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大学英语四级考试2018年12月真题(第一套)PartIWriting30minutesDirections:Forthispartyouareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayonthechallengesoflivinginabigcity.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________PartIIListeningComprehension25minutesSectionADirections:Inthissectionyouwillhearthreenewsreports.Attheendofeachnewsreportyouwillheartwoorthreequestions.Boththenewsreportandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.AfteryouhearaquestionyoumustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedABCandD.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions1and2arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.
1.ALandaspacevehicleonthemoonin
2019.CSetupamobilephonenetworkonthemoon.BDesignanewgenerationofmobilephones.DGatherdatafromthemoonwithatinydevice.
2.AItisstable.CItisinexpensive.BItisdurable.DItissophisticated.Questions3and4arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.
3.AItlastedmorethansixhours.BNoinjurieswereyetreported.CNobodywasinthebuildingwhenitbrokeout.DIthadburnedfor45minutesbythetimefirefightersarrived.
4.ARecruitandtrainmorefirefighters.CTurntheshoppingmallintoanamusementpark.BPulldownthedesertedshoppingmall.DFindmoneytorenovatethelocalneighborhood.Questions5to7arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.
5.AShrinkingpotatofarming.CWidespreadplantdisease.BHeavyrelianceonimport.DInsufficientpotatosupply.
6.AItintendstokeepitstraditionaldiet.CItisafraidofthespreadofdisease.BItwantstoexpanditsownfarming.DItisworriedaboutunfaircompetition.
7.AGlobalwarming.CGovernmentregulation.BEver-risingprices.DDiminishinginvestment.SectionBDirections:Inthissectionyouwillheartwolongconversations.Attheendofeachconversationyouwillhearfourquestions.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.AfteryouhearaquestionyoumustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedABCandD.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions8to11arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.
8.AInformative.CDull.BInspiring.DShallow.
9.AShetypesonakeyboard.CShetakesphotos.BShedoesrecording.DShetakesnotes.
10.AItkeepshermindactive.CItenableshertothinkhard.BItmakesherstayawake.DIthelpsherkilltime.
11.AItenableshertoimproveherpronunciation.CItturnsouttobeanenjoyablewayoflearning.BIthelpsherbetterrememberwhatshelearns.DItprovestobefarmoreeffectivethanwriting.Questions12to15arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.
12.ATospendherhoneymoon.CTotakephotosoftheTajMahal.BTotryauthenticIndianfood.DTotracetheoriginofalovestory.
13.AInmemoryofaprincess.CTomarkthedeathofanemperorofthe1600s.BInhonorofagreatemperor.DTocelebratethebirthofaprincess’s14thchild.
14.AItlooksolderthanexpected.CItstoreslotsofpricelessantiques.BItisbuiltofwoodandbricks.DIthaswallsdecoratedwithjewels.
15.ATheirstreetsarenarrow.CTheyaremostlycrowded.BEachonehasauniquecharacter.DLifecanbetediousinsomeplaces.SectionCDirections:Inthissectionyouwillhearthreepassages.Attheendofeachpassageyouwillhearthreeorfourquestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.AfteryouhearaquestionyoumustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedABCandD.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions16to18arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.
16.ATheyhelpspreadthelatesttechnology.BTheygreatlyenrichpeople’sleisurelife.CTheyprovideresidentswiththeresourcestheyneed.DTheyallowfreeaccesstodigitalbooksandvideos.
17.AByhelpingthemfindjobs.CByinspiringtheircreativity.BBykeepingthemoffthestreets.DByprovidingaplaceofrelaxation.
18.ATheirinteractionwithteenagersprovedfruitful.CTheytendedtovisitlibrariesregularly.BTheyusedlibrarieslessoftenthanteenagers.DTheirnumberincreasedmodestly.Questions19to21arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.
19.AItisthecleverestcatintheworld.CItisthelargestcatinAfrica.BItisanunusualcrossbreed.DItisalarge-sizedwildcat.
20.ATheyareasloyalasdogs.CTheyhaveunusuallylongtails.BTheyarefondofsleepingincabinets.DTheyknowhowtopleasetheirowners.
21.ATheyshaketheirfrontpaws.CTheyteachthemtodive.BTheyshowerwiththem.DTheyshoutatthem.Questions22to25arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.
