegelifemore. 注意此句中free是动词,意思是释放,使自由 记住,这不仅会提高你的成绩,而且会让你更好地享受大学生活 Message
1.Timeisvaluable-controlitfromthebeginning. Timeistoday,nottomorrowornextweek.Startyourplanatthebeginningofthetermandreadjustitwitheachnewproject.Thusyoucanspreadyourworktimearoundalittle. Message
2.Getthenotebookhabit. Goandbuyapocket-sizenotebook.Therearemanyvarietiesofthesespecialnotebooks.Selecttheoneyoulikebest.Useittoscheduleyourstudytimeeachday.Youcanalsouseittonoteimportantdates,appointments,addresses,andtelephonenumbers. Keepitwithyouatalltimes. Message
3.prepareaweeklystudyschedule. Themainpurposeofthenotebookistohelpyouprepareaweeklystudyschedule.Onceprepared,followthesamepatterneveryweekwithminoradjustments.Sundayisanexcellentdaytomakeupyourscheduleforthefollowingweek.Writeinyourclassschedulefirst.Addyourworkhours,ifany.Thenwriteinthehourseachdayyoufeelyoumustallocateforstudy.Keepitsimple.
7.Onceprepared,followthesamepatterneveryweekwithminoradjustments. 此句是祈使句,Onceprepared作状语,完整的表达为Onceyourweeklystudyscheduleisprepared. 一旦你的每周学习日程表制定,每个星期都照着日程表去做,只须做些微调
8.Thenwriteinthehourseachdayyoufeelyoumustallocateforstudy. 定语从句都省略了关系代词that或which,feel后边是宾语从句 全句大意为然后,写下每天你认为应该分配给学习的时数 Message
4.Berealistic. Whenyouplantimeforthesethings,berealistic.Don‘tunderestimate.Overestimate,ifpossible,sothatemergenciesthatarisedon’thangyouup.Otherwiseyourentireroutinemaygetthrownoffbalancewhileyoudevotenightanddaygocrashefforts. Message
5.Makestudytimefitthecourse. Howmuchstudytimeyouscheduleforeachclassroomhourdependsonfourfactors
(1)yourability,
(2)thedifficultyoftheclass,
(3)thegradesyouhopetoachieve,and
(4)howwellyouuseyourstudytime.Onething,however,iscertain youshouldscheduleaminimumofonehourofstudyforeachclassroomhour.Inmanycases,morewillberequired. Message
6.Keepyourscheduleflexible. Agoodschedulemushhavealittlegivesothatspecialprojectscanbetakencareofproperly.Thinkoutandprepareyourscheduleeachweekanddonotbecomeaslavetoaninflexiblepattern.Adjustitasyoudeemnecessary.
9.Agoodschedulemusthavealittlegivesothatspecialprojectscanbetakencareofproperly. 此句中give是名词,意思是弹性 sothat引导目的状语从句 全句大意为一个好的日程表必须有一定的弹性,使特别的项目能得到妥善处理 Message
7.Studyfirst-funlater Youwillenjoyyourfuntimemoreafteryouhavecompletedyourstudyresponsibilities.So,wherepossible,scheduleyourstudyhoursinadvanceoffunactivities.Thisisasoundprincipletofollow,sokeepitinmindasyouprepareyourfirstschedule. Message
8.Studysomeeachclassday. Someconcentratedstudyeachdayisbetterthanmanystudyhoursonedayandnothingthenext.Asyouworkoutyourindividualschedule,attempttoincludeaminimumoftwostudyhourseachday.Thiswillnotonlykeepthestudyhabitalivebutalsokeepyouuptodateonyourclassassignmentsandprojects. Fewbeginningfreshmencancontroltheirtimeeffectivelywithoutawrittenschedule,sowhykidyourselfintothinkingyoudon‘tneedone?Youdo,Lateron,whenyouhavehadmoreexperienceandyouhavethetime-controlhabit,youmaybeabletooperatewithoutit.Ofcoursethescheduleisonlythefirststep.Onceyouhaveitprepared,youmuststickwithitandfollowitfaithfully.Youmustpushawaythemanytemptationsthatarealwayspresentoryourscheduleisuseless.Yourschedulewillgiveyoucontrolonlyifyoumakeitwork.
10.Youmustpushawaythemanytemptationsthatarealwayspresentoryourscheduleisuseless. 用连词or(否则)连接的并列句,前半句中有一个定语从句 全句大意为你必须摆脱常常出现的许多诱惑,否则你的日程表就一点用处也没有了 语法 一些常用介词的基本词义和用法辩异 语法
一、介词(前置词)preposition 定义起介绍、媒介作用的词 位置通常放在名词、短语或从句之前介词+宾语=介词短语(prepositionalphrase) 介词是英语中最活跃的词类之一它是虚词,不能单独作句子成分,但是介词有其基本的词意 介词的搭配能力很强,介词短语用于表达种种不同的意思,还可以担任句子成分,(表、定、状语和补语)介词的使用主要是习惯问题,英语中大部分惯用语都是由介词与其他词的搭配构成的 如何正确使用介词?做到两点了解基本词意和记忆常用的固定搭配
1.表示时间的介词(三组)
(1)at、in、on、during at表示确切的时间点或较短暂的一段时间, in表示一天中的各部分时间,如上午、下午、晚上等,或较长的时间,如星期、月、季、年、年代、世纪等 on表示具体的某一天或某一天的上午或下午等 during表示一段时间,强调时间的延续,意为“在………期间”“在……过程”
(2)for,since for也表示一段时间,强调时间是经过的长久表示时间区间,可长可短 Since表示“从某时其直到现在”之意常用于带有完成体动词的句子中从某时起到现在
(3)from,by from表示“从某时起”到某个时间,这个时间可以是过去、现在或将来 by表示“到某时止”、“不迟于”、“在某时以前”
2.表示地点的介词(五组)
(1)in,at,into,within
(2)over,above是不是应该显示手写板
(3)under,below,beneath
(4)at,to,towards,for
(5)between,among(st)
3.意义相近,容易混淆的介词(三组)
(1)关于of,about,on
(2)由于dueto,owingto
(3)除去except,exceptfor 建议以
1.的修改方法将第
2、
3、补充一下参照教材和老师的讲解补充完整 补充一点besides与except的区别及举例 besides是除…之外还有…except是整个除外,还除… OurteacherinvitedfiveofusbesidesTom. 除了汤姆以外我们老师还邀请了我们五个人(除了…以外还有) OurteacherinvitedallofusexceptTom. 除了汤姆,我们老师邀请了所有的人(除去,没有,排除在外,不包括在内)
二、that引导名词从句和定语从句的用法
1.that引导名词从句(主语、宾语、表语、同位语从句)作连接词时,在从句中无实际意义,也不担任句子成分 (主语从句)Itisstrangethatshedidn‘tcomeyesterday. (宾语从句)Theysay(that)heismuchbetter. Weconsideritnecessarythataplanshouldbemadebeforedoingawork. (表语从句)Oneideaisthatfishisthebestbrainfood. (同位语从句)Thereisnodoubtthatmanypeoplebenefitfromheartsurgery.
2.that引导限制性定语从句,作关系代词代替先行词,在从句中担任主语、宾语或表语 (在第二单元中,讲了that与which引导定语从句的区别) Hereisthepenthat/whichyoulostlastnight. Thewomanthat/whoyousawintheparkisourEnglishteacher. 练习
一、英译汉重点单词词组
1.research
2.attach
3.underlie
4.relevant
5.positive
6.possession
7.desirable
8.relaxation
9.occupation
10.urban
11.acquire
12.participation beconcernedwith berelevantto toset…asobjective
二、英译汉重点句子
1.Peopleinadvancedindustrialsocietiesareincreasinglyconcernedwithopportunitiesforleisure.
2.Theimportancepeopleattachtopaidholidaysandtherapiddevelopmentofservicesformassentertainmentandrecreationaresignsofthisincreasingconcern.
3.Thespecificuseofleisurevariesfromindividualtoindividual.
4.Sinceleisureisbasicallyself-determined,oneisabletotaketoone‘sinterestsandpreferencesandgetinvolvedinanactivityinwaysthatwillbringenjoymentandsatisfaction.
5.Basically,suchattitudesamounttoarecognitionthatleisureisanimportantareaoflifeandabeliefthatLeisurecanandshouldbeputtogooduse.
6.Forexample,thedegreetowhichandthewaysinwhichaschoolencouragesparticipationingames,sportsandculturalpursuitsarelikelytocontributetotheshapingofleisureattitudesonthepartofthestudents.
7.Schoolsusuallysetastheireducationalobjectivetheattainmentofabalanceddevelopmentoftheperson.
8.Themoreseriouslythisissought,themorelikelypositiveattitudestowardsleisureaswellasacademicworkwillbeencouraged.
三、汉译英
1.生活质量这一术语涉及很广泛 Theterm“qualityoflife”coversaverywidescope.
2.在生活节奏快,工作压力大的社会中,放松一下有利于健康 Inafast-pacedstressfulsociety,itisgoodforhealthtosetasidesometimetorelaxoneself. It‘sgoodforone’shealthtofindtimetorelaxinasocietyoffast-pacedandstressfulwork.
3.人们的兴趣和爱好与社会环境和个人学习经历有关 People‘sinterestsandhobbiesarerelatedtosocialcontextsandtheirlearningexperiences. People‘sinterestsandpreferencesareallrelatedtosocialcontextsandindividuallearningexperiences.
4.积极的休闲态度是鼓励人们创造性地利用空闲时间的基础 Thepositiveattitudetowardsleisureisthefoundationtoencouragepeople‘screativeuseoftheirsparetime. Apositiveleisureattitudeisthefoundationformotivatingpeopletousetheirleisureinacreativeway.
5.研究与观察结果表明,人们越来越关心生活的质量 Thefindingsofresearchandobservationindicatethatpeoplearemoreandmoreconcernedwiththequalityoflife. Observationsandresearchesindicatethatpeopleareincreasinglyconcernedwiththequalityoflife.
四、历年考题
1.Agoodschedulemusthavealittlegivesothatspecialprojectscan_____(take)careofproperly.(
99.4) 答案betaken. 考点情态动词的被动语态
2.Sinceleisureisbasicallyself-determined,oneshouldgetinvolved_____anactivityinwaysthatwillbringenjoymentandsatisfaction.(
99.4) A.in B.of C.towards D.with 答案A. 考点词组get/beinvolvedin参与…;卷入…
3.Theimportanceofthese_____(vary)accordingtothenatureofone‘sjobandone’slifestyle.(
99.10) 答案varies 考点一般现在时单数第三人称形式
4.Thiswillnotonlykeepthestudyhabitalivebutalso_____(keep)youuptodateonyourclassassignmentsandprojects. 答案keep. 考点notonly与butalso后的词的形式应一致
5.Thespecificuseofleisure_____fromindividualtoindividual.(
00.4) A.ranges B.distinguishes C.varies D.covers 答案C. 分析此题考查不及物动词vary的用法搭配为vary…from…to各不相同
6.Themoretimeyouwaste,the______(easy)itistocontinuewastingtime.(
00.4) 答案easier. 考点themore…themore句型,表示“越…越…”
7.Suchattitudesamounttoabelief_____leisurecanandshouldbeputtogooduse.(
01.4) A.which B.if C.whether D.that 答案that. 考点that引导同位语从句修饰belief.
8.Thiswillnotonlykeepthestudyhabitalivebutalsokeepyouupto_____onyourclassassignmentsandprojects.(
01.4) A.day B.date C.number D.time 答案B. 考点词组uptodate最新的,keepyouuptodate表示跟得上…
9.汉译英人们越来越关注休闲的机会(
99.4) 答案Peopleareincreasinglyconcernedwithopportunitiesforleisure.
10.汉译英众所周知,即使同样的休闲活动,不同的人使用的方式也不同(
00.4) 答案Itiswellknownthateventhesameleisureactivitymaybeuseddifferentlybydifferentindividuals. 讲义八 TextAJetLag PreventionandCure 课文简介 我们许多人在国际旅行时都有过时差反应 科学家们发现,时差综合症是我们体内的生理调节机制在不同的环境中发生变化所引起的实际上,有两套时间调节系统在相互作用,它们在新时区内需要一段时间才能重新设定 值得庆幸的是,我们可以通过调节环境定时和改变饮食睡眠来减少时差带来的不便 Para.1IfyouunderstandwhatJetLagis,yourflightswillbelessstressful. Paras.2-9VariouscausesofJetLag Paras.10-14WaystodealwiththebadeffectsofJetLag NewWords 1jet n.喷射,喷气式飞机 2lag vi./n.走得慢,落后 3flight n.飞行,飞翔 4physiological a.生理的,生理学的 5regulatory a.规章的,调节的 6mechanism n.机构,机制 7hormonal a.荷尔蒙的,激素的 8secretary n.秘书,书记,部长 9negotiation n.谈判,协商 10proceeding n.程序,进程 11instantaneously ad.瞬间地,即刻地 12transport vt./n.运输 13overcome vt.战胜;克服 14regulate vt./n.管理,调节 15timing n.时间的选择;计时 16periodicity n.周期性,间发性 17internal a.内部的,内在的 18suprachiasmatic a.超(染色体)交叉的 19rhythm n.韵律,格律,节奏 20timer n.计时员,定时器 21external a.外在的,在外的 22alarm n./vt.警报,惊恐,向…报警,使警觉 23reset vt./n.重新安排,重调 24palm n.手掌 25sweat n./vi./vt.汗,出汗,使出汗 26discrepancy n.差异,不一致 27bodily a.身体的,肉体的 28cortisol n.皮质醇 29excretion n.排泄;分泌 30destination n.目的地,终点 31feasible a.可行的,可能的 32pharmacological a.药物学的,药理学的 33assumption n.假定,设想;承担 34mid-afternoon a.下午三点左右的 35neutral a.中立的;中性的 36wakefulness n.觉醒,不眠 37promote vt.促进,发扬;提升,升级,发起,创办 38synchronize vi./vt.同时发生,同步,使在时间上一致 词组phrasesandExpressions 1effecton 对…的作用 2toblame…on 把…归咎于 3toadvantage 有利地,有效地 4asfreshaspaint 精神饱满 5nowthat (连词)既然,由于 6toleave…alone 不管,不理 7outofstep 步伐不一致,不协调 8intime 及时,终于 tocomeacross 遇到,碰到 totie…to 使有联系,约束 torelyon/upon 依赖,依靠 词汇精讲 lag v/n.走得慢,落后 AfterIgetoverjet-lag,Illcallyou.我倒过时差后给你打电话 Heslaggingbehindabit,andIthinkwedbetterwaitforhimtocatchusup. 他有点落后了,我想我们最好等他赶上来吧 Thereisoftenalagbetweenbecomingaffectedbythisillnessanditsfirstsigns. 受这种疾病的感染和出现最初症状之间经常会间隔一段时间 Hisactionslaggedbehindhisthinking.在他的思想和行动之间存在很大差异 overcome v.战胜,克服 Supportfromhisfamilyandhisownsurvivorinstinctshavehelpedhimovercomeobstacles. 家人的支持和求生的本能帮助他克服了障碍 Thelearnerofasecondlanguagehasmanyobstaclestoovercome. 学第二语言的人有许多障碍要克服 Firstofall,weshouldovercomeourselvesinordertoovercomedifficulties. 要战胜困难,首先要战胜自己 feasible a.可行的,可能的 Yourplansoundsquitefeasible.你的计划听起来是可行的 Nowthatwehavetheextraresources,theschemeseemsfeasible. 既然我们有了额外的财力,这一方案就可行了 Theplanseemstobefeasible.这个计划似乎是可行的 assumption n.假定,设想,承担,采取 派生词assumev.假定,设想 Hisassumptionprovedtobewrong.他的设想被证明是错的 Youwillassumeyournewdutiestomorrow.你们明天开始执行新任务 promote vt.促进,发扬,提升 派生词promotionn.促进,发扬 Hecertainlyoughttobepromoted.他的确应该被提升 Thecompanyispromotingtheirnewsortofsoapontelevision. 公司正在电视上为这种新香皂促销 Weshouldpromotethemutualunderstandingbetweenthetwocountries. 我们要增进两国之间的相互了解 词组 1effecton对…的作用,影响 Ithadanalmostimmediateeffectonhisthinking.这事几乎立刻对他的想法有了影响 ViolentTVprogramshaveabadeffectonchildren.暴力电视节目对孩子有不好的影响 相似词组influenceon对…有影响 toblameon把……归咎于 Heblamedhisfailureonhisteacher.他把他的失败怪在老师的头上 TheyblamedthefailureoftheactiononGeorge. 他们把此次行动失败归咎于乔治 相关词语toblame…for Theaccountantwasblamedforhiserror.这个会计由于出错而受到谴责 toadvantage有利地,有效地 Morepracticewillbetoyouradvantage.多练习对你有利 Itistoyouradvantagetoinvestwisely.明智地投资对你很有利 Themodelisseekingachancetodisplayherselftoadvantage. 那位模特正在寻找一个机会来有利地显示自己 4nowthat既然,由于 Nowthatyouhavecomeyoumayaswellstay.既然你来了还是待着吧 Nowthatoilisscarce,thefateofthemotorcarisuncertain. 由于石油短缺,汽车将来的命运如何就难以预料了 toleave…alone不管,不理;听其自然 Leavemealone-takeyourhandoffmyarm.别动我-松开我的胳膊 IshouldleavethatquestionaloneifIwereyou.如果我是你的话,我不会去碰这个问题 outofstep步伐不一致,不协调 Thatboywasoutofstepduringmostoftheparade. 在游行检阅的大部分时间里,那个男孩的步伐都与别人的不合拍 I‘mnotgoodatdancing-Ialwaysgethopelesslyoutofstep. 我不善长跳舞-总是踩不上点,已经无可救药了 Heisoutofstepwithmodernlife.他同现代生活不合拍 课文精讲 JetLag PreventionandCure TheproblemofJetLagisoneeveryinternationaltravelercomesacrossatsometime.⑴Butdoyouhavetosuffer?Understandwhatitis,andhowacarefuldietcanminimizeitsworsteffects,andyourflightswillbelessstressful.⑵
1.此句中“one”代替前面出现过的“problem”,everyinternationaltravelercomesacrossatsometime是定语从句修饰one,省略了关系词that或which.tocomeacross意思是“遇到,碰到” 全句意思喷气飞机时差综合症是每个乘坐国际航班旅行的人在某个时候会碰到的问题
2.Understandwhatitis…这是个祈使句,相当于一个条件状语从句Ifyouunderstandwhatitis… 例句Workhardandyou‘llsucceed.相当于Ifyouworkhard,you’llsucceed. Theeffectsofrapidtravelonthebodyareactuallyfarmoredisturbingthanwerealize.⑶JetLagisnotapsychologicalconsequenceofhavingtoreadjusttoadifferenttimezone.Itisduetochangesinthebody‘sphysiologicalregulatorymechanisms,specificallythehormonalsystems,inadifferentenvironment.
3.此句是个比较结构disturbing是分词式的形容词,比较级是moredisturbing,far用来修饰比较级 此句意思乘飞机旅行对身体的影响实际上远比我们意识到的更令人焦灼不安 Confused?SowasJohnFosterDulles,theAmericanSecretaryofState,whenheflewtoEgypttoconductnegotiationsontheAswanDam⑷HelaterblamedhispoorjudgmentonJetLag.
4.此句中confused的完整表达是“Areyouconfused?”后一句用了倒装语序,so位于句首,表示前面所说的情况也适合于本句Blame…on…把过失归咎于 此句意思是不是被弄糊涂啦?美国国务卿约翰·福斯特·杜勒斯从美国飞往埃及谈判阿斯旺水坝问题时就被弄糊涂了他后来把自己在谈判中判断失误归咎于时差综合症 Theeffectscanbeusedtoadvantage,too.PresidentJohnsononceconductedanimportantmeetinginGuamandkepttheentireproceedingsatWashingtonDCtime.TheWhiteHouseworkingpersonnelwereasfreshaspaint,whilethelocals,inthiscase,werejet-lagged.⑸Essentially,theyhadbeeninstantaneouslytransportedtoAmerica.
5.该句是由while连接的两个并列句,表示前后对比inthiscase作状语,译为“在这种情况下,”thelocals是指关岛的本地人,作主语 NowthatweunderstandwhatJetLagis,wecangosomewaytoovercomingit.⑹Agreatnumberofthebody‘seventsarescheduledtooccuratacertaintimeofday.Naturallythesehavetoberegulated,andtherearetworegulatorysystemswhichinteract.
6.nowthatweunderstandwhatJetLagis,原因状语从句中有一个what引导的宾语从句,意为“既然我们了解了时差综合症是什么” Onetimingsystemcomesfromtheevidenceofoursensesandstomachs,andtheperiodicityweexperiencewhenlivinginaparticulartimezone.⑺Theotherbelongsinourinternalclocks(themajoroneofwhichmaybephysicallylocatedinapartofthebraincalledthesuprachiasmaticnucleus)which,leftalone,wouldtiethebodytoa25hour-yes,25-rhythm.⑻Normallythetwotimersareinstep,andtheexternalcuestendtoregularisetheinternalclockstothemoreconvenient24hourperiod.
7.该句主干结构是“onetimingsystemcomesfrom…”;from有两个宾语,由and连接 此句意思一个定时系统来自我们的感官和胃肠饥饿感以及我们在某个特定时区所经受的周期性变化
8.该句的主干结构“Theotherbelongsinourinternalclocks…”,which引导定语从句修饰ourinternalclocks.在定语从句中,leftalone是过去分词词组作条件状语,相当于条件状语从句Ifitisleftalone.括号中的定语从句也修饰ourinternalclocks. 此句意思另一个定时系统在我们的体内时钟内(其中一个主要时钟可能位于我们大脑的称为超交叉核的那部分中)这些体内时钟在不受干扰时,会使人体有一个25小时——是的,25小时——的生理节奏 If,however,youmovethewholebodytoatimezonewhichisfourhoursdifferent,thetwoclockswillbeoutofstep,liketwoalarmclockswhicharenormallysettogether,butwhichhavebeenresetafewhoursapart.⑼Whereasthetwoclockswouldnormallysoundtheiralarmstogether,nowtheyringatdifferenttimes.
(10)Similarly,thebodycanbesetforeveningwhilethesunisrising.
9.“whichisfourhoursdifferent”是定语从句修饰zone.“whicharenormallysettogether”和“whichhavebeenresetafewhourapart”是两个定语从句修饰clocks. 此句意思然而如果你把整个身体移到一个时差4个小时的时区,两个时钟就不再同步,正像两个闹钟通常被一起定时,但现在定时相差几个小时
10.whereas连接让步状语从句,意为“尽管,虽然”全句的大意是尽管两个闹钟通常同时报时,但现在则在不同时间报时 Intimethephysiologicalsystemwillresetitself,butitdoestaketime.⑾Oneeasilymonitoredrhythmispalmsweating.Amanflowntoatimezonedifferentby10hourswilltakeeightdaystoreadjusthispalmsweat.Bloodpressure,whichisalsorhythmical,takesfourdaystoreadjust.
(12)
11.Intimethephysiologicalsystemwillresetitself,butitdoestaketime. itdoestaketime是强调谓语动词经过一段时间后,生理系统将会自我调整过来,但这需要时间
12.which引导非限制性定语从句,修饰bloodpressure. 此句意思血压也是有节奏性的,需要4天才能调整过来 Onereasonforthisdiscrepancyisthatdifferentbodilyeventsarecontrolledbydifferentfactors.
(13)Thehormonecortisol,whichcontrolssaltandwaterexcretion,ismadeinthemorning,whereverthebodyis.Butthegrowthhormoneisreleasedduringsleep,wheneverinthedaythatsleepoccurs.
(14)Normallythesetwohormonesareseparatedbysevenoreighthours,butifthebodyarrivesatadestinationintheearlymorning(local)andgoestosleepassoonaspossible,thetwohormoneswillbereleasedsimultaneously.
13.此句是一个表语从句,that引导一个从句作表语此句意思出现这种差异的一个原因是人体的不同活动受到不同因素的支配
14.whenever引导时间状语从句Wheneverintheday意为“不管在一天中的什么时候”;thatsleep是从句的主语,that是指示代词修饰sleep. 全句意思但生长激素在睡眠时才分泌,而不论一天中什么时候睡觉 Whatcanwedoaboutit?Itisnotfeasibletowaitfourdaysuntilthebodyisusedtothenewtimezone.Fortunatelythereisashortcut.Itreliesontwothings-thepowerofthestomachtoregulatethetimingofotherevents,andthepharmacologicalactionsofcoffee. Thebasicassumptionsare Coffeedelaysthebodyclockinthemorning,andadvancesitatnight.Coffeeatmid-afternoonisneutral.
(15)
15.该句中neutral意为“中性的”,在这里是与上文的delay和advance相对,表示“既不推迟,也不提前”译为下午三点左右喝咖啡对人体时钟不起作用 Proteininmealsstimulateswakefulness,whilecarbohydratespromotesleep. Puttingfoodintoanemptystomachhelpssynchronizethebodyclock. TextBControllingyourconcentration NewWords
1.spann.
1.指距,一拃宽;
2.跨距;
3.一段时间
2.fluctuatevi.
1.波动,起伏;
2.动摇,不定;vt.使波动,使起伏
3.fluctuationn.波动,起伏
4.tickn.(钟表的)滴答声;vi.(钟表的)滴答响
5.fadevi.
1.凋谢,枯萎;
2.(颜色)褪去;
3.(声音等)衰弱下去;vt.使褪色
6.illusionn.错觉;幻觉
7.durationn.持续;持续时间
8.infrequenta.很少发生的
9.illustrationn.
1.说明;
2.例证,插图
10.moderatea.
1.中等的,适度的;
2.温和的,有节制的
11.distractionn.
1.精神涣散,精神不集中;
2.消遣,娱乐
12.distractorn.分散注意力的东西
13.focala.焦点的
14.remedyn.
1.治疗;
2.补救(法);vt.
1.治疗;
2.补救,纠正
15.fearfula.
1.可怕的,吓人的;
2.害怕的,胆怯的
16.productivityn.
1.生产率;
2.丰饶,多产
17.financen.
1.财政,金融;
2.经费,资金
18.retentionn.保持;保留
19.distractvt.分散(注意,心思等);使人分心
20.adverselyad.
1.相反地;
2.不利地,有害地
21.appreciatevt.
1.欣赏,鉴赏;
2.正确评价,鉴别;
3.感激,感谢
22.contrarya.相反的,相对的,与…相反(to) 23misleadvt.把…带错路,使…错或做错
24.motivationn.动机;动力
25.inefficienta.无效的;效率低的
26.exceptionala.
1.例外的;
2.异常的,特殊的
27.hindervt.阻止;防碍(from)
28.typicala.典型的,代表性的 PhrasesandExpressions
1.todate到目前为止
2.toattendto专心;注意;照顾
3.tomakethegrade取得成功,达到理想标准
4.tofallapart四分五裂;崩溃
5.betrueof符合于…,对…适用 重点词汇 spann.跨度,一段时间 例Shehasawidespanofresponsibilityinhernewjob. 她在新工作中要负责很多事情 Children‘sattentionspanispoor. 儿童的注意力集中时间很短 fluctuatev.波动,起伏 例Vegetablepricesfluctuateaccordingtotheseason. 蔬菜的价格随季节而波动 fadev.凋谢,枯萎,褪色,(声音等)变弱 例Thevoiceontheradiofadedout.收音机里面的声音逐渐小了 illusionn.幻觉,错觉 例Ihavenoillusionsabouthisability.我对他的能力不存幻想
5.moderate a.中等的,适度的,温和的 I‘mamoderatedrinker.我是一个饮酒适量的人 Heiswell-knownasamoderateintheparty.他作为该党中一个温和派人士而著称
6.finance n.财政,金融;资金,经费 派生词financiala.财政的,金融的 We‘vehadsomedifficultyraisingfinancefortheproject.我们在为这个项目筹集资金的过程中遇到过一些困难 Ifyoudohavefinancialdifficulty,youcanapplyforastudentloan.如果你确实经济上有困难,可以申请学生贷款
7.appreciate vt欣赏,鉴赏,感激,感谢 派生词appreciationn.欣赏,鉴赏 用法appreciate后接动名词作宾语 Weshallappreciatehearingfromyouagain.我们将乐于再收到你的信 Youcan‘tappreciateEnglishpoetryunlessyouunderstanditsrhythm. 你不懂英文诗的韵律,就不能欣赏英文诗 课文精讲 Controllingyourconcentration CONCENTARATIONISCENTERINGYOURATTENTION Psychologicallydefined,concentrationistheprocessofcenteringone‘sattentionoveraperiodoftime.Inpracticalapplication,however,concentrationisnotassimpletodealsuccessfullywithasthedefinitionmayimply.Forthisreason,itishelpfultokeepthefollowingpointsinmind.⑴
1.Forthisreason,itishelpfultokeepthefollowingpointsinmind. behelpfulto…对…很有益; keep…inmind把…记在心里; 译文因此,记住下列几点是很有帮助的 Yourattentionspanvaries Evenwiththegreatesteffort,ourspanofattentionfluctuates.Youcandemonstrateforyourselfthisfluctuationofattention.Inaquietroom,placeawatchsothatitcanjustscarcelybeheard.⑵Listencarefullyandnoticehowthetickingincreasesinapparentintensity,fadestoapointwhereitcannotbeheard,andthenincreasesagain.⑶Thisphenomenonrevealshowourspanofattentionfluctuates,fortheintensityofthetickingisactuallyconstant.
2.Inaquietroom,placeawatchsothatitcanjustscarcelybeheard. 该句主句是祈使句placeawatch sothat引导目的状语从句 译文在一个安静的房间里,放一块表,表的声音几乎刚刚能听见
3.Listencarefullyandnoticehowthetickingincreasesinapparentintensity,fadestoapointwhereit cannotbeheard,andthenincreasesagain. whereitcannotbeheard是定语从句修饰point 译文注意听表的走动声,并且注意表的嘀嗒声怎样明显增大,然后小到听不见,然后又变大 Youpayattentiontoonethingatatime Evidencetodateindicatesthatyouattendtooneideaatatime.Itispossibleforyourattentiontoshiftsorapidlythatitseemsthatyouattendtoseveralconceptsatonce.⑷Butapparentlythisisonlyanillusion.Inhighconcentrationtheshiftfromthefocusofattentionisofshortdurationandrelativelyinfrequent.
4.Itispossibleforyourattentiontoshiftsorapidlythatitseemsthatyouattendtoseveralconceptsatonce. so…that…结果状语从句 全句意为你的注意有可能转移得十分迅速,以至于好像你同时能够专心于几个想法 Anillustrationofperiodsofhigh,moderate,andlowattention Highattentionhaslongperiodsofattendingandshortdistractionperiods.Inlowattentiontheperiodsofattendingareshortandthedistractionperiodslong.Inmoderateattentionthereisamixtureoftheextremes.Thusitiseasytoseethatitishighlyunlikelythatthestudentwhohasmostofhisattentioncenteredonfancyingatlargewillbeabletorecalleventhemajorpointsofalecture.⑸ Thusitiseasytoseethatitishighlyunlikelythatthestudentwhohasmostofhisattentioncenteredon fancyingatlargewillbeabletorecalleventhemajorpointsofalecture. see之后是一个由that引导的宾语从句,在that引导的宾语从句中,含有一个who引导的定语从句 修饰thestudent 译文这样我们可以很容易地看到,如果一个学生的大部分注意力用于自由幻想,即使是讲课要点,他也不可能回想起来 Lackofconcentrationisasymptom,notthecause,ofdifficulty.Whenastudentsays“Ican‘tconcentrate”,whatheisreallysayingis,“Ican’tattendtothetaskathandbecausemydistractorsaretoostrong.” DISTARCTORSAREOFTWOSORTS-PSYCHOLOGICALANDPHYSICAL Adistractorisanythingwhichcausesattentiontovaryfromacentralfocalpoint.Inthestudysituationdistractorsmaybethoughtofaseitherpsychologicalorphysicalinnature.⑹Bothtypesofdistractorsmustbeunderstoodbeforethestudentcanattempttoremedyhislackofconcentration. Inthestudysituationdistractorsmaybethoughtofaseitherpsychologicalorphysicalinnature. thoughtofas把…看作,认为… 译文在学习的情况下,干扰物实际上可以被认为是心理的或者是物质的 Emotionsarethemostpowerfuldistractors Theangrymanforgetsthepainofinjury,thefearfulmanfindsitdifficulttoenjoypleasureandthetenseoranxiouspersonmayreactviolentlytothesmallestofmatters.⑺Inthestudent‘slifetherearemanypsychologicalpressuresandtensionswhichblockeffectiveproductivity.Thefearsaboutmakingthegrade,thedoubtsofthefriendlinessofafriend’sbehaviourandthepressuresoflimitedfriendlinessofafriend‘sbehaviourandthepressuresoflimitedfinances-theseareonlyafewoftheemotionalforceswhichaffectthestudent.
7.Theangrymanforgetsthepainofinjury,thefearfulmanfindsitdifficulttoenjoypleasureandthetenseofanxiouspersonmayreactviolentlytothesmallestofmatters. react…to对…有反应 全句大意愤怒的人会忘记伤痛,人害怕的时候很难享受快乐,人在紧张或焦虑的时候可能对非常小的事情做出强烈的反应 Emotionalreactionvariesgreatlyfrompersontoperson.⑻Somepersongaingoalanddirectionfromtheirtensionsandactuallydobetterbecauseofthem.Othersfallapartunderpressure,whileafewpeopledowelldespitethepressure.
8.Emotionalreactionvariesgreatlyfrompersontoperson. vary…from…to… 全句大意人与人的情绪反应差异很大 Physicaldistractorsarealwayspresentandrarelyunderstood Ourenvironmentismuchmoreimportanttohowwefeelandreactthanweoftenthink.⑼Particularlyisthistrueoftheeffectofphysicaldistractorsonmentaltasks.⑽Oneresearchreporthasshownthatcomprehensionandretentionofreadingweredecreasedwhenstudentslistenedtolivelymusic.However,rateofreadingwasnotaffected,sothatmanystudentswerenotawarethattheywereaffectedbythebackgrounddistractor.Anotherstudyfoundthattheabilitytorecallaccuratelywasaffectedbydistractingconditions.Mostoftheevidenceindicatesthatnoiseaffectsadverselyhighermentaltaskoutput.Still,theeffectofdistractorsisseldomfullyappreciatedbystudents.
9.Ourenvironmentismuchmoreimportanttohowwefeelandreactthanweoftenthink. 本句中muchmore…than…结构表示“远比…要…得多”, …howwefeelandreact是介词to的宾语从句 全句大意环境对于我们如何感觉和反应的重要性比我们所想的要大得多
10.Particularlyisthistrueoftheeffectofphysicaldistractorsonmentaltasks. 此句是倒装句结构,正常语序为Thisisparticularlytrueoftheeffectofphysicaldistractorsonmentaltasks. 全句大意为物理性干扰对需要动脑筋完成的作业的影响尤其如此 ROUTINEANDREASONINGTASKSAREAFFECTEDDIFFERENTLYBYDISTARCTORS Manyroutinetaskscanbeperformedwithdistractioninthebackgroundwithlittleornoadverseeffectonoutput.Moststudentshavefoundthisfacttobetruefromtheirownexperience.Theymayhavehadhighschoolhomeworkwhichwasdrillormerelycopyingassignments.Itwaspossibletodosuchworkwiththelatestrecordingsorthetelevisionsetplayinginthebackground.Intimesuchstudentsbegantofeelcertainthattheycoulddoallwork-routineorproblem-solving-inthesamemanner.⑾Theevidenceindicatesthecontraryconclusion.
11.Intimesuchstudentsbegantofeelcertainthattheycoulddoallwork——routineorproblem-solving——inthesamemanner. Intime最后,在不定的时间内,最终 feelcertain相当于feelsure,意为“感到肯定” 本句中that引导宾语从句, 最后(终于)这些学生开始确信,他们能用同样的方式完成作业,无论是常规性的还是解决问题性的 EXCEPTIONSMAYMISLEADYOU Typicallywhenstudentsarefacedwiththeevidenceondistractorstheargumentisgiventhattheircousin,friend,orclassmatecanstudyin“GrandCentralStation.”⑿Andhemakes“allA‘s”too!Thereisevidence,ofcourse.Thatmotivationplaysanimportantroleinovercomingtheeffectsofdistractorsandthatthereareconsiderabledifferencesinindividualspansofattention.⒀Eitherofthesefactorscouldaccountforsomeindividualsbeingabletodowellusinginefficientmethods.⒁Thefactthatsomeexceptionalpeopledowellunderadverseconditionsscarcelyjustifiesyourassumingthatyouareexceptionalinthesamemanner.⒂Yourchancesofsuccessarehigherifyouavoidthedistractorswhichareknowntohinderthetypicalstudent.
12.Typicallywhenstudentsarefacedwiththeevidenceondistractorstheargumentisgiventhattheircousin,friend,orclassmatecanstudyin“GrandCentralStation” that 引导同位语从句,修饰theargument 典型的情况是,当要求学生们拿出关于干扰物的证据时,他们提出自己的表兄弟、朋友或同学能在纽约的“中央火车站”学习
13.Thereisevidence,ofcourse,thatmotivationplaysanimportantroleinovercomingtheeffectsofdistractorsandthatthereareconsiderabledifferencesinindividualspansofattention. Playanimportantrolein…在…起到一个重要作用 当然,有证据表明,学习动机在克服干扰的影响方面起作用,并且每个人的注意力广度相差很大
14.Eitherofthesefactorscouldaccountforsomeindividualsbeingabletodowellusinginefficientmethods. accountfor解释…的原因, 这两种因素中哪一种都能解释某些人用效率不高的方法都能学得很好
15.Thefactthatsomeexceptionalpeopledowellunderadverseconditionsscarcelyjustifiesyourassumingthatyouareexceptionalinthesamemanner. 第一个that 引导同位语从句,第二个that是动名词assuming的宾语从句 justify意为“证明…”,它的宾语是动名词assuming, 物主代词your是动名词assuming的逻辑主语 译文一些特殊的人在不利条件下能学得好,这一事实绝不能证明,你有理由认为自己在同样的条件下也是特殊的 语法 练习
一、补充语法知识 形容词和副词的比较级
1.比较级+than steelisharderthaniron.
2.用词或词组修饰比较级,表示强调或稍微
3.the+比较级,the+比较级越来越…Theneareranobjectistous,thelargeritlooks. 比较级重复,
4.moreandmore越来越多 colderandcolder越来越冷 注意事项
1.n.的可数与不可数,修饰可数名词用“few”“afew”,所以比较级“fewer”后面接的也是可数名词但是“less”即“little”的比较级也修饰不可数名词
2.没有比较级的词如empty
二、单元练习
(一)词汇英译汉
1.flight
2.negotiation
3.transport
4.overcome
5.internal
6.external
7.rhythm
8.feasible
9.assumption
10.promote
1.effecton
2.toblame…on
3.toadvantage
4.nowthat
5.outofstep
6.toleave…alone
(二)句子英译汉
1.TheproblemofJetLagisoneeveryinternationaltravelercomesacrossatsometime.(para.1)
2.Theeffectsofrapidtravelonthebodyareactuallyfarmoredisturbingthanwerealize.(para.2)
3.HelaterblamedhispoorjudgmentonJetLag.(para.3)
4.NowthatweunderstandwhatJetlagis,wecangosomewaytoovercomingit(para.4)
5.Theotherbelongsinourinternalclockswhich,leftalone,wouldtiethebodytoa25hour-yes,25-rhythm.(para.5)
6.Intimethephysiologicalsystemwillresetitself,butitdoestaketime.(para7)
7.Onereasonforthisdiscrepancyisthatdifferentbodilyeventsarecontrolledbydifferentfactors.(para.8)
8.Itisnotfeasibletowaitfourdaysuntilthebodyisusedtothenewtimezone.(para.9)
9.Butthegrowthhormoneisreleasedduringsleep,wheneverinthedaythatsleepoccurs.(para.9)
10.Proteininmealsstimulateswakefulness,whilecarbohydratespromotesleep.(para.13)
(三)句子汉译英
1.不难理解高速旅行给身体带来的不适 Itisnotdifficulttounderstandthedisturbingeffectsofrapidtravelonthebody. Itisnotdifficulttorealizethatthedisturbingeffectsonthebodyarecausedbyrapidtravel.
2.引起这一不同的原因之一是不同的人体活动由不同的因素控制 Onereasonforthisdiscrepancyisthatdifferentbodilyeventsarecontrolledbydifferentfactors.
3.食物中的蛋白质使人兴奋,而食物中的碳水化合物使人易于入睡 Proteininfoodstimulateswakefulness,whilecarbohydratespromotesleep.
4.时差反应是每一个国际旅行者可能遇到的问题 TheproblemofJetLagisoneeveryinternationaltravelercomesacross.
5.等待几天直到身体的调节机制自然适应新时区,这并不可行 Itisnotfeasibletowaitafewdaysuntilthebody‘sregulatorymechanismsareusedtothenewtimezone. 历年考题
1.Inpracticalapplication,concentrationisnot_____thedefinitionmayimply.(
99.4) A.assimpletodealsuccessfullywithas B.sosimpletodealsuccessfullywiththat C.simplertodealsuccessfullywithasthat D.assamesimpletodealsuccessfullywithas 答案A 考点本题主要考查as…as搭配表示“和…一样”而选项D中as的后面还有一个词same.因为same表示的意思也是同样,与…同样的意思与as…as意义重复,因此不选D.
2.UnderstandwhatJetLagis,andhowacarefuldietcanminimizeitsworsteffects,______.(
99.10) A.yourflightwillbelessstressful B.andyourflightswillbelessstressful C.oryourflightswillbelessstressful D.inorderthatyourflightswillbelessstressful 答案B 分析本句是一个and连接的并列句因此只有B符合题意
3.Coffeedelaysthebodyclockinthemorning,andadvances_____atnight.(
00.4) A.it B.them C.thecoffee D.thebody 答案A 分析本句是个并列句,and连接的两个句子结构应一致因此,advances后面的宾语应是thebody,而为了避免重复,因此用代词it代替
4.汉译英快速旅行对人体的影响比我们意识到的要大得多(
00.10) Theeffectsofrapidtravelonthehumanbodyaremuchgreaterthanwerealize.
5.Theothertimingsystembelongsinourinternalclocks,which,left______,wouldtiethebodytoa25-hourrhythm.(
03.4) A.behind B.alone C.out D.aside 答案B 考点本题主要考查分词短语leavealone,不管,不理,把…放在一边讲义九 TextA AginginEuropeanCountries 课文简介 在过去50年中,欧洲国家的人口年龄结构经历了巨大的变化所有的发达国家都进入了老龄化行列,并且老龄化的趋势还在继续 老龄化有诸多原因一个社会的人口增长率越接近零,它的人口就可能越老龄化造成老年人比率高的实际原因是出生率的下降,而不是死亡率的下降 预期寿命正在变长 Para.1AgedcountriesinEuropearebrieflyintroduced Paras.2-4Differentideasabouttheproblemarediscussed. Para.5Expectationoflifeisbecominglonger. I.NewWords
1.classify vt.把…分类,把…分等级; beclassifiedas
2.aged a.年老的,老的
3.northwestern a.在西北的,向西北的
4.approximate a./vt./vi.近似的,大约的;近似,接近;
5.paradox n.似非而可能是的论点,自相矛盾的话
6.proportion n.比率,比例
7.dependency n.从属;依赖 independencyon independenta独立的
8.advantageous a.有利的,有助的 -ous是形容词后缀 加前缀-dis就是反义
9.liability n.责任,义务 abilityn.能力 liability负责 它的形容词是liable负责任的,有义务的
10.inactive a.不活动的;不活跃的 actv.活跃 active活动的
11.appreciation n.欣赏,鉴赏;正确评价;感激,感谢; appreciate
12.salient a.突出的,凸起的
13.resettlement n.重新定居,重新安置
14.acknowledge vt.承认,表示感谢
15.fore ad./a/n在前面,先时的,先前的;前部
16.gathering n.聚集,集会 gathering=meeting
17.birthrate n.出生率
18.elsewhere ad.在别处;向别处
19.demography n.人口统计学
20.alter v……改变,改动 alter=change
21.experiential ad.经验的,凭经验的
22.continued a.继续的,连续的
23.lengthen vt./vi.使延长,变长 名词或形容词后面加“en”变为相应的动词,length→lengthen变长wide→widen变宽
24.wealthy a.富裕的,丰富的 n+y=a. 比如sun(n.)→sunny=a. rain→rainy
25.neglect vt./n.忽视,忽略
26.expectation n.期待,估计寿命
27.slippery a.滑的,圆滑的
28.demographer n.人口学家
29.revision n.修订,修改
30.upwards ad.向上,趋向上升 词组PhrasesandExpressions
1.toapproximateto 与…接近
2.tothefore 在前面,到前面;在显著地位
3.resistanceto 对…的阻力 beclassifiedas 把…分类为,把…列为 beduefor 应该得到,该…时候 词汇精讲
1.classify vt.把…分类 派生词classificationn.分类;classicala.古典的,经典的 用法classify…as把…划分为;把…列为 Thebooksinthelibraryareclassifiedaccordingtosubject. 图书馆里的书是按照科目分类的 Memorycanbeclassifiedasshort-termmemoryandlong-termmemory. 记忆可分为长期记忆和短期记忆
2.proportion n……比率,比例 词组inproportion与…成比例;outofproportion与…不成比例 Thedifferentpartsofthehouseareinperfectproportion. 这幢房子的各部分比例很匀称 Hisearningsareoutofproportiontohisskillandability. 他的收入与他的技术能力很不相称 Thepriceofthearticleisoutofproportiontoitsvalue. 这件商品的价格与它的价值很不相称
3.appreciation n.欣赏,感激 派生词appreciatev. IhavegreatappreciationofShakespeare.我非常欣赏莎士比亚 Youshouldshowappreciationforthethingsyourfriendsdoforyou. 你应当对你的朋友为你所做的事情表示感谢 Theirappreciationoftheperformancewasexpressedinloudcheers. 热烈的喝彩表达了他们对演出的赞赏
4.acknowledge vt.承认;对…表示感谢 Herefusedtoacknowledgethathehaddonewrong. 他拒绝承认自己做错了 Wemustacknowledgehisletter.我们必须告诉他已经收到了他的来信 Hereluctantlyacknowledgedthemistakesinhisstatement. 他勉强承认了他陈述的谬误之处
5.alter v.改变,改动 Thewaiterapologizedthealteredthefigureonthebill. 服务员道了歉并把账单上的数目改了过来 Thevillagehasn‘talteredmuchsincethelasttimeIwasthere. 与我上次在那时相比,这个村子并没有多大的变化 Conditionshavealteredradically.情况发生了根本的变化
6.lengthen v.使延长,变长,延伸 派生词lengthn.长度,长 I‘llhavetolengthenthisskirt.我得把这条裙子放长 Thereisaplantolengthenthethree-yearcoursetofouryears. 有计划要将这个三年制课程延长为四年
7.neglect v./n.忽视,忽略 Heneglectedhisstudies,sohefailedtopasstheexam. 他忽视了学业,因此没能通过考试 Don‘tneglecttolockthedoorwhenyourleave.离开时别忘了锁门 Healwaysneglectshisownhealth.他总是不注意自己的健康 近义词ignorev.忽视,不顾(主要指故意忽视,不管); 例Isaidhellotoher,butsheignoredmecompletely. 我向她打招呼,她竟不理睬我 Ican‘tignorehisrudenessanylonger.我不能再无视他的粗鲁了
8.expectation n.期待,预料 派生词expectv.期待,期望 Thesizeofthelosswasbeyondallofourexpectations. 损失的数目超出了我们所有人的预料 TherearewidespreadexpectationsthattheUKwillcutitsinterestrate. 人们普遍预测英国会降低利率 词组phrases
1.toapproximateto大体是,近于,近似,与…接近 YourlatestdesignapproximatesmuchmorecloselytowhatIunderstandthebuildingtobelike. 你的最新设计与我所想的那房子的模样接近得多了 Hisdescriptionoftheeventapproximatedtothetruth. 他对事件的描述接近事实
2.resistanceto对…的阻力,抵制 Therewillbefierceresistancetotheseproposals. 这些提议将会遭到激烈的抵制 Shehaslittleresistancetogermsandsoisoftenill. 她对病菌缺乏抵抗力,因而经常生病 II.重点句子讲解 AginginEuropeanCountries Wehavetorealizehowold,howveryold,weare.Nationsareclassifiedas“aged”whentheyhave7percentormoreoftheirpeopleaged65orabove,
(1)andbyabout1970everyoneoftheadvancedcountrieshadbecomelikethis.ofthereallyancientsocieties,withover13percentabove65,allareinNorthwesternEurope.
(2)AtthebeginningoftheI980‘sEastGermanyhad
15.6percent,Austria,Sweden,WestGermanyandFrancehad
13.4percentorabove,andEnglandandWales
13.3percent.Scotlandhad
12.3percent.NorthernIreland
10.8percentandtheUnitedStates
9.9percent.Weknowthatwearegettingevenolder,andthatthenearerasocietyapproximatestozeropopulationgrowth,theolderitspopulationislikelytobe-atleast,foranyfuturethatconcernsusnow.
(3)
(1)Nationsareclassifiedas“aged”whentheyhave7percentormoreoftheirpeopleaged65orabove. 当一个国家有7%或更多的人到65岁以上时,这个国家就被列为老龄化国家之列 本句中areclassifiedas是一个动词短语,意为“把…分类为”as作主语补足语; 句中when引导一个时间状语从句above在此句中的意思是“以上”
(2)该句的正常语序为Allofthereallyancientsocieties,withover13percentabove65,areinNorthwesternEurope.由于主语中心词all与谓语动词are间隔太长,因此倒装以显得紧凑withover13percentabove65,“有13%以上的人超过65岁”
(3)主句weknow后边有两个由that引导的宾语从句 在第二个宾语从句中用了“越…就越”的结构 Tothesenowfamiliarfactsanumberoffurtherfactsmaybeadded,someofthemonlyrecentlyrecognized.
(4)Thereistheapparentparadoxthattheeffectivecauseofthehighproportionoftheoldisbirthsratherthandeaths
(5)Thereistheeconomicprinciplethatthedependencyratio-thedegreetowhichthosewhocannotearndependforalivingonthosewhocan-ismoreadvantageousinoldersocietieslikeoursthanintheyoungersocietiesofthedevelopingworld,becauselotsofdependentbabiesaremoreofaliabilitythannumbersoftheinactiveaged.
(6)Thereistheappreciationofthesalienthistoricaltruththattheagingofadvancedsocietieshasbeenasuddenchange.
(4)本句用了倒装语序,正常语序为Anumberoffurtherfactsmaybeaddedtothesenowfamiliarfacts,someofthemonlyrecentlyrecognized.这里使用倒装语序是为了与上文连贯someofthemonlyrecentlyrecognized是过去分词的独立结构,作伴随状语
(5)该句中that引导同位语从句修饰paradox, 有这样一个似非而是的论点造成老年人比率高的真正原因是出生人数而不是死亡人数
(6)本句是一句含有多个从句的长句,该句中that引导同位语从句修饰principle,同位语从句的主语是Thereistheeconomicprinciple,谓语是ismoreadvantageous,破折号之间的部分是对于thedependencyratio的解释在这个破折号中的成分中含有3个从句,towhich引导一个定语从句修饰前面的名词degree,后面的两个who引导的从句分别修饰前面的代词those.句中同位语从句的主要结构为“thedependencyration…ismoreadvantageousin…thanin…”.句末的because引导的是一个原因状语从句,修饰前面的主句 句意为有这样一条经济原则抚养率——即不能赚钱养活自己的人对能挣钱养家的人的依赖程度——在我们这样老龄化社会里比发展中世界的较年轻社会里要更有利,因为大量需要抚养的孩子与大批不能工作的老年人相比,更是一个负担 If“revolution”isarapidresettlementofthesocialstructure,andiftheagecompositionofthesocietycountsasaveryimportantaspectofthatsocialstructure,thentherehasbeenasocialrevolutioninEuropeanandparticularlyWesternEuropeansocietywithinthelifetimeofeveryoneover
50.
(7)Takentogether,thesethingshaveimplicationswhichareonlybeginningtobeacknowledged.
(8)Thesefactsandcircumstanceswerewelltotheforeearlierthisyearataworldgatheringaboutagingasachallengetoscienceandtopolicy,heldatVichyinFrance.
(9)
(7)句,该句是由两个有if引导的条件从句加上一个主句
(8)句中takentogether是一个过去分词短语作状语;which引导一个定语从句,修饰前面的名词implications.
(9)句中aboutagingasachallengetoscienceandtopolicy,和heldatVichyinFrance.都是 aworldgathering(世界大会)的后置定语,前者说明会议的主题(老龄化对科学与政策的挑战),后者说明会议的举办地点(法国维希) ThereisoftenresistancetotheideathatitisbecausethebirthratefellearlierinWesternandNorthwesternEuropethanelsewhere,ratherthanbecauseofanychangeinthedeathrate,thatwehavegrownsoold.
(10)Butthisiswhatelementarydemographymakesclear.Longlifeisalteringoursociety,ofcourse,butinexperientialterms.Wehaveamongusaverymuchgreaterexperienceofcontinuedlivingthananysocietythathaseverprecededusanywhere,andthiswillcontinue.
(11)Buttoomuchofthatlengthenedexperience,eveninthewealthyWest,willbeexperienceofpovertyandneglect,unlesswedosomethingaboutit.
(10)句的主干结构是“Thereisoftenresistancetotheidea…”其中idea有一个that引导的同位语从句,而同位语从句本身又是一个强调句,即itis…that…结构,被强调的是一个原因状语从句注意此句被强调部分较长
(11)句中amongus作谓语动词have的状语,正常的语序为Wehaveaverymuchgreater experienceofcontinuedlivingamongusthananysocietythathaseverprecededusanywhere, andthiswillcontinue.由于宾语过长,所以将状语amongus提前 译文为我们比以前任何一个社会更经历着长寿,这种情况还将继续下去 Ifyouarenowinyourthirties,yououghttobeawarethatyoucanexpecttolivenearlyonethirdoftherestofyourlifeaftertheageof
60.Theolderyouarenow,ofcourse,thegreaterthisproportionwillbe,andgreaterstillifyouareawoman.Expectationoflifeisaslipperyfigure,veryeasytogetwrongatthehighestages.AtVichythedemographersweretellingeachotherthattheirestimatesofhowmanyoldtherewouldbeandhowlongtheywillliveincountrieslikeEnglandandWalesaredueforrevisionupwards.
(12)
(12)AtVichy作地点状语;从that到句子结束是一个宾语从句,作谓语动词tell的宾语;在宾语从句中还含有两句how引导的宾语从句,“howmanyoldtherewouldbe”和“howlongtheywillliveincountrieslikeEnglandandWales”分别作介词of的宾语 due应付的 durfor Oursalaryscalesaredueforrevision. PeoplearenowveryhappyonApril15,whenthefederaltaxesaredue. TextB Children‘sSelf-esteem I.NewWords title esteem=respect自尊心,尊敬
1.esteemvt./n.尊敬,尊重
2.copevi.对付,妥善处理(with)
3.parentingn.父母对孩子的养育
4.tonen.
1.音调,音色;
2.腔调,语气;
3.[语]声调,语调
5.infantn.婴儿,幼儿;a.婴儿的,幼儿的
6.lovablea.可爱的,讨人喜欢的
7.manageablea.易管理的
8.unlovablea.不可爱的;不讨人喜爱的
9.worthlessa.
1.无价值的,无用的;
2.不足道的,不可取的
10.ultimatelyad.最后,最终地
11.self-defeatinga.
1.自我挫败的;
2.有违初衷的
12.crisis([复]crises)n.
1.危机;
2.决定性时刻
13.withdraw(withdrew;withdrawn)vt.
1.收回,提取;
2.撤退,撤销 vi.
1.撤退,退出;
2.退缩,逃避现实
14.inconsideratea.不替别人考虑的;不体谅人的
15.outcomen.
1.结果,结局;
2.出路,出口
16.reinforcementn.增强,加固;强化
17.tangiblea.
1.可触摸的,可感知的;
2.确实的,真实的
18.attributen.
1.属性,特征;
2.[语]定语 vt.把…归因与(to)
19.foldvt./vi.折叠;对折;n.褶(痕)
20.appropriatea.适合的,恰当的,相宜的 同义词proper PhrasesandExpressions
1.tocopewith对付;处理
2.noother.than
1.除…外没有,只有;
2.正是,就是
3.totakeadvantageof
1.利用;
2.占…便宜
4.toactout
1.将…表演出来;
2.(用行动)表示出来 重点词汇 copewith=dealwith unlovable的反义词lovable appropriate的同义词proper
1.worthless a.无价值的,无用的 派生词wortha.有价值的,值得的 Shewascriticizedsomuchbyheremployersthatshebegantofeelworthless.她常常受到老板的批评,以至于开始感到自己无用了 Thebookisworthreading.这本书值得读 Considerate考虑,反义词inconsiderate
2.attribute n./vt.属性,特征,把…归因与 Organizingabilityisanessentialattributeforagoodmanager.组织能力是一个好的管理者的基本特征 Thedoctorshaveattributedthecauseoftheillnesstolackofpropernutrition.医生们把这种病的起因归于缺乏适当的营养 Weattributeoursuccesstobeingintherightplaceattherighttime.我们把成功归因于天时地利 Phrases
1.tocopewith=todealwith对付,处理 Itisdifficulttocopewithsuchacomplexmatter.处理这样一件复杂的事很困难 Couldyougivemesomethingtohelpmecopewiththepain.医生,你能不能给我一点东西止痛?
2.noother…than除…外没有,只有;正是 HehasnobooksotherthantheBible.除圣经以外他没有别的书 HehasvisitednootherplacethanBeijing.他除了北京外没去过别的地方 Inhiscomposition,therewerenoothererrorsthanafewmisspelledwords.在他的作文里除了几个拼写错误的词外,没有别的错误 ItwasnoneotherthanComradeWang.不是别人,正是王同志
3.totakeadvantageof利用 Theytookfulladvantageofthehotel‘sfacilities.他们充分利用旅馆的设备 Shetookadvantageofmygenerosity.她利用了我的慷慨
4.toactsth.out用行动表现…,扮演…角色 Theworkersactedouttheirdissatisfactionwiththemanagementbygoingonastrike.工人们以罢工来表示他们对资方的不满 Children‘snegativefeelingsoftengetactedoutinbadbehavior.孩子们的消极情绪往往通过不好的行为表现出来 II.重点句子讲解 Self-esteemiswhatpeoplethinkaboutthemselves-whetherornottheyfeelvalued-andwhenfamilymembershaveself-respect,pride,andbeliefinthemselves,thishighself-esteemmakesitpossibletocopewiththeeverydayproblemsofgrowingup.
(1)
1.Self-esteemiswhatpeoplethinkaboutthemselves-whetherornottheyfeelvalued-andwhenfamilymembershaveself-respect,pride,andbeliefinthemselves,thishighself-esteemmakesitpossibletocopewiththeeverydayproblemsofgrowingup. 该句的主干是由and连接的两个并列句前一句,what引导表语从句,破折号之间的部分是对表语从句的解释后一句,是一个复合句,when引导状语从句,主句中用了makeitpossibletodosth.的结构,it为形式宾语,不定式短语是实际宾语 这一段告诉我们什么是自尊心,“自尊心是人们对自己的看法-他们是否感到受重视-当家庭成员都拥有自尊自豪和自信时,这种高度的自尊心就能使他们应付成长中的日常问题” Successfulparentingbeginsbycommunicatingtochildrenthattheybelong,andarelovedfornootherreasonthanjustbecausetheyexist.
(2)Throughtouchandtoneofvoiceparentstelltheirinfantswhetherornottheyarevalued,special,andlovedanditisthesemessagesthatformthebasisofthechild‘sself-esteem.Whenchildrengrowupwithloveandaremadetofeellovabledespitetheirmistakesandfailures,theyareabletointeractwithothersinaresponsible,honest,andlovingway.Ahealthyself-esteemisaresourceforcopingwhendifficultiesarise,makingiteasiertoseeaproblemastemporary,manageable,andsomethingfromwhichtheindividualcanemerge.
(3)
2.Successfulparentingbeginsbycommunicatingtochildrenthattheybelong,andarelovedfornootherreasonthanjustbecausetheyexist. 此句参看教材229页注释1,noother…than“不是别的…,正是…” communicatesth.tosb.意为“使某人知道某物/某事”,由于sth.的部分是由that引导的名词性从句,因为过长,所以后置 本句的意思是“成功的育儿之道始于让孩子知道,他们属于这个家庭,他们受宠爱没有别的原因,就是因为他们自身的存在”
3.Ahealthyself-esteemisaresourceforcopingwhendifficultiesarise,makingiteasiertoseeaproblemastemporary,manageable,andsomethingfromwhichtheindividualcanemerge. “resource”的意思是(解决困难或获得成功的)办法,手段 前面一句是主系表结构,而making之后的部分是现在分词短语作状语 本句的意思是“健康的自尊心是困难出现时解决困难的手段,它使人们比较容易把问题看成是暂时的,可以克服的,并且在解决问题中个人才可以崭露头角” If,however,childrengrowupwithoutloveandwithoutfeelingsofself-worth,theyfeelunlovableandworthlessandexpecttobecheated,takenadvantageof,andlookeddownuponbyothers.
(4)Ultimatelytheiractionsinvitethistreatment,andtheirself-defeatingbehaviorturnsexpectationsintoreality.Theydonothavethepersonalresourcestohandleeverydayproblemsinahealthyway,andlifemaybeviewedasjustonecrisisafteranother.Withoutahealthyself-esteemtheymaycopebyactingoutproblemsratherthantalkingthemoutorbywithdrawingandremainingindifferenttowardthemselvesandothers.
(5)Theseindividualsgrowuptoliveisolated.Lonelylives.Lackingtheabilitytogivethelovethattheyhaveneverreceived.
4.If,however,childrengrowupwithoutloveandwithoutfeelingsofself-worth,theyfeelunlovableandworthlessandexpecttobecheated,takenadvantageof,andlookeddownuponbyothers. takeadvantageof利用,运用;lookdownupon看不起…;轻视…; 注意三个不定式的被动态并列 本句的意思是“然而,如果孩子成长过程中没有得到爱,没有感觉自我的价值,他们就会觉得自己不讨人喜欢,毫无用处,总预想自己会被别人欺骗,利用和看不起”
5.Withoutahealthyself-esteemtheymaycopebyactingoutproblemsratherthantalkingthemoutorbywithdrawingandremainingindifferenttowardthemselvesandothers. ratherthan而不是并列两个动名词短语 本句的意思是“没有健康的自尊心,他们处理问题时,不是把问题谈出来,而是用行动把问题表现出来,或是采取退缩和对自己和他人保持冷淡的态度” Self-esteemisakindofenergy,andwhenitishigh,peoplefeelliketheycanhandleanything.Itiswhatonefeelswhenspecialthingsarehappeningoreverythingisgoinggreat.Awordofpraise,asmile,agoodgradeonareportcard,ordoingsomethingthatcreatespridewithinoneselfcancreatethisenergy.Whenfeelingsabouttheselfhavebeenthreatenedandself-esteemislow,everythingbecomesmoreofaneffort.Itisdifficulttohear,see,orthinkclearly,andothersseemrude,inconsiderate,andrough.Theproblemisnotwithothers,itiswiththeself,butoftenitisnotuntilenergiesarebacktonormalthattherealproblemisrecognized.
(6)
6.Itisnotuntilenergiesarebacktonormalthattherealproblemisrecognized. 强调句,强调时间状语“直到…才”本句的意思是“直到自尊心恢复正常时,真正的问题才能被认识” Childrenneedhelpunderstandingthattheirself-esteemandtheself-esteemofthosetheyinteractwithhaveadirecteffectoneachother.Forexample,alittlegirlcomeshomefromschoolandsays,“Ineedlovings‘causemyfeelingsgothurttoday.”Themotherrespondstoherchild’sneedtobeheldandloved.
(7)Ifinsteadtherespondstoherchild‘sneedtobeheldandloved.Ifinsteadthemothersaidshewastoobusytoholdthelittlegirltheoutcomewouldhavebeendifferent.
7.Themotherrespondstoherchild‘sneedtobeheldandloved. 句中tobeheldandloved是不定式作need的后置定语 本句的意思是“这个母亲回应了孩子对拥抱和爱抚的需要” Theinfant‘sself-esteemistotallydependentonfamilymembers,anditisnotuntilaboutthetimethechildentersschoolthatoutsideforcescontributetofeelingsabouttheself.
(6)Achildmustalsolearnthatamajorresourceforahealthyself-esteemcomesfromwithin.Someparentsraisetheirchildrentodependonexternalratherthaninternalreinforcementthroughpracticessuchaspayingforgoodgradesonreportcardsorexchangingspecialprivilegesforgoodbehavior.
(8)Thechildlearnstorelyonotherstomaintainahighself-esteemandisnotpreparedtoliveinaworldinwhichdesirablebehaviordoesnotautomaticallyproduceatangiblerewardsuchasasmile,money,orspecialprivileges.
(9)
8.Someparentsraisetheirchildrentodependonexternalratherthaninternalreinforcementthroughpracticessuchaspayingforgoodgradesonreportcardsorexchangingspecialprivilegesforgoodbehavior. 句中todependonexternalratherthaninternalreinforcement是不定式作目的状语 through…behavior是介词短语作方式状语 本句的意思是“一些家长培养孩子的自尊心不是通过实践依赖内在的强化力量,而是依赖外来因素,例如成绩单分数高时给孩子钱,或者孩子表现好时给他们好处”
9.Thechildlearnstorelyonotherstomaintainahighself-esteemandisnotpreparedtoliveinaworldinwhichdesirablebehaviordoesnotautomaticallyproduceatangiblerewardsuchasasmile,money,orspecialprivileges. inwhich引导定语从句 本句的意思是“孩子就学会依赖别人来保持较强的自尊心,因而对生活在这样一个世界里缺乏准备即好的表现不会自动带来可以看得到的回报,如微笑,金钱或好处” Maintainingahealthyself-esteemisachallengethatcontinuesthroughoutlife.Onefamilyfoundthattheycouldhelpeachotheridentifypositiveattitudes.Oneeveningduringaelectricstormthefamilygatheredaroundthekitchentable,andeachpersonwrotedowntwothingsthattheylikedabouteachfamilymember.Thesepiecesofpaperwerefoldedandgiventotheappropriateperson,whoonebyoneopenedtheirspecialmessages.Thefatherlatercommented,“Itwasquiteanexperience,openingeachlittlepieceofpaperandreadingthemessage.Thefatherlatercommented,”Itwasquiteanexperience,openingeachlittlepieceofpaperandreadingthemessage.Istillhavethosegifts,andwhenI‘vehadareallybadday,IreadthroughthemandIalwayscomeawayfeelingbetter.“
(10)
10.Istillhavethosegifts,andwhenI‘vehadareallybadday,IreadthroughthemandIalwayscomeawayfeelingbetter. 本句中comeaway意为“离开”,是指作者在读完这些纸条后离开,是口语的用法 feelingbetter是现在分词短语作伴随状语 本句的意思是“我至今还保留着这些礼物,而每当我哪天运气不佳,心情不好的时候,读一遍这些条子,心情就会变得好多了” Thefoundationofahealthyfamilydependsontheabilityoftheparentstocommunicatemessagesoflove,trust,andself-worthtoeachchild.Thisisthebasisonwhichself-esteemisbuilt,andasthechildgrows,self-esteemchangesfromacollectionofother‘sfeelingstobecomepersonalfeelingsabouttheself.Ultimatelyaperson’sself-esteemisreflectedinthewayheorsheinteractswithothers. 语法 虚拟语气 I.语法 虚拟语气subjunctivemood(参看上册书P.539Unit18语法) 英语的虚拟语气是用谓语动词的变化来表示说话人对事物的看法和态度,一般说的不是客观存在的事实,只是表示愿望、可能性、主观空想、推测、建议、要求或假设等 虚拟语气的基本用法有三个方面;虚拟条件句与名词从句中的用法在上册书已经讲过,下册书中是一些补充用法
一、非真实条件句(虚拟条件句)中,注意主句和从句的谓语动词 的搭配,下面举例说明
1.Ifyouhadtime,youshouldfinishyourhomework.(虚拟的,说明现在你没有时间)
2.IfIwereyou,Iwouldgothere.
3.IfatomicbombhadnotbeenusedinWorldWarII,Japenesewouldnothavesurrendered.
4.Ifitshouldraintomorrow,whatcouldwedo?
5.Ifyouweretocomenexttime,Imightmeetyou. 三种情况的主从句的谓语动词采取的虚拟形式 条件从句 主句 违背现在 过去式 should/would+动词原形 违背过去 had+过去分词 should/would+have+过去分词 违背未来
(1)should+动词原形
(2)were+动词不定式 should/would+动词原形
二、在名词从句中的虚拟语气 主语从句Itis(was)+形容词+that…should+动词原形 Itisnecessarythatthemeetingshouldbeheldtonight. important,essential,imperative,suggested… 宾语从句及物动词+that…should+动词原形 Isuggestthatthemeetingshouldbeheldtonight. Require,request,demand,propose,insist… 表语从句名词+系动词+that…should+动词原形 Mysuggestionisthatthemeetingshouldbeheldtonight. decision,proposal,advice,order… 同位语从句抽象名词+that…should+动词原形 Hegavetheproposalthatweshouldholdthemeetingtonight.
三、补充用法P.233-237
1.ifonly
(1)过去式表示一种假设和意愿,
(2)“would+动词原形”表示一种一时很难显示的愿望
(3)过去完成时动词表示希望和过去的事实相反的情况出现
2.wouldrather/wouldsooner 但愿、宁愿,从句中的“that”常省略从句中的尚未发生的动作用过去时动词表示 动作已经发生了用过去完成时动词表示如果跟的不是从句,后面跟原形动词 Wewouldrathertalkaboutthefootballorweatherorwhatwehadforlunch.
3.its(high)timethat一般使用过去时动词
4.lest,forfearthat,incase后面的句子中要用“should+动词原形”
5.公式化句子
6.错综时间非真实条件句,即主句的谓语和从句的谓语动词表示发生的动作在不同的时间
7.其他 II.练习
一、词汇英译汉
1.classify
2.approximate
3.proportion
4.appreciation
5.acknowledge
6.alter
7.lengthen
8.wealthy
9.neglect
10.expectation
1.toapproximateto
2.resistanceto
3.tocopewith
4.attribute…to
二、句子英译汉
1.Nationsareclassifiedas“aged”whentheyhave7percentofmoreoftheirpeopleaged65orabove.
2.Thenearerasocietyapproximatestozeropopulationgrowth,theolderitspopulationislikelytobe-atleast,foranyfuturethatconcernsusnow.
3.Theolderyouarenow,ofcourse,thegreaterthisproportionwillbe,andgreaterstillifyouareawoman.
4.Ifyouarenowinyourthirties,yououghttobeawarethatyoucanexpecttolivenearlyonethirdoftherestofyourlifeaftertheageof
60.
5.If,however,childrengrowupwithoutloveandwithoutfeelingsofself-worth,theyfeelunlovableandworthlessandexpecttobecheated,takenadvantageof,andlookeddownuponbyothers. lookdownupon看不起…;轻视…;
6.withoutahealthyself-esteemtheymaycopebyactingoutproblemsratherthantalkingthemoutorbywithdrawingandremainingindifferenttowardthemselvesandothers.
7.Itisnotuntilenergiesarebacktonormalthattherealproblemisrecognized.
8.itisnotuntilaboutthetimethechildentersschoolthatoutsideforcescontributetofeelingsabouttheself.
三、句子汉译英
1.老龄化已成为一个社会问题 Aginghasbecomeasocialproblem.
2.人们反对这一看法来自于出生率的下降 Theresistancetotheideaiscausedbythefallingofbirthrates. Thefallofbirthrateresultedinpeoplesobjectiontotheidea.
3.人们寿命的长短取决于种种因素 Thelengthoflifedependsonvariousfactors. Expectationoflifeisduetovariousfactors.
4.估计寿命是预计一个人能活得平均年数 Expectationoflifeistheaveragenumbersofyearsthatapersonisexpectedtolive. Theexpectancyoflifeisthepredictionofaverageyearsapersoncanlive.
5.长寿在改变我们的生活,改变我们的社会 Longlifeisalteringourlifeaswellasoursociety. Longlifeischangingourlives,changingoursociety.