22.AContentedandrelieved.CProudbutabitnervous.BAnxiousanddepressed.DExcitedbutsomewhatsad.
23.AItstartsthemomenttheyareborn.CItisgainingincreasingpublicattention.BItdependsontheirparentsforsuccess.DItisbecomingparents’biggestconcern.
24.AChoosetherightschoolforthem.CReadbooksandmagazinestothem.BHelpthemtolearnbythemselves.DSetagoodexampleforthemtofollow.
25.ATheirintelligence.CThequalityoftheirschool.BTheirhomelife.DTheefforttheyputinlearning.PartIIIReadingComprehension40minutesSectionADirections:Inthissectionthereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Millionsdieearlyfromairpollutioneachyear.Airpollutioncoststheglobaleconomymorethan$5trillionannuallyinwelfarecostswiththemostserious26occurringinthedevelopingworld.Thefiguresincludeanumberofcosts27withairpollution.Lostincomealoneamountsto$225billionayear.Thereportincludesbothindoorandoutdoorairpollution.Indoorpollutionwhichincludes28likehomeheatingandcookinghasremained29overthepastseveraldecadesdespiteadvancesinthearea.Levelsofoutdoorpollutionhavegrownrapidlyalongwithrapidgrowthinindustryandtransportation.DirectorofInstituteforHealthMetricsandEvaluationChrisMurray30itasan“urgentcalltoaction.”“Oneoftheriskfactorsforprematuredeathsistheairwebreatheoverwhichindividualshavelittle31”hesaid.Theeffectsofairpollutionareworstinthedevelopingworldwhereinsomeplaceslost-laborincome32nearly1%ofGDP.Around9in10peopleinlow-andmiddle-incomecountriesliveinplaceswherethey33experiencedangerouslevelsofoutdoorairpollution.Buttheproblemisnotlimited34tothedevelopingworld.ThousandsdieprematurelyintheU.S.asaresultofrelatedillnesses.InmanyEuropeancountrieswherediesel柴油35havebecomemorecommoninrecentyearsthatnumberreachestensofthousands.AabilityIexclusivelyBassociatedJinnovatedCconsciouslyKregularlyDconstantLrelatesEcontrolMsourcesFdamageNundermineGdescribedOvehiclesHequalsSectionBDirections:Inthissectionyouaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet
2.Food-as-MedicineMovementIsWitnessingProgressASeveraltimesamonthyoucanfindadoctorintheaislesofRalph’smarketinHuntingtonBeachCaliforniawearingawhitecoatandhelpingpeoplelearnaboutfood.OnonerecentdaythisdoctorwasDanielNadeauwanderingthecerealaislewithAllisonScottgivinghersomeideasonhowtofeedkidswhopersistentlyavoidanythingthatishealthy.“Haveyouthoughtabouttryingfreshjuicesinthemorning”heasksher.“Thefrozenorangesandapplesarealittlecheaperandfruitsarereallygoodforthebrain.Juicesarequickandeasytoprepareyoucantakethefrozenfruitoutthenightbeforeandhaveitreadythenextmorning.”BScottisdelightedtogetfoodadvicefromaphysicianwhoisprogramdirectorofthenearbyMaryandDickAllenDiabetesCenterpartoftheSt.JosephHoagHealthalliance.Thecenter’s‘ShopwithYourDoc’programsendsdoctorstothegrocerystoretomeetwithanypatientswhosignupfortheserviceplusanyothershopperswhohappentobearoundwithquestions.CNadeaunoticesthepre-mademacaroni通心粉-and-cheeseboxesinScott’sshoppingcartandsuggestssheswitchtowholegrainmacaroniandrealcheese.“SoI’dhavetomakeit”sheasksherenthusiasmfadingatthethoughtofhowlongthatmighttakejusttohaveherkidsrejectit.“I’mnotsurethey’deatit.Theyjustwon’teatit.”DNadeausayssugarandprocessedfoodsarebigcontributorstotherisingdiabetesratesamongchildren.“InAmericaover50percentofourfoodisprocessedfood”Nadeautellsher.