四、历年考题
1.Youraccountofwhathappenedyesterdayapproximates_____therealfacts.(
99.10) A.near B.of C.to D.upon 答案C.考点此题考查词组approximateto表示“与…接近”
2.汉译英正是由于出生率下降了,我们的社会才变得如此老龄(
99.10) Itisbecausethebirthratefellthatoursocietyhadgrownsoold.
3.Nationsare_______as“aged”whentheyhave7percentormoreoftheirpeopleaged65orabove. A.limited B.classified C.originated D.processed (
00.4) 答案B.本题考查词组classifyas表示把…列为
4.汉译英一个社会的人口增长率越接近零,其人口便越老龄化(
00.10) Thenearerasocietyapproximatestozeropopulationgrowth,theolderitspopulationis.
5.Ifyouarenow_____,yououghttopaymoreattentiontoyourhealth.(
01.4) A.inthefifties B.inyourfifties C.infifties D.inyourfifty 答案B.本题主要考查词组inyourfifties表示“在你50岁时”
6.Weknowthatwearegettingevenolder,andthatthenearerasocietyapproximatestozeropopulation Growth,the______(old)itspopulationislikelytobe.(
01.10) 答案older.本题主要考查“the+形容词比较级…the+形容词比较级”的用法
7.Inhiscompositiontherewerenoothererrors____afewmisspelledwords.(
02.4) A.beside B.except C.then D.than 答案D.本题主要考查词组“noother…than”的用法,表示“除了…外,没有…”
8.Wewouldliketotakethisopportunitytoexpressoursincere______(appreciate)ofyourhelp.(
02.4) 答案appreciation.本题中sincere是形容词,因此后面接名词Appreciate是动词,其名词形式是appreciation. 讲义十 TextA TheCampaignforElection I.课文内容简介 美国的总统竞选每四年一次,获胜者是在共和党和民主党两个大党中产生因为大党的候选人有着本党忠实信徒支持这一关键的优势 总统候选人的活动讲究战略,候选人想尽力突出表现自己强有力的领导者的形象,但选民们是否接受他们则要看外在的因素而不是他们的个人魅力候选人的策略受很多因素的影响,最重要的因素是在拥有人口最多的州取胜 Para.1 TheDemocraticandtheRepublicanpartiesplayanimportantroleinAmericangovernment. Paras.2-6 Strategiesthecandidatesuseintheelectionarevarious. 民主党人 theDemocrats 共和党人theRepublicans JimmyCarter(1977-1981) RichardNixon(1969-1974) BillClinton(1993-2001) RonaldReagan(1981-1989) JohnKerry2004 VSBush GeorgeBush(1989-1993) GeorgeW.Bush(2001-) II.NewWords 1election n.选举;选举权 2presidential a.总统的,总统职务的 3winner n.获胜者,优胜者 4republican a./n.共和国的,共和党的;[R-]共和党党员 5democratic a.民主的,民主主义的 6nominee n.被提名者;被任命者 7vote n./vi.选举,投票 8certainty n.一定;必定 9nomination n.提名,任命 10loyalty n.忠诚,忠心 11decline vi./vt./n.下倾,下降;谢绝,拒绝 12democrat n.民主主义者;[D-]民主党党员 13voter n.选举人,投票人 14strategically ad.战略上地,颇具策略地 15pursue vt.追赶,追求 16impact n./vt.冲击,碰撞;效果,影响 17headquarters n.司令部,指挥部 18economy n.经济;节约 19strategist n.战略家 20rating n.等级,规格 21poll n./vt./vi.选举,投票;民意测验;得到选票 22stir vt./vi.搅拌,搅动 23strategy n.战略,策略 24constitutional a.宪法上规定的,组成的 25provision n.供应,供应品 26electoral a.选举的 27representation n.描写,表现,代表 28congress n.大会,国会 29House n.议院 30district n.区,行政区 31representative n./a.代表,代表人;典型的,有代表性的 32presidency n.总统职务 33overwhelming a.压倒之势的 词组 1tostandnochance 没有可能;没有希望 2toidentify…as 把…看成 3impacton 对…之影响 beconcernedwith/about 关心,关注 词汇精讲
1.election n.选举,选举权 派生词electv.选举 Whendoestheelectiontakeplace?选举什么时候举行? Tradeunionrepresentativesarechosenbyelection.工会代表是通过选举产生的
2.presidential a.总统的,总统职务的
3.winner n.获胜者,优胜者
4.republican a./n.共和国的,共和党的;[R-]共和党党员
5.democratic a.民主的,民主主义的
6.nominee n.被提名者;被任命者
7.vote n./vi.选举,投票 voter n.选举人,选民InsomecountrieswomengotthevoteafterWorldWarI.第一次世界大战以后,在一些国家,妇女赢得了选举权 Wecalledameetinginordertotakeavoteontheissue.我们召集会议就这一问题进行表决 Thecommitteevotedontheproposal,andaccepteditunanimously. 委员会就这一提议进行表决并一致通过
8.certainty n.一定;必定
9.nomination n.提名,任命
10.loyalty n.忠诚,忠心 派生词loyala.忠诚的,忠心的 Iamconvincedofyourloyaltytothecause.我确信你对事业的忠诚 Weallhavealoyaltytothecompany.我们对公司都很忠心 Dogsareloyaltotheirowners.狗对主人很忠诚
11.decline v./n.谢绝,拒绝;下降 IhadtodeclinehisinvitationbecauseIhadanotherappointment. 我不得不谢绝他的邀请,因为我另有约会 Hishealthhasnotablydeclined.他的健康状况明显下降 Hishearingsensitivitydeclineswithage.他的听力因年老而衰退
12.democrat n.民主主义者;[D-]民主党党员
13.voter n.选举人,投票人
14.strategically ad.战略上地,颇具策略地
15.pursue vt.追赶,追求 派生词pursuit n.追赶 Thepolicepursuedthewrongcar.警察追错了一辆汽车 Idon‘twanttopursuethatquestionnow.我现在不想继续讨论那个问题 Hehasmadeuphismindtopursuestudiesforamaster‘sdegree.他已决心攻读硕士研究生
16.impact n./vt.冲击,碰撞;效果,影响
17.headquarters n.司令部,指挥部
18.economy n.经济,节省 派生词economica.经济的;economicala.经济的,节俭的
19.strategist n.战略家
20.rating n.等级,规格
21.poll n./vt./vi.选举,投票;民意测验;得到选票
22.stir v.搅动,激发 Thestorystirredtheboy‘simagination.这个故事激发了那男孩的想象力 Shewasstirringathercoffee.她当时在搅咖啡 ThereturnofHongKongcreatedagreatstirinallcountriesoftheworld. 香港回归在世界各地引起了很大的震动
23.strategy n.策略,战略 派生词strategistn.战略家;strategicallyad.战略上地 Acompetentgeneralisskilledinstrategy.一个称职的将军是善于制定战略的 Bycarefulstrategy,sheobtainedaconsiderablepayrise. 在精心策划之后,她获得了大幅度的加薪
24.constitutional a.宪法上规定的,组成的
25.provision n.供应,供应品
26.electoral a.选举的
27.representation n.描写,表现,代表
28.congress n.大会,国会
29.House n.议院
30.district n.区,行政区
31.representative n./a……代表,代表人;典型的,有代表性的 派生词representv.代表;representationn.表现,代表 Manyrepresentativesoftheoldergenerationwerethere.老一辈的各类代表都在那里 Isaquestionnaireansweredby500peopletrulyrepresentativeofnationalopinion? 一份有500人作答的调查问卷是否能真正代表全国人民的意见?
32.presidency n.总统职务
33.overwhelming a.压倒之势的 词组phrases
1.tostandnochance没有可能,没有希望 Hestandsnochanceofwinningtheelection.他没有希望在选举中获胜 tostandachance有可能,有希望 Hestandsagoodchanceofpassingtheexamination.他考试及格很有希望
2.toidentify…as把…看成,确认 Healwaysidentifieshimselfasoneofthecommoners. 他总是把自己看成是普通大众的一员 Doyouidentifyyourselfasanoptimistorapessimist? 你把自己看成是乐观主义者还是悲观主义者? Iidentifiedthestolenrecorderasmine.我认为那个被偷的录音机是我的
3.impacton对…的影响 Thebookmadeagreatimpactonitsreaders. 这本书对读者产生了很大的影响 Theinventionandapplicationofcomputerexertagreatimpactonmodernindustry. 电脑的发明和应用对现代工业产生了巨大影响 III.课文精讲 TheCampaignforElection Althoughpresidentialelectionsoccurevery4years,manypeoplefeelthattheydonothaveatrueunderstandingofhowpresidentialcampaignsoperate. ThewinnerintheNovembergeneralelectionisalmostcertaintobeeithertheRepublicanortheDemocraticnominee.
①Aminor-partyorindependentcandidate,suchasGeorgeWallacein1968,JohnAndersonin1980,orRossPerotin1992and1996,candrawvotesawayfromthemajor-partynomineesbutstandsalmostnochanceofdefeatingthem.
②
1.此句中,becertaintodosth.表示“一定会做某事” 例Heiscertaintoagreewiththeplan.他肯定会同意这个计划的 “either…or”表示“或者…或者” 此句的意思“11月大选的获胜者几乎可以肯定不是共和党就是民主党提名的候选人”
2.在本句中,“draw…awayfrom…”表示“把…从…拉走;吸引开” 例如Theon-goingperformanceoutsidetheclassroomdrewthestudents‘attentionawayfromtheirbooks.教室外面正在进行的表演把学生的注意力从书本上吸引开了 此句意思“小党派或独立候选人,如1968年的乔治·华莱士、1980年的约翰·安德森,或者1992年和1996年的罗斯·佩罗等,可能会从大党的提名人那里拉走一些选票,但几乎没有人可能战胜他们” “standalmostnochanceof…”表示“几乎没有可能” Amajor-partynomineehasthecriticaladvantageofsupportfromthepartyfaithful.Earlierinthetwentiethcentury,thissupportwassofirmandsteadythatthevictoryofthestrongerparty‘scandidatewasalmostacertainty.WarrenG.Hardingacceptedthe1920RepublicannominationathisOhiohome,stayedtherethroughoutmostofthecampaign,andwonafullvictorysimplybecausemostofthevotersofhistimewereRepublicans.
③Partyloyaltyhasdeclinedinrecentdecades,butmorethantwo-thirdsofthenation’svotersstillidentifythemselvesasDemocratsorRepublicans,andmostofthemsupporttheirparty‘spresidentialcandidate.EvenDemocratGeorgeMcGovern,whohadthelowestlevelofpartysupportamongrecentnominees,wasbackedin1972bynearly60percentofhisparty’svoters.
3.这是由三个并列谓语加一个原因状语从句构成的复合句 沃伦·G·哈定在他俄亥俄州的家中接受了1920年共和党的提名,而且竞选期间 他多数时间是呆在家里他最终大获全胜仅仅是因为那个时期多数选民是共和党成员 Presidentialcandidatesactstrategically.Indecidingwhethertopursueacourseofaction,theytrytoestimateitslikelyimpactonthevoters.
④Duringthe1992campaign,asignonthewallofClinton‘sheadquartersinLittleRockread,“TheEconomy,Stupid.”ThesloganwastheideaofJamesCarville,Clinton’schiefstrategist,andwasmeantasaremindertothecandidateandthestafftokeepthecampaignfocusedonthenation‘sslow-movingeconomy,whichultimatelywastheissuethatdefeatedBush.
⑤Asin1980,whenJimmyCarterlosttoRonaldReaganduringtougheconomictimes,thevotersweremotivatedlargelybyadesireforchange.
⑥
4.在本句中,deciding作介词in的宾语;indeciding作时间状语,表示“在做某事的过程中” whethertopursueacourseofaction是一个带疑问词的不定式短语,作动名词deciding的宾语;表示“在决定是否遵循某一行动方针时” toestimateitslikelyimpactonthevoters是不定式短语作try的宾语,其中impacton是一个名词词组,意为“对…的影响” 全句意思“在决定是否遵循某一项行动方针时,他们要尽量估计一下该方针对选民可能具有的影响”
5.该句是由and连接两个并列谓语加上一个定语从句构成的复合句which引导的定语从句修饰economy,属非限制性定语从句,只起补充说明作用that引导限制性定语从句,修饰theissue 此句意思“这一口号是克林顿的总战略家詹姆斯·卡维尔的主意,其用意是想提醒候选人及总部人员始终把竞选的注意力集中在本国缓慢发展的经济上而这一点正是最终击败布什的问题”
6.在此句中asin1980是时间状语,as的意思是“正如”whenJimmyCarterlosttoRonaldReaganduringtougheconomictimes是非限制性定语从句,修饰
1980. 正如1980年在经济艰难时期吉米·卡特败与罗纳德·里根时那样,选民很大程度上是被他们想变革的欲望调动起来的 Candidatestrytoprojectastrongleadershipimage.Whethervotersacceptthisimage,however,dependsmoreonexternalfactorsthanonacandidate‘spersonalcharacteristics.
⑦In1991,aftertheGulfWar,Bush’sapprovalratingreached91percent,thehighestlevelrecordedsincepollingbeganinthe1930s.
⑧Ayearlater,withthenation‘seconomyintrouble,Bush’sapprovalratingdroppedbelow40percent.
⑨Bushtriedtostirimagesofhisstrongleadershipofthewar,butvotersremainedconcernedabouttheeconomy.⑽
7.本句是一个主从复合句,“whethervotersacceptthisimage”是主语从句作主语 此句意思“然而选民们是否接受这一形象则更取决于外在因素而不是候选人的个人特征”
8.句中thehighestlevelrecordedsincepollingbeganinthe1930s是91percent的同位语recorded是过去分词作后置定语修饰thehighestlevel. 此句意思“1991年海湾战争以后,布什的支持率达到91%,这是自20世纪30年代开始民意测验以来的最高记录”
9.句中withthenation‘seconomyintrouble.作伴随状语 “一年以后,随着国家经济陷入困境,布什的支持率则下降到40%以下” “with+名词+介词词组/形容词/分词”结构常在句中作状语,表示伴随条件或原因等 举例
①with+名词+动词现在分词 Hedidn‘ttakepartintheparty,withhismotherbeingill.因为他妈妈病了,所以他没有参加晚会
②with+名词+动词过去分词 Withallthehouseworkdone,shewentshopping.干完了所有的家务后,她便去购物
③with+名词+形容词 Withthewindowopen,hefellasleep.他开着窗户睡着了
④with+名词+介词 Thelecturerwalkedinwithafileunderhisarm.演讲者掖下夹着一个文件走了进来 Hewentoutwithnohaton.他没戴帽子出去了
10.句中remained是系动词,concernedabouttheeconomy是表语 “布什试图重振其战争期间强有力的领导者形象,但选民们始终关心的是经济” Thecandidates‘strategiesareshapedbymanyconsiderations,includingtheconstitutionalprovisionthateachstateshallhaveelectoralvotesequalinnumbertoitsrepresentationinCongress.⑾EachstatethusgetstwoelectoralvotesforitsSenaterepresentationandavaryingnumberofelectoralvotesdependingonitsHouserepresentation.Altogether,thereare538electoralvotes(includingthreefortheDistrictofColumbia,eventhoughithasnovotingrepresentativesinCongress)Towinthepresidency,acandidatemustreceiveatleast270votes,anelectoralmajority.⑿
11.includingtheconstitutionalprovisionthateachstateshallhaveelectoralvotesequalinnumbertoitsrepresentationinCongress.分词短语,起补充说明的作用其中that引导的是provision同位语从句,equalinnumbertoitsrepresentationinCongress是形容词短语作后置定语,修饰votes, 短语的译文“包括宪法的这一条款每个州具有的选举人票数与其在国会中的代表人数相同”
12.Towinthepresidency,是全句的目的状语,anelectoralmajority是270votes的同位语 要赢得总统席位,候选人必须至少获得270票,即选票的大多数 Candidatesareparticularlyconcernedwithwinningthestateswhichhavethelargestpopulation,⒀suchasCalifornia(with54electoralvotes),NewYork
(33),Texas
(32),Florida
(25),Pennsylvania
(23),Illinois
(22),andOhio
(21)Victoryintheelevenlargestslatesalonewouldprovideanelectoralmajority,⒁andpresidentialcandidatesthereforespendmostoftheirtimecampaigninginthosestates.Clintonreceivedonly43percentofthepopularvotein1992,comparedwithBush‘s38percentandPerot’s19percent;butClintonwoninstatesthatgavehimanoverwhelming370electoralvotes,comparedwith168forBushandnoneforPerot.
13.句中which引导的定语从句修饰states,意为“人口最多的州” 候选人特别关注人口最多的几个州的州选举中获胜
14.句意为“仅在这11个最大的州获胜就可以获得选举的多数”事实上,在11个最大的州同时获胜几乎是不可能的,因此本句用了虚拟语气wouldprovide alone是形容词,用于名词或代词后,意为“仅仅,只” 例Youalonecandoit.只有你能作这事 Timealonewillshowwhowasright.只有时间能表明谁对TextB TheAmericanTow-partySystem I.NewWords
1.contestn.
1.竞争,比赛;
2.争夺,竞争;
3.争论,争辩
2.rivalryn.竞争;对抗 rivaln.对手 v.竞争 Thereisgreatrivalrybetweenthetwosisters.这两姐妹竞争激烈
3.dozenn.
1.一打,十二个;
2.十来个,十几个
4.nominatevt.
1.提名;
2.任命;
3.命名
5.collectivelyad.总体地;集体地
6.electorate n.全体选民;选区
7.inevitablyad.不可避免地,必然地
8.dominancen.优势,控制,统治 dominanta.优势的,占统治地位的; dominatev.统治,控制 Thiscountryhaslongbeenthedominantmilitarypowerintheregion. 这是一个长久以来在该地区占统治地位的军事强国
9.assaultn.
1.攻击,袭击;
2.(军)冲击,突击,强击
10.parliamentarya.议会的,国会的
11.congressman([复]congressmen)n.(美)国会议员
12.statisticallyad.在统计方面
13.dominanta.占优势的;支配的
14.majorityn.
1.多数,大半;
2.多数党,多数派 majora.多数的; 反义词minority少数,少数党
15.automaticallyad.自动地;习惯性地
16.competitorn.竞争者;对手 competev.竞争;competitionn.竞争,比赛;competitivea.竞争的,对抗的
17.runningn.
1.跑,赛跑;
2.竞选
18.inevitablea.不可避免的,必然(发生)的
19.peacefula.
1.平静的,安宁的;
2.和平的,和平方式的 20transfervt.
1.转移,传输;
2.调动;
3.改变 vi.
1.转移,转学;
2.换车;换船 n.转移,传输,变换
21.overturnvt./n.
1.打翻,使翻过来;
2.推翻,颠覆,毁灭 vi.翻身;倒下
22.foolproofa.
1.连傻子都懂的;
2.不会出毛病的;
3.有安全装置的
23.monopolyn.垄断;专卖
24.oppositionn.
1.反对,反抗;
2.对立,意见相反
25.monopolizev.垄断;专卖
26.moderationn.
1.温和,适度;
2.缓和,减轻
27.legislationn.
1.立法;
2.法律,法规
28.temporarilyad.暂时地,临时地 PhrasesandExpressions
1.tobreakup打碎;结束;驱散;散开;分解
2.intherunning参赛,参加竞选
3.inpower掌权的,执政的
4.outofpower丧失权力
5.infavourof
1.赞成,支持;
2.为…的利益,有利于;
3.支付给
6.tocomeintopower 上台;开始掌权
7.tocarryon
1.经营,进行;
2.继续 词组
1.tobreakup打碎,结束 Theshipbrokeupontherocks.轮船触礁撞毁了 Thepartydidn‘tbreakupuntilmidnight.宴会到午夜才结束 相关词汇tobreakdown损坏,(精神、健康)垮下来 tobreakinto强行闯入 tobreakout爆发,突然出现
2.infavourof赞成,支持;有利于 Mostpeopleareinfavourofthenewly-electedpresident.大多数人支持新当选的总统 Thecouncilhasvotedinfavourofa$200millionhousingdevelopment.参议会投票通过了一项两亿美元的住宅开发计划
3.tocarryon经营,进行;继续 Hebegantocarryontheleatherbusinesslastyear.他去年开始经营皮革生意 Youjusthavetocarryonasifnothing‘shappened.你们接着干吧,就当什么事也没发生 Theydecidedtocarryoninspiteoftheweather.他们决定不管天气好坏都继续下去 II.课文分析 TheAmericanTow-partySystem NoonenowlivingintheUnitedSatescanrememberwhenthecontestbeganbetweentheDemocraticandtheRepublicanparties.
①Ithasbeengoingonformorethanacentury,makingitoneoftheoldestpoliticalrivalriesintheworld.
②
1.NoonenowlivingintheUnitedStatescanrememberwhenthecontestbeganbetweentheDemocraticandtheRepublicanparties.(para.1) livingintheUnitedStates是现在分词作定语,修饰one. when引导宾语从句
2.Ithasbeengoingonformorethanacentury,makingitoneoftheoldestpoliticalrivalriesintheworld.(para.1) 1)hasbeengoingon用的是现在完成进行时2)making是现在分词作状语,其中oldest是形容词最高级的形式 TheAmericanpoliticalsystemisaclassicalexampleofthetwo-partysystem.Whenwesaythatwehaveatow-partysystemintheUnitedStateswedonotmeanthatwehaveonlytwoparties.Usuallyaboutadozenpartiesnominatepresidentialcandidates.Wecallitatwo-partysystembecausewehavetwolargepartiesandanumberofsmallparties,andthelargepartiesaresolargethatweoftenforgetabouttherest.Usuallythesmallpartiescollectivelypolllessthan5percentofthevotecastinnationalelections. TheDemocraticandRepublicanpartiesarethelargestandmostcompetitiveorganizationsintheAmericancommunity.Theyorganizetheelectorateverysimplybymaintainingthetwo-parrysystem……AmericansalmostinevitablybecomeDemocratsorRepublicansbecausethereisusuallynootherplaceforthemtogo.Moreover,becausetherivalryofthesepartiesisveryold,mostAmericansknowwheretheybelonginthesystem……AsaconsequenceofthedominanceoftheDemocrats.Attemptstobreakupthisoldsystemhavebeenmadeineverypresidentialelectioninthepastonehundredyears,butthesystemhassurvivedallassaults.
③
3.Attemptstobreakupthisoldsystemhavebeenmadeineverypresidentialelectioninthepastonehundredyears,butthesystemhassurvivedallassaults.(para.3) Attempt后面的“tobreakupthisoldsystem”是动词不定式作定语,修饰attempt.此句谓语动词用的是现在完成时的被动语态makeattempttodosth.表示“企图,打算做某事” Howdoesithappenthatthetwo-partysystemissostronglyrootedinAmericanpolitics?
④Theexplanationisprobablytobefoundinthewayelectionsareconducted.IntheUnitedStates,unlikecountrieswithaparliamentarysystemofgovernment,weelectnotonlythePresident,butalargenumberofotherofficials,about800,000ofthem.Wealsoelect435membersoftheHouseofRepresentativesfrom435districts(thereareafewexceptions),onememberforeachdistrict.Statistically,thiskindofelectionfavorsthemajorparties.Thesystemofelectionsmakesiteasyforthemajorpartiestomaintaintheirdominantposition,becausetheyarelikelytowinmorethantheirshareoftheoffices.
⑤
4.Howdoesithappenthatthetwo-partysystemissostronglyrootedinAmericanpolitics? 句中it是形式主语,实际主语是that引导的主语从句(para.4) rooted是过去分词在本句中用于被动语态root作动词表示“(使)扎根,(使)生根” e.g.Thestoryisfirmlyrootedinreality.这个故事深深扎根于现实
5.Thesystemofelectionsmakesiteasyforthemajorpartiestomaintaintheirdominantposition,becausetheyarelikelytowinmorethantheirshareoftheoffices.(para.4) 句中it是形式宾语,不定式tomaintaintheirdominantposition是实际宾语,themajorparties是不定式的逻辑主语 “这种选举制度使大党容易保持优势地位,因为他们赢得的席位有可能多于应得到的席位” Oneofthegreatconsequencesofthesystemisthatitproducesmajoritiesautomatically.Becausethereareonlytwocompetitorsintherunning,itisalmostinevitablethatonewillreceiveamajority.Moreover,hesystemtendsslightlytoexaggeratethevictoryofthewinningparty.Thisisnotalwaystrue,butthestrongtendencytoproducemajoritiesisbuiltintothesystem. Inover200yearsofconstitutionalhistory,Americanshavelearnedmuchaboutthewayinwhichthesystemcanbemanagedsoastomakepossiblethepeacefultransferofpowerfromonepartytotheother.
⑥Athelevelofpresidentialelections,thepartyinpowerhasbeenoverturnedbythepartyoutofpowernineteentimes,almostonceadecade.Intheelectionof1860,thepoliticalsystembrokedown,andtheCivilWar,theworstdisasterinAmericanhistory,resulted.Ourhistoryjustifiesourconfidenceinthesystembutalsoshowsthatitisnotfoolproof.
6.Inover200yearsofconstitutionalhistory,Americanshavelearnedmuchaboutthewayinwhichthesystemcanbemanagedsoastomakepossiblethepeacefultransferofpowerfromonepartytotheother.(para.6) 句中的inwhich引导的定语从句,修饰theway. 其中,thepeacefultransferofpowerfromonepartytotheother是make的宾语,possible是宾语补语;因宾语太长,所以后置tomake…possible使…成为可能 e.g.Hisfinancialsupportmadeourtripspossible.他在经济方面的支持使我们的出行成为可能 Moderntechnologymakespossiblehuman‘svisitstotheouterspace.现代科技使人类访问外层空间成为可能 Thesecondmajorpartyisabletosurviveadefeatbecausethestatisticaltendencythatexaggeratesthevictoryofthewinningpartyoperatesevenmorestronglyinfavorofthesecondpartyagainstthethird,fourth,andfifthparties.
⑦Asaresult,thedefeatedmajorpartyisabletomaintainamonopolyoftheopposition.Theadvantageofthesecondpartyoverthethirdissogreatitistheonlypartythatislikelytobeabletooverturnthepartyinpower.
⑧Itisable,therefore,toattractthesupportofeveryoneseriouslyopposedtothepartyinpower.
⑨Thesecondpartyisimportantaslongasitcanmonopolizethemovementtooverthrowthepartyinpower,becauseitiscertaintocomeintopowersoonerorlater.
7.Thesecondmajorpartyisabletosurviveadefeatbecausethestatisticaltendencythatexaggeratesthevictoryofthewinningpartyoperatesevenmorestronglyinfavorofthesecondpartyagainstthethird,forth,andfifthparties.(para.7) 句子的主干是主句+because引导的原因状语从句,原因状语从句中有一个定语从句,由that引导,修饰thestatisticaltendency
8.Theadvantageofthesecondpartyoverthethirdissogreatthatitistheonlypartythatislikelytobeabletooverturnthepartyinpower.(para.7) 英语中表示“比…有优势”可用“advantageover…” e.g.Wehaveoneadvantageoverourrivals ourplayeraretaller.我们比对方胜过一筹,我们的队员个子比较高
9.Itisable,therefore,toattractthesupportofeveryoneseriouslyopposedtotheparty inpower.(para.7) toopposetothepartyinpower反对执政党 Anotherconsequenceofthetwo-partysystemisthatwhereasminorpartiesarelikelytoidentifythemselveswithspecialinterestsorspecialprogramsandthustakeextremepositions,themajorpartiesaresolargethattheytendtobemoderate.⑩Evidenceofthemoderationofthemajorpartiesisthatmuchbusinessisconductedacrosspartylines.WhathappenswhentheDemocratscontrolonehouseofCongressandtheRepublicanscontroltheother?Aboutthesamevolumeoflegislationispassedaswhenonepartycontrolsbothhouses,althoughsomeimportantlegislationislikelytobeblockedtemporarily.Itispossibletocarryontheworkofthegovernmentevenwhenpartycontrolisdividedbecausepartydifferencesarenotfundamental.
10.Anotherconsequenceofthetwo-partysystemisthatwhereasminorpartiesarelikelytoidentifythemselveswithspecialinterestsorspecialprogramsandthustakeextremepositions,themajorpartiesaresolargethattheytendtobemoderate. 本句的主干为“主句+that引导的表语从句”,表语从句较长,是由whereas引导的一个并列句本句意思是“两党制的另一个结果是小党很可能认同某种特殊利益或特殊计划而采取极端立场,而大党则因为如此庞大,所以倾向于中庸之道” 语法 练习 补充语法知识动名词的用法 动名词相当于名词,在句中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语
一、作主语 Forgettingthepastmeansbetrayal. Thereisnojokingaboutsuchmatters. Itisnousewaitinghere.
二、作宾语
1.作及物动词的宾语一些及物动词后边要求跟动名词作宾语(参看上册P284) 例如practice,enjoy,appreciate,suggest,excuse,pardon,avoid,postpone, delay,mind,admit,risk,miss,deny,resist, Youshouldpracticespeakingthelanguageeveryday.
2.作介词的宾语 例如beusedto,becomeusedto,getusedto,lookforwardto, Aminor-partyorindependentcandidatecandrawvotesawayfromthemajor-partynomineesbutstandsalmostnochanceofdefeatingthem.
三、作表语 表示抽象事物和一般行为,即将一个动作看成一个事物 例如Oneeasilymonitoredrhythmispalmsweating. Myjobisteaching. (对比现在分词作表语,只起描述作用,相当于形容词,而且多数与心理状态有关例如 Interesting,exciting,surprising,understanding…)
四、作定语 表示被修饰的名词的功能、用途,放在所修饰的名词前 例如drinkingwater,washingmachine,runningshoes,drawingpaper,workingmethod (对比现在分词作定语,和它所修饰的名词有逻辑上的主谓关系,例如 singinggirl,walkingman,runningwater,sleepingchild,workingpeople
五、动名词复合结构 动名词前边也可以加上表示行为的主体,成为动名词的逻辑主语 例如Whatistheuseofmydoingthat? Nothingcanstopmetryingagain. DoyoumindJohndrivingyouhome? 04年10月考题中,词形变化题 Eitherofthesefactorscouldaccountforsomeindividualsbeing(be)abletodowellusinginefficientmethods. being是动名词,someindividuals是逻辑主语,usinginefficientmethods.是状语 accountfor解释…的原因, 这两种因素中哪一种都能解释某些人用效率不高的方法都能学得很好 Unit10 练习
一、词汇英译汉
1.election
2.vote
3.certainty
4.loyalty
5.decline
6.democrat
7.strategy
8.pursue
9.impact
10.headquarters
11.economy
12.stir
13.congress
14.representative toidentify…asimpacton
二、句子英译汉
1.Candidatestrytoprojectastrongleadershipimage.(para.4)
2.Whethervotersacceptthisimage,however,dependsmoreonexternalfactorsthanonacandidate‘spersonalcharacteristics.(para.4) 此句注意主语从句作主语
3.Ayearlater,withthenation‘seconomyintrouble,Bush’sapprovalratingdroppedbelow40percent.
4.Candidatesareparticularlyconcernedwithwinningthestateswhichhavethelargestpopulation.
5.Clintonreceivedonly43percentofthepopularvotein1992,comparedwithBush‘s38percentandPerot’s19percent.
6.Indecidingwhethertopursueacourseofaction,theytrytoestimateitslikelyimpactonthevoters.
7.WarrenG.Hardingacceptedthe1920RepublicannominationathisOhiohome,stayedtherethroughoutmostofthecampaign,andwonafullvictorysimplybecausemostofthevotersofhistimewereRepublicans.
8.“TheEconomy,Stupid.”ThesloganwastheideaofJamesCarville,Clinton‘schiefstrategist,andwasmeantasaremindertothecandidateandthestafftokeepthecampaignfocusedonthenation’sslow-movingeconomy,whichultimatelywastheissuethatdefeatedBush.
三、句子汉译英
1.在美国每四年举行一次总统大选 ThepresidentialelectiontakesplaceeveryfouryearsintheUnitedStates.
2.多数党被提名者得到的支持率往往高出少数党候选人 Amajoritypartynomineeusuallyhastheadvantageofsupportoveraminoritypartyone. Amajor-partynomineealwaysgetshigherapprovalratingthanaminor-partynominee.
3.策略在总统竞选中起关键性的作用 Strategiesplayacriticalroleintheelection. Strategyiscriticalinthepresidentialelection.
4.为了争取选票,总统候选人特别关注那些重要的州 Towinthepresidency,acandidateisparticularlyconcernedwithwinningthestateswhichareimportant. Inordertogetthevotes,presidentialcandidatesareconcernedwiththoseimportantstates.
5.美国有十几个政党,其中只有两个党是主要党 ThereareaboutadozenpoliticalpartiesinAmerica,onlytwoofwhicharemajorparties. 历年考题
1.Victoryintheeleven______(large)statesalonewouldprovideanelectoralmajority.(
99.10) 答案largest.此题主要考查large的最高级
2.EvenDemocratGeorgeMcGovern,_____hadthelowestlevelofpartysupportamongrecent Nominees,wasbackedin1972bynearly60percentofhisparty‘svoters.(
99.10) A.who B.whose C.that D.which 答案A.who引导的非限定性定语从句
3.汉译英这与其说取决于候选人的个人特点不如说取决于外部因素(
00.4) 答案Thisdependsonexternalfactorsratherthanonacandidate‘spersonalcharacteristics.
4.In1991,aftertheGulfWar,Bush‘sapprovalratingreached91percent,thehighestlevelrecordedsincepolling______(begin)inthe1930s.(
00.10) 答案began.此题考查过去时,因为有一个明显的过去时间状语“inthe1930s”
5.Americanshavelearnedmuchaboutthewayinwhichthesystemcanbemanagedsoasto_____thepeacefultransferofpowerfromonepartytotheother.(
01.4) A.makeitpossible B.makepossible C.makepossibly D.makeitpossibly 答案B.本题中make的宾语太长,所以放到了宾补possible的后面“make…possible” 表示“使…成为可能”
6.Indeciding_____acourseofaction,thecandidatetriedtoestimateitslikelyimpactonthevoters.(
02.4) A.whattopursue B.whichtopursue C.whethertopursue D.iftopursue 答案C.分析所要填的空是deciding的宾语而pursue后面的宾语是acourseofaction.选项A“whattopursue”,what是宾语选项B中,which也是作主语或宾语选项D.语法结构不对,因此选C.
7.Amajor-partynomineehasthecriticaladvantageinthecampaignforthepresidentialelection_______hehasthesupportfromthepartyfaithful.(03,10) A.inthat B.inwhich C.forwhich D.forthat 答案A“在于”(复合连词表示原因)讲义十一 TextASacrificedtoScience? 课文简介本文主要论述了以下三点
1.对待用动物来做医学实验的不同观点有些人认为动物研究是不必要的,不相关的,甚至是起误导作用另一种观点认为,如果把还没有在动物身上彻底实验过的药物用在人身上,那是完全不负责任和不道德的用动物来做实验对现代医疗科学的发展起着至关重要的作用
2.很多科学家一直在致力于减少(Reduction)、改进(Refinement)和代替(Replacement)对动物的实验
3.随着研究技术日益先进,可能会减少用动物做实验的数量,但只要医疗研究还要继续,只要用于消费者身上的产品还需准确实验,彻底停止使用动物还很遥远 Paras.1-6Thedifferentideasonanimalstesting. Paras.7-11Newresearchindevelopmentsmakesthenumberofanimalsusedinlaboratorytestsdecline. Paras.12-14Eventhoughwedontwanttodoanimalresearchformedicaluse,stoppingtestingonanimalsisnoteasy.s NewWords 1anaesthetics n.麻醉学 2vaccine n./a.牛痘苗;疫苗;牛痘的;疫苗的 3diabetes n.糖尿病 4developmental a.发展的,开发的 5disorder n./vt.混乱;失调;使混乱 6irrelevant a.不相干的,离题的 7misleading a.引入歧途的,使人误解的 8irresponsible a.不负责任的,无责任感的 9unethical a.不合伦理的;不合道德的 10thalidomide n.[药]萨立多胺 11replacement n.复位,复职;替换,代替 12refinement n.精炼,精制 13simulate vt.假装,冒充;模仿,模拟 14cell n.细胞 15toxicity n.毒性 16eventual a.最后的,结局的 17dose n.(一次)剂量 18replace vt.把…放回(原处);使恢复;更换 19tube n.管,软管;试管 20partly ad.部分地,在一定程度上 21polio n.脊髓灰质炎,小儿麻痹症 22biomedical a.生物医学的 23ethics n.伦理学,伦理观 24undergo vt.经历,经受;忍受 25suitable a.合适的,适当的 26rabbit n.兔 27litter n./vt.(供动物睡眠或植物防冻的)干草; 杂乱无章;为(动物)铺草;乱丢 28refine vt./vi.提纯,精制;使精美,使改进 29regeneration n.新生,再生,复兴 30paralyse vt.使麻痹,使瘫痪; 31regrow vt.再生长,重新生长 32reproduce vt.繁殖;再生产;复制 词组 1tosacrificeto 向…献祭;为..而牺牲; 2todoresearchinto 进行…的研究 3becentralto 对…极为重要的 4todoexperimenton 用…做实验 5beirrelevantto 与…不相干;不切题 6toteston 对…进行试验 7toaimfor 瞄准;以…为目标 词汇精讲
1.disorder n./vt.混乱,失调,紊乱 派生词ordern.顺序,秩序 Thewholeofficewasinastateofdisorder-shecouldn‘tfindathingthatshelookedfor. 整个办公室里一片混乱,她要找的东西一样也找不到 Thepolicetriedtoquietthedisordersinthestreets.警察设法平息街头的骚乱 dis-,ir-,un-,il-是反意前缀
2.irrelevant a.不相干的,离题的 派生词relevanta.相关的,相干的 Thedocumentsarelargelyirrelevanttothepresentinvestigation. 这些文件与目前进行的调查基本上不相干 mis-前缀表示错误,弄错
3.irresponsible a.不负责任的,无责任感的 派生词responsiblea.负责任的 Itwouldbeirresponsibleofmetoencourageyoutoinvestinthepoorlymanagedcompany. 如果我鼓励你投资于该管理不善的公司,那是不负责任 Heisirresponsibleforwhathesays.他对自己所说的话不负责任 注类似表示反意的前缀,在字母r前ir-irregular、irrelevant 在字母l前il-illegal 在字母m.p.b前im-impossible,immovable,imbalance 在字母前in-independent,inactive,incapable等 re-前缀表示重复 cell细胞,蜂窝,cell-phone手机
4.simulate vt.假装,冒充,模仿,模拟 Incheapfurniture,plasticisoftenusedtosimulatewood.在廉价家具中,常用塑料冒充木料
5.eventual a.最后的,结局的 同义词last,finally,intheend Theeventualdecisioncameafterweeksofconsideration.经过数周的考虑后最终作出了决定 Therearestillmanyproblemstoberesolved,butweremainoptimisticaboutaneventualagreement.尽管还有很多问题要解决,但我们对达成最终协议仍抱乐观态度
6.replace vt.代替,取代;=totaketheplaceof(强调完全取代) 同义词substitutev.代替(强调临时性的代替例HesubstitutesasourteacherofEnglish.) 辨析substitute…for;replace…with We‘vesubstitutedacomputerforthatoldmachine.我们用电脑代替了那台旧机器 We‘vereplacedtheoldmachinewithacomputer.我们用电脑取代了那台旧机器
7.partly ad.部分地,在一定程度上 Whatyousayispartlytrue.你说的话一部分是真实的 Hisattractivenessispartlyduetohisself-confidence.他的魅力部分是由于他的自信
8.undergo vt.经历,经受;忍受 Theshipsuccessfullyunderwentseatrialincoastalwaters.那条船在近海水域试航成功 Hehadundergonegreathardshipinbringinguphisfivechildren. 他受了不少苦才把五个孩子抚养成人
9.litterv./n.乱丢,乱丢的垃圾 例litterisgarbage.垃圾rubbish,refuse,waste,disposal 以-sis结尾的名词变复数,变sis为-ses. 词组phrases
1.tosacrificeto向…献祭;为…而牺牲; Itwasthepracticeofthesepeopletosacrificetotheirgodswhenrainhadnotfallen. 这些人有祭神求雨的习俗 Theyarepreparedtosacrificeeverythingtoachievevictory.他们准备牺牲一切去争取胜利
2.todoresearchinto进行…的研究 Theyaredoingsomefascinatingresearchintothelanguageofbees. 他们正在对蜜蜂的语言进行一些有趣的研究 Researchintoatomicenergyshouldbeconductedwithaviewtoitspeacefuluse. 研究原子能应该服务于和平的目的
3.becentralto对……极为重要的,是……的重点 Reducinginflationiscentraltothegovernment‘seconomicpolicy. 缩减通货膨胀是政府经济政策的重点 Communityinvolvementiscentraltoourplan.群众参与对于我们计划的实施非常重要
4.toaimfor瞄准;以…为目标 Weareaimingfora50%shareoftheGermanmarket. 我们的目标是取得德国市场50%的份额 Shewasaimingforapromotion.她想获得提升 课文精讲 SacrificedtoScience? ProfessorColinBlakemoreworksatOxfordUniversityMedicalSchooldoingresearchintoeyeproblemsandbelievesthatanimalresearchhasgivenhumansmanybenefits
①
1.句中doingresearchintoeyeproblems是一个现在分词短语作状语,起补充说明的作用;believes作works的并列谓语;that引导的从句作believe的宾语从句 本句译文“科林·布莱克默教授任职于牛津大学医学院,正在对眼睛疾病进行研究,他认为,用动物进行研究给人带来了很多好处” Theuseofanimalshasbeencentraltothedevelopmentofanaesthetics,vaccinesandtreatmentsfordiabetes,cancer,developmentaldisorders……mostofthemajormedicaladvanceshavebeenbasedonabackgroundofanimalresearchanddevelopment. Therearethosewhothinkthetestsaresimplyunnecessary.TheInternationalAssociationAgainstPainfulExperimentsonAnimalsisanorganizationthatpromotestheuseofalternativemethodsofresearchwhichdonotmakeanimalssuffer.TheirspokesmanColinSmithsays makeanimalssuffer中的“suffer”是其实是不带“to”的不定式,是不定式作宾补的结构 Animalresearchisirrelevanttoourhealthanditcanoftenproducemisleadingresults.Peopleandanimalsaredifferentintheirreactionstodrugsandinthewaytheirbodieswork.Weonlyhavetolookatsomeofthemedicalmistakestoseethisisso. ButProfessorBlackmorestresses Itwouldbecompletelyirresponsibleandunethicaltousedrugsonpeoplethathadnotbeenthoroughlytestedonanimals.
②Thefamousexampleofthalidomideisacaseformoreanimalstesting,notless.
③Thebirthdefectsthatthedrugproducedwerearesultofinadequatetesting.Ifthalidomidewereinventedtoday,itwouldneverbereleasedforhumanusebecausenewtestsonpregnantanimalswouldrevealthedangers.
④
2.本句用了虚拟语气,是与现在事实相反的假设虽然没有用虚拟条件句的形式,但表示虚拟的意义因为作者认为,药品不经动物实验就用在人身体上的可能性极小 that引导的定语从句修饰先行词drugs.把本句改为虚拟条件句Itwouldbecompletelyirresponsibleandunethicaltousedrugsonpeopleiftheyhadnotbeenthoroughlytestedonanimals. 本句译文“如果把还没有在动物身上彻底实验过的药物用在人身上,那是完全不负责任和不道德的”
3.为了避免重复,less后面省略了animaltesting.句意为“著名的萨立多胺的例子就说明应该对动物进行更多的试验,而不是更少”
4.本句也是一句表示与现在情况相反的虚拟条件句在虚拟条件中,动词be不管用于什么人称都用were.“because”引导的从句为原因状语从句 本句译文“如果萨立多胺是今天发明的,它就决不会用在人身上,因为对怀孕的动物的新试验将会发现这种危险” AnotherorganizationthatisdevelopingothermethodsofresearchisFRAME.ThisistheFundfortheReplacementofAnimalsinMedicalExperiments.ItrecognizesthatmanyexperimentsstillhavetobedoneonanimalsandisaimingforReduction.RefinementandReplacementofanimalsinexperiments.In1981,itestablishedaresearchprogrammetoimproveandexpandnon-animaltesting.Increasingly,newtechnologyismakingiteasierforustofindalternativemethodsoftesting.Computermodelscanbeusedtosimulatethewaythatcellsworkandtotrytopredictthetoxicityofchemicals.
⑤Datafrompreviousanimalexperimentsisusedtodevelopacomputermodelwhichwillpredictwhatwillhappenifyouaddachemicalwithanunknownbiologicaleffecttoasubstance.
⑥Theeventualaimofcomputermodelingistoreducethenumberofanimalsusedinexperiments.
5.此句中tosimulatetheway和totrytopredictthetoxicityofchemicals是并列状语,用来表示使用计算机模型的目的thatcellswork是定语从句,修饰theway. 本句译文“计算机模型可用来模拟细胞的活动方式和预报化学药品的毒性”
6.在本句中,共有三个从句 名词+which引导的一个定语从句修饰名词model; what引导一个宾语从句,作动词predict的宾语; if引导一个条件状语从句,作happen的状语其中add…to是一个动词词组,意思是“把…增加到…” 本句译文可用从以前的动物实验获取的数据来建立一个计算机模型,这个模型能够预报如果将某一生物效果不明的化学药品添加到另一种物质上将会出现什么情况 TheLethalDose50test(LD50)mayalsobereplaced.Intheoriginaltest,alltheanimalsinatestgrouparegivenasubstanceuntilhalfofthemdie.Thetestindicatestoxicity.Amethodusingafixedamount,whichgivesthesameeventualinformationbutusesfeveranimalsanddoesnotrequirethattheydie,mayreplacetheLD
50.
⑦Manyothernewtechniquesarenowavailablethatenablemoreresearchtobedoneinthetesttubetoseeifchemicalsproduceharmfulbiologicaleffects.
⑧
7.该句的主干结构为“AmethodmayreplacetheLD
50.”“usingafixedamount”和“whichgivesthesameeventualinformationbutusesfeweranimalsanddoesnotrequirethattheydie”分别是分词短语和定语从句做method的定语 本句译文“另一种方法是使用固定量的有毒物质,能够给出同样的最终信息,但使用较少的动物并且不需要它们死亡,这个方法可以代替LD
50.”
8.此句中that引导的定语从句修饰techniques;因为从句过长,所以放到了主句谓语arenowavailable之后这是由于修辞需要而引起的倒装 本句译文“现在已有很多别的新技术,使更多的研究能在试管里进行,以便发现化学药品是否产生有毒的生物效果” Thenumberofanimalsusedinlaboratorytestshasdeclinedoverthelast20years.Thisispartlyduetoalternativesandpartlytothefactthatexperimentsarebetterdesignedsofewerneedtobeused——healthieranimalsprovidebetterexperimentalresults.
⑨Forexample,itusedtotake36monkeystotestasampleofpoliovaccine,nowittakesonly
22.Also,lackofmoneyhasreducedthenumberofanimalsused-theyareexpensivetobuyandexpensivetokeep.
9.句中“that”引导同位语从句修饰thefact;fewer之后省略了experiments.其中dueto表示“由于…”的意思 本句译文“这部分地是由于采用了替代的方法,部分地是由于实验比以前设计得更好,所以需要的动物就少了” BirminghamUniversitynowhasBritain‘sfirstdepartmentofBiomedicalEthics.ProfessorDavidMortonofthedepartmentisinvolvedinanimalresearchandisconcernedwithreducinganimalsufferingasmuchaspossible.Animalsspend95%oftheirtimeintheircagesandrefinementalsomeansmakingtheirlivesbetterwhennotundergoingtests.Thisincludeskeepingtheminmoresuitablecages,allowingsocialanimalslikedogstolivetogetherandtryingtoreducetheboredomthattheseanimalscanexperience. InProfessorMorton‘slaboratory,rabbitslivetogetherinlargeruns,filledwithdeeplitterandboxesthattheycanhidein.Theresearchershavealsorefinedsomeexperiments.IntheUS,oneexperimentinnerveregenerationinvolvescuttingabignerveinarat’sleg,leavingitslegparalysed.⑩InMorton‘slab,theresearchercutsasmallnerveinthefoot.Hecanseeifitcanregrowandtheratcanstillrunarounditscage.
10.句中leavingitslegparalysed是现在分词短语作cutting的结果状语,其中paralysed是宾语补语 本句译文“在美国,进行一次神经再生实验要在老鼠腿上切掉一大段神经,结果就把它的腿弄瘫痪了 Evenwiththesenewdevelopmentsinresearch,onlyatinyproportionofalltestsaredonewithoutusinganimalsatsomestage.Theuseofanimalsinexperimentscannotstopimmediatelyifmedicalresearchistocontinueandconsumerproductsaretobeproperlytested,andProfessorBlakemorebelievesthatsometimestherearenoalternatives Whereverpossible,forbothethicalandscientificreasons,wedonotuseanimals.⑾Butcellsliveinanimalsandwecanonlyreallyseehowtheybehavewhentheyareinsideanimals.Wecannotpossiblyreproduceinatesttubeoracomputermodelallthecomplexreactionsofthebodytoadrugoradisease.⑿Whenitcomestoresearchintoheartdiseaseanditseffectsonthebody,ordiseasesofthebrainforexample,wedonothaveadequatesubstitutesfortheuseofanimals.⒀
11.句中Whereverpossible,的完整表达为Whereveritispossible,意为“不管在哪里,只要有可能” 例如Wheneverpossible,hewouldpracticespeakingEnglish. 不管什么时候,只要有可能他就练习说英语 本句译文“只要可能,为了道德的和科学的两种理由,我们不使用动物”
12.句中allthecomplexreactionsofthebodytoadrugoradisease是reproduce的宾语,因为过长所以放到状语inatesttubeoracomputermodel.后面 本句译文“我们不可能在试管里或用计算机模型模拟出身体对药物或疾病的全部复杂反应”
13.句中heartdiseaseanditseffectonthebody和diseaseofthebrain做researchinto的并列宾语“forexample”是针对由when引导的整个状语从句而言,因此译成汉语时应放到句首 本句译文“例如当研究心脏病和它对身体的影响时,或者当研究大脑疾病时,我们没有充分的代用品来代替动物” Asresearchtechniquesbecomemoreadvanced,thenumberofanimalsusedinexperimentsmaydecrease,butstoppingtestingonanimalsaltogetherisalongwayaway.⒁
14.这是一个由but并列的两个分句前一句中,as引导的从句作伴随时间状语,后半句中stoppingtestingonanimalsaltogether是动名词短语作主语,注意stop后面的非谓语动词的用法(stopdoingsth/stoptodosth) 本句译文“随着研究技术的日益先进,用于实验的动物的数量可能会减少,但距离彻底停止使用动物还很遥远” TextBLet‘sStopKeepingPets NewWords
1.petn.宠物,爱畜 a.宠爱的,表示亲昵的
2.delightfula.令人高兴的;讨人喜欢的
3.humanityn.
1.人性,博爱,仁慈;
2.人类
4.negativea.
1.否定的,否认的;
2.反面的,消极的;
3.[数]负的,[电]阴性的 n.
1.负片,底片;
2.负数
5.remarkvt.说,评论 vi.评论,议论(on) n.评论,看法
6.touchinga.动人的,使人感伤的
7.goingn.进行状况 a.进行中的;现行的
8.cominga.正在到来的,即将来到的 n.来到,到达
9.literala.
1.精确的,如实的;
2.逐字的,字面的
10.grantvt.同意;准予 n.
1.同意,授予;
2.拨款
11.contenteda.满足的,满意的
12.serenea.安详的;宁静的
13.contemplatevt.
1.注视,凝视;
2.沉思
14.plean.
1.请求,恳求;
2.托词
15.devotionn.献身,忠诚
16.ownershipn.
1.拥有;
2.所有权,所有制
17.imperativea.
1.绝对必要的,迫切的;
2.命令的,强制的;
3.[语]祈使的
18.strickenI.strike的过去分词 II.a.
1.被打中的,被击伤的;
2.(常用以构成复合词)受灾的,受侵袭的
19.reliefn.
1.(痛苦,压迫等)减轻,宽慰;
2.救济
20.donationn.捐献;赠送
21.afflictvt.使苦恼,折磨
22.deprivevt.夺去,剥夺;使失去(of)
23.individualistica.个人主义(者)的
24.prevailvi.
1.胜过(over,against);
2.流行,盛行
25.starvationn.饥饿;饿死
26.kwashiorkorn.[医]恶性营养不良症
27.deficiencyn.缺乏,不足
28.starvevi.
1.饿死;
2.挨饿;
3.极需,渴望(for) vt.使饿死;使挨饿
29.sustainvt.
1.支撑,承受住;
2.供养,维持
30.unreasonablea.
1.不讲道理的,非理智的;
2.不合情理的,过度的 PhrasesandExpressions
1.tobringout
1.使显现,显示;
2.生产,使产生
2.toattach……to使…与…相关,把…附加到
3.goingsandcomings
1.来往;
2.活动,发生的事
4.totake……forgranted
1.认为真实;
2.视为当然
5.atease自在的,舒适的
6.topleafor恳求;请求
7.notthat……并不是说
8.not(never)foramoment决不;从不
9.tobreakinon(upon)
1.打扰;
2.打断,闯进
10.tofeelbitterat对…怀恨
11.toseizeholdof
1.抓住;
2.占有 TextB重点词汇
1.negative a.否定的,否认的 反义词positivea.积极的,肯定的,正面的 Wereceivedanegativeanswertoourrequest.我们的请求得到了否定答复 She‘sgotsuchanegativeattitudethatit’sdepressingtobewithher.她的态度非常消极,跟她在一起让人感到很沮丧
2.remark v./n.说,评论 派生词remarkablea.显著的,明显的 ManyrepresentativesremarkeduponthedevelopmentofChinaintheirspeeches.发言中许多代表都谈到了中国的发展问题 Thepresidentmadenoremarksuponthis.总统对此未置可否
3.grant vt./n.同意,准予 Theygrantedheranentryvisa./Theygrantedanentryvisatoher.他们同意发给她入境签证 takeitforgranted…认为…理所当然 Itookitforgrantedthatyouwouldwanttoseetheplay,soIboughtyouaticket. 我认为你理所当然想看这个剧,因此给你买了张票
4.devotion n.献身,忠诚 派生词devotev.献身,投入,奉献 Theteacher‘sdevotiontothecauseofeducationiswellknown.那位教师对教育事业的献身精神是众所周知的
5.relief n.减轻,宽慰 派生词relievev.减轻,缓解 ItwassucharelieftohearthatGlenhadbeenfoundsafeandwell.听说格仑安然无恙真是让人感到宽慰 Shebreathedasighofreliefwhenshefoundoutshehadpassedherexams.知道自己通过了考试,她欣慰地舒了一口气
6.deprive vt.夺去,剥夺;使失去 Noonecanfunctionproperlyiftheyaredeprivedofadequatesleep. 如果缺乏睡眠,没人能正常工作 Heclaimedthattheydeprivedofhisfreedom.他声称他们曾剥夺过他的自由权利
7.starve v.饿死,挨饿;渴望 Theygotlostinthedesertandstarvedtodeath.他们在沙漠中因迷路而饿死 Sheislonely,andstarvingforcompanionship.她很寂寞,渴望陪伴
8.sustainvt.支撑,承受住,供养,维持 Wedonothavesufficientresourcestosustainourcampaignforlong. 我们财力不足,无法维持长时间作战 词组
1.tobringout使显现,显示;生产 Thesunshinewillbringouttheblossom.阳光将使花朵开放 Acrisiscanbringoutthebestandtheworstinpeople.危机可以使人的长处和短处显现无遗
2.toattach…to使…与…相关, Iattachedaphototomyapplicationform.我把一张照片贴到申请表上 Sheattachesgreatvaluetobeingfinanciallyindependent.她很看重经济方面的独立
3.atease自在的,舒适的 Ineverfellateaseinhiscompany.我在他的公司从没有感到轻松舒适
4.notthat并不是说,不是因为 Hedidn‘tcometothepartyyesterday,notthathewouldn’tcome,butthathecouldn‘tcome. 昨天的聚会他没有来,并非他不愿意,而是因为他不能来
5.notforamoment决不,从来没有 Idon‘tforamomentdoubthisinnocence.我决不怀疑他的清白
6.tobreakinon(upon)打扰,打断,闯进 Pleasedon‘tbreakinonourconversation.请别打断我们的谈话 Heopenedthewrongdoorandbrokeinonaprivateroom.他开错了门,闯入了一个私人房间 课文精讲 Petsarelovable,frequentlydelightful.Thedogandthecat,themostfavoredofpets,arebeautiful,intelligentanimals.Toassumethecareforthemcanhelpbringoutthehumanityinourchildrenandevenisus.Adogoracatcanteachusalotabouthumannature;theyarealotmorelikeusthansomemightthink.Morethanoneownerofadoghassaidthattheanimalunderstandseverythinghesaystoit.Soamotherandfatherwhohaveevercaredforpetsarelikelytobemorepatientandunderstandingwiththeirchildrenaswell,andespeciallytoavoidmakingnegativeorruderemarksinthepresenceofachild,nomatterhowyoung.
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1.1)句中whohaveevercaredforpets是定语从句 2)likely后接两个由and连接的不定式结构,即tobemorepatientandunderstandingwiththeirchildrenaswell和especiallytoavoidmakingnegativeorruderemarksinthepresenceofachild. 3)nomatterhowyoung.是让步状语从句,省略了theyare 全句译文因此养过宠物的父母对他们的子女可能更有耐心,更容易理解他们的孩子,特别是不管孩子多么小,父母在孩子面前不说消极和粗鲁的话 Itistouchingtoseehowacatordog-especiallyadog-attachesitselftoafamilyandwantstoshareinallitsgoingsandcomings.Ifcertainanimalpsychologistsareright,adogadoptshisfamilyinamostliteralway-takingitforgrantedthatthefamilyisthebandofdogshebelongsto.
②
2.takeitforgrantedthat…认为…是理所当然的 全句译文如果某些动物心理学家是对的话,一条狗实际上收养了她的家庭——想当然的认为该家庭是它归属的一群狗 Itissometimessaidthatthecat“takesallandgivesnothing.”Butisthatreallytrue?Acatcanteachusavaluablelessonabouthowtobecontented,howtobesereneandatease,howtositandcontemplate.Whereasadog‘sconstantpleasforattentionbecome,sometimes,abittoomuch.Neverthelessitisthedogwhocanteachuslessonsofloyaltyanddevotionthatnocateverknew. Sothere‘splentytobesaidinfavorofkeepingpets.
③Butwithallthatinmind,Isillsaylet’sstopkeepingpets.Notthatafamilyshouldkillitspets.Veryfewcouldbringthemselvestodothat.
④Tobepractical,Iamsuggestingthatifwedonotnowhaveapetweshouldnotacquireone;second,thatifwenowhaveapet,weletitbeourlastone.Icouldneversaythatpetsarebad.Iamsaying,let‘sgiveupthisgoodthing-theownershipofapet-infavorofamoreimperativegood.
⑤
3.infavorof赞成,喜爱,支持 全句译文因此赞成养宠物有很多理由
4.句意为很少有人能使自己去做这样的事
5.1)infavorof意思是“为了…的好处,有利于” 2)句中第一个good是形容词,意思是“好的” 3)第二个good是名词,意思是“好事” 全句大意“我只是说,为了做更必要的好事,让我们放弃拥有宠物这件好事” Thepurchase,thehealthcare,thefeedingandhousingandtrainingofapet-andIchieflymeanthelarger,longer-livedpets-costtimeandmoney.Dependingontheanimal‘ssizeandactivity,it’sspecialtastesandneeds,andthestandardoflivingweestablishforit,thecareofapetcancostfromadollaraweektoadollarofmoreaday.Iwouldnotforamomentdenyitisworththat. Butfactsoutsidewallsofourhomekeepbreakinginonourawareness.Thoughwedonotseethepoverty-strickenpeopleofIndiaandAfricaandSouthAmerica,wecanneverquiteforgetthattheyarethere.Nowandthentheirfacesareshowninthenews,orinthebeggingadsofrelieforganizations.Probablywesendadonationwheneverwecan. Butwedonot,asarule,feelaheavypersonalresponsibilityfortheafflictedanddeprivedforweareprettythoroughlyformedbytheindividualistic,competitivesocietywelivein.
⑥Thefirstdimeweevermadewasourstospendinanywaywechose.Noonethoughtofquestioningthat.Thatattitude,formedbeforewehadlearnedtothink,usuallyprevailsthroughourlife“Imademymoney.IcanspenditanywayIlike.”
6.1)句子主干是由并列连词for连接的两个并列句 2)theafflictedanddeprived是“定冠词+分词”的形式,表示一类人意为“受折磨的人和被剥夺了生存条件的人” 3)welivein.是定语从句修饰society 全句译文但是我们通常并不感到对穷人(受折磨的人和被剥夺了生存条件的人)负有重大的个人责任,由于我们几乎完全是由我们生活于其中的个人主义的竞争的社会塑造成型的 Butmoreandmorewearereadingthatthepeopleofthe“ThirdWord”feelbitteratusinthedevelopedcountries(withtheUnitedStatesfarmoredevelopedthananyoftheothers)forourseizingholdoftwo-thirdsoftheworld‘swealthandlivinglikekingswhiletheyworkawayalldaytoearnabareliving.
⑦
7.1)本句的主干是wearereading 2)在that引导的宾语从句中,ourseizinghold中,our是动名词seizing的逻辑主语while表示对比,意思是“而,然而”workaway意思是“连续地工作,忙碌地工作” 全句译文可是我们越来越多地读到第三世界的人们对我们发达国家的人(其中美国比任何国家都发达)怀有仇恨,因为我们攫取了世界上三分之二的财富,过着帝王般的生活,而他们整日劳作才勉强糊口 Themoneyandthetimewespendonpetsissimplynotourowntospendaswelikeinatimeofwidespreadwantandstarvation.
⑧Arelieforganizationadvertisesthatfor$33amonththeycangivehospitalcaretoachildsufferingfromkwashiorkor-theseveredeficiencydiseasewhichissimplyastarvingforprotein.Doingwithoutsuchapet,andthensendingthemoneysavedtoarelieforganizationwouldmeansavingalife-overtheyears,severalhumanlives.
⑨
8.1)本句的主干是Themoneyandthetime,wespendonpets是定语从句修饰Themoneyandthetime. 2)tospendaswelike是不等式结构作后置定语修饰ourown.最后的介词短语是时间状语修饰全句 全句译文在一个遍地贫困和饥饿的时代里,我们花在宠物身上的金钱和时间就不单纯是一个我们随心所欲花费的问题了
9.句子主语较长,其中saved是过去分词作后置定语修饰themoney 全句译文不养宠物,而把省下的钱送给救济组织就意味着救人一命——持续几年就会救活几条人命 Childrennotsufferingfromsuchagravediseasecouldbefedwithhalfthatamount-notonadietlikeours,butonplain,basic,life-sustainingfood.Itisnotunreasonabletobelievethattheamountofmoneywespendontheaveragepetdogcouldkeepachildaliveinaregionofgreatpoverty.Togivewhatwewouldspendonacatmightnotfeedachild,butitwouldprobablypayforhismedicalcareorbasiceducation.⑩Thepointneedsnolaboring.Thatisthatneedbesaid.
10.本句是由but连接的两个并列句在前一部分中,Togivewhatwewouldspendonacat是主语,其中有一个由what引导的宾语从句,意思是“我们可能在一只猫身上花的钱” 全句译文把我们可能在一只猫身上花的钱捐献出去也许养活不了一个孩子,但可以够支付他的医疗费和教育费 英译汉翻译方法介绍 词的翻译
(一) 方法介绍
一、词义的选择(selecting) 英文是含糊的语文(ambiguouslanguage),因此在翻译中遇到最多的问题就是词义的选择解决办法根据语境(context)即上下文来确定词义,翻译的最小单位是句子而不是词
1.有许多词是一词多义 例如termn.学期,术语,说法,条款 standv.站立,位于,忍受,承受 bankn.银行,河岸storyn.故事,楼(层)
2.还有许多词是一词多种词性,而且词义也不同 例如bookn.书v.预定 runv.跑,n.一次出生(或一起饲养)的动物 restv.休息n.其余(的东西) soundn.声音v.听起来a.合理的,健康的ad.彻底地
二、词类转译(changing)
1.名词与动词的转换 It‘smypleasuretohaveyoufordinner.(n.-v.)很高兴能请你吃饭 Tellmewhatthiswordmeans.(v.-n.)告诉我这个词的意义
2.介词译成动词 I‘mnotagainstyouropinion.我不反对你的观点 Shewenttoshopfortea.她去商店买茶叶 Helaydownonthebedinhisclothes.他穿着衣服躺在床上
3.表语形容词译成动词 有一些表示心理状态的形容词,一般只能作表语,例如afraid,glad,sorry,fond,sure,alive,asleep,awake,able/unable,aware/unaware I‘mafraidheisout.我担心他出去了I’msureyouareright.我肯定你是对的
4.其他词类间的转换 参看教材P288例句
三、增词(adding)
1.有一些英文句子,按照字面翻译,意义不完全,此时必须加词才符合汉语的习惯 Motherwashangingoutthewash.妈妈把洗好了的衣服挂起来 Wecanroomtogether.我们可以住一间屋
2.实体名词AirChina中国国际航空公司
3.抽象名词tension要根据具体语境,译成紧张(情况、关系、局势或心情) 教材P318例句
4.名词复数dogs几只狗,一些狗
5.时态完成时译成,已经…了;进行时译成,正在…;过去时译成,曾经…了
6.状语根据不同的目的、原因、让步等状语,分别译为为了…,由于…,虽然…
四、减词(omitting) 一些可有可无的词,意义已经体现于译文中了,可以省略不译
1.省略主语Onewillfailunlessheworkshard.不努力就会失败
2.省略物主代词Heiskeepinghisbed.他正卧床养病 I‘lltrymybest.我尽力而为
3.省略连接词SundayisthedaywhenIamnotbusy.星期天是我不忙的日子
五、重复(repeating)
1.为了表示强调而重复 Whatwewantistolearn,tolearnandtolearn. Taxes,taxesandmoretaxes
2.为了重复代词所替代的原词 Thecountryhasitsadvantage.农村有农村的优势 教材P322例句
3.为了表达明确具体,重复英文中省略的词 Wehavetolearntoanalyzeandsolveproblem.我们必须学会分析问题解决问题 Unit11练习
1.动物研究对人类医学的发展做出了重大的贡献 Animalresearchhasmadegreatcontributionstohumanmedicaldevelopment. Animalresearchhascontributedagreatdealtothedevelopmentofhumanmedicine.
2.动物研究是否与人体健康有关,人们持不同态度 Peoplehavedifferentideasaboutwhetheranimalresearchisrelevanttohumanhealth.
3.用于实验的动物数量在过去二十年中已大大减少了 Thenumberofanimalsusedinexperimentshasdeclinedgreatlyoverthepast20years. 研究的新成果表明,少数实验可以放弃使用动物
4.Thenewresearchfindingsshowthatafewexperimentscanbedonewithoutusinganimals. Thenewdevelopmentinresearchhasshownthatasmallproportionoftestscanbedonewithoutusinganimals.
5.尽管医学技术越来越先进,但完全停止使用动物做实验仍然很远 Althoughmedicaltechniquesarebecomingmoreadvanced,stoppingtestingonanimalsaltogetherisalongwayaway. Althoughmedicaltechniquebecomesmoreandmoreadvanced,stoppingtestingonanimalsaltogetherisalongwayaway. 历年考题
1.Thenumberofanimalsusedinlaboratorytests_____(decline)overthelast20years.(
99.10) 答案hasdeclined. 考点本句中overthelast20years是明显的表示现在完成时的时间状语因此本句用现在完成时
2.Toassumethecareforthepetscanhelpbring_____thehumanityinourchildrenandeveninusadults.(
99.10) A.about B.in C.out D.up 答案C. 考点本题主要考查词组bringout表示“使显示,显现;生产,使产生”
3.Itistouchingtoseehowacatordog-especiallyadog-itselftofamilyandwantstoshareinallitsgoingsandcomings.(
00.4) A.attributes B.applies C.assigned D.attaches 答案D. 考点本题主要考查词组attach…to表示“把…附加到,使…与…相关”
4.Asresearchtechniquesbecomemoreadvanced,thenumberofanimals_____(use)inexperimentsmaydecrease.(
00.10) 答案used. 考点本题主要考查used过去分词做定语修饰animals.
5.Somepeoplethinkthatanimalresearchisirrelevant_____ourhealthandthatitcanoftenproducemisleadingresults.(
01.4) A.with B.at C.on D.to 答案D. 本题主要考查词组beirrelevantto表示“与…不相关”
6.汉译英他的肤色与他是否是个好教授没有关系 Thecolorofhisskinisirrelevanttowhetherheisagoodprofessorornot.
7.Asresearchtechniquesbecomemoreadvanced,thenumberofanimalsusedinexperimentsmaydecrease,butstopping_____(test)onanimalsaltogetherisalongwayaway. 答案testing. 本题主要考查词组stopdoingsth.停止做某事讲义十二 TextALetYourMindWander 课文简介 从传统的观点出发,白日做梦一直被认为是有害的,或者至少是无用的 然而科学研究表明,白日做梦是日常生活必不可少的部分,它对保持情绪平衡、身体松弛、智力发展、注意力集中和同他人的交往和沟通有着极大的好处 本文通过许多名人及有成就者的成功都同以前的梦幻有关的实例说明把自己幻想成一个胜利者有助于你取得成就 文章的最后一部分,号召大家学会幻想未来,并朝着此目标努力,最终可造就一个更有独创性,更富想象力,更加心满意足和一个更踌躇满志的你 Para.1Thetraditionalideaaboutdaydreaming Paras.2-10Theadvantagesofdaydreaming Paras.11-13Learntodaydream NewWords 1daydream vi./n.白日做梦 2symptom n.症状,征兆 3habitual a.习惯性的,习以为常的 4maladjustment n..失调的,不适应环境的 5compensatory a.赔偿的,补偿的 6equilibrium n.平衡,均衡,平均 7intellectual n./a.知识分子,智力的,理智的 8detail n./vt.细节,详情;详述,详细说明 9enhance vt.提高,增强 10spur vt./n.激励,鼓舞 11initial a./n.最初的,开始的;词首的,首字母 12inventor n.发明者,创造者 13waylay vt.伏击;拦住…问讯 14muse vt./vi./n.沉思,冥想 15confront vt.面对,遭遇;正视,对抗 16painter n.漆工;画家 17sensitivity n.敏感性,灵敏度 18inner a./n.内部的,里面的;内部,里面 19reflection n.反射,反映;深思,考虑 20creativity n.创造性 21effortless a.不作努力的;不费力的,容易的 22dreamlike a.梦一般的,梦幻的 23surrounding n./a.周围的事物;环境;周围的 24character n.性格,品质;特性,特征;人物,角色 25thinker n.思想家,思考者 26steadily ad.稳固地,稳定地 27vividly ad.鲜明地,生动地 28drift n./vi./vt.漂流,趋势,倾向;漂流;漂泊 29trace n./vt.痕迹,踪迹;跟踪,查找 30undisturbed a.不受干扰的;宁静的 31tune n./vt.曲调,曲子;和谐,协调 32midst n./prep.中间,当中 33impoverished a.贫困的,赤贫的 34well-being n.健康;福利,幸福 35modest a.谦虚的,谦恭的;适中的 36investment n.投资;投入 37excitement n.刺激;兴奋 词 组 1toexcess 过分,过度,过量 2tosubstitute…for 用…代替… 3becontraryto 与…相反 4inreality 实际上,事实上 5toputoff 延期;消除;阻碍 6toletgoof 放手;放开 7beconfrontedwith 面临,面对 8todrawon 用做来源,依靠; 9togazeat 凝视,注视 10beunawareof 不知道…没察觉到 11todreamof 梦见,梦想 12inone’smind’eye 在脑海里 13atsea 在海上,在航海中 14togoover 越过,渡过 15toimpress…on 使铭记,牢记 16befreefrom 没有…的;不受…的 17toputaside 放在一边,撇开 18bebeneficialto 对…有益 19toaddupto 总和是 tocomeupwith 提出,提供,赶上,来临,流行(起来) 词汇精讲
1.symptom n.症状,征兆 Mostinfectionsarecontagiousbeforeanysymptomsarenoticed. 大多数传染病在症状被发现之前已具有传染性 Herecognizesthesymptoms,butrefusestoadmitthathehasmaritalproblems. 他承认这些征兆,但不愿承认自己的婚姻发生了问题
2.habitual a.习惯性的,习以为常的 Iceandsnowareahabitualsightinthenorth.冰雪在北方是常见的
3.detail n./vt.详情,细节,详述 Youcangetdetailsofnurseryschoolsfromthelocalauthority. 你可向地方当局了解有关托儿所的详细情况 Wehaven‘tyethadachancetodiscussthematterindetail. 我们还没有机会详细讨论这一问题
4.enhance vt.提高,加强(increase,improve) Themoonlightenhancedthebeautyofthescene.月光更增添了景色的秀美 Thepraiseoftheteacherenhancedhisconfidence.老师的赞赏增强了他的信心
5.initial a.最初的,开始的 派生词initiativen.创始,首创精神;initiatev.开始,创始;发起,发动 Myinitialsurprisewassoonreplacedbydelight.我最初的惊奇不久便被喜悦替代了
6.confront vt.使面对,使面临,使遭遇 Thenewsystemwasconfrontedwithdifficultiesatthestart.新体制起初遇到很多困难 Pronunciationisjustoneofthemanyproblemsthatconfrontthelanguagelearner. 发音只是学语言的人所面临的诸多问题之一 Weshouldconfrontthedifficultiesinlifeinsteadoftryingtoescapethem. 我们应该正视生活中的困难,而不是逃避它们
7.sensitivity n.敏感性,灵敏度 派生词sensitivea.敏感的,灵敏的 Hissensitivitytothecurrenteventsmadeussurprised.他对时事的敏感性使我们感到惊讶
8.inner a./n.内部的,里面的 反义词outera.外部的,外面的 Thelabelisontheinnersideofthebox.标签位于盒子的内侧 Ifshehadinnerdoubts,itwasnotapparenttoanyoneelse.她若心中生疑亦不形之于色
9.reflection n.反射;映像,倒影 派生词reflectv.反射,反映 Hegavemuchreflectionontheproblembutstillhadnoanswer. 他对那个问题思考了很久,但仍未找到答案 Ittookhimtwoyearstofinishhisbook“Reflectionsonthepast” 他用两年时间写完一本书,叫做《往事反思》
10.creativity n.创造力,创造性 派生词createv.创造;creativea.有创造力的
11.trace n./vt.跟踪,查找 Didthepolicefindanytraceofthemurderer? 警方发现凶手的行踪了吗? ThepracticeofgivingeggsatEastercanbetracedbacktofestivalsinancientChina. 复活节送鸡蛋的习俗可以追溯到古代中国的一些节日
12.modest a.谦虚的,谦恭的;适中的,不过分的 反义词immodesta.傲慢的,不谦虚的,不正派的,下流的 Sheisverymodestabouttheprizesshehaswon.她对自己得奖非常谦虚 Hisneedsarequitemodest.他的需求一点也不过分(Hedoesn‘taskfortoomuch.)