“Andonly5percentofourfoodisplant-basedfood.Ithinkweshouldtrytoreversethat.”Scottagreestotrymorefruitjuicesforthekidsandtomakerealmacaroniandcheese.Scoreonepointforthedoctorzerofordiabetes.ENadeauispartofasmallrevolutiondevelopingacrossCalifornia.Thefood-as-medicinemovementhasbeenaroundfordecadesbutit’smakingprogressasphysiciansandmedicalinstitutionsmakefoodaformalpartoftreatmentratherthanrelyingsolelyonmedications药物.Byprescribingnutritionalchangesorlaunchingprogramssuchas‘ShopwithYourDoc’theyaretryingtopreventlimitorevenreversediseasebychangingwhatpatientseat.“There’snoquestionpeoplecantakethingsalongwaytowardreversingdiabetesreversinghighbloodpressureevenpreventingcancerbyfoodchoices”Nadeausays.FInthebigpicturesaysDr.RichardAfableCEOandpresidentofSt.JosephHoagHealthmedicalinstitutionsacrossthestatearestartingtomakeaphilosophicalswitchtobecomingahealthorganizationnotjustahealthcareorganization.ThatfeelingechoesthebeliefsoftheTherapeuticFoodPantryprogramatZuckerbergSanFranciscoGeneralHospitalwhichcompleteditspilotphaseandisabouttoexpandonanongoingbasistofiveclinicsitesthroughoutthecity.Theprogramwillofferpatientsseveralbagsoffoodprescribedfortheirconditionalongwithintensivetraininginhowtocookit.“Wereallywanttolinkfoodandmedicineandnotjustgiveawayfood”saysDr.RitaNguyenthehospital’smedicaldirectorofHealthyFoodInitiatives.“Wewantpeopletounderstandwhatthey’reeatinghowtoprepareittherolefoodplaysintheirlives.”GInSouthernCaliforniaLomaLindaUniversitySchoolofMedicineisofferingspecializedtrainingforitsresidentphysiciansinLifestyleMedicine—thatisaformalspecialtyinusingfoodtotreatdisease.Researchfindingsincreasinglyshowthepoweroffoodtotreatorreversediseasesbutthatdoesnotmeanthatdietaloneisalwaysthesolutionorthateveryillnesscanbenefitsubstantiallyfromdietarychanges.Nonethelessphysicianssaythattheylookatthecollectivedataandaclearpictureemerges:thatthesaltsugarfatandprocessedfoodsintheAmericandietcontributetothenation’shighratesofobesitydiabetesandheartdisease.AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization80percentofdeathsfromheartdiseaseandstrokearecausedbyhighbloodpressuretobaccouseelevatedcholesterolandlowconsumptionoffruitsandvegetables.H“It’sadifferentparadigm范式ofhowtotreatdisease”saysDr.BrendaReawhohelpsrunthefamilyandpreventivemedicineresidencyprogramatLomaLindaUniversitySchoolofMedicine.Thelifestylemedicinespecialtyisdesignedtotraindoctorsinhowtopreventandtreatdiseaseinpartbychangingpatients’nutritionalhabits.ThemedicalcenterandschoolatLomaLindaalsohasafoodcupboardandkitchenforpatients.Thiswaypatientsnotonlylearnaboutwhichfoodstobuybutalsohowtopreparethemathome.IManypeopledon’tknowhowtocookReasaysandtheyonlyknowhowtoheatthingsup.Thatmeansdependingonpackagedfoodwithhighsaltandsugarcontent.Soteachingpeopleaboutwhichfoodsarehealthyandhowtopreparethemshesayscanactuallytransformapatient’slife.Andbeyondthatitmighttransformthehealthandlivesofthatpatient’sfamily.“Whatpeopleeatcanbemedicineorpoison”Reasays.“Asaphysiciannutritionisoneofthemostpowerfulthingsyoucanchangetoreversetheeffectsoflong-termdisease.”JStudieshaveexploredevidencethatdietarychangescanslowinflammation炎症forexampleormakethebodyinhospitabletocancercells.Ingeneralmanylifestylemedicinephysiciansrecommendaplant-baseddiet—particularlyforpeoplewithdiabetesorotherinflammatoryconditions.K“Aswhathappenedwithtobaccothiswillrequireaculturalshiftbutthatcanhappen”saysNguyen.“InthesamewayphysiciansusedtosmokeandthenstoppedsmokingandwereabletotalktopatientsaboutitIthinkphysicianscanhaveabiggervoiceinit.”