13.investment n.投资,投入派生词investv.投资,投入 Stocksareregardedasgoodlong-terminvestments.股票被认为是理想的长期投资 Hisinvestmentinthatbusinesshavedonewell.他在那家商行的投资收益很好 词组phrases
1.toexcess过分,过度,过量 Theybotheattoexcess.他们俩都吃得过多 Theheavyrainfilledthelakestoexcess.大雨使湖水超过了湖的容量
2.tosubstitute…for用…替代 Youcansubstitutevegetableoilforbutterinthisrecipe. 在这一食谱中,你可以用植物油代替黄油
3.becontraryto与……相反 Hisactionsarecontrarytotherules.他的行为与这些规则相违背 Contrarytoallourexpectationshe‘sactuallyfoundawell-paidjobandanicegirlfriend. 与我们大家的预料相反,他竟然找到了一份报酬优厚的工作和一个很好的女朋友
4.toputoff延期;阻碍 Themeetinghasbeenputoffforaweek.会议延期一周 Ican‘tputoffgoingtothedentistanylonger.我得去看医生,不能再耽搁了
5.togazeat凝视,注视近义词tostareat瞪着,怒视 Whatareyougazingat?你在盯着看什么?
6.toimpress…on使铭记,牢记 Myfatherimpressedonmethevalueofhardwork.父亲要我铭记努力工作的重要性
7.befreefrom没有…的;不受…的 Hewishedtolivealifeentirelyfreefromtroubles.他希望能过上一种无忧无虑的生活
8.toputaside把…放在一边 Sheputthenewspaperasideandpickedupabook.她把报纸放下,拿起了一本书 EveryweekIputasideabitofmoneyforarainyday.每周我都存点钱,以备不时之需
9.bebeneficialto对…有益,对…有利 Freshairisbeneficialtoone‘shealth.新鲜的空气有益健康 Daydreamingishighlybeneficialtoyourhealth.梦幻非常有益于你的健康 Tocomeupwith提出 课文精讲 LetYourMindWander Untilrecentlydaydreamingwasgenerallyconsideredeitherawasteoftimeorasymptomofneurotictendencies,andhabitualdaydreamingwasregardedasevidenceofmaladjustmentoranescapefromlife‘srealitiesandresponsibilities.Itwasbelievedthathabitualdaydreamingwouldeventuallydistancepeoplefromsocietyandreducetheireffectivenessincopingwithrealproblems.Atitsbest,daydreamingwasconsideredacompensatorysubstitutefortherealthingsinlife.
①
1.句中asitsbest是一个词组,意思是“最好也不过”;daydreaming是动名词,在句中作主语;acompensatory…inlife作wasconsidered的主语补足语 本句意思是白日做梦最好也不过被认为是对生活中实际事物的一种补偿性的替代 Aswithanythingcarriedtoexcess,daydreamingcanbeharmful.Therearealwaysthosewhowouldsubstitutefantasylivesfortherewardsofrealactivity.Butsuchextremesarerelativelyrare,andthereisagrowingbodyofevidencetosupportthefactthatmostpeoplesufferfromalackofdaydreamingratherthananexcessofit.
②
2.本句中由and连接的两个并列句;该句中to引起的不定式结构一直到句尾,作evidence的后置定语;在这一结构中,thefact后又接由that引起的同位语从句本句意思“但是这类极端的情况较为罕见,愈来愈多的证据却支持这样一种现象,即大部分人受白日做梦过少而不是过多之苦” Wearenowbeginningtolearnhowvaluableitreallyisandthatwhenindividualsarecompletelypreventedfromdaydreaming,theiremotionalbalancecanbedisturbed.
③
3.该句中的how和that引起一个名词性从句作动词learn的宾语在that引起的从句中,when又引导一个从句作状语本句意思“现在我们开始了解,白日做梦如何真有价值并且人如果白日完全不做梦,他们的情绪平衡会被打乱” Notonlyaretheylessabletodealwiththepressuresofday-to-dayexistence,butalsotheirself-controlandself-directionbecomeendangered.
④
4.本句是由notonly和butalso连接的两个并列分句“notonly”否定词放在句首,因此句子要倒装本句意思“不仅他们应付每日生活的压力的能力会变差,他们的自我控制和自我导向能力也会受到损害” Recentresearchindicatesthatdaydreamingispartofdailylifeandthatacertainamounteachdayisessentialformaintainingequilibrium.
⑤
5.本句indicate后接两个由that引导的宾语从句本句意思“最近研究表明,白日做梦是日常生活的一部分,每天白天做一定的梦对保持情绪平衡是必不可少的,科学已经发现,白日做梦是一种有效的松弛办法” Daydreaming,sciencehasdiscovered,isaneffectiverelaxationtechnique.Butitsbeneficialeffectsgobeyondthis.
⑥
6.togobeyond超出,不止该句意思是“但它的好处不止这些?quot; Experimentsshowthatdaydreamingsignificantlycontributestointellectualgrowth,powersofconcentration,andtheabilitytointeractandcommunicatewithothers.
⑦ equilibrium是指多项平衡,balance是两项平衡
7.本句中contributeto之后是三个名词词组作并列宾语,即“智力发展”、“集中注意的能力”和“与他人交往、沟通的能力”本句意思“试验证明白日做梦对智力发展、注意力集中和同别人的交往和沟通有相当大的好处” InanexperimentwithschoolchildreninNewYork,Dr.JoanFreybergobservedimprovedconcentration“Therewaslessrunningaround,morehappyfeelings,moretalkingandplayinginthegroup,andmoreattentionpaidtodetail.” InanotherexperimentatYaleUniversity,Dr.JeromeSingerfoundthatdaydreamingresultedinimprovedself-controlandenhancedcreativethinkingability.
⑧
8.在由that引导的宾语从句中,resultedin意为“造成,导致”,improved和enhanced都是过去分词作定语,分别修饰self-control和creativethinkingability.按照汉语习惯应译为“有助于自我控制的改善和创造性思维能力的增?quot; Pupil当名词讲的时候,它是“小学生”它的另外一个意思是眼睛里的瞳孔 小学有两种说法primaryschool、elementaryschool. Daydreaming,Singerpointedout,isonewayindividualscanimproveuponreality.Itis,heconcluded,apowerfulspurtoachievement. Butthevalueofdaydreamingdoesnotstophere.Ithasbeenfoundthatitimprovesaperson‘sabilitytobebetteradaptedtopractical,immediateconcerns,tosolveeverydayproblems,andtocomeupmorereadilywithnewideas.
⑨
9.句中ability后接三个由to引起的不定式短语作后置定语,本句的意思是“人们已经发现,它能改善一个人的能力,使他能更好地适应实际的紧迫的事务,解决日常问题并且更容易地提出新的想法” Contrarytopopularbelief,constantandconsciouseffortatsolvingaproblemis,inreality,oneofthemostinefficientwaysofcopingwithit.Whileconsciousinitialeffortisalwaysnecessary,effectivesolutionstoespeciallysevereproblemsfrequentlyoccurwhenconsciousattemptstosolvethemhavebeenputoff.⑩Inabilitytorelax,toletgoofaproblem,oftenpreventsitssolution. Comeup………with赶上;提出,拿出
10.句中while引导让步状语从句,表示“虽然,尽管”的意思句子的主句中又有一个when引导的时间状语从句在时间状语从句中consciousattempt是主语,attempt后面的tosolvethem是动词不定式短语作定语修饰attempt,从句的谓语是havebeenputoff.本句意思“虽然最初的有意识的努力永远是必要的,但对特别困难问题的有效解决办法常常在这种有意识的努力遇到了阻碍的时候才会出现” Historically,scientistsandinventorsareonegroupthatseemstotakefulladvantageofrelaxedmoments.⑾
11.句中that是引导定语从句修饰group 本句意思“在历史上,科学家和发明家是似乎能充分利用松弛时刻的一类人” Theirbiographiesrevealthattheirbestideasseemtohaveoccurredwhentheywererelaxinganddaydreaming.Itiswellknown,forexample,thatNewtonsolvedmanyofhistoughestproblemswhenhisattentionwaswaylaidbyprivatemusings.ThomasAlvaEdisonalsoknewthevalueof“halfwaking”states.Wheneverconfrontedwithataskwhichseemedtoohardtobedealtwith,hewouldstretchoutonhislaboratorysofaandletfantasiesfloodhismind.⑿
12.句中whenever加confronted引导的过去分词短语作时间状语,也可以认为这是一个时间状语从句省略了hewas.“task”后whichseemedtoohardtobedealtwith是定语从句修饰task.其中“too…to”表示“太…以至于不…”本句意思“无论什么时候他遇到一个似乎解决不了的问题时,他会躺在沙发上四肢舒展,让各种幻觉涌满他的脑海” Painters,writers,andcomposersalsohavedrawnheavilyontheirsensitivitytoinnerfantasies.DebussyusedtogazeattheRiverSeineandthegoldenreflectionsofthesellingsuntoestablishanatmosphereforcreativity.Brahmsfoundthatideascameeffortlessonlywhenheapproachedastateofdeepdaydreaming.AndCesarFrankissaidtohavewalkedaroundwithadreamlikegazewhilecomposing,seeminglytotallyunawareofhissurroundings⒀
13.句中的“whilecomposing”是现在分词结构作时间状语从句;“seeminglytotallyunawareofhissurroundings是形容词短语作伴随状语其中”…issaidtodosth“表示”据说某人做某事“本句意思”据说赛萨尔·弗兰克在作曲的时候,走来走去,朦胧凝眸,仿佛毫不意识周围的一切“ unawareof没有意识到 Longbefore,Beforelong对比 例题Thefaceofthecitywillbechangedbeforelong.(城市的面貌不久将被改变) Manysuccessfulpeopleactuallydaydreamedtheirsuccessesandachievementslongbeforetheyrealizedthem.HenryJ.Kaisermaintainedthat“youcanimagineyourfuture,‘’andhebelievedthatagreatpartofhisbusinesssuccesswasduetopositiveuseofdaydreams.HarryS.Trumansaidthatheuseddaydreamingforrest.ConradHiltondreamedofoperatingahotelwhenhewasaboy.Herecalledthatallhisaccomplishmentswerefirstrealizedinhisimagination. “Greatlivingstartswithapicture,heldinsomeperson‘simagination,ofwhathewouldlikesomedaytodoorbe.⒁
14.句中“picture”后有两个后置定语,一个是held分词短语,另一个是ofwhat名词从句本句意思“伟大的生活起始于一个人在想象中幻想自己有朝一日能做出什么事业或成为什么人物” FlorenceNightingaledreamedofbeinganurse.Edisonpicturedhimselfaninventor;allsuchcharactersescapedthemerepushofcircumstancebyimaginingafuturesovividlythattheyheadedforit.⒂
15.此句中的两个常用词的词性都是动词picturev.想象headv.前进,前往 本句意思“爱迪生把自己想象成一名发明家所以这些人都如此生动地幻想自己的未来,朝着这个既定方向前进,从而避免了单纯的受环境的推动” “Thesearethewordsofthewell-knownthinkerDr.HarryEmersonFosdick,andtheyshowthatpeoplecanliterallydaydreamthemselvestosuccess.Fosdick,awareofthewonderfulpowerofpositivedaydreaming,offeredthisadvice”Holdapictureofyourselflongandsteadilyenoughinyourmind‘seye,andyouwillbedrawntowardit.⒃
16.awareof部分是形容词词组作原因状语引号中的祈使句相当于一个条件状语从句 ifyouholdapicture… 本句意思“福斯迪克知道积极的白日梦的神奇作用,提出了如下的意见”如果你经久地、 坚定地在你的想像中给自己描绘一个形象,你将会被引往这个形象你如果把自己生动地幻 想成一个战败者,单单这一点就能使胜利成为不可能你要把自己幻想成一个胜利者,这将 显著地有助你取得成就你要是什么也不幻想自己,你将像一条被遗弃的船,在大海上四处漂泊“ Pictureyourselfvividlyasdefeatedandthatalonewillmakevictoryimpossible.Pictureyourselfaswinningandthatwillcontributeremarkablytosuccess.Donotpictureyourselfasanything,andyouwilldriftlikeanabandonedshipatsea.“ Togettheresults,youshouldpictureyourself-asvividlyaspossible-asyouwanttobe……Theimportantthingtorememberistopicturethesedesiredobjectivesasifyouhadalreadyattainedthem.⒄
17.本句用了虚拟语气,本句有一个由asif引导的方式状语从句,在asif引导的从句中谓语动词经常用虚拟语气形式,表示对过去发生的事情的假设,并非事实,因此用了had+过去分词的形式本句意思“重要的是要记住,你幻想这些期望的目标时就好像你已经实现了他们那样” Gooverseveraltimesthedetailsofthesepictures.Thiswilldeeplyimpressthemonyourmemory,andthesememorytraceswillsoonstartinfluencingyoureverydaybehaviortowardtheattainmentofthegoal. Whileexercisingyourimagination,youshouldbealoneandcompletelyundisturbed.Someindividualsseemtohavetheabilitytotuneintotheirprivateselvesinthemidstofthenoisiestcrowdsorcompany.⒅
18.tune原指“调音,调谐”在这里是比喻用法,意为“调整,调节” 本句意思是“有些人能做到在非常喧闹的人群中调节自己,进入自我” noisy-noisiest(最高级) Butmostofus,especiallywhentheexperienceisnew,requireanenvironmentfreefromoutsidedistraction. Alifelivedwithoutfantasyanddaydreamingisaseriouslyimpoverishedone.Eachofusshouldputasideafewminutesdaily,takingshort10-or15-minutevacations.Daydreamingishighlybeneficialtoyourphysicalandmentalwell-being,andyouwillfindthatthismodest,inexpensiveinvestmentintimewilladduptoamorecreativeandimaginative,amoresatisfied,andamoreself-fulfilledyou.⒆
19.句中that引导宾语从句.intime“迟早,最后” 本句意思是“白日做梦对你的身心健康大为有益你会发现这份小小的花费不多的时间投资最终带来的是一个更有创造性,更富有想像力,更心满意足和更踌躇满志的你它时时使我们更充分地意识到强烈的活力,这当然会大大有助于我们生活的激奋和欢乐” Itoffersusafullersenseofbeingintenselyalivefrommomenttomoment,andthis,ofcourse,contributesgreatlytotheexcitementandjoyofliving. TextBToSleep,PerchancetoDream NewWords 1perchancead.[古]
1.偶然,意外地;
2.可能,或许 2miserablea.悲惨的;可怜的 3far-fetcheda.
1.牵强的;
2.未必会的,靠不住的 4veterann.
1.老兵,老手;
2.[美]退伍军人 a.老练的;经验丰富的 5administrationn.
1.管理,经营;
2.行政,行政机关 6sleepya.困倦的,嗜睡的 7linkn.环节,联系 vt.用环连接;联系 8eludevt.(巧妙地)逃避,躲避 elusion elusive(形容词) 9respectivelyad.各自的,分别地 10definitivea.
1.决定的,确定的;
2.限定的,明确的 infinitive(不明确的,不确定的) 11evolvevt.
1.使发展,使形成,制定;
2.引申出,推论 vi.
1.进展;
2.进化 evolution(进化论) 12differvi.
1.不同,相异(from);
2.与…意见不同(from,with) different(形容词) difference(名词) 13surprisinglyad.惊人地;出乎意料地 surprise(动词) 14namelyad.即,也就是 15plusprep.加,加上 a.
1.正的;
2.附加的 minus(减) 16acronymn.首字母缩略词 17eyeballn.眼球 18correlationn.相互关系,关联 19physiologyn.生理学 20unhappyn.
1.不快乐的,愁苦的;
2.不幸的 21dreamern.
1.做梦的人;
2.空想家 22volunteern.志愿者;志愿兵 a.志愿的 vi.志愿 23identityn.
1.同一,一致;
2.身份,本体 IDcard(身份证) 24primarilyad.
1.首先,起初;
2.首要地,主要地 25merrya.欢乐的,愉快的 26psychologyn.
1.心理学;
2.心理 27locationn.
1.定位,测位;
2.位置,场所 locate(动词) 28reinforcevt.
1.增援,支援;
2.加强,增加;
3.进一步证实 PhrasesandExpressions 1influenceon对…的影响 2tobreakinto分成(部分) 3tocheckinto调查 accountfor占……(部分),说明……原因 inturn反过来,依次,轮流 重点词汇
1.link n./vt.环节,联系 I‘dliketohaveafewlinksremovedfromthisnecklace.我想从这条项链上去掉几环 Thereisaclearlinkbetweenpovertyandmalnutrition.贫穷与营养不良之间有明显的联系
2.respectively ad.各自地,分别地 派生词respectvt./n.尊敬,尊重;方面 Inthe200metres,LizzyandSarahcamefirstandthirdrespectively.在200米赛跑中,利兹和莎拉分别获第一和第三名 注意区别respectablea.值得尊敬的;respectfula.恭敬的,尊敬的
3.differ vi.不同,相异 派生词differenta.不同的,相异的;differencen.区别,差别,相异 Thetwinslookalike,buttheydifferintemperament.这对双胞胎看起来很像,但脾气不同Robotsdifferfromautomaticmachinesinthataftercompletionofonespecifictask,theycanbereprogrammedbyacomputertodoanotherone. 机器人与自动化机器不同之处在于机器人完成某一特定任务后,可由计算机重新编制程序去完成另一项任务
4.identity n.同一,一致;身份 派生词identifyv.识别,鉴别;identicala.相同的,同一的 Theman‘sidentitywasbeingkeptsecretwhilehewashelpingthepolicewithinformationaboutthemurder.这个人在向警察提供有关此谋杀案的信息时身份是保密的
5.influenceon对…的影响 Parentshavegreatinfluenceontheirchildren.父母对孩子有极大的影响 重点句子 TextBToSleep,PerchancetoDream Soyouawokethismorninginamiserablemood.Well,maybeyourspecialdreamcharacterdidn‘tputinanappearancelastnight,ormaybetherejustweren’tenoughpeopledriftingthroughyourdreams.⑴
1.Well,maybeyourspecialdreamcharacterdidn‘tputinanappearancelastnight,ormaybetherejustweren’tenoughpeopledriftingthroughyourdreams.(para.1) toputinanappearance(出于责任或礼貌,暂时地)到场,出席,露面 driftingthroughyourdreams.现在分词短语作定语,修饰people 全句译为“是的,也许是你的特别的梦中人昨夜没在你梦中出现,或者是浮现在你梦中的人不够多” Ifthatsoundslikefar-fetchedfantasy,considertheseinterestingfindingsthathaveemergedfromeightyearsofsleepanddreamresearchattheVeteransAdministrationhospitalinCincinnati,Ohio Whilesleepaffectshowsleepy,friendly,aggressive,andunhappywefeelafterawakening,feelingsofhappinessorunhappywefeelafterawakening,feelingsofhappinessorunhappinessdependmoststronglyonourdreams.⑵
2.Whilesleepaffectshowsleepy,friendly,aggressive,andunhappywefeelafterawakening,feelingsofhappinessorunhappinessdependmoststronglyonourdreams.(para.3) While意为“尽管,虽然” howsleepy,friendly,aggressive,andunhappywefeelafterawakening为宾语从句, depend…on依赖,依靠 全句译为“虽然睡眠影响我们醒来之后如何困倦、和善、暴躁还是不快,我们的愉快与否的感觉很大程度上却取决于我们所做的梦的内容” Eachofushasaspecialdreamcharacter,atypeofpersonwhoseappearanceinourdreamsmakesusfeelhappierwhenweawake. Whatwedreamatnightisn‘tasimportanttohowwefeelinthemorningasthenumberofpeoplewhoappearinourdreams.⑶Themorepeople,thebetterwefeel.
3.Whatwedreamatnightisn‘tasimportanttohowwefeelinthemorningasthenumberofpeoplewhoappearinourdreams.(para.5) Whatwedreamatnight主语从句asimportant…as像…一样重要 全句译为“对我们清晨醒来时感觉如何,我们在夜间梦见什么并不十分重要,重要的是有多少人出现在我们梦中” Oursleepinfluencesourmood.Ourmood,inturn,affectsourperformance.⑷Andthroughouttheday,ourlevelsofmoodandperformanceremaincloselylinked. influences可以是名词也可以是动词,影响的意思 译文我们的睡眠影响我们的情绪,反过来我们的情绪又影响我们的行为 Duringthepasttwodecades,researchhasgreatlyexpandedourknowledgeaboutsleepanddreams.Scientistshaveidentifiedvariousstagesofsleep,andtheyhavefoundthathumanscanfunctionwellonverylittlesleep,butonlyiftheydream.⑸Yetthetruefunctionofsleepanddreamingcontinuestoeludepreciseexplanation. Functionv.运转 onlyif只有 ifonly引导虚拟条件句,要是…就好了 译文科学家已经确认了各种不同的睡眠阶段,并且已经发现人类肌体可以运行的很好,但是只是在做梦的情况下 In1970MiltonKramerandThomasRoth,researchersattheVAHospitalandtheUniversityofCincinnatiCollegeofMedicine,respectively,raisedthisquestion Doourmoodsinthemorningrelateinanywaytooursleepanddreamsthepreviousnight? Humanexperiencesuggeststhattheydo.Certainlywegenerallyfeelbetterafteragoodnight‘ssleep.ButDrs.KramerandRothsoughtamuchmoredefinitiveanswer.Andthatanswer,thoughsillevolvingisapositiveyes. KramerandRothbeganbyseekingtodeterminewhetherone‘smooddiffersbetweennightandmorning,andwhetherthisisrelateddirectlytosleep.⑹Theyfoundthatthereisadifference,anditisdefinitelyrelatedtosleep.Thentheyexploredthevariousaspectsofmoodandtheirrelationshiptothevariousstagesofsleepanddreaming. berelatedto与…有关系 译文Kramer和Roth企图确定人们的情绪早晚是否不同,并且这是否直接与人们的睡眠有关 Whatdoesagoodnight‘ssleepmeantoourmood?Generallywearehappier,lessaggressive,sleepier,and,abitsurprisingly,lessfriendly.Beingsleepieriseasilyexplained.Itsimplytakesalittletimetobecomefullyalertafterawakening. Butwhyshouldwefeellessfriendly?heretheresearchersmustspeculatealittle.Theysuggesttheanswermaybethelackofassociationwith otherhumansduringtheperiodofsleep. Oncethetwodoctorsestablishedscientificallywhatcommonsenseandfolkwisdomhadlongtaught-namely,thatthereislinkbetweensleepandhowwefeel-theysetouttolearnwhatpartsofourmoodarerelatedtowhichspecificpartsofthesleepcycle.⑺ Commonsense是普通常识 folkwisdom民间智慧folka.民间的 setouttodo着手做某事 译文两位博士一旦科学的确定了人们长期以来学习到的普通知识和民间智慧——即睡眠和我们的感觉之间的有联系,他们就着手了解我们的情绪的哪些部分与睡眠周期的哪些具体部分有关 Normalsleepisbrokenintofivedistinctparts-StagesIthrough4,plusREM,anacronymforrapideyemovement.Muchremainsunknownabouteachofthefivesleepstages.MostdreamingoccursduringREMsleep,aperiodwhentheeyeballsmoverapidlybeneaththeclosedlids.Andwhethertheyrememberornot,alladultsdream,usuallyfourtosixtimesanight. Threetypesofmoodarestronglyrelatedtosomespecificstageofsleep.Ourfriendly,aggressive,andsleepyfeelingsallrelatetoStage2sleep,whichaccountsformostofourtotalsleephours.⑻Ourfriendlyandsleepyfeelings,butnotouraggressivefeelings,areaffectedaswellbyStages3and4,andbyhowlongittakesustofallasleep. accountfor占…比例 译文我们的友善、好斗、倦意都与占我们绝大部分睡眠时间的睡眠的第二阶段有关 Thismeansthatifyougetlesssleepthannormal-andpeoplevaryagreatdealinhowmuchsleeptheynormallyrequire-youawakemorefriendly,moreaggressive,andlesssleepy. Atthispoint,thedoctorsfoundthemselvespuzzled.Theyknewfromtheirearlierworkthatsleepdeterminesifpeoplefeelhappier.Yetwhentheystudiedthevarioussleepstages,theyfoundnocorrelationbetweensleepphysiologyandtheunhappymood.Clearlysleepmadeadifference,butthatdifferencedidn‘trelatetohowmuchtimeonespentineachofthevarioussleepstages. Thetworesearchersdecidedthekeytowhetherwefeelhappyorunhappyaftersleepmustlieinsleep‘spsychologicalcomponent-ourdreams.⑼Sotheybeganstudyingdreamcontent-whatdreamersdreamedandwhoappearedintheirdreams-toseehowthisaffectedmood. “Wefeelhappyorunhappyaftersleep”这个句子是介词宾语从句的主语,是一个主语从句 译文两个研究人员决定我们睡醒后是否高兴的关键在于我们睡觉时的心理组成成份——我们的梦 Insteadofsleepingthroughthenight,volunteersnowwereawakenedfourtimeswhileinREMsleep.Theywereaskedaboutsuchthingsaswhattheirdreamswereabout;thesex,age,identity,andnumberofthepeopleintheirdreams;andwhateachpersoninadreamwasdoing. Interestingly,KramerandRothfoundthatbeingawakenedfourtimesanightdidn‘tmakeadifferenceinthevolunteers’morningmoodpatterns.Buttheydidfindthatwhoappearsinadreamhasafargreaterinfluenceonmoodthanwhatoccursinthedream.“Whoaffectsallthemoods.”Kramersays,“butprimarilytheunhappymood.” Eachofus,itturnsout,hasaspecialdreamcharacter,⑽andifthistypeofcharacterappearsinourdreams,wearehappierwhenweawake.“Forpeopleingeneral,howunhappyyoufeelaftersleepdependsonwhoisinthedream.”Kramersays.“Whoitisthatmakesyouhappierisdifferentforyouthanforme.”⑾Forsomeitmaybeanolderwoman,forexample;forothers,ayoungman.
10.我们每个人,原来是都有一个特殊的梦的特征或梦中情人
11.每个能使我们更高兴的人,因人而异 Whoappearsinyourdreamisn‘ttheonlyimportantthing.Themorepeoplewhoappearinyoudreamsthehappieryouareonawakening.It’sacaseofthemorethemerrier.⑿“Thebadthinginadreamistobealone;youfeelworse,”Kramerexplains.“Youcanrelatethistowakeningpsychology,wherebeingaloneleadstomoreunhappiness.Thereissomethingaboutinteractingwithpeoplethatproduceshappiness.”
12.情况是人越多就越高兴 Anumberofresearchershaveexaminedtherelationshipofmoodandperformance.Thedoctorsalsocheckedintothisrelationship,andtheyhavefoundsomeinterestingcorrelations. “Wefoundthatthemorefriendly,moreaggressive,moreclear-thinking,lesssleepy,andsurprisingly,themoreunhappyyouare,thebetteryouperform.⒀Thatlastone-theunhappy-Ican‘texplain,”Kramersays.Moreover,thelevelofaperson’smoodsandthelevelofhisorherperformanceriseandfalltogetherthroughouttheday. InitiallythetwoVAresearchersworkedonlywithmen,becausethedreamsofmenarefareasiertostudy.Menandwomendreamdifferently.Indeed,sexisthebiggestfactorinaccountingfordifferencesinthepeople,activities,locationsandfeelingsthatoccurindreams.⒁Dr.Kramersays,“Whenyoucomparemenandwomen,yougetagreaterdifferenceindreamcontentthanwhenyoucompare,say,20-and60-year-olds,orblackandwhite.”
(14)accountfor解释…的原因 译文确实,性别是解释出现在人们梦中的行为、地点和感觉的不同的最大因素 LastyeartheVAresearchersbeganstudyingtherelationshipofsleep,dreams,andmoodinwomen.Thisworkiscontinuing,buttheinitialfindingsreinforcewhattheyhadfoundinmen. “Overall,thewomenarejustlikemen,”Kramersays. 补充知识被动语态 英语中的被动语态应用远远多于汉语,尤其是在科技、法律文件中更为广泛使用被动语态可以不出现动作的执行者(通常为人),强调动作的承受者,体现了客观性因此,凡是不必要、不知道或不愿意说出动作的执行者的时候,就用被动语态 被动语态的基本结构为be+及物动词的过去分词 被动语态可以用于所有时态,要注意动词be要与主语的人称、数都一致另外,还可以有含有情态动词的被动语态,其结构为情态动词+be+过去分词 例如Hisroomisbeingpainted. Mywalletwasstolenaweekago. Thebookhasbeentranslatedintomanylanguages. Thisworkshouldbedoneassoonaspossible. 被动语态句子的译法
1.译成汉语的“被”字句 Atitsbest,daydreamingwasconsideredacompensatorysubstitutefortherealthingsinlife. 白日梦最好的理解是被认为对生活中真实事情的一种补偿性的替代
2.译成汉语的“把”字句,或者“由”、“让”、“使”、“叫”等等 Theworkshouldbefinishedassoonaspossible.应尽快把工作完成
3.译成汉语的“是…的”结构 ResistanceismeasuredinOhms.电阻是以欧姆度量的
4.译成汉语的无主语句 Arareelementwasfoundlastyear.去年发现了一种稀有元素
5.译成主动句 Suchdatacanbedependedon.这些数据可靠 Thechildrenaretakencareofbytheirmum.妈妈照料孩子们
6.常见被动句型 不加主语的 Itishopedthat…“希望…” Itisreportedthat…“据报道…” Itissaidthat…“据说…” Itissupposedthat…“据猜测…” Itmustbeadmitted…“必须承认…” Itmustbepointedthat…“必须指出…” Itisassertedthat…“据声称…” 可加主语的 原文中的主语在译文中变成了宾语,另外加上“人们”、“有人”、“大家”、“他们”、“众人”等等泛指词做主语 Itisbelievedthat…“人们认为…” Itisgenerallyconsideredthat…“人们普遍认为…” Itiswellknownthat…“众所周知…” Itwastoldthat…“有人曾说……” Ithasbeenfoundthat…“人们已经发现……” Unit12练习
一、词汇英译汉
1.symptom
2.intellectual
3.detail
4.initial
5.inventor
6.confront
7.sensitivity
8.reflection
9.creativity
10.character
11.trace
12.modest 词组
13.investment
14.tosubstitute…for
15.becontraryto
16.toputoff
17.beconfrontedwith
18.togazeat
19.beunawareof
20.toimpress…on
21.befreefrom
22.bebeneficialto
二、句子英译汉
1.Atitsbest,daydreamingwasconsideredacompensatorysubstitutefortherealthingsinlife.(para.1)
2.Therearealwaysthosewhowouldsubstitutefantasylivesfortherewardsofrealactivity.(para.2)
3.Mostpeoplesufferfromalackofdaydreamingratherthananexcessofit.(para.2)
4.Notonlyaretheylessabletodealwiththepressureofday-to-dayexistence,butalsotheirself-controlandself-directionbecomeendangered.(para.2)
5.Butitsbeneficialeffectsgobeyondthis.(para.3) Gobeyond表示“超越…,不仅仅是…”
6.Historically,scientistsandinventorsareonegroupthatseemstotakefulladvantageofrelaxedmoments.(para.7) Takeadvantageof利用
7.Wheneverconfrontedwithataskwhichseemedtoohardtobedealtwith,hewouldstretchoutonhislaboratorysofaandletfantasiesfloodhismind.(para.7)
8.Pictureyourselfaswinningandthatwillcontributeremarkablytosuccess.
9.Theimportantthingtorememberistopicturethesedesiredobjectivesasifyouhadalreadyattainedthem.
三、汉译英
1.最近的研究成果表明,白日做梦是日常生活的一部分 Recentresearchshows/indicatesthatdaydreamingispartofdailylife.
2.白日做梦不仅有利于心态平衡,而且能提高人们的自控力 Daydreamingisnotonlybeneficialtothementalbalance,butalsotoenhanceone‘sabilityofself-control. Daydreamingcannotonlyhelpmaintainemotionalbalance,butalsoimproveone‘sself-control.
3.历史上许多科学家与发明家曾充分利用白日梦 Historically,manyscientistsandinventorshavetakenfulladvantageofdaydreaming. Manyscientistsandinventorsinhistorytookfulluseofdaydreaming.
4.有的作曲家在作曲时几乎像进入了很深的白日梦状态 Whilecomposing,somecomposersseemtoapproachastateofdeepdaydreaming. Somecomposersseemedtoapproachastateofdeepdaydreamingwhiletheywerecomposing.
5.在梦境中不要将自己描绘成失败者而应该是成功者 Pictureyourselfasawinnerratherthanloserinyourdaydream. Pictureyourselfinyourdaydreamaswinningratherthandefeated. 历年考题
1.AccordingtoDr.Kramer,______peoplewhoappearinyourdreams,______youareonawakening.(
99.10) A.asmany…ashappy B.themore…thehappier C.themore…thehappier D.themost…thehappiest 答案C.考点本题主要考查the+比较级,the+比较级,结构是“越…,越…”
2.Holdapictureofyourselflongandsteadilyenough_____yourmind‘seye,andyouwillbedrawntowardit.(
99.10) A.atB.inC.beforeD.infrontof 答案B.考点本题主要考查词组inone‘smind’seye意思是“在脑海中,在心目中”
3.Inthepasttwodecades,research______(expand)ourknowledgeaboutsleepanddreams.(
00.4) 答案hasexpanded.本题主要考查现在完成时“inthepasttwodecades”经常是表示现在完成时的时间状语
4.Ithasbeenprovedthattheirbestideasseem_____(occur)whentheywererelaxing.(
01.4) 答案tohaveoccurred.考点本题主要考查seem后面要加动词不定式完成时作宾语
5.汉译英科学家正在研究为什么白日梦会有益于人们的健康(
01.4) 答案Scientistsarestudyingwhydaydreamingisbeneficialtopeople‘shealth.
6.Alife____(live)withoutfantasyanddaydreamingisareallypoorlifeindeed.(
02.4) 答案lived.考点lived是过去分词作定语修饰life.词组“livea…life”表示过着…样的生活 讲义十三 TextA Work,Labor,andPlay 课文简介 本文主要介绍了工作与劳作之间的差别能给人以报酬,同时又能带来快乐的便是工作,如果某人从所从事的工作中得到享受,他就是个工作者,如果他被迫做此事来谋生,那么他就是个劳作者劳作者通常希望有更多的空闲来娱乐,而对工作者来说,工作本身就是娱乐文章还分析了为什么工作者所占比例只有16% Paras.1-3theessentialdifferenceamongwork,laborandplay. Paras.4-5thereasonwhypercentageofworkersissmallerthanthatoflaborers. NewWords
1.compelvt.强迫(to) becompelledto被强迫 用法compelsb.todosth.强迫某人做某事,令某人不得不做某事 Theraincompelledustostayindoors.下雨使我们不得不待在家里 Theywereoftencompelledtoworktwelveorfourteenhoursaday. 他们常常不得不每天工作12或14个小时 2rightlyad.公正地,正当地; right a.正确的,对的,右边的 n.权利
3.laborern.劳动者;工人
4.antithesisn.对偶,(修辞学)对句;对立面 oppositeness antithesis的同义词oppositeness
5.voluntarya.自愿的,志愿的;自发的 派生词volunteern.志愿者,自愿者 Isitvoluntary,ordowehavetogo?这是自愿的,还是我们必须去? Hehasjustfinishedhisvoluntaryservicesoverseas.他刚完成海外志愿工作
6.undertakevt.着手做,进行;承担,从事 Heundertooktheresponsibilityforreform.他负责改革工作 Heundertooktoimprovetheworkingconditions.他承诺改善工作 Hereluctantlyundertookthework.他不情愿地从事这项工作
7.coincidevi.一致,相符(with) Ourinterestscoincide.我们的利害(关系)一致 Hiscommentscoincidedwithasurveythisweek.他的意见与本周的一项调查结果一致 Amansappearancedoesntoftencoincidewithhismoralquality. 一个人的外貌和他的品质常常不一致
8.manuala./n.手的,用手(操作)的;体力的
9.cobblern.补鞋匠
10.clerkn.办事员,公务员;店员
11.efficientlyad.效率高地,有能力地 inefficient inefficiency Thisadulteducationprogramcanalsohelpeliminatepovertyinthisarea. 这项成人教育计划也有助于在这个地区消除贫困 Eliminatetheexploitationofmenbymen.消灭人剥削人的现象 Allthemistakesshouldbeeliminatedfromhisarticle.所有的错误都应从这篇文章里清除掉
12.coronarya./n.冠的,冠状的;冠状动脉
13.compulsionn.强制,强迫 compel
14.divisionn.分开,分割;分工;部门 divide
15.eliminatevt.排除,消灭 getridof
16.formerlyad.以前,从前
17.enjoyablea.愉快的,快乐的;有趣的 enjoydoingsth
18.boringa.令人厌烦的 boringa. borev. boredomn.
19.aristocracyn.贵族统治;贵族
20.ritualizevt./vi.(行为模式)仪式化 -ise-ize动词词尾 ritual
21.grousen.松鸡
22.unchanginga.不变的
23.aristocratica.贵族的;贵族式的
24.amusementn.娱乐,消遣
25.gamblevi./vt./n.赌博,打赌;投机,冒险
26.dueln./vi.决斗;(双方的)斗争
27.warfaren.战争,作战,
28.aptlyad.恰当地,贴切地;灵巧地
29.phrasen.短语,词语;习惯用语 phrases
1.sofaras…knows就某人所知 sofarassomebody someone knows Heisntcomingtoday,sofarasIknow.据我所知,他今天不会来 SofarasIknow,hewontbebackuntilnextmonth.据我所知,他等到下个月才能回来
2.of…value有…价值 of+n=相应的形容词 具有特性的名词 beof+n=be+相应的形容词 Thisworkisofgreatimportance/value/interest=Thisworkisveryimportant/valuable/interesting.这项工作很重要/很有价值/很有趣 Informationisofgreatvaluetohim.信息对他有很大价值 很多人仍然认为妇女的职业是第二重要的 Manypeoplestillbelievethatwomenscareeraresecondaryimportant./areofsecondaryimportance.
3.of…importance有…重要性
4.inthestrictsense在严格的意义上 Theyarenotimmigrants,atleastnotinthestrictsense.从严格意义上来说他们不是移民
5.of…interest有…兴趣
6.tocoincidewith相符,一致
7.attitudetowards对…的态度;意见 Whatisyourattitudeto/towardsthisidea?你对这个想法的态度如何?
8.ataguess凭猜测
9.togoinfor参加,从事;以…为兴趣,爱好 compeldevidegetridof Whatsportsdoyougoinfor?你喜欢什么运动? Hegoesinforpopmusic.他喜欢流行音乐 Theboygoesinforstampcollecting.这个男孩喜欢集邮
10.togetonesteethinto死死咬住,紧紧抓住;认真对待 Work,Labor,andPlay SofarasIknow,MissHannahArendtwasthefirstpersontodefinetheessentialdifferencebetweenworkandlabor.Tobehappy,amanmustfeel,firstly,freeand,secondly,important.Hecannotbereallyhappyifheiscompelledbysocietytodowhathedoesnotenjoydoing,orifwhatheenjoysdoingisignoredbysocietyasofnovalueorimportance.
(1)Inasocietywhereslaveryinthestrictsensehasbeenabolished,thesignthatwhatamandoesisofsocialvalueisthatheispaidmoneytodoit,butalaborertodaycanrightlybecalledawageslave.
(2)Amanisalaborerifthejobsocietyoffershimisofnointeresttohimselfbutheiscompelledtotakeitbythenecessityofearningalivingandsupportinghisfamily.
(3)
1.本句中,asofnovalueorimportance在if从句中作主语补足语,as在这里是介词,解释为“作为…”“beignoredbysocietyas…”被社会作为毫无价值或无关紧要的东西而忽视 句中有两个what引导的从句,第一个是宾语从句作do的宾语,第二个是主语从句,谓语是isignored. if后面跟了主语从句 译文如果社会强迫他去做自己不乐意做的事;或者社会无视他自己喜欢做的事,将其当作没有价值或无关紧要的,他就不可能真正快乐
2.句子的基本部分是Inasociety…thesign…isthatheispaidmoneytodoit,but…;whereslavery…abolished是定语从句修饰society;thatwhatamandoesisofsocialvalue是thesign的同位语从句,其中又套有一个主语从句whatamandoes;thatheispaidmoneytodoit是表语从句;but引导的是一个并列句 译文在一个严格意义上讲已经废除奴隶制的社会里,一个人所做的事具有社会价值的标志就是他为此得到了报酬,但实际上我们可以把今天的劳作者称为薪水奴隶
3.本句中societyoffershim是省去了连接词that的定语从句, 修饰thejob;bythenecessityofdoingsth.由于干某事的必要性 译文“如果一个人对社会给予的工作毫无兴趣,只是为了生计和养家糊口而被迫接受这份工作,那他就是一名劳作者 Theantithesistolaborisplay.Whenweplayagame,weenjoywhatwearedoing,otherwiseweshouldnotplayit,butitisapurelyprivateactivity;societycouldnotcarelesswhetherweplayitornot. couldnotcareless=aslittleaspossible youcantbemorecareless.你太不细心了 Betweenlaborandplaystandswork.
(4)Amanisaworkerifheispersonallyinterestedinthejobwhichsocietypayshimtodo;whatfromthepointofviewofsocietyisnecessarylaborisfromhisownpointofviewvoluntaryplay.
(5)Whetherajobistobeclassifiedaslabororworkdepends,notonthejobitself,butonthetastesoftheindividualwhoundertakesit.
(6)Thedifferencedoesnot,forexample,coincidewiththedifferencebetweenamanualandamentaljob;agardeneroracobblermaybeaworker,abankclerkalaborer.Whichamaniscanbeseenfromhisattitudetowardleisure.Toaworker,leisuremeanssimplythehoursheneedstorelaxandrestinordertoworkefficiently.Heisthereforemorelikelytotaketoolittleleisurethantoomuch;
(7)workersdieofcoronariesandforgettheirwivesbirthdays.Tothelaborer,ontheotherhand,leisuremeansfreedomfromcompulsion,sothatitisnaturalforhimtoimaginethatthefewerhourshehastospendlaboring,andthemorehoursheisfreetoplay,thebetter.
(8)
4.Betweenlaborandplaystandswork.介于劳作和娱乐之间的是工作 这是一个全部倒装句,因为前两段分别介绍了labor和play,下一段将介绍work,所以将laborandplay提前,起到承上启下的修饰效果
5.what引导的是主语从句,两个fromthepointofview皆为状语谓语动词是第二个is.表语是voluntary. 本句意思“从社会观点来看是必要的劳动,从他个人观点来看则成了自愿娱乐”
6.Whetherajobistobeclassifiedaslabororwork是主语从句,注意其中谓语istobe表示“应该”depends,noton…buton…“不取决于…而取决于…” 译为一件工作被归类为劳作还是工作,不取决于工作本身,而取决于从事这项工作的人的兴趣 hisvocation coincideswith hisavocation toaworker tothelaborer
7.Heisthereforemorelikelytotaketoolittleleisurethantoomuch;这是对同一个人不同方面的比较译为“因此他的休闲时间可能太少而不是太多”
8.dieof死于…… dieof死于自然原因 diefrom死于非自然原因 sothat在句中引导结果状语从句“thefewer…themore…thebetter”是一个比较结构,表示“越…就越…”Thebetter后面省略了itis. 译为另一方面,对劳动者来说,闲暇意味着从强迫劳动中摆脱出来的自由,因此很自然地他会想象自己被迫劳动的时间越短,自由娱乐的时间越长就越好 Whatpercentageofthepopulationinamoderntechnologicalsocietyare,likemyself,inthefortunatepositionofbeingworkers?
(9)Ataguess1wouldsaysixteenpercent,andIdonotthinkthatfigureislikelytogetbiggerinthefuture.
9.percentage作单数还是复数取决于它所代表的名词是可数的还是不可数的一般说来population作“人口”解时,是总称,为集合名词,一般作不可数名词用,但这里由于percentage与后面的workers有直接呼应关系,从意义一致的角度看,谓语动词用了are而没有从语法一致的角度用is. 译为在现代技术社会里,有百分之几的人能像我一样处在工作者的幸运位置上呢? Technologyandthedivisionoflaborhavedonetwothings;byeliminatinginmanyfieldstheneedforspecialstrengthorskill,theyhavemadeaverylargenumberofpaidoccupationswhichformerlywereenjoyableworkintoboringlabor,andbyincreasingproductivitytheyhavereducedthenumberofnecessarylaboringhours.
(10)Itisalreadypossibletoimagineasocietyinwhichthemajorityofthepopulation,thatistosay,itslaborers,willhavealmostasmuchleisureasinearliertimeswasenjoyedbythearistocracy.
(11)Whenonerecallshowaristocraciesinthepastactuallybehaved,theprospectisnotcheerful.Indeed,theproblemofdealingwithboredommaybeevenmoredifficultforsuchafuturemasssocietythanitwasforaristocracies.
(12)Thelatter,forexample,ritualizedtheirtime;therewasaseasontoshootgrouse,aseasontospendintown,etc.Themassesaremorelikelytoreplaceanunchangingritualbyfashionwhichitwillbeintheeconomicinterestofcertainpeopletochangeasoftenaspossible
(13)Again,themassescannotgoinforhunting,forverysoontherewouldbenoanimalslefttohunt.Forotheraristocraticamusementslikegambling,dueling,andwarfare,itmaybeonlytooeasytofindequivalentsindangerousdriving,drug-taking,andsenselessactsofviolence.
(14)Workersseldomcommitactsofviolence,becausetheycanputtheiraggressionintotheirwork,beitphysicalliketheworkofasmith,ormentalliketheworkofascientistoranartist.
(15)Theroleofaggressioninmentalworkisaptlyexpressedbythephrase“gettingonesteethintoaproblem.”
10.句中冒号后面的句子用来解释前面的句子,它的主要结构为by…,theyhavemade…occupations…into…labor,andby…theyhavereducedthenumber…在第一个by介词短语中,inmanyfields是动名词eliminating的状语,原应在skill之后,但因宾语部分太长,所以被提到前面,插在了动词eliminating和它的宾语theneed之间“whichformerlywereenjoyablework为定语从句,修饰occupations. 译为技术和劳动分工完成了两件事通过在很多领域消除了对特殊能力或技能的需求,把大量以前令人愉快的有偿工作变成了枯燥无味的劳作;通过提高生产力减少了必要的劳动时间
11.句中inwhich直至句尾为定语从句,修饰society.定语从句中又包含有一个状语从句asmuchleisureasinearliertimeswasenjoyedbythearistocracy,其中第二个as引导的是带被动语态的比较状语从句注意leisure为状语从句的主语,所以不能再另加主语 译为现在人们已经可能去想象这样一个社会其大部分人口,即劳作者,将会享有与以前贵族阶层几乎同样多的闲暇时间
12.masssociety意为“大众社会” 确实,与当时的贵族相比,为这样一个未来的大众社会解决如何打发闲暇的问题要困难的多
13.which引导的定语从句修饰fashion,从句中it是形式主语,真正主语是后面的不定式tochange.“change”的宾语是which,即fashion. 本句译为“老百姓更可能用时尚取代千篇一律的程式,而尽可能地经常改变时尚是符合某些人的经济利益的”
14.onlytooeasytodosth.“非常容易做某事” too…to…一般作?quot;太…以致不能…“讲,但是加上only,but,all等词后则为”非常…做某事“例如我非常愿意和你一起工作Imonlytoopleasedtoworkwithyou. Hewasonlytoogladtohelpyou. Hewastoobusytohelpyou. 译为对其他的贵族娱乐如赌博、决斗和打仗,要找一些与其对等的消遣方式实在是很容易的如危险驾驶、吸毒和无意义的暴力行为
15.beitphysicalliketheworkofasmith,ormentalliketheworkofascientistoranartist为虚拟式让步状语从句,等价于whetheritisphysicalliketheworkofasmith,oritismentalliketheworkofascientistoranartist. 译为工作者很少有暴力行为,因为他们会把自己的进取精神都投入到工作中去,不管是像铁匠那样的体力工作还是像科学家或艺术家那样的脑力工作,都是如此 TextB TheWorkmansCompensation New Words
1.workmann.工人,劳动者
2.tightenvt./vi.(使)变紧;拧紧 形容词tight+en
3.infinitelyad.无限地,无穷地
4.varieda.
1.各种各样的;
2.杂色的,斑斓的 vary改变,变化
5.subtlea.
1.精巧的,精妙的;
2.微妙的,难以捉摸的
6.cadren.干部;基干
7.curtailvt.
1.截短,缩短(讲话,假期,节目等);
2.削减(经费等)
8.subtlyad.
1.精巧的,精妙地;
2.微妙地,难以捉摸地 subtlety
9.excessivea.过多的,过分的
10.competitionn.
1.竞争;
2.比赛
11.slacka.
1.懒散的,清闲的,松弛的;
2.行动迟缓的,有气无力的 vi.减慢,松懈 n.
1.清闲;
2.淡季,不活跃时期
12.longshoreman([复]longshoremen)n.码头装卸工人
13.cargo([复]cargo(e)s)n.船货,货物
14.tossvt.
1.抛,掷;
2.使摇摆,使动荡 vi.
1.摇摆,颠簸;
2.翻来覆去
15.coinn.硬币,钱币 vt.创造(新词)
16.vengeancen.报仇,报复
17.outragen.
1.暴行,不法行为;
2.愤慨 vt.
1.对…施暴;
2.激怒
18.vaina.徒劳的
19.helln.
1.地狱,阴间;
2.(非正式)用以咒骂或表示愤怒,不满
20.white-collara.白领阶层的,从事脑力劳动的 blue-collar蓝领 dog-collar狗链
21.encountervt./vi
1.遭遇,遇到;
2.意外地遇到(朋友等) n.
1.遭遇,冲突;
2.偶然相见 tocomeacross意外的遇到
22.seriesn.[单复同形]
1.一系列,连续;
2.丛书,套,辑,组;
3.[电]串联
23.assemblyn.
1.集合;
2.集会,[总称]与会者;
3.装配,组装
24.clipboardn.带弹簧夹子的书写板
25.stopwatchn.(赛跑用的)跑表 vt.用秒表测定时间
26.disapprovaln.不赞成;不许可
27.studieda.
1.深思熟虑的;
2.故意的,蓄意的
28.discreditvt.
1.败坏…的名声;
2.使不可置信 n.
1.丧失信义;
2.不信,怀疑
29.responsen.
1.作答,回答;
2.响应,反应 PhrasesandExpressions
1.yearinandyearout一年一年地,年复一年
2.inlargemeasure很;大半;大部分
3.totake……easy轻松一点;不用太紧张
4.onandoff(offandon)
1.不时;
2.断断续续地,间歇地
5.toputanendto结束或废除某事务
6.todoonesbest尽全力;尽量
7.toexpectsth.ofsb.对某人报有某种期望
8.todowith
1.处理;
2.忍受
9.inreturn作为回报
10.todowithout
1.没有…也行;
2.将就,设法应付过去
11.tohaveanedge具有优势
12.solongas假如;只要
13.tokeepup
1.赶上,不落后;
2.振作,使不落后;
3.遵守;
4.继续,保持
14.tocutdownon减少对…之消耗量
15.toapplyoneself致力于,努力
16.toplayintosb.shands为某人谋方便;有利于某人
17.atpresent现在;目前
18.totossacoin掷硬币(以猜其正反面);(与某人)掷硬币以作决定
19.withavengeance
1.猛烈地;
2.过度地
20.onoccasion有时,间或
21.tositdownon反对
22.invain无效地;无结果地;徒然
23.togotohell见鬼去(骂人用法)
24.torobsb.ofsth.抢某人之财物
25.inseries串联电路的;成串联的
26.withaviewtowards(或to)以…为目的
27.totakeafreeride免费搭车
28.Howcome……?怎么会…? 重点词汇
1.tighten v(使)变紧,拧紧 派生词tighta.紧的 eg Ashestruggled,theropestightenedevenmore.他越挣扎,绳子便绑得越紧 Arethereanyplanstotightencontrolofadvertising?有没有什么加强广告管理的计划?
2.excessive a.过多的,过分的 派生词exceedv.超过,超出;excessn.超越 eg Excessiveexercisecansometimescausehealthproblems.过多的锻炼有时也可能带来健康问题 Excessivedrinkingisharmfultoyourhealth.酗酒对你的身体有害
3.competition n.竞争,比赛 派生词competev.竞争,比赛
4.encounter tocomeacrossv.遭遇,遇到 eg Thearmyisreportedtobeencounteringconsiderableresistanceinsomeremoteruralareas.据报道部队在某些偏僻的乡村遇到了相当大的抵抗 Whendidyoufirstencounterthesedifficulties?你最初遇到这些困难是在什么时候?
5.disapproval n.不赞成,不许可 派生词approval赞成,许可 eg Althoughtheysaidnothing,shecouldsensetheirdisapproval. 尽管他们什么都没说,但她能感觉到他们不赞成 Phrases词组
1.totake…easy轻松一点;勿太紧张 eg Whenconfrontedwithdifficultproblems,takeiteasyandbepatient.碰到难题时要从容耐心
2.todoonesbest尽全力;尽量 eg Ididmybesttostopher.我已尽全力阻止她
3.toexpectsth.ofsb.对某人抱有某种期望 eg IcantfinishthisjobbyFriday,youexpectedtoomuchofme.我星期五以前干不完这项工作,你对我期望太高了
4.inreturn作为回报 eg Iboughthimadrinkinreturnforhishelp.我请他喝酒以酬谢他的帮助
5.solongas假如,只要 eg Aslongasitdoesntrainwecanplay.只要不下雨,我们就能玩 YoucanimproveyouroralEnglishsolongasyoukeeppracticing.你只要不断地练习,就能提高口语
6.toapplyoneself致力于,努力 eg Youwillonlypassyourexamsifyoureallyapplyyourselftoyourwork.你只有真正专心用功,考试才会及格
7.onoccasion有时,间或 eg Hehas,onoccasion,madesmallmistakes.他有时犯一些小错误
8.invain无效地;徒然 eg Allourworkwasinvain.我们的工作都白干了 Howcansomeone,hourafterhour,dayafterday,yearinandyearout,tightenapproximatelythesamenuttothesameboltandnotgomad?
(1)Thatmostworkingpeopledonot,infact,gomadisdueinlargemeasuretoaphenomenonsocommonthatitisfoundwhereverpeoplelaborinindustry takingiteasy.
(2)Itwouldtakesomekindofrealmentalcasetodoalltheworkonecouldalldaylong.Nooneexpectsit.Takingiteasyonthejobwhilesomeoneelsecoversyourwork,or“workingonandoff,”asitisusuallycalledinAmerica,isanestablishedpartoftheworkinglife.
1.Howcansomeone,hourafterhour,dayafterday,yearinandyearout,tightenapproximatelythesamenuttothesameboltandnotgomad?(para.1) 这是一个反意问句,意为“一个人时复一时,日复一日,年复一年地把几乎同样的螺母拧到螺钉上,又怎么能不发疯呢?”
2.Thatmostworkingpeopledonot,infact,gomadisdueinlargemeasuretoaphenomenonsocommonthatitisfoundwhereverpeoplelaborinindustry takingiteasy.(para.1) Thatmostworkingpeopledonot,infact,gomad是主语从句,that是只起连接作用,不在句中担任任何成分 socommonthat中,that引导结果状语从句,句中的it是指前边的aphenomenon. whereverpeoplelaborinindustry地点状语从句 全句译为“事实上大多数劳动人民之所以没有精神错乱,很多程度上应是由于一个 无论人们在哪个行业都普遍存在的现象,不紧不慢的干活“ Workingonandoff,however,hasitslimits.Therulesareinfinitelyvaried,subtle,andflexible,and,ofcourse,theyarealwayschanging.Management,uptoacertainlevelatleast,isawareofthepractice,andinsomeindustriesemploysentirecadresofpeopletocurtailorputanendtoit.
(3)Simultaneously,theworkersaresubtlydoingtheirbesttokeepitgoingandtoextenditwhereverpossible.
3.Management,uptoacertainlevelatleast,isawareofthepractice,andinsomeindustries employsentirecadresofpeopletocurtailorputanendtoit(para.2) uptoacertainlevelatleast修饰management,意思是“至少到了一定层次的管理部门” thepractice指的是前一段提到的“干干停停”(onandoff) someindustries“某些行业” 译为“管理部门,至少达到某种层次的管理部门,是知道这个干法,因此在某些行业他们雇用整套骨干班子,以减少和杜绝这种干干停停的可能性” Everyworkerhasahighlydevelopedsenseofhowmuchworkisexpectedofhim.Whenhefeelsthattheexpectationisexcessive,hetriestodosomethingaboutit.Thisinstincthastodowiththepoliticalnatureofworkitself,somethingeverymodernworkerunderstands.
(4)Thebosseswantmorefromtheworkerthantheyarewillingtogiveinreturn.
(5)Theworkersgivework,andthebossesgivemoney.Theexchangeisneverquiteequal,andthediscrepancyiscalledprofit.Sincethebossescannotdowithoutprofit,workershaveanedge.Agoodworkerinakeyspotcould,solongashekeptupproduction,takeallthecoffeebreakshewanted,
(6)andthebosseswouldverylikelylooktheotherway.Hecouldalsochoosetocutdownonthecoffeebreaks,applyhimself,andincreaseproduction,andthenaskforandgetmoremoney.Butthatwouldbeself-defeating,andheknowsit.Itwouldalsoplacehimincompetitionwithotherworkers,whichwouldbeplayingintothebosseshands.
(7)Whathewouldratherdoiscreatesomeslackforhimselfandenjoyhisjobmore.
(8)
4.Thisinstincthastodowiththepoliticalnatureofworkitself,somethingeverymodernworkerunderstands.(para.3) something是thepoliticalnatureofworkitself的同位语 译为“这种本能与工作本身的政治性质有关,这一点每个现代工人都明白”
5.Thebosseswantmorefromtheworkerthantheyarewillingtogiveinreturn.(para.3) inreturn回报 “老板想从工人身上榨取比他愿意回报给个人的酬金更多的东西”
6.Agoodworkerinakeyspotcould,solongashekeptupproduction,takeallthecoffeebreaks hewanted.(para.3) solongas只要…就 “关键岗位上的一个好工人,只要他保证产量不降低,就能尽情地利用工间休息”
7.Itwouldalsoplacehimincompetitionwithotherworkers,whichwouldbeplayingintothebosseshands.(para.3) which引导非限制性定语从句,修饰前面整个句子即“他和别的工人产生竞争”这件事
8.Whathewouldratherdoiscreatesomeslackforhimselfandenjoyhisjobmore.(para.3) Whathewouldratherdo主语从句中有do,因此两个作表语的动词不定式create和enjoy前面都省略了to. AtpresentontheWestCoast,whenagangoflongshoremenworkingoncargostartashift,theyoftendividethemselvesintotwoequalgroupsandtossacoin.Onegroupgoesintothefarreachesoftheslipsholdandsitsaround.Theothergroupstartsloadingcargo,usuallyworkingwithavengeance,sinceeachoneofthemisdoingtheworkoftwomen.Anhourlater,thegroupschangeplaces.Inotherwords,althoughmyfellowlongshoremenandIaregettingpaidforeighthours,onoccasionweworkonlyfour.Ifsomeonereadingthisfeelsasenseofmoraloutragebecausewearesittingdownonthejob,Iamsorry.
(9)Ihavesearchedmymindinvainforapolitewaytotellthatreadertogotohell.
(10)
9.Ifsomeonereadingthisfeelsasenseofmoraloutragebecausewearesittingdownonthejob,Iamsorry.(para.4) this指前面提到的内容 asenseofmoraloutrage“一种义愤的感觉” sittingdownonthejob“停下来不干活”
10.Ihavesearchedmymindinvainforapolitewaytotellthatreadertogotohell.(para.4) invain无效地,徒劳地togotohell.见鬼去 “我绞尽脑汁,可是找不到一种礼貌的说法告诉这位读者,见他的鬼去吧” Ifyouarethatreader,Iwouldrecommendthatyouabandonyouroutrageandbeginthinkingaboutdoingsomethingsimilarforyourself.
(11)Youprobablyalreadyhave,evenifyouwontadmitit.Whitecollarofficeworkers,too,havecomeundercriticismtimeisbeingspentaroundtheMr.Coffeemachine,andsomepeople(wouldyoubelieveit?)haveevenbeenhavingpersonalconversationsoncompanytime.Infact,oneoffice-systemexpertrecentlysaidthathehadyettoencounterabusinessworkplacethatwasfunctioningatmorethanabout60percentefficiency.
(12)
11.Ifyouarethatreader,Iwouldrecommendthatyouabandonyouroutrageandbeginthinkingaboutdoingsomethingsimilarforyourself.(para.5) wouldrecommend“我会建议你…” 如果你是那位读者,我会建议你不要愤怒,并开始思考你自己也干些类似的事
12.Infact,oneoff-systemexpertrecentlysaidthathehadyettoencounterabusinessworkplacethatwasfunctioningatmorethanabout60percentefficiency.(para.5) hadyettoencounter“还没有遇到…” Managementoftenstrugglesharetosetupasituationwhereworkisdoneinseries aworkerreceivesanarticleofmanufacture,doessomethingtoit,andpassesitontoanotherworker,whodoessomethingelsetoitandthenpassesitontothenextguy,andsoon……theassemblylineisaperfectexampleofthis.Managerslikethistypeofmanufacturebecauseitismoreefficient-thatis,itachievesmoreproduction.Theyalsolikeitforanotherreason,eveniftheywillnotadmitit itmakesitverydifficultfortheworkertodoanythingotherthanwork.
(13)
13.Theyalsolikeitforanotherreason,eveniftheywillnotadmitit itmakesitverydifficultfortheworkertodoanythingotherthanwork.(para.6) otherthan“除了…以外” FrederickW.Taylor,theefficiencyexpertwhoearlyinthiscenturyconductedthetime-and-motionstudiesthatledtotheassembly-lineprocess,triedtoreduceworkerstorobots,allinthenameofgreaterproduction.
(14)Hisstaffofexperts,eacharmedwithclipboardandstopwatch,studiedindividualworkerswithaviewtowardeliminatingunnecessarymovement.
(15)Theysoonfoundagreatdealofoppositionfromtheworkers.
14.FrederickW.Taylor,theefficiencyexpertwhoearlyinthiscenturyconductedthetime-and-motionstudiesthatledtotheassembly-lineprocess,triedtoreduceworkerstorobots,allinthenameofgreaterproduction.(para.7) 主语有一个很长的同位语,其中有两个定语从句,有who和that引导 全句译为“效率专家FrederickW.Taylor,(佛雷德里克泰勒)早在本世纪初就进行了时间与动作的研究,从而导致了装配线生产过程的出现他还试图将工人变成机器人,这都是以提高产量的名义进行的”
15.Hisstaffofexperts,eacharmedwithclipboardandstopwatch,studiedindividualworkerswithaviewtowardeliminatingunnecessarymovement. eacharmedwithclipboardandstopwatch,过去分词短语为独立结构,作伴随状语,each是分词独立结构的逻辑主语,armed为过去分词,意思是“被…武装” Mostpeoplenotdirectlyengagedindailyworkexpressdisapprovalwhentheyhearofpeopleworkingonandoff.
(16)Astudiedcampaignwithcarefullychosenlanguage-“afulldaysworkforafulldayspay,”“takingafreeride”-hasbeenpushedbycertainemployerstodiscreditthepractice,andtheirsuccessissuchthatIrarelydiscussitexceptwithotherworkers.
(17)Myresponseispersonal,andafeelnoneedtodefendit IfIamgettingafreeride,howcomeIamsotiredwhenIgohomeattheendofashift?
16.Mostpeoplenotdirectlyengagedindailyworkexpressdisapprovalwhentheyhearofpeopleworkingonandoff. notdirectlyengagedindailywork和workingonandoff.都是分词短语作定语修饰people不直接从事日常工作的大多数人,当他们听到人们干干停停的做法时,表示不赞成
17.Astudiedcampaignwithcarefullychosenlanguage——“afulldaysworkforafulldayspay,”“takingafreeride”——hasbeenpushedbycertainemployerstodiscreditthepractice,andtheirsuccessissuchthatIrarelydiscussitexceptwithotherworkers. astudiedcampaign“一场经过研究的运动” suchthat引导结果状语从句,“如此以至于…” 全句大意为“某些雇主大力发动一场周密策划的运动,使用精心措词的口号——给一天钱干一天活,只拿钱不干活,——来败坏干干停停这种做法的名声” 英译汉翻译方法介绍 句子的翻译
(一) 英译汉句子翻译
一、分译与合译
1.分译 英语的一些语句有时比较简练,但在翻译成汉语时,为了表达更完美,原句可译成两句(或两句以上) Everythinghereisdeartoher.对这里的一切事物,她都感到亲切
2.合译 可以把相邻的、语义紧密地句子译成一句;把复合句、并列句译成简单句 Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.有志者事竟成
二、复合句的翻译及顺序 注意英语句中的标点符号与汉语句中的标点不存在一致关系英文句中的标点侧重语法功能,而汉语则侧重于意思的表达另外,英语一个句子中只有一个谓语,而汉语中使用动词较多
1.名词从句的译法翻译时顺序一般不变 主语从句Whatyousayisalwaystrue.你说的话总是对的(合译) Itisstillaquestionwhichwayismoreeffective. 哪种办法效率更高,这还是个问题(分译) 表语从句Oneideaisthatfishisthebestbrainfood.有一种看法认为鱼是最好的补脑食品 宾语从句Sheaskedtheteacherwhysomewordswerehardtoremember. 她问老师为什么有些字很难记住 同位语从句Ihaveanideathatparentsshouldmonitorthekindoftelevisiontheirchildrenwatch. 我有一个想法,父母应该检查孩子看电视的内容(种类)
2.定语从句的译法 定语从句的译法应符合汉语习惯,一般来说,限制性定语从句前置译,非限制性定语从句常采用后置的译法,但如果从句较短,也可前置 Illteachyousuchalessonasyoullneverforget.我要给你一个终生难忘的教训 Theyturnedadeafeartoourdemands,whichwasnotreasonable. 他们对我们的要求置之不理,这是毫无道理的
3.状语从句的译法 状语从句有九种时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、比较、方式、让步 要注意从属连词的意义 since可以引导时间状语从句“自从,从…时候开始”;原因状语从句,“既然、由于”as关系代词,引导定语从句关系副词,引导状语从句,as引导时间状语从“当什么时候”主从句的动作同时进行引导原因从句,“由于”引导让步状语从句“虽然,尽管”倒装方式状语从句“像,如同” although/though引导让步状语从句 while可以引导让步状语从句“虽然”,也可以引导时间状语从句,也可以是转折连词,“然而、而”表示两个事物的对比 nomatter+when/where/how=whenever/wherever/however Unit13 练习
一、单词词组英译汉
1.compel
2.voluntary
3.undertake
4.coincide
5.manual
6.efficiency
7.compulsion
8.division
9.eliminate
10.boring
11.amusement.sofaras…knows.tocoincidewith.attitudetoward.togoinfor
二、句子英译汉
1.Hecannotbereallyhappyifhiscompelledbysocietytodowhathedoesnotenjoydoing.(para.1)
2.Whetherajobistobeclassifiedaslabororworkdepends,notonthejobitself,butonthetastesoftheindividualwhoundertakeit.(para.3)
3.Thedifferencedoesnot,forexample,coincidewiththedifferencebetweenamanualandamentaljob.
4.Sothatitisnaturalforhimtoimaginethatthefewerhourshehastospendlaboring,andthemorehoursheisfreetoplay,thebetter.
5.Thisinstincthastodowiththepoliticalnatureofworkitself,somethingeverymodernworkerunderstands.(para.3)
6.Thebosseswantmorefromtheworkerthantheyarewillingtogiveinreturn.(para.3)
7.Agoodworkerinakeyspotcould,solongashekeptupproduction,takeallthecoffeebreakshewanted.(para.3)
8.Ihavesearchedmymindinvainforapolitewaytotellthatreadertogotohell.(para.4)
9.Ifyouarethatreader,Iwouldrecommendthatyouabandonyouroutrageandbeginthinkingabutdoingsomethingsimilarforyourself.(para.5)
10.Theyalsolikeitforanotherreason,eveniftheywillnotadmitit itmakesitverydifficultfortheworkertodoanythingotherthanwork. otherthan除了…以外
三、汉译英
1.如果他被迫去做他不乐意做的事,他不可能高兴 Hecantbehappyifheiscompelledtodowhathedoesntenjoydoing. Ifheiscompelledtodowhatheisunwillingtodo,hecannotbehappy.
2.一件工作被算成是劳作还是工作取决于个人的喜好 Whetherajobistobeclassifiedaslabororworkdependsononesinterest.
3.广义上说,任何人作的工作都对社会有益 Inabroadsense,whatanyonedoesisbeneficialtothesociety. Ingeneral,whatonedoesisofsocialvalue.
4.劳作与工作之间的区别与体力劳动与脑力劳动的区别并不一样 Thedifferencebetweenlaborandworkdoesnotcoincidewiththatbetweenamanualandamentaljob;
5.技术与劳动分工在许多领域结束了对熟练工的需求 Technologyandthedivisionoflaborhaveeliminatedinmanyfieldstheneedforskilledworkers. 历年考题
1.Theimportantofthese_____(vary)accordingtothenatureofoneslife-style.(
99.10) 答案varies.
2.汉译英将来还会有脑力劳动和体力劳动的区别吗?(
00.04) Willtherebeanydifferencebetweenthemanuallaborandthementaljobinthefuture?