36.MorethanhalfofthefoodAmericanseatisfactory-produced.
37.Thereisaspecialprogramthatassignsdoctorstogiveadvicetoshoppersinfoodstores.
38.Thereisgrowingevidencefromresearchthatfoodhelpspatientsrecoverfromvariousillnesses.
39.Ahealthybreakfastcanbepreparedquicklyandeasily.
40.Trainingapatienttopreparehealthyfoodcanchangetheirlife.
41.Onefood-as-medicineprogramnotonlyprescribesfoodfortreatmentbutteachespatientshowtocookit.
42.Scottisnotkeenoncookingfoodherselfthinkingitwouldsimplybeawasteoftime.
43.Diabetespatientsareadvisedtoeatmoreplant-basedfood.
44.Usingfoodasmedicineisnonovelideabutthemovementismakingheadwaythesedays.
45.Americans’highratesofvariousillnessesresultfromthewaytheyeat.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedABCandD.YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Californiahasbeenfacingadroughtformanyyearsnowwithcertainareasevenhavingtopumpfreshwaterhundredsofmilestotheirdistributionsystem.Theproblemisgrowingasthepopulationofthestatecontinuestoexpand.Newresearchhasfounddeepwaterreservesunderthestatewhichcouldhelpsolvetheirdroughtcrisis.Previousdrillingofwellscouldonlyreachdepthsof1000feetbutduetonewpumpingpracticeswaterdeeperthanthiscannowbeextracted抽取.TheteamatStanfordinvestigatedtheaquifers地下蓄水层belowthisdepthandfoundthatreservesmaybetriplewhatwaspreviouslythought.Itisprofitabletodrilltodepthsmorethan1000feetforoilandgasextractionbutonlyrecentlyinCaliforniahasitbecomeprofitabletopumpwaterfromthisdepth.Theaquifersrangefrom1000to3000feetbelowthegroundwhichmeansthatpumpingwillbeexpensiveandthereareotherconcerns.Thebiggestconcernofpumpingoutwaterfromthisdeepisthegradualsettlingdownofthelandsurface.Asthewaterispumpedoutthevacantspaceleftiscompactedbytheweightoftheearthabove.Eventhoughpumpingfromthesedepthsisexpensiveitisstillcheaperthandesalinating脱盐theoceanwaterinthelargelycoastalstate.Somedesalinationplantsexistwherefeasiblebuttheyarecostlytorunandcanneedconstantrepairs.WellsaremuchmorereliablesourcesoffreshwaterandCaliforniaishopingthatthesedeepwellsmaybetheanswertotheirseverewatershortage.Oneproblemwiththesesourcesisthatthedeepwateralsohasahigherlevelofsaltthanshalloweraquifers.Thismeansthatsomewellsmayevenneedtoundergodesalinationafterextractionthusincreasingthecost.Researchfromtheexhaustivestudyofgroundwaterfromover950drillinglogshasjustbeenpublished.Newestimatesofthewaterreservesnowgoupto2700billioncubicmetersoffreshwater.
46.HowcouldCalifornia’sdroughtcrisisbesolvedaccordingtosomeresearchersABybuildingmorereservesofgroundwater.CBydevelopingmoreadvanceddrillingdevices.BBydrawingwaterfromthedepthsoftheearth.DByupgradingitswaterdistributionsystem.
47.WhatcanbeinferredaboutextractingwaterfromdeepaquifersAItwasdeemedvitaltosolvingthewaterproblem.CItmaynotprovidequalityfreshwater.BItwasnotconsideredworththeexpense.DItisboundtogainsupportfromthelocalpeople.
48.WhatismentionedasaconsequenceofextractingwaterfromdeepundergroundAThesinkingoflandsurface.CItmaynotprovidequalityfreshwater.BTheharmtotheecosystem.DThechangeoftheclimate.
49.WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutdeepwellsATheyrunwithoutanyneedforrepairs.CTheyaretheultimatesolutiontodroughts.BTheyareentirelyfreefrompollutants.DTheyprovideasteadysupplyoffreshwater.