3.Amancannotbereallyhappyifwhatheenjoys_____(do)isignoredbysocietyasofnovalueorimportance.(
00.10) 答案doing.考点enjoy后跟名词或动名词作宾语
4.汉译英他被迫接受了一份他自己毫无兴趣的工作 Heiscompelledtotakeajobwhichisofnointeresttohimself. 讲义十四 TextA TheTeachersLastShockingLesson 课文简介 温斯坦,一位45岁的美国新泽西州的中学教师,在她去学校的路上被一个不到17岁的少年袭击在她被杀害之前,她设法录下了她和袭击者的谈话录音谈话不仅帮助警察找到了凶手,也显示了这位女教师非凡的勇气和同情心,为社会树立了榜样 Para.1KathleenWeinstein——aremarkableteacher,waskilled. Paras.2-3Theteacherencounteredtherobberandtriedtoreason withhim,andshemanagedtotapetheirconversation. Paras.4-5Theworstthinghappened,butshegaveherlastlesson tothejuvenile. NewWords 1shocking a.令人震惊的,骇人听闻的 2miniature n./a.缩样,小型物;微型的,小型的 3device n.装置,器械;方法,手段 4capture vt./n.捕获;夺得,占领;捕获物 5microcassette n.微型卡式录音带 6allege vt.断言,宣称; 7compassion n.同情;怜悯 8grab vt./n./vi.攫取;抓取 9jaw n.颌,颚 10attacker n.攻击者 11activate vt.使活动,使起作用 12recorder n.记录者,录音机 13prosecutor n.起诉人,检察官,公诉人 14belonging n.所有物;行李 15hysterical a.癔病的,歇斯底里的;患癔病的 16threatening a.威胁(性)的,凶兆的 17persistently ad.坚持地,固执地 18convince vt.使确认,使信服 19excerpt n./vt.摘录,节录 20beloved a./n.为…所爱的;亲爱的;心爱的人 21foster vt.鼓励,促进;养育,抚养 22persuasion n.说服,劝服 23avail vt./vi.有利,有助;n.好处,用处 24hiker n.徒步旅行者 25smother vt./vi.使窒息,把…闷死;忍住;窒息 26suspect vt./vi./n.疑有;推测;嫌疑犯,可疑分子 27county n.(英国)郡;县 28profound a.深刻的,深奥的 29juvenile a./n.青少年的,青少年 30materialism n.[哲]唯物主义,唯物论 31solicit vt.请求,恳求 32p.a.(=publicaddress)system 有线广播,扩音系统 33merchant n.商人 34heartbreaking a.使人心碎的 35resonance n.回声,反响;共振,共鸣 词组phrases 1toconvincesb.todosth. 说服某人做某事 2onone’shead 归罪于某人,(责任)落到某人身上 3to(或of)noavail 完全无用,毫无效果 4tocommenton 对…评论 togobeyond 超越 词汇精讲
1.shockinga.令人震惊的,骇人听闻的
2.miniaturen./a.缩样,小型物;微型的,小型的
3.devicen.装置,器械;方法,手段
4.capture vt./n.捕获,夺得,占领同义词是“catch” capture强调动作的过程及结果catch侧重于结果 Thechildcaptured/caughtabird. e.g.Twoofthesoldierswerekilledandtherestwerecaptured.两个士兵被杀,其余的被俘虏 Theylivedinterrorofcapturebyenemysoldiers.他们生活在被敌兵俘虏的恐惧中
5.microcassetten.微型卡式录音带
6.allegevt.断言,宣称;
7.compassionn.同情;怜悯
8.grabvt./n./vi.攫取;抓取
9.jawn.颌,颚
10.attackern.攻击者
11.activatevt.使活动,使起作用
12.recordern.记录者,录音机
13.prosecutorn.起诉人,检察官,公诉人
14.belongingn.所有物;行李
15.hystericala.癔病的,歇斯底里的;患癔病的
16.threatening a.威胁性的,凶兆的 派生词threatenv.威胁;threatn.威胁,危害 e.g.Hesentherathreateningletter.他给她寄去了一封恐吓信
17.persistentlyad.坚持地,固执地
18.convince vt.使确认,使信服(toconvincesb.todosth.) e.g.Icaneasilyconvinceyouofhisignorance.我可以很容易地使你相信他的无知 Hewasconvincedtowithdrawfromrunningforthepresidency.他被劝说退出总统竞选 Heisconvincedthatsomeplantsarethreatenedwithextinction. 他相信某些植物物种正受到灭绝的威胁
19.excerptn./vt.摘录,节录
20.beloveda./n.为…所爱的;亲爱的;心爱的人
21.fostervt.鼓励,促进;养育,抚养
22.persuasion n.劝说,说服 派生词persuadev.劝说,说服(topersuadesb.todosth.) e.g.Allourpersuasionwasofnouse;shewouldnotcome.我们所有的劝说都没有用;她不肯来 Thesalesmanpersuadedustobuyintobuyinghisproducts.那推销员说服我们购买了他的产品
23.avail v./n.有利,有助 派生词availablea.可得到的,可利用的 e.g.YoushouldavailyourselfofeverychancetoimproveyourEnglish.你应该利用一切机会提高你的英语 Themedicinedidn‘tavailagainstthedisease.这药对这种病没有产生疗效 Theireffortsweretonoavail.他们的努力不起作用
24.hikern.徒步旅行者
25.smothervt./vi.使窒息,把…闷死;忍住;窒息
26.suspect vt./n.怀疑,推测;/嫌疑犯,可疑分子 e.g.Hesuspectedaschemeagainsthislife.他怀疑有人要谋害他的性命 Thesecuritydepartmentsuspectedhimofgivinginformationtoaforeigncompany. 安全部门怀疑他向一家外国公司提供情报 Isuspectthathehasfailedtoarrangehistimeefficiently.我怀疑他没有能力有效地控制时间 suspect是比较确定的怀疑 doubt是对某事不相信,怀疑
27.countyn.(英国)郡;县
28.profound a.深刻的,深奥的 e.g.Thisisaprofoundtheory.这是一个深奥的理论 Thosetwolinesofpoetryexpressperfectlytheprofoundsadnessofloss. 这两行诗完美地表达了失去亲人的深切的悲痛
29.juvenilea./n.青少年的,青少年
30.materialismn.[哲]唯物主义,唯物论
31.solicitvt.请求,恳求
32.p.a.(=publicaddress)system有线广播,扩音系统
33.merchantn.商人
34.heartbreakinga.使人心碎的
35.resonancen.回声,反响;共振,共鸣 词组phrases
1.toconvincesb.todosth.说服某人做某事
2.onone‘shead Thechildren’ssafetyisontheteacher‘shead.
3.to/ofnoavail完全无用,毫无效果 e.g.Itriedtopersuadehimnottoresign,buttonoavail.我试图劝说他不要辞职,但毫无效果 Thedoctors‘effortstosavethechildwereto/ofnoavail.医生抢救孩子的努力没有成功
4.tocommenton对…评论 e.g.Thekingrefusedtocommenton/upontheelectionresults.国王拒绝对大选结果做出评论 Thecriticscommentedfavorablyonhisnewbook.评论家对于他的新书给予好评 Canyoucommentonthisconclusion?你能对这一结论发表意见吗?
5.togobeyond超越 Therapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnologygoesbeyondeveryone‘simagination. 科学技术的快速发展超出了每个人的想象 TheTeacher‘sLastShockingLesson Aremarkablewomanreasonswithherkiller-andtapesit Sheusedtheminiaturetaperecorderforagraduate-schoolcourseshewastaking.Thedevice,though,woulddomuchmorethancapturealecture.
①ItwasamicrocassettefoundinKathleenWeinstein‘sshirtpocketthatnotonlyledpolicetoherallegedkillerbutalsorevealedtheNewJerseyteachertobeawomanofextraordinarycourageandcompassion.
②
1.“domuchmorethan+动词原形”;,意思为“不仅仅做…”“做得比…多” 译文“然而这个设备起的作用要比录下一堂课的内容大得多”
2.这是一个强调句,allegedkiller指“被指控的凶手”,即“犯罪嫌疑人”其中句中“found”是过去分词作定语修饰microcassette.awomanofextraordinarycourageandcompassion. 意为“具有非凡勇气和同情心的女人” 译文正是在凯思琳·温斯坦衬衣口袋里发现的这盘微型卡式录音带不仅使得警察找到了杀害她的凶手嫌疑人,而且也正是它展现了新泽西州的这位老师是一位具有非凡的勇气和同情心的女性 Weinstein,45,wasonherwaytoanexamatTomsRiverHighSchoolSouthonMarch14whenshegotoutofhergold1995ToyotaCamrytobuyasandwichatthebusyTomsRiverShoppingCenter.That‘swhereherpathcrossedthatofMichaelLaSane,who,policesay,wantedjustsuchacartocelebratehis17thbirthday.
③GrabbingWeinsteinbythejaw,theattackertoldherhehadagunandforcedherintotheCamry.
④ThecarwasthendriventoManitouPark,abouttwomilesfromtheshoppingcenter.Itwasthere,policebelieve,thatWeinsteinwasabletoactivatetherecordershekeptinherbag.
⑤AccordingtoOceanCountyprosecutorDanielCarluccio,thetapedconversationbetweenWeinsteinandL.aSanetookplaceastheyremovedpersonalitems-bags,notebooks,hersix-year-oldson’sbelongings,fromthecar.“Itwasn‘thysterical,”Carlucciosaysofthe24-mimuetape.“Itwasn’tthekindofthingyouwouldexpectofsomeonewhoisfacingalife-threateningsituation.Mrs.Weinsteinbravelyandpersistentlyusedeveryskillandpowershehadtoconvinceherattackertosimplytakehercarandnotherlife.”
3.句中第二个“that”指的是“path”“who”的后面引导一个定语从句修饰“MichaelLasane” 本句意思是正是在那里她遇上麦克尔·拉森,据警察说,拉森正想要这样一部车 来庆贺他的17岁生日
4.grabbingWeinsteinbythejaw是现在分词短语作伴随状语“grabbingsb.by…”表示“抓住某人…”类似的用法seizesb.bythecollar(抓住某人的衣领),hitsb.onthenose(揍某人的鼻子),slapsb.onthecheek(煽某人的耳光)等等译文这名歹徒猛地抓住温斯坦的下巴,自称有枪并胁迫她上了车
5.此句是个强调句,强调的是地点状语there.“shekeptinherbag”是定语从句,省略了that,修饰recorder.译文据警察推测,温斯坦正是在这里才得以打开放在她包里的录音机 TheexcerptsofthetalkreleasedbytheprosecutorshowwhyWeinsteinwasabelovedfigureatThorneMiddleSchoolinMiddletown,whereshewasaspecial-educationteacher.
⑥“Youhaven‘tdoneanythingyet,”shetellsherattacker.“Allyouhavetodoisletmegoandtakemycar.Formylife,don’tyouthinkIshouldbeconcernedandletyoutakemycar?Formylife!Doyoureallywanttohavethatonyourhead?”
⑦Atanotherpoint,theteachertriestogethimtoopenup.“Whydon‘tyoujusttellme?Ofcourse,it’simportant.It‘sdeterminingyourwholelifeandthedirectionyou’retaking.”WeinsteinalsotalksabouthersonDanielandherplanstotakeinafosterchildwithherhusbandPaul.
⑧“1wanttogivesomethingtosomebody,togivesomethingback,”shesays.
6.releasedbytheprosecutor过去分词短语作定语,修饰excerpts(谈话片断) figure在此表示“人物” why引导宾语从句,where引导非限制性定语从句 译文从检查官透露的谈话片段可以说明作为在米道镇的桑恩中学一名从事特殊教育的老师,温斯坦为什么会在那里成为如此受爱戴的人物
7.Allyouhavetodo主语从句中有todo,不定式作表语省略to. 动词let后面也要省略不定式符号to,should用于加强语气,表示“竟然” 译文“直到现在你还没犯什么大错你完全可以拿走我的车,但要放我走为了活命,难道我还会关心让不让你拿走我的车吗?为了保住我的命!你真的想要背负杀我的罪名?”
8.takein在此表示“接受,吸收”的意思 译文温斯坦还谈到了她的儿子丹尼尔以及她与丈夫保罗打算领养一个孩子 Herpowersofpersuasionweretonoavail.Weinstein‘sbody,withhandsandfeetbound,wasdiscoveredbyahikeronMarch
17.
⑨Shehadbeensmotheredwithhercoat.Butbeforeshediedshesomehowslippedthemicrocassetteintoherpocketwithoutherkillerknowingit.⑩BecauseWeinsteinhadaskedLaSaneabouthimselfandhisfamily,policequicklyhadtheirsuspect,thesonofalocalofficial.“Ourimpressionwasthatshewasveryawareshewasleavingsomethingbehind.”saysCarluccio.HewillnotcommentonLaSane’ssideoftheconversationexcepttosay.“Whenyouhearthetape,itwillraiseprofoundquestionsaboutwhatishappeninginourworldwithjuvenilesandoursociety.Itgoesbeyondmaterialism.”
9.withhandsandfeetbound是独立结构,被插在主语和谓语中间,其中bound是bind的过去分词译文3月17日,一名徒步旅行者发现了温斯坦的尸体,她的手脚被捆绑着
10.withoutherkillerknowingit动名词复合结构,herkiller是动名词的逻辑主语 译文但在她死以前她没让歹徒知道,偷偷把微型录音机放进了自己的衣袋里 WeinsteinalsohelpedleavebehindanewprogramatThorneMiddleSchoolinwhichstudentswereencouragedtodonicethingsforothers.EverymorningWeinsteinwouldannouncevariousgooddeedsoverthep.a.systemandshesolicitedprizesfromlocalmerchantsandrestaurants.Givenherfate,thenameoftheprogramhasaheartbreakingresonancetoit RandomActsofKindness.⑾
11.“given”是介词,意思是“考虑到”,“在…情况下” 译文想到她遭受如此不幸命运,这项活动的名称听起来令人心碎随时随地做好事 例Giventheirinexperience,theyhavedoneagoodjob. 考虑到他们缺乏经验,这工作他们做的不错 TextB TheseedsofWrath NewWords 1wrathn.愤怒,愤慨 2apartheidn.种族隔离,种族隔离法 3repressivea.镇压的;抑制的 4divisivea.造成不和的,制造分裂的 5queue n.
1.辫子;
2.列队 vi.排队(for) 6restrictionn.限制;约束 7subversivea.颠覆性的;起破坏作用的 8sportsman([复]sportsmen)n.爱好运动的人;运动员 9singern.歌唱家,歌手 10actorn.男演员actress女演员 11illegala.非法的;违规的 12chessn.国际象棋 13barriern.障碍;障碍物 14poetn.诗人poem诗 15incapablea.无能力的;不能的(of) 16truthfullyad.说真话的,如实地 17blindnessn.
1.无视,视而不见;
2.盲目性 18banvt.禁止,取缔 n.禁止;禁令 19fleevi./vt.逃离,逃避 20pledge v.发誓;保证 n.
1.誓言,誓约;
2.保证物,抵押品 21suicidevt./vi./n.自杀commitsuicide自杀 22indicationn.
1.指示,表示;
2.象征,迹象 23legislate vi.立法 vt.通过立法 24inflictvt.使遭受(损伤,苦痛等),使承受(on,upon) 25rejectionn.
1.拒绝,抵制;
2.驳回 26separationn.
1.分开,分类;
2.分隔 27ceasevt./vi./n.停止,结束 28eruptionn.
1.(火山)喷发;
2.(战争,感情等)爆发,迸发 29pervasivea.弥漫的,渗透的;遍布的 30extentn.
1.广度,范围;
2.程度 31sterilityn.
1.不生育,(植物)不结果,(土地)贫瘠
2.消毒,无菌 sterileadj. PhrasesandExpressions 1todenysth.tosb.否认…的… 2besubversiveof破坏…的 3beincapableof不会…,不能… 4tocommitsuicide自杀 5tocutoff
1.切去,割掉;
2.切断,使孤立 tosetaside/toputaside搁置一旁,留出 TextB重点词汇
1.illegal a.非法的;违规的 派生词legala.合法的 e.g.Theparentslaunchedacampaigntostoptheillegalsaleofcigarettestochildrenunder
16. 父母们发起了一项阻止非法向16岁以下儿童售烟的运动
2.banv.禁止,取缔;禁令 e.g.Smokingisbannedinthisrestaurant.这个餐厅禁止吸烟 Shewasbannedfromdrivingfortwoyears.他被禁止开车两年 Thereshouldbeabanontalkingandeatingloudlyincinemas.电影院里应该禁止大声说话和吃东西
3.flee v.逃离;逃避 e.g.Everyonefled(from)thebuildingwhenthefirealarmsounded.当火警响起时每个人都向搂外逃去 Inordertoescapecapture,hefledtothecountry.为了躲避抓捕,他逃到了乡下
4.cease v./n.停止,结束 近义词stop e.g.Wemustceasedumpingwasteinthesea.我们必须停止向海洋倾倒垃圾
5.extent n.广度,范围;程度 e.g.Wedon‘tyetknowtheextentofhisinjuries.我们还不知道他受伤的程度 Peopleareaffectedtodifferentextentsbywhattheyseeontelevision. 人们不同程度地受到电视节目的影响 词组phrases
1.todenysth.tosb.否认…的… e.g.Theydeniedtherightofmakingspeechtohim.他们剥夺了他的发言权
2.beincapableof不会,不能becapableof=tobeableto e.g.Sheisincapableofsuchadreadfulthing.她不会干这种可怕的事
3.tocutoff切去,割掉;切断 e.g.Ifthisbillisnotpaidwithinfivedays,yourgassupplywillbecutoff.如果你五天内还不支付的话,你的煤气供应将被停止 Livingoutinthecountry,shefeltverycutoff.住在郊外农村里,她有种与世隔绝的感觉
4.tosetaside(toputaside)搁置一旁,留出 e.g.Tryandsetasidehalfanhoureverydaytodosomereading.设法每天留出半小时阅读 TheseedsofWrath Theworldknowsagreatdealaboutapartheid.Itknowsitasarepressivepoliticalsystemwhichdeniespoliticalrepresentationto14,000,000SouthAfricansbecausetheyarenotwhite;itknowsitasadivisivesocialsystemwhichkeepspeopleapart,dividingthemoncolourlinesandpunishingthosewhotrytocrosstheselines.⑴Buttheeffectsofapartheidintermsofsocialbehaviourandonculturaldevelopmentarelesswellknown.⑵
1.Itknowsitasarepressivepoliticalsystemwhichdeniespoliticalrepresentationto14,000,000 SouthAfricansbecausetheyarenotwhite;itknowsitasadivisivesocialsystemwhichkeepspeopleapart,dividingthemoncolorlinesandpunishingthosewhotrytocrosstheselines.(para.1) 此句是用分号隔开的两个并列句,第一个it是主语,指代theworld,第二个it是宾语,指代Apartheid,两句中都有which引导的定语从句修饰system.
2.Buttheeffectsofapartheidintermsofsocialbehaviorandonculturaldevelopmentarelesswellknown.(para.1) intermsof在…方面 Tounderstandtheeffectsofapartheiditisnecessarytothinkofthedailylivesofthepeopleandthewaysinwhichtheirlivesareregulatedbyapartheid. Itmeansstandingforhoursinabus-queue,becausetherearetoofewbusesspeciallysetasideforblackpeople;⑶itmeanshavingtopasstheatresandswimmingpoolwithnothoughtofeverenteringthem,becausetheyaresetasideforwithpeople;andbecausetherestrictionsextendtothethoughtspeoplethink,andbecausethelawsapplytobothblackandwhite,itmeansthatallpeopleinSouthAfricaaredeniedtherighttoreadcertainbooksbecausethegovernmentbelievesthemtobesubversiveofitsapartheidsociety.⑷
3.Itmeansstandingforhoursinabus-queue,becausetherearetoofewbusesspeciallysetasideforblackpeople.(para.3) setaside(为某特定目的)留出,分给,存下
4.thatallpeopleinSouthAfricaaredeniedtherighttoreadcertainbooksbecausethegovernmentbelievesthemtobesubversiveofitsapartheidsociety.(para.3) “…无权阅读某些书” ApartheidmeansthatsportsmenlikeBasilD‘Oliviera,SteveMakone,andPreciousMackenziecouldneverrepresenttheirowncountrybecausetheywerenotwhite;thatsingersandactorslikeMiriamMakebaandLionelNgamanewouldberestrictedbecauseoftheircolourtoappearingincertainplacesandbeforecertainaudiences⑸-acolouredcastcouldperformVerdi’s“LaTraviata”butnononwhitescouldattendaperformancebeforetheStatepresident.
5.thatsingersandactorslikeMiriamMakebaandLionelNgamanewouldberestrictedbecauseoftheircolourtoappearingincertainplacesandbeforecertainaudiences…(para.4) becauseoftheircolour插在beretrictedto之间,berestrictedto意思是“被局限在” appearing是动名词作介词to的宾语 Thelistofrestrictionsisendless-theseareonlyafewsmallexamples.Butwhattheyadduptoisadivisionwhichbreedshostility.⑹Atsportsevents,ifwhiteandblackarepresent,theysupportopposingsidesandtheresultisfriction-somuchsothatinmanygroundsonlywhitesareallowed.⑺ Itisillegalforwhiteandblacktoplaychesstogether.Andwhiteswhotriedtoplayfootballinateamwithblackmemberswereprosecuted.
6.Butwhattheyadduptoisadivisionwhichbreedshostility.(para.5) addupto似乎是,(加起来)等于是 全句大意“但这些例子加起来却意味着可以酿成敌意的隔离”
7.…somuchsothatinmanygroundsonlywhitesareallowed.(para.5) somuchsothat到这样的程度以至于… Andinasocietywheretheseuglybarriersexist,itisbettertopretendthattheyareincapableofproducinganyworkwhichtruthfullyreflectstheirsociety;andsodeephasthiskindofblindnessenteredthatnoworkofanyrealworthhasbeenproducedinSouthAfricaformanyyears.⑻
8.andsodeephasthiskindofblindnessenteredthatnoworkofanyrealworthhasbeenproducedinSouthAfricaformanyyears.(para.7) 这是一个“so+副词”开头的倒装句,谓语发生部分倒装 Perhapsonemightexpectthewritersamongtheblacks,inasituationfulloftensionandpain,toproduceworkswhichlive.Butforthemapartheidpresentsanotherproblem;tobefrankistobebanned.AndsowriterslikeAlexlaGumaweresilencedbybanningorders,⑼orothers,likeAlfredHutchinsonandBlokeModisanefledthecountry.ForNatNakasathepledgehewasrequiredtosign-toleavehiscountryandneverreturnprovedtoomuch;hecommittedsuicideinNewYork.
9.AndsowriterslikeAlexlaGumaweresilencedbybanningorders,…(para.8) silence是动词,使沉默,使安静 Evenwhitewriters-AndreBrink,forinstance-whohavedaredtocriticize,orappeartocriticise,theapartheidsocietyhavesuffered.Theirworkshavebeenbanned,ortheyhavebeensavagelyattackedbytheofficialspokesmenofapartheid. Thefailureofwriterstowrite,orofpeopletounderstandeachother-alltheseareindicationsofthedeeperevil;thefailureofcommunication.Butwhatislittleunderstoodbytheoutsideworldisthatthisisafailurelegislatedfor.⑽Itisafailurewhichhasbeencarefullydesigned.
10.Butwhatislittleunderstoodbytheoutsideworldisthatthisisafailurelegislatedfor.(para.10) whatislittleunderstoodbytheoutsideworld是主语从句, 在表语从句中legislatedfor是定语修饰failure 本句译为“但是外部世界所不甚了解的是这种不能交流是有法律依据的” Itistheintentionofthosewhohaveconstructedtheapartheidsociety,andwhointendthatitshouldlastforever,thatthosewhomakeupthesocietyshouldbepreventedfromcommunicatingwitheachother.⑾Blackandwhitemustbecutofffromeachother,mustbeunabletocommunicate.⑿Itisonthisdivisionthatapartheidrests.⒀Thisisthetruemeaningofapartheid.AnditisthisinflictsthetrueterriblewoundonSouthAfricansociety.
11.Itistheintentionofthosewhohaveconstructedtheapartheidsociety,andwhointendthatitshouldlastforever,thatthosewhomakeupthesocietyshouldbepreventedfromcommunicatingwitheachother.(para.11) It是形式主语,实际主语是thatthosewhomakeupthesocietyshouldbepreventedfromcommunicatingwitheachother. 句中有三个who引导定语从句修饰those 全句大意为“这是那些建立种族隔离社会的人,并且希望这种社会永远维持下去的人的意图,他们企图禁止构成这个社会的人相互交流”
12.Blackandwhitemustbecutofffromeachother,mustbeunabletocommunicate.(para.11) becutoff被隔绝
13.Itisonthisdivisionthatapartheidrests.(para.11) toreston/upon意思是“建立在…之上,依靠” 本句是强调句,被强调部分是介词短语译为“种族隔离正是建立在这种分隔之上” Buttherealdamageisindailyhumanrelations.Ihaveseenwhitechildrenstandinginoneofthemixedbusesratherthansitbesideanyonewhowasnotwhiteandthisseemstomesocompletearejectionofanotherhumanpersonthatitgoesmuchfurtherthanthedivisionandseparationbackedbylaw.⒁Fromthiskindofrejectioncomesacompletelackofanyfeelingofcommonhumanity;⒂thesufferingofahumanbeingceasestoberealbecausehehasceasedtobearealhumanbeing.
14.…thisseemstomesocompletearejectionofanotherhumanpersonthatitgoesmuchfurtherthanthedivisionandseparationbackedbylaw.(para.12) 本句是一个带有结果状语从句的主从复合句,状语从句中又包含一个比较级结构, muchfurtherthan…,代词it指的是rejection“排斥” backedbylaw是过去分词短语作定语 全句大意为“这在我看来是对另一个人的彻底排斥,这种排斥如此彻底,以至于超出了由法律支持的隔绝和分离”
15.Fromthiskindofrejectioncomesacompletelackofanyfeelingofcommonhumanity.(para.12) 这是一个全部倒装句,谓语动词comes提到主语之前,倒装原因是主语acompletelackofanyfeelingofcommonhumanity过长同时也为了更好地承接前文,前边刚提到rejection 译为“这种排斥导致普通人性感情的彻底丧失” Thisisthesituation,whichhasbeencreatedinSouthAfricatoday.Thetensionsarereal,thethreatofaviolenteruptionconstant.Andthismustnotbethoughtofsimplyastheproductofpoliticalfactorsofarguments.Itisasimpletruththathumanrelationsbetweenpeoplehavedeterioratedsofarthatdialogue,understanding,friendship-alltheseareimpossible.⒃ Thisistheeffectofapartheidintermsofsociety-thisisitsallpervasiveextent itbreeds,ifitbreedsanything,hostility oftentheresultissimplythebittersterilitywhichwillbringaboutviolence.
16.Itisasimpletruththathumanrelationsbetweenpeoplehavedeterioratedsofarthatdialogue,understanding,friendshipalltheseareimpossible.(para.13) 本句it是形式主语,that引导主语从句,其中有一个so…that结构 全句大意为“这是一个简单的事实人们之间的关系恶化到了如此地步,以至于人们之间的对话、理解、友谊,所有这些都成了不可能的事” 补充语法知识 动名词的逻辑主语
1.动名词前面可以加上物主代词或名词所有格,表示行为的主体,成为动名词的逻辑主语 例如
①What‘stheuseofmydoingthat?
②IdislikeJohn‘scomingtoseemesooften.
③Thisyoungmansomehowslippedawatchintohispocketwithouttheteacher‘sknowingit.
2.在非正式英语中,尤其是当动名词在句中作宾语时,也可以用人称代词的宾格或普通格的名词修饰动名词 例如
①Nothingcanstopmetryingagain.
②DoyoumindJohndrivingyouhome? Unit14练习
一、词汇英译汉
1.device
2.compassion
3.grab
4.belonging
5.threatening
6.convince
7.foster
8.persuasion
9.avail
10.suspect
11.profound.toconvincesb.todosth..tocommenton
二、句子英译汉
1.ItwasamicrocassettefoundinKathleenWeinstein‘sshirtpocketthatnotonlyledpolicetoherallegedkillerbutalsorevealedtheNewJerseyteachertobeawomanofextraordinarycourage andcompassion.(para.1) 本句是个强调句,另外注意found的用法
2.Itwasthere,policebelieve,thatWeinsteinwasabletoactivatetherecordershekeptinherbag.(para.2) 本句是强调句
3.Weinstein‘sbody,withhandsandfeetbound,wasdiscoveredbyahikeronMarch
17.(para.4)
4.Butbeforeshediedshesomehowslippedthemicrocassetteintoherpocketwithoutherkillerknowingit.
5.Herpowersofpersuasionweretonoavail.
6.HewillnotcommentonLaSane‘ssideoftheconversation
三、汉译英
1.她的劝说以失败而告终 Herpersuasionsweretonoavail.(endinafailure)
2.我们每人都应为他人做点事,付出点东西 Weallshoulddosomethingforsomebody,togivesomethingback. Eachofusshoulddosomethingforothers,offersomethingtoothers.
3.这个年轻人的故事值得我们深思 Thestoryoftheyoungmanisworththinkingabout.
4.女教师超人的勇气与同情心鼓舞许多学生为他人做好事 Theextraordinarycourageandcompassionofwomanteacherencouragedmanystudentstodogooddeedsforothers……
5.一位具有非凡勇气的女教师与要杀她的凶手辩论 Theextraordinarycouragewomanteacherreasonedwithherkiller. 历年考题
1.Itwasthere,thepolicebelieve,______shewasabletoactivatetherecordershekeptinherbag. A.until B.which C.that D.when 答案C.考点本题主要考查强调句
2.Herbody,withhandsandfeet_____(bind),wasdiscoveredbyatravelerearlyinthemorning. 答案bound. 考点本题主要考查with+名词+过去分词为独立结构做状语
3.Hewillnotmakea________onLaSane‘ssideoftheconversation. A.statement B.reference C.comment D.note 答案C. 考点本题主要考查固定搭配tocommenton“对…评论”.
4.汉译英这个小伙子偷偷把一块表塞进口袋,没让老师看到 ThisYoungmansomehowslippedawatchintohispocketwithouthisteacherknowingit.
5.汉译英那位生物学家相信,某些物种正在受到灭绝的威胁 Thebiologistisconvincedthatsomeplantsarethreatenedwithextinction.讲义十五 TextA TheComputerandThePoet 课文简介 这是一篇论说文当前计算机的广泛应用使人类进入了一个计算机的时代计算机技术给人类生活带来了巨大变化,同时,计算机技术也有它的局限性作者认为,如果把计算机和诗人的思维方式相结合,可能会更富有成效 Paras.1-6Thecomputerhasgreatadvantagesandshortcomingsaswell. Paras.7-10Thejunctionofcomputerandpoetwillbefruitful. NewWords 1computerizevt.电子计算机化,用电子计算机计算 2solelyad.单独地,唯一地 3contenta./vt./n.满足的,满意的;使满意;满足 4sensiblea.感觉得到的,可察觉的;明智的 5marvelousa.奇异的,惊人的 6leapv./n.跳跃;飞跃 7theoreticala.理论上的 8persistvi.坚持,固执;持续,存留 9profusionn.丰富,大量;过分 10vitala.生命的;有生命力的 11foolishnessn.愚蠢;可笑 12unexamineda.未检查的;未审查的 13logicn.逻辑(学);逻辑性;理由 14evaluatevt.估价,评价 15rawa.未煮过的,生的;未加工的 16texturen.组织,质地;织品,织物 17ultimatea.最后的,最终的 18digressionn.离题;偏离 19obscurea./vt.昏暗的,朦胧的;模糊的 20functionala.功能的;职务上的;实用的 21extensionn.伸张,伸展,扩大 22unduea.过度的,过分的 23concretea./n./vt.具体的,有形的;混凝土;使凝固 24conquervt./vi.征服,战胜;得胜,胜利 25errorn.错误,谬误 26correctionn.改正,纠正 27sterilea.不生育的,不结果实的,贫瘠的 28prolongvt.延长,拉长 29techniciann.技术员,技术专家 30junctionn.连接,结合; 31technologistn.工艺学家;技术专家 32loosea.松的,宽的;放荡的 33universala.宇宙的,全世界的;普遍的 34specialistn.专家 35dynamon.发电机;精力;精力充沛的人 36nourishmentn.滋补品,营养品 37proofn.证据,证明 38safeguardvt./n.保卫,保护 39uniquenessn.独一无二 40possessvt.具有,拥有 词组phrases 1topulldown拆除;推翻 2tomistake…for错把…当作… 3todistinguishbetween分辨,区分 4tocometoterms(with)达成协议;妥协,习惯于 5toendin以…告终 6toreflecton仔细考虑,反思 7tocomeabout发生 8toturnloose放开,释放 9toenable…to使…能够… 10respectfor对…的尊严 11tomakeover(财产)转让,移交;改造,重做 12tospeculateon思索,推测,猜测 accessto接近,进入(的方法,机会,权力等) 词汇精讲
1.persist vi.坚持,固执;持续,存留 派生词persistenta.坚持的,一贯的 用法persistin坚持做某事 e.g.Ifyoupersistinbreakingthelaw,youwillgotoprison.如果你坚持违法的话,就得进监狱 注意区别insiston坚持做某事
2.vital a.生命的;有生命力的;极其重要的 e.g.Theheartisavitalorgan.心脏是维持生命所必需的器官 Itisvitalthatyougettheformsentoffbythetwenty-thirdofthismonth. 你务必将那张表在本月23号前寄出 注意vital=essential用于Itisvitalthat+从句句型中that从句的谓语动词要用虚拟语气,形式是(should)+动词原形
3.evaluate vt.估价,评价 派生词evaluationn.估价,评估 e.g.Weshallneedtoevaluatehowthenewmaterialstandsuptowearandtear. 我们必须对新材料的耐磨损性进行评估
4.ultimate a.最后的,最终的 e.g.Wedon‘tknowtheultimateresult.我们不知道最终的结局 Hisultimategoalistoodistantandshadowytoobtain. 他的最终目标太遥远,又太模糊,难以实现 Theultimateresponsibilitylieswiththeheadmaster.根本责任在校长身上
5.undue a.过度的,过分的 e.g.It‘sdifficulttofindawayofspreadinginformationaboutthediseasewithoutcausingunduealarm.很难找到一种方式发布有关疾病的消息而不引起不应有的恐慌
6.conquer v.征服,战胜 e.g.Mancanconquernature.人定胜天 Itisverydifficulttoconquerthecigarettehabit.烟很难戒掉 Hedreamedofconqueringhostilitybylove.他曾想用爱战胜敌对
7.proof n.证据,证明, 派生词provev.证据,证明 e.g.Keepyourreceiptasproofofpurchase.保留你的发票作为购买凭证
8.possess vt.拥有,具有 派生词possessionn.拥有; e.g.Heneverpossessedmuchmoney,buthealwayspossessedgoodhealth. 他从未拥有过很多金钱,但他总是享有健康的身体 Thetechnicianpossessespreciousdata.技术员掌握了珍贵的数据资料 词组phrases
1.topulldown拆除;推翻 e.g.Theypulleddownthewarehousetobuildanewsupermarket. 他们拆除了仓库来建一个新的超市 Allthebuildingconstructedillegallymustbepulleddown.一切非法建筑物都必须拆除
2.tomistake…for错把…当作 e.g.Imistakeyouforyourbrother.我错把你当作你的兄弟了
3.todistinguishbetween分辨,区分 e.g.Peoplewhocannotdistinguishbetweencolorsaresaidtobecolorblind. 不能辨别颜色的人被称为色盲 Thetwinslooksomuchalikethatitisdifficulttodistinguishbetweenthem. 两个双胞胎如此相似,以至于很难区分他们
4.tocometoterms(with)达成协议;妥协,习惯于 e.g.Youneedtocometotermswithreality.你必须接受现实 Theycametotermswiththeenemysecretly.他们私自和敌人达成了协议 Whenyourfriendsquarrelwitheachother,youshouldhelpthemcometoterms. 当你的朋友吵架时,你应该帮助他们和解
5.toreflecton仔细考虑,反思 e.g.Ineedtimetoreflectonyouroffer.我需要时间来考虑你的建议 WemustreflectcarefullyontheeffectofTVviolenceonchildren. 我们必须仔细考虑电视中暴力行为对儿童的影响
6.tocomeabout发生 e.g.Canyoutellmehowtheaccidentcameabout?你能告诉我事故是怎么发生的吗? Goodbookscomeaboutasaresultofhardwork.好书的产生是努力工作的结果
7.tomakeover(财产)转让,移交;改造 e.g.Hiswealthwasmadeovertohischildren.他的财产被移交给了他的孩子 Hehasbeenmadeoverintoanewman.他已经完全改变成了另一个人 8tospeculateon思索,推测,猜测 e.g.Aspokespersondeclinedtospeculateonthecauseofthetraincrash. 发言人拒绝对火车失事原因进行猜测 课文详解 TheComputerandThePoet Theessentialproblemofmaninacomputerizedageremainsthesameasithasalwaysbeen.Thatproblemisnotsolelyhowtobemoreproductive,morecomfortable,morecontent,buthowtobemoresensitive,moresensible,moreproportionate,morealive.Thecomputermakespossibleamarvelousleapinhumanproficiency;itpullsdownthefencesaroundthepracticalandeventhetheoreticalintelligence.