50.WhatmayhappenwhendeepaquifersareusedaswatersourcesAPeople’shealthmayimprovewithcleanerwater.CThecostmaygoupduetodesalination.BPeople’swaterbillsmaybeloweredconsiderably.DTheymaybeexhaustedsoonerorlater.PassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.TheAlphaGoprogram’svictoryisanexampleofhowsmartcomputershavebecome.ButcanartificialintelligenceAImachinesactethicallymeaningcantheybehonestandfairOneexampleofAIisdriverlesscars.TheyarealreadyonCaliforniaroadssoitisnottoosoontoaskwhetherwecanprogramamachinetoactethically.Asdriverlesscarsimprovetheywillsavelives.Theywillmakefewermistakesthanhumandriversdo.Sometimeshowevertheywillfaceachoicebetweenlives.ShouldthecarsbeprogrammedtoavoidhittingachildrunningacrosstheroadevenifthatwillputtheirpassengersatriskWhataboutmakingasuddenturntoavoidadogWhatiftheonlyriskisdamagetothecaritselfnottothepassengersPerhapstherewillbelessonstolearnfromdriverlesscarsbuttheyarenotsuper-intelligentbeings.Teachingethicstoamachineevenmoreintelligentthanwearewillbethebiggerchallenge.AboutthesametimeasAlphaGo’striumphMicrosoft’s‘chatbot’tookabadturn.ThesoftwarenamedTaylorwasdesignedtoanswermessagesfrompeopleaged18-
24.Taylorwassupposedtobeabletolearnfromthemessagesshereceived.ShewasdesignedtoslowlyimproveherabilitytohandleconversationsbutsomepeoplewereteachingTaylorracistideas.WhenshestartedsayingnicethingsaboutHitlerMicrosoftturnedheroffanddeletedherugliestmessages.AlphaGo’svictoryandTaylor’sdefeathappenedataboutthesametime.Thisshouldbeawarningtous.ItisonethingtouseAIwithinagamewithclearrulesandcleargoals.ItissomethingverydifferenttouseAIintherealworld.Theunpredictabilityoftherealworldmaybringtothesurfaceatroublingsoftwareproblem.EricSchmidtisoneofthebossesofGooglewhichownsAlphaGo.HethinksAIwillbepositiveforhumans.Hesaidpeoplewillbethewinnerwhatevertheoutcome.AdvancesinAIwillmakehumanbeingssmartermoreableand“justbetterhumanbeings.”
51.WhatdoestheauthorwanttoshowwiththeexampleofAlphaGo’svictoryAComputerswillprevailoverhumanbeings.CComputersareman’spotentialrivals.BComputershaveunmatchedpotential.DComputerscanbecomehighlyintelligent.
52.WhatdoestheauthormeanbyAImachinesactingethicallyATheyarecapableofpredictingpossiblerisks.BTheyweighthegainsandlossesbeforereachingadecision.CTheymakesensibledecisionswhenfacingmoraldilemmas.DTheysacrificeeverythingtosavehumanlives.
53.WhatissaidtobethebiggerchallengefacinghumansintheAIageAHowtomakesuper-intelligentAImachinessharehumanfeelings.BHowtoensurethatsuper-intelligentAImachinesactethically.CHowtopreventAImachinesdoingharmtohumans.DHowtoavoidbeingover-dependentonAImachines.
54.WhatdowelearnaboutMicrosoft’s‘chatbot’TaylorAShecouldnotdistinguishgoodfrombad.CShewasnotmadetohandlenovelsituations.BShecouldturnherselfoffwhennecessary.DShewasgoodatperformingroutinetasks.
55.WhatdoesEricSchmidtthinkofartificialintelligenceAItwillbefarsuperiortohumanbeings.CItwillprovetobeanassettohumanbeings.BItwillkeepimprovingastimegoesby.DItwillbeheretostaywhatevertheoutcome.PartIVTranslation30minutesDirections:Forthispartyouareallowed30minutestotranslateapassagefromChineseintoEnglish.YoushouldwriteyouransweronAnswerSheet
2.由于通信网络的快速发展,中国智能手机用户数量近年来以惊人速度增长这极大地改变了许多人的阅读方式他们现在经常在智能手机上看新闻和文章,而不买传统报刊大量移动应用程序(apps)的开发使人们能用手机读小说和其他形式的文学作品因此,纸质书籍的销售受到了影响但调查显示,尽管智能手机阅读市场稳步增长,超半数成年人仍喜欢读纸质书。