① man前面没加任何惯词的时候就是人类 men(复数) humanbeing(s) therace age(年龄、年代、时代);era(同意词) notsolely相当于notonly……but……(不仅…而且…) howto(并列结构)
1.句中makespossibleamarvelousleapinhumanproficiency是VCO结构,其中amarvelousleapinhumanproficiency是宾语,由于宾语较长,因此把宾补possible提到了前面 SVOC主、谓、宾、宾补 VCO(宾语和宾补进行倒置) 计算机使人类进步发生飞跃的变化;它在实际上乃至理论上扫除制约人类智能发展的障碍课文第一句译文人类在计算机化时代所面临的根本问题一如既往这个问题不仅仅是要提高生产力(如何更有成效),使人们更舒适、更满足,而且是怎样才能更有情感、更理智、更均衡、更有活力 Butthequestionpersistsandindeedgrowswhetherthecomputerwillmakeiteasierorharderforhumanbeingstoknowwhotheyreallyare,toidentitytheirrealproblems,torespondmorefullytobeauty,toplaceadequatevalueonlife,andtomaketheirworldsaferthanitnowis.
②
2.句中whether后面一直到句子结尾都是question的同位语从句,为了避免头重脚轻,谓语persistsandindeedgrows提前,插在了主语question和其同位语之间在whether从句中,makeiteasierorharderforhumanbeingsto…是一个VOC结构,it是形式宾语,真正的宾语是并列的五个不定式短语 但是,涉及到人类对自身的认识,对实际存在的问题的辨别,对美的更充分的理解, 对怎样给生活更充分的价值,怎样使人类世界比现在更安全等方面,计算机给人类带来的 究竟是更大的便利还是更多的困难,这个问题依然存在,而且变得日益严重 例Mybrotherisoftenlateforschoolwhilemysisterrarelyis. Electronicbrainscanreducetheprofusionofdeadendsinvolvedinvitalresearch.Buttheycan‘teliminatethefoolishnessanddecaythatcomefromtheunexaminedlife.Nordotheyconnectamantothethingshehastobeconnectedto-therealityofpaininothers;thepossibilitiesofcreativegrowthinhimself;thememoryoftherace;andtherightsofthenextgeneration
③
3.本句是以否定词nor开头的部分倒装句,所以主谓倒装,在主语前加了助动词do.句中“hehastobeconnectedto”是things的定语从句破折号后面的四个名词短语是对things的补充说明 电脑也不能把人和应该与人有关系的事情联系起来例如,别人的痛苦的现实、提高自身创造力的可能性、人类的记忆、以及下一代人的权利等等 Thereasonthesemattersareimportantinacomputerizedageisthattheremaybeatendencytomistakedataforwisdom,justastherehasalwaysbeenatendencytoconfuselogicwithvalues,andintelligencewithinsight.
④
4.句中“thesemattersareimportantinacomputerizedage”是省略了关系副词why的定语从句,修饰thereason.在reason,way等词后的定语从句一般都可省去连接词本句的谓语是is,表语是that引导的表语从句;justas引导了方式状语从句,正如…一样“tendency”后的不定式是它的定语 confuse…with…(把什么和什么混淆) 在计算机化时代,上述这些问题之所以重要是因为人们可能倾向于把数据误认为智慧,正如人们总是倾向于把逻辑与价值相混淆,把智能与洞察力混为一谈一样 Easyandconvenientaccesstofactscanproduceunlimitedgoodonlyifitismatchedbythedesireandabilitytofindoutwhattheymeanandwheretheywouldlead.
⑤
5.本句的主语是access,这个名词后边可以跟介词短语to表示接触的对象在if从句中, it指代的是access,they指代facts,tofindoutwhattheymeanandwheretheywouldlead为desireandability的定语 方便快捷地获得信息,只有在人们有愿望和能力搞清这些信息意味着什么和会把人们引向何方时,才能够给人带来无限的好处 match(当动词讲时是相配、相符) 例matchmaker(配对的人,来牵线搭桥的人) Factsareterriblethingsifleftspreadingandunexamined.
⑥Theyaretooeasilyregardedasevaluatedcertaintiesratherthanastherawestofrawmaterialscryingtobeprocessedintothetextureoflogic.Itrequiresaveryunusualmind,Whiteheadsaid,toundertaketheanalysisofafact.Thecomputercanprovideacorrectnumber,butitmaybeanirrelevantnumberuntiljudgmentispronounced. if+过去分词
6.句中“ifleftspreadingandunexamined”是过去分词加连接词的形式,在句中作条件状语,相当于iftheyareleftspreadingandunexamined的省略形式 信息如果任其泛滥,不加审核,那是可怕的事情 beregardedas…(被认为) crytodosomething(迫切需要……) Totheextent,then,thatmanfailstodistinguishbetweentheintermediateoperationsofelectronicintelligenceandtheultimateresponsibilitiesofhumandecision,thecomputercouldproveadigression.
⑦
7.句中that引导的是同位语从句,作theextent的同位语,表示“在…的程度上”,“在…的情况下”;failtodosth.表示“不能做某事,无法做某事” betweenAandB(名词短语) 因此,在人们不能区别电子智能的这种中间运算与人们决策最终责任的情况下, 计算机可能反而是一种节外生枝 Itcouldobscureman‘sawarenessoftheneedtocometotermswithhimself.Itmayfostertheillusionthatheisaskingfundamentalquestionswhenactuallyheisaskingonlyfunctionalones.
⑧Itmayberegardedasasubstituteforintelligenceinsteadofanextensionofit.Itmaypromoteundueconfidenceinconcreteanswers.“Ifwebeginwithcertainties.”Baconsaid,“weshallendindoubtsbutifwebeginwithdoubts,andwearepatientwiththem,weshallendincertainties.” Itmay…(他有可能) foster(形容词-收养的;动词-造成)
8.that引导illusion的同位语从句ones指questions 当人们实际只提出功能性问题时,计算机可能使人造成这样的错觉他们提出的是根本性的问题 Thecomputerknowshowtoconquererror,butbeforeweloseourselvesincelebratingthevictory,wemightreflectonthegreatadvancesinthehumansituationthathavecomeaboutbecausemenwerechallengedbyerrorandwouldnotstopthinkingandexploringuntiltheyfoundbetterapproachesfordealingwithit.
⑨ loseoneselfin(沉湎于,热衷于)
9.本句的主句是but连接的并列句Thecomputerknowshowtoconquererror和wemightreflectonthegreatadvancesinthehumansituation.其中“thathavecome…到句尾”是一个定语从句,修饰“thegreatadvances”;在这个定语从句中,带有because引导的原因状语从句,原因状语从句中又套有一个until引导的时间状语从句 计算机知道如何战胜错误,但是在我们沉醉于庆祝这一成就前,我们也许应该深思,人类以往所取得的巨大进步都是因为人们受到错误挑战并且不断地思考与探索,直到找到对付错误的更好的办法 “Givemeagoodfruitfulerror,fullofseeds,burstingwithitsowncorrections,”FerrisGreensletwrote,“Youcankeepyoursteriletruthforyourself.” burst(动词-充满、炸裂) Thebiggestsingleneedincomputertechnologyisnotforincreasedspeed,orenlargedcapacity,orprolongedmemory,orreducedsize,butforbetterquestionsandbetteruseoftheanswers.Withouttakinganythingawayfromthetechnicians,wethinkitmightbefruitfultoeffectsomesortofjunctionbetweenthecomputertechnologistandthepoet.⑩ notfor butfor…(而是) effect(名词-效果、影响;动词-产生)
10.effect在句中作动词,意思是“实现,进行,产生…的结果”句中without后面要用动名词本句的意思是我们认为,在不使技术人员丧失任何东西的情况下,计算机技术人员与诗人之间实现某种结合可能更富有成效 Agenuinepurposemaybeservedbyturningloosethewondersofthecreativeimaginationonthekindsofproblemsbeingputtoelectronictechnology.
(11)
11.句中“toserveapurpose”满足某一目的;beingputtoelectronictechnology是被动的过去分词短语,作problems的后置定语 本句的意思是通过在由电子技术解决的问题上充分发挥创造性想像的神奇力量,计算机的真正目的可以实现 Thecompanyofpoetsmayenablethemenwhotendthemachinestoseeawiderrangeofpossibilitiesthantechnologyalonemayinspire.
(12) tend(动词——照料) enable……to…
12.句中宾语“themen”后带有一个who引导的定语从句 诗人的参与能使计算机使用者看到比技术自身所能产生更宽广的应用可能性 Apoet,saidAristotle,hastheadvantageofexpressingtheuniversal;thespecialistexpressesonlytheparticular.
(13)Thepoet,moreover,canremindusthatman‘sgreatestenergycomesnotfromhisdynamosbutfromhisdreams.Butthequalityofaman’sdreamscanonlybeareflectionofhissubconscious.Whatheputsintohissubconscious,therefore,isquiteliterallythemostimportantnourishmentintheworld. the+形容词;theuniversal普遍
13.theuniversal和theparticular.都是the+形容词,表示一类人或事物 全句的大意是亚里士多德说过,诗人擅长表达普遍,而专家只能表达个别 Nothingreallyhappenstoamanexceptasitisregisteredinthesubconscious.Thisiswhereeventandfeelingbecomememoryandwheretheproofoflifeisstored.Thepoet-andweusethetermtoincludeallthosewhohaverespectforandspeaktothehumanspirit-canhelptosupplythesubconsciouswithmaterialtoenhanceitssensitivity,thussafeguardingit.Thepoet,too,canhelptokeepmanfrommakinghimselfoverintheimageofhiselectronicwonders.Forthedangerisnotsomuchthatmanwillbecontrolledbythecomputerasthathemayimitateit.
(14) unless(除了…以外) Thisiswhere…/where…(表语从句) keep…from(使…不能…) notso…as
14.For作连词用时,可与上句呼应,承上启下,以提供对上文的因果解释句中“notsomuch…as”是比较级的否定形式,进行比较的是两个由that引导的从句,表示的意思是“与其说…不如说…”或“不是…而是…” 由于人类被计算机控制的危险固然存在,但人类若模仿计算机改造人类自身,则更可怕 Thepoetremindsmenoftheiruniqueness.Itisnotnecessarytopossesstheultimatedefinitionofthisuniqueness.Eventospeculateonitisagain.
(15)
15.tospeculateonit是不定式作主语其中it指代上句的uniqueness gain 这种独特性最终如何定义无关紧要,但即使思考一下这个问题也会是得益非浅的 TextB ChangestoComeinU.SEducation NewWords 1infrastructuren.基础;(社会的,国家的)基础结构(如教育,运输,通讯等设施) 2kindergartenn.幼儿园 nurseryschool(面向2~5岁的孩子) 3postgraduatea.大学毕业后的,大学研究院的 n.研究生 post(前缀——后) pre(前缀——前) 4scarcea.
1.[一般用作表语]缺乏的,不足的;
2.稀有的,珍贵的 5expansionn.扩张;膨胀 expand(动词) 6enrol(l)mentn.
1.登记,接收,招生;
2.招收人数,入学人数 enroll(动词) 7secondarya.
1.第二位的,次要的;
2.中等的 8upheavaln.
1.胀起,(地壳)的隆起;
2.剧变,动乱 9bus(s)ingn.公共汽车接送;[美]用校车接送学生10accountabilityn.有解释义务;负有责任 account(动词-叙述、报道) accountant(名词-会计员、会计师) 11promotionn.
1.促进;
2.提升 12diploma([复]diplomas或diplomata)n.
1.执照,特许证;
2.毕业文凭,学位证书 13awardvt.授予,判给 n.
1.判定;
2.奖,奖品 14sociologyn.社会学 15establishmentn.
1.建立,创办;
2.机构 16journalismn.
1.新闻业;
2.[总称]报刊;
3.新闻学 journalist(新闻工作者) 17humanistica.人文主义的,人本主义的,人道主义的 18perspectiven.
1.透视,透视画法;
2.远景,展望;
3.观点,看法 19integratevt.使结合,使并入;使成一体(into) vi.与…结合起来;成一体(into) 20unconventionala.非常规的,不落俗套的 convention(名词-惯例、常规) unconventional(形容词) 21diversityn.多样性 diverse(形容词) 22roten.
1.死记硬背;
2.机械的方法 23permissivea.
1.容许的,许可的;
2.随意的,开放的 permit(动词) 24progressivea.
1.进步的,先进的;
2.渐次的,累进的 progress(名词/动词-进步) 25prescribevt.
1.指示,规定;
2.开处方,开药 26schoolhousen.(小学或乡村学校)校舍 27routen.路线;航线 28infiltratevt./vi.渗入,透过;浸润 29economics[复]n.[用作单或复]
1.经济学;
2.经济情况,经济 30chipn.
1.片屑,切屑;
2.(食物)薄片;
3.电子集成电路片,(计算机)芯片 31tiern.
1.排层;
2.等级 32undergraduaten.(尚未取得学位的)大学生 a.大学生的 PhrasesandExpressions 1onthecontrary相反地 2asfor对于,至于 asto(同义词组) 3demandfor对…的要求 4togotolawagainst[俗]控告某人 5togoalongwith
1.和…一起
2.赞成,附和 6toshyawayfrom躲开,回避; 7tolearnbyrote由熟记而学某事 8todisagreeabout对…意见不一 (toagreeabout)对…意见一致 重点词汇
1.scarce a.缺乏的,不足的;稀有的,珍贵的 e.g.Firewoodisscarceinmanypartsoftheworld.世界上很多地区都缺乏木材 Scarceresourcesshouldbeusedsensibly.稀有资源的使用应该合理
2.expansion n.扩张,膨胀 派生词expandv.扩张,膨胀 e.g.Expansionintonewareasofresearchispossible.扩展到新的研究领域是有可能的
3.promotion n.促进;提升 派生词promotev.促进,提升 e.g.Aspartoftheirsalespromotionthey‘regivingawayafreepairofsockswitheachholiday. 作为促销的一部分,他们每个假日都免费赠送一双袜子
4.award vt./n.授予,给予,判给 e.g.Hewasawardedhisdamagesbythecourt.法院判给他损失赔偿费 reward意思是“报答,报应,报偿”而且reward后面一般要加with. e.g.Hewasrewardedwith$
10000.他被奖励10000美元
5.integratev.使结合,使并入,使成为一体 e.g.It‘sverydifficulttointegrateyourselfintoasocietywhosecultureissodifferentfromyourown. 使你自己融入一个完全不同的文化非常困难
6.diversityn.多样性 e.g.Doestelevisionadequatelyreflecttheethnicandculturaldiversityofthecountry? 电视能充分反应这个国家种族和文化上的多样性吗?
7.permissiveadj.容许的,许可的,随意的,开放的 e.g.Heclaimsthatsocietyhasbeenfartoopermissivetowardsdrugtaking. 他认为社会对吸毒太放纵了
8.prescribevt.指示,规定,开处方,开药 e.g.Thelawprescribesthatallchildrenmustgotoschool. 法律规定所有的儿童必须上学 Painkillershavebeenprescribedforme. 医生给我开了止痛药
9.routen……路线,航线 e.g.IliveonabusroutesoIcaneasilygettowork. 我家就在一条公共汽车线路上,所以我去上班很方便 词组phrases
1.onthecontrary相反地 e.g.Itdoesn‘tseemuglytome;onthecontrary,Ithinkit’sratherbeautiful. 我觉得它并不丑;恰恰相反,它很美
2.demandfor对…的要求,对…的需求 e.g.Theworkers‘demandsforhigherpaywererefusedbytheemployers. 工人提高工资的要求遭到雇主的拒绝
3.togoalongwith和…一起 e.g.Hehasdecidedtogoalongwithhisfather.他决定跟着父亲走 重点句子 ChangestoComeinU.SEducation Thebiggest“infrastructure”challengefortheUnitedStatesinthenextdecadeisnotthebillionsneededforrailroads,highwaysandenergy.ItIstheAmericanschoolsystem,fromkindergartenthroughthePh.D.programandthepostgraduateeducationofadults.Anditrequiressomethingfarscarcerthanmoney-thinkingandrisk-taking. Thechallengeisnotoneofexpansion.Onthecontrary,therapidgrowthinenrollmentoverthelast40yearshascometoanend.⑴
1.onthecontrary,“相反地” 注意本句的时态用的是现在完成时,因为有一个明显的时间状语overthelast40years. 译相反,在过去的40年中,学校的在校人数迅速增加的局面已经结束 By1978,morethan93percentofyoungpeopleenteringthelaborforcehadatleastaneighth-gradeeducation.Soevenifthebirthrateshouldrisesomewhat,littleexpansionispossibleforelementaryandsecondaryschoolenrollments. Thelast30yearsofsocialupheavalarealsoover.Busingwillcontinuetobeahighlyemotionalissueinagoodmanylargecities.Andtherewillstillbeeffortstouseschoolstobringwomenintofieldssuchasengineeringthathavetraditionallybeenconsidered“made.”Butthisshifthasalreadybeenaccomplishedinmanyfields halformoreoftheaccountingstudentsingraduateschoolsofbusiness,forexample,arenowwomen. Asformostothersocialissues,thecountrywillnolongertrytouseschoolstobringaboutsocialreform.⑵
2.asfor至于,关于bringabout带来,产生 译至于大部分其他社会问题,美国将不再设法使用学校来促进社会改革 It‘sbecomingincreasinglycleartopolicymakersthatschoolscannotsolvealltheproblemsofthelargercommunity.⑶
3.it是形式主语,that引导主语从句 译学校不能解决更大社区里的所有问题,这一点政策制定者愈来愈清楚了 Instead,thebattlecryforthe‘90swillbethedemandforperformanceandaccountability.⑷
4.battlecry呐喊performance表现,表演 本句的意思是相反,90年代的强烈要求是人的表现和责任心 For30years,employershavebeenhiringgraduatesfortheirdegreesratherthantheirabilities;
5.hire(动词) ratherthan的意思是“而不是”注意本句时态用了现在完成进行时 译30年来,雇主们一直看重学位而不是能力来雇用毕业生 employmentpayandoftenevenpromotionhavedependedonone‘sdiploma.Nowmanymajoremployersarebeginningtodemandmorethanthecompletionofschool.Someofthemajorbanks,forexample,arestudyingthepossibilityofentranceexaminationsthatwouldtesttheknowledgeandabilitiesofgraduatesapplyingforjobs. Studentsandparents,too,willdemandgreateraccountabilityfromschools,onalllevels.Itwillbeincreasinglycommontogotolawagainstschooldistrictsandcollegesforawardingdegreeswithoutimpartingtheskillsthataresupposedtogoalongwiththem.⑹
6.togotolawagainst…for意为“为…而控告” that引导定语从句修饰skills,意为“应该和这些学位一起获得的技能” 译学校如果只授予学位而不能培养出与学位相符的技能,人们将会向法院起诉学校,这种做法将会愈来愈普遍 Andmanyyoungpeoplearealreadyswitchingtopractical“hard”subjects.Caringlittleabouttheso-called“youthculture”andthemedia,theyhavebeenshiftingfrompsychologyintomedicine,fromsociologyintoaccountingandfromblackstudiesintocomputerprogramming.⑺
7.译他们对所谓的“青年文化”和媒体不太感兴趣,正在逐步地由心理学转到医学,由社会学转到会计学,由黑人问题研究转到计算机程序设计,等等 Demandforeducationisactuallygoingup,notdown.Whatisgoingdown,andfairlyfast,isdemandfortraditionaleducationintraditionalschools. Indeed,thefastestgrowingindustryinAmericatodaymaybethecontinuingprofessionaleducationofhighlyschooledadults.Muchofittakesplaceoutsidetheeducationestablishment-throughcompanies,hospitalsandgovernmentdepartmentsthatruncoursesformanagerialandprofessionalemployees;orthroughmanagementassociationsandtradeassociations. Inthemeantime,anynumberofprivateenterprisesareorganizingcourses,producingtrainingfilmsandtapesandotherwisetakingadvantageofgrowthopportunitiesthatuniversitiesshyawayfrom.⑻
8.inthemeantime“同时” otherwise在此是副词,意为“以其他方式”takeadvantageof“利用” that引导定语从句修饰opportunities 译与此同时,一些私人企业也组织教学课程,制作培训用的电影和磁带以及以其他方式利用一些大学避而不用的发展机会 Thedemandforcontinuingeducationdoesnottakethefromthatmostobservers,includingthiswriter,originallyexpected-namely,“GreatBooks”classesforadultswantingtolearnabortthehumanities,thearts,the“lifeofthemind.”Wefaceinsteadagrowingdemandforadvancedprofessionaleducation inengineeringandmedicine,inaccountingandjournalism,inlawandinadministrationandmanagement. Yettheadultswhocomebackforsuchstudiesalsodemandwhatteachersofprofessionalsubjectsaresorarelyabletosupply ahumanisticperspectivethatcanintegrateadvancedprofessionalandtechnicalknowledgeintoabroaderuniverseofexperienceandlearning. Sincethesenewstudentsalsoneedunconventionalhours-evenings,weekendsorhigh-intensitycoursesthatstuffaterm‘sworkintotwoweeks-theirdemandsforlearningbringavaguebutrealthreattotheschoolestablishment.⑼
9.stuff(名词-东西、材料;动词-填满) thatstuffaterm‘sworkintotwoweeks定语从句修饰high-intensitycourses意为“把一学期课程压缩到两周内学完的高强化班“ 译由于这些新型学生还要求非常规的学习时间-晚上、周末或把一学期课程压缩到两周内学完的高强化班,所以他们的学习要求给学校机构带来了难以言状,但又确实存在的威胁 Thegreatestchallengetoeducationislikelytocomefromournewopportunitiesfordiversity.Wenowhavethechancetoapplythebasicfindingfordiversity.Wenowhavethechancetoapplythebasicfindingsofpsychological,developmentalandeducationalresearchoverthelast100years;namely,thatnooneeducationalmethodfitsallchildren. Almostallchildrenarecapableofattainingthesamestandardswithinareasonableperiodoftime.Allbutafewbabies,forinstance,learntowalkbytheageoftwoandtotalkbytheageofthree,butnotwogettherequitethesameway. Sotooathigherlevels.Somechildrenlearnbestbyrote,instructuredenvironmentswithhighcertaintyandstrictdiscipline.⑽
10.tolearnbestbyrote意为死记硬背地学习,由熟记而学某事 structured是形容词,意为有组织的,有条理的 译有些孩子在非常稳定、纪律严格、结构严谨的环境里靠死记硬背能达到最佳学习效果 Othersgainsuccessinthelessstructured“permissive”atmosphereofa“progressive”school.Someadultslearnoutofbooks,somelearnbydoing,somelearnbestbylistening. Somestudentsneedprescribeddailydosesofinformation;⑾
11.prescribeddailydosesofinformation是比喻的说法, 译有些学生需要老师像医生开药一样每天给他们规定一定量的信息 othersneedchallengeandahighdegreeofresponsibilityforthedesignoftheirownwork.Butfortoolong,teachershaveinsistedthatthereisonebestwaytoteachandlearn,eventhoughtheyhavedisagreedaboutwhatthatwayis.⑿
12.that引导宾语从句,eventhough引导让步状语从句, disagreeabout意见不合,有分歧 译但长期以来,尽管老师们对什么是最好的教学方法存在分歧,却坚持认为只有一种最好的教学方法 Acenturyago,thegreatestmajorityofAmericanslivedincommunitiessosmallthatonlyoneone-roomschoolhousewaswithinwalkingdistanceofsmallchildren.Thentherehadtobe“onerightmethod”foreverybodytolearn. TodaythegreatmajorityofpupilsintheUnitedState(andalldevelopedcountries)liveinbigcitieswithsuchdensitythattherecaneasilybethreeorfourelementaryschools-aswellassecondaryschoolswithineachchild‘swalkingorbicyclingdistance.Thisenablesstudentsandtheirparentstochoosebetweenalternativeroutestolearningofferedbycompetingschools. Indeed,competitionandchoicearealreadybeginningtoinfiltratetheschoolsystem.Privateschoolsandcollegeshaveshownanunusualabilitytosurviveanddevelopduringaperiodofrisingcostsanddroppingenrollmentselsewhere.Allthispresent,ofcourse,atruethreattothepublicschoolestablishment. Buteconomics,studentneedsandournewunderstandingofhowpeoplelearnareboundtobreakthetraditionaleducationmonopolyjustastrucksandairplanesbrokethemonopolyofrailroads,andcomputersand“chips”arebreakingthetelephonemonopoly.⒀
13.bebound(bind的过去分词)to(必然) bind(动词——绑) 该句的主语是economics,studentneedsandournewunderstanding,其中economics应该理解为“经济因素” tobreakthemonopoly意为“打破垄断” justas引导方式状语从句 译但是经济因素、学生的需要以及我们对如何学习的新观点都必然要打破传统教育的垄断,正如卡车和飞机打破了铁路的垄断、计算机与芯片正在打破电话的垄断一样 Inthenext10or15yearswewillalmostcertainlyseestrongpressurestomakeschoolsresponsibleforthinkingthroughwhatkindoflearningmethodsareappropriateforeachchild. Wewillalmostcertainlyseegreatpressure,fromparentsandstudentsalike,forresult-focusededucationandforaccountabilityinmeetingobjectivessetforindividualstudents.⒁
14.result(名词——结果、效果) focus(动词——集中) accountabilityin意为“在…方面的责任感” setforindividualstudents过去分词短语作后置定语,修饰objectives为各个学生制定的目标 本句难理解的难点主要在介词和名词的搭配greatpressure…from…for…andfor 译我们几乎肯定还会遇到来自父母及学生同样巨大的压力,要求讲究教育实效,要认真负责地实现为各个学生制定的教育目标 Thecontinuingprofessionaleducationofhighlyeducatedadultswillbecomeathirdtierinadditiontoundergraduateandprofessionalorgraduatework.Aboveall,attentionwillshiftbacktoschoolsandeducationasthecentralcapitalinvestmentandinfrastructureofa“knowledgesociety.” 补充语法知识 并列结构在一些长句子里,经常出现并列结构,如不定式的并列、动名词或名词短语的并列、介词短语的并列等等掌握这些结构有利于长句的理解要注意的是不能把不同类的词或短语并列或平行使用 例如
1.Thatproblemisnotsolelyhowtobemoreproductive,morecomfortable,morecontent,buthowtobemoresensitive,moresensible,moreproportionate,morealive. 不定式的并列
2.Butthequestionpersistsandindeedgrowswhetherthecomputerwillmakeiteasierorharderforhumanbeingstoknowwhotheyreallyare,toidentitytheirrealproblems,torespondmorefullytobeauty,toplaceadequatevalueonlife,andtomaketheirworldsaferthanitnowis. 不定式的并列
3.Nordotheyconnectamantothethingshehastobeconnectedto-therealityofpaininothers;thepossibilitiesofcreativegrowthinhimself;thememoryoftherace;andtherightsofthenextgeneration 名词短语的并列
4.Thebiggestsingleneedincomputertechnologyisnotforincreasedspeed,orenlargedcapacity,orprolongedmemory,orreducedsize,butforbetterquestionsandbetteruseoftheanswers. 介词短语的并列 Unit15练习
一、词汇英译汉
1.solely
2.content
3.sensible
4.persist
5.vital
6.logic
7.evaluate
8.raw
9.ultimate
10.functional
11.extension
12.undue
13.concrete
14.conquer
15.error
16.prolong
17.technician
18.proof
19.possess topulldown.tomistake…for.todistinguishbetween.tocometotermswith toendin.toreflecton.tocomeabout.tospeculateon
二、句子英译汉
1.Electronicbrainscanreducetheprofusionofdeadendsinvolvedinvitalresearch.(para.2)
2.Nordotheyconnectamantothethingshehastobeconnectedto-therealityofpaininothers.
3.Thereasonthesemattersareimportantinacomputerizedageisthattheremaybeatendencytomistakedataforwisdom.(para.3)
4.Forthedangerisnotsomuchthatmanwillbecontrolledbythecomputerasthathemayimitateit.(Para.9)
5.
6.
7.
8.补充语法知识中的四个并列结构的句子
三、汉译英
1.计算机将人类带入了一个新时代 Computershavetakenhumanbeingsintoanewera. Thecomputerhasbroughtmanintoanewage.
2.电脑能帮助解决生命研究中的许多问题 Electronicbrainscanhelptosolvemanyproblemsinvolvedinvitalresearches.
3.亚里士多德说过,诗人擅长描绘共性而专家只长于某一特性 Aristotlesaidapoethastheadvantageofdescribingtheuniversalwhileaspecialistisgoodatexpressingonlytheparticular.
4.现在有一种倾向,将计算机里的数据错当成智慧 Nowthereisatendencytomistakedatainacomputerforwisdom.
5.计算机在工业领域的应用使生产效率发生了惊人的变化 Theuseofcomputersinindustryhasbroughtaboutremarkablechangesinproductivity. Theapplicationofcomputerintheindustrialfieldshasresultedinsurprisingchangesinproductivity. 历年考题
1.Ineducation,thereshouldbeagoodbalanceamongthebranchesofknowledgethatcontributes_____effectivethinkingandwisejudgment.(
00.10) A.at B.in C.for D.to 答案D.考点本题主要考查词组contributeto“有助于…” 译文在教育方面,应当在知识的各个分支上有一个较好的平衡,它有助于有效思考和明智判断
2.Allthecharacteristicsthatdistinguishbirds_____otheranimalscanbetracedtoprehistorictimes.(
02.4) A.to B.between C.for D.from 答案D.本题主要考查词组distinguish…from“从…区别出” 译文所有把鸟类和其他动物区分开的特征可以追溯到史前年代
3.Itisbecomingincreasinglycleartopolicy-makers______schoolscannotsolvealltheproblemsofthelargercommunity.(
02.10) A.that B.what C.when D.who 答案A.考点本句是一个主语从句,因此要填that. 译文学校不能解决更大社区里的所有问题,这一点政策制定者愈来愈清楚了
4.Thecontinuingprofessionaleducationof______(high)educatedadultswillbecomeathirdtierinadditiontoundergraduateandprofessionalorgraduatework.(
01.04) 答案highly本题主要考点副词一般用于修饰动词、形容词、副词句中educated相当于形容词,所以要用副词修饰 译文在本科教育、专职和研究生教育之后还有高等学历成人的继续职业教育,这是第三种教育
5.InsomebigcitiesinAmerica,therearethreeorfourelementaryschoolsandsecondaryschools,________. A.witheachwithinone‘swalkingorbicyclingdistance. B.eachwithinone‘swalkingorbicyclingdistance. C.itiswithinone‘swalkingorbicyclingdistance. D.witheachthatiswithinone‘swalkingorbicyclingdistance. 答案B 本题主要考点主句是therebe存在句型,A、D两项不能选,C缺少连接词,B项是名词+介词独立主格结构,其中each指代“每所学校”,one‘s是动名词的逻辑主语 译文美国的大城市中,有三到四所中小学,每所学校都很近,学生可以步行或骑自行车上学 Unit15 课后单元自测 I.WordSpelling
1.跳跃,飞跃n.l___
2.生命的,极其重要的a.v____
3.坚持v.p______
4.征服,战胜v.c______
5.普遍的a.u________
6.延长v.p______
7.保护,捍卫v.s________
8.拥有v.p______
9.技术员n.t_________
10.模糊的,难解的a.o______
11.真正的,真实的a.g______
12.确定性n.c________
13.分析n.a_______
14.生的,未加工的a.r__
15.信心n.c_________
16.次要的a.s________
17.使结合v.i________
18.路线,航线n.r____
19.经济学n.e________
20.学生,瞳孔n.p____ ⅡWordForm
1.Computermay____(regard)asasubstituteforintelligenceinsteadofanextensionofit.
2.Electronicbrainscanreducetheprofusionofdeadends____(involve)invitalresearch.
3.Factsareterriblethingsifleft____(spread)
4.Thenumbermaybeanirrelevantnumberuntiljudgment____(pronounce)
5.“Givemeagoodfruitfulerror,fullofseeds,____(burst)withitsowncorrections,”FerrisGreensletwrote,“Youcankeepyoursteriletruthforyourself.”
6.Thepoetcanhelpsupplythesubconsciouswithmaterial____(enhance)itssensitivity.
7.Theyareactuallythe____(raw)ofrawmaterialscryingtobeprocessedintothetextureoflogic.
8.Manmayfail____(distinguish)betweentheintermediateoperationsofelectronicintelligenceandtheultimateresponsibilitiesofhumandecision.
9.Thefastest____(grow)industryinAmericatodaymaybethecontinuingprofessionaleducationofhighlyschooledadults.
10.For30years,employers____(hire)graduatesfortheirdegreesratherthantheirabilities. ⅢVocabularyandStructure
1.Butthequestionpersists____thecomputerwillmakeiteasierorharderforhumanbeingstoknowwhotheyreallyare. [A]when[B]how [C]why[D]whether
2.Theremaybeatendencytomistakedata____wisdom,justastherehasalwaysbeenatendencytoconfuselogic____values. [A]withwith[B]forfor [C]withfor[D]forwith
3.Itmayberegardedasasubstituteforintelligence____anextensionofit. [A]insteadof[B]exceptfor [C]aswellas[D]suchas
4.Itmayfostertheillusionthatmanisaskingfundamentalquestionswhenactuallyheisaskingonlyfunctional____. [A]one[B]ones [C]that[D]those
5.Menwerechallengedbyerrorandwouldnotstopthinkingandexploring____theyfoundbetterapproachesfordealingwithit. [A]though[B]while [C]until[D]otherwise
6.Thedangerisnot____thatmanwillbecontrolledbythecomputerasthathemayimitateit. [A]somany[B]somuch [C]toomany[D]toomuch
7.The____ofpoetsmayenablethementoseeawiderrangeofpossibilitiesthantechnologyalonemayinspire. [A]companion[B]companions [C]company[D]companies
8.Easyandconvenient____tofactscanproduceunlimitedgood. [A]access[B]advance [C]advice[D]acceptance
9.Itrequiresaveryunusualmindto____theanalysisofafact. [A]undergo[B]underlie [C]undertake[D]undermine
10.Thepoetcanhelptokeepmanfrommakinghimself____intheimageofthecomputer. [A]out[B]over [C]up[D]for ⅣC-ETranslation
1.计算机可能使人们对具体问题的答案过分自信
2.人们倾向于把智力和洞察力混为一谈
3.人们可能意识不到自我接受的必要性
4.诗人提醒人类注意自身的独特性
5.对这个问题进行思索就是一个收获 Unit15 单元自测答案 I.WordSpelling
1.leap
2.vital
3.persist
4.conquer
5.universal
6.prolong
7.safeguard
8.possess
9.technician
10.obscure
11.genuine
12.certainty
13.analysis
14.raw
15.confidence
16.secondary
17.integrate
18.route
19.economics
20.Pupil ⅡWordForm
1.beregarded
2.involved
3.spreading
4.ispronounced
5.bursting
6.toenhance
7.rawest
8.todistinguish
9.growing
10.havebeenhiring ⅢVocabularyandStructure
1.D
2.D
3.A
4.B
5.C
6.B
7.C
8.A
9.C
10.B ⅣC-ETranslation
1.Thecomputermaypromoteundueconfidenceinconcreteanswers.
2.Thereisatendencytoconfuseintelligencewithinsight./Mentendtoconfuseintelligencewithinsight.
3.Menmaynotrealizetheneedtocometotermswiththemselves.
4.Thepoetremindsmenoftheiruniqueness.
5.Tospeculateonthisquestionisagain.233。