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355Ihave a lot to say◎这种句型中的不定式作定语,修饰前面的名词,该名词与不定式通常有动宾关系I havea lotto say.我有很多话要说I havesome goodnews to tell you.我有些好消息要告诉你You have nothing toworry about.你没有什么可担心的She hasno pento writewith.她没有钢笔写字Here aresome referencebooks foryou tochoose from.这里有些参考书供你选择比较I havea lot of clothesto wash.我有许多衣服要洗I havealotof clothesto bewashed.我有许多衣服要别人洗356Ithink/feel it+形容词/名词+不定式◎本句型中的it作形式宾语,真正的宾语是后面的不定式这种结构的形容词或名词作宾语补足语I think it easy to builda bridgeover theriver.我认为在这条河上建一座桥是很容易的I feelit difficult to translate the novelintoChinese.我感到把这本书译成好,我要加以改进His readingability has been improved.他的阅读能力己经提高2improve用作不及物动词,表示“好转,提高”Ihope herhealth is improving.我希望她的健康状况在好转Their lifeisimprovingevery day.他们的生活在日益提高Your abilitywill improvewith practice.你的能力将随着实践而提高3improve on/upon不同于improveo improveon/upon表示仓ll造出新的东西,比原来的东西更好;而improve则表示在原有的基础上加以改进比较He improved the book.他修改了那本书(一本书)He improvedon the book.他写了一本比那本书更好的书(两本书)366in away和in the way
1.Oin away在某方面,一定程度上,从某种观点来看In awayI agreewith you.我在一定程度上同意你的看法
②be/get/stand in theway妨碍,影响I couldntget throughthe gatebecause yourcar was in theway.我无法从这里过去,因为你的汽车挡住了路Her socialactivities gotin theway ofher studies.她的社会活动影响了她的学习367in case of和in thecase of
①in case of如果..发生;如遇到..时候if-should happen,if shouldoccur oIn case of my absence he will takemy place.如果我不在,他会代替我的You mustbe calmin caseof danger.遇到危险,你必须镇静2in thecaseof关于,就...而言as faras-•-concernedo Theseregulations donot applyin thecaseofnon-members.至于非会员,这些章程不适用In thecaseofmy family,friendship isconsidered morevaluable thananything else.在我全家人看来,友谊比什么都珍贵368in course,in course of和inthe course of
①in course表示“依次,按正规顺序You willreceive theother numbersof the magazine in course.别期的杂志你会逐期收到的The nextmeeting is in courseto beheld inNanjing nextspring.按顺序下次会议定于明年春天在南京举行
②in courseof表示“正在•......之中,在……的过程中”,作表语The museumis nowincourseof construction.博物馆正在建造之中
③in/during the courseof表示在•..之际,在・・.期间,在..过程中,强调时间,作状语In thecourseofmy tourthrough Europe,I sawmany strangesights.我在欧洲旅行时,看到许多奇异的景色They metwith alotofdifficulties in thecourseof theirinvestigations,it调查的过程中,他们遇到了许多困难369in doing和on doinglin doing意为在做某事时,in相当于when或while Inwalking pastthe library,I metProfessorWang.我路过图书馆时,碰见了王教授=When Iwas walking...In readinga collectionof poemsin mystudy,!heard abird twitteringoutside thewindow.我在书房里读一本诗集时,听到窗外有一只鸟在叫二Whilel wasreading--2on doing意为一••…就,on相当于assoon as,immediatelyo Onarriving there,we allset toenthusiastically.我们一到那里马上就干劲十足地干了起来二Assoon aswe arrivedthere...On hearinghelp”,he rnshedout.他一听到呼救声就冲了出去提示on doing也可表示“在..的时候On turningthe comer,she sawa skyscraper.拐过街角,她看见了一幢摩天大楼370in drink,in the drink和on the drink1in drink表示喝醉He wasin drinklast night.他昨晚喝醉T
②in thedrink表示“在河里,在湖里,在海里”,用于口语They threwhim in thedrink.他们把他扔进了水里
③on thedrink表示“酗酒,嗜酒He wasdismissed,for he was on thedrinkeveryday.由于每天酗酒,他被开除了371in extremes和in theextreme®in extremes表示陷入绝境,极端贫困,濒于死亡”,相当于in extremities,常作表语Many peoplethere arest山in extremes.那里的许多人依然极度贫困The emperorwasinextremes.皇帝即将驾崩2in the/an extreme表示“非常地,极度地,常作状语The newsis annoyingin theextreme.这消息十分令人不快Your proposalis wonderfulin theextreme.你的建议好极了提示to the/an extreme也可表示非常地,极度地372in fashion和in a fashion1in thefashion表示时髦的,合时尚的,流行的”,作表语,指时尚、服装等This sortof shirtis verymuch infashion thissummer.这种衬衫今夏非常时兴The customis nolonger infashion.这个风俗不流行T作我器tnlater afeshion表示勉强,马马虎虎,She speaksEnglish in afashion.她马马虎虎能说点英语She playsthe violin after afashion.她勉强会拉一点小提琴373in front,in front of,in the front of和at thefront of1in front是副词短语,意为“在前面”,用作状语,和go,run,walk等连用He walkedin front.他走在前面Who ranin frontin thematch比赛中谁跑在前面?
②in front of+名词/代词是介词短语,表示“在••......前面”,指在某一范围外的前面,往往要有一个对照物,反义词是behindo There is atall treein front of theclassroom.教室前面有一棵大树She ranin front of me.她跑在我的前面提示before也可表示在...的前面,有时可同infront of换用She sat in front of me.她坐在我前面=She satbefore me.
①in future意为“从今以后”,相当于from nowon,是与过去相对照Try to be morecareful infuture.今后要更细心In future,say lessand do more.今后要少说多做
②in thefuture意为“将来,今后时期”,不一定从今天开始,相当于in timeyet tocome,指全部的将来Things will be betterin thefuture.将来一切都会好起来的No onecan knowwhat willhappen in thefuture.没有人会知道将来会发生什么事
③for thefuture意为“今后,就未来而论,为了将来”,表示“今后”时,可同in thefuture换用They arestudying hard for thefuture.他们在为将来而勤奋学习Try to be morecareful with your pronunciationfor thefuture.今后要更加注意你的发音For thefuture,you shoulddomorereading andwriting.今后,你应该多读多写375in number和in great/large numbers1in number在数量上They exceedus innumber.他们人数比我们多Applicants arefew innumber.申请者寥寥无几
②ingreat/Iargenumbers数目多,大量地Elephants arehere innumbers.这里的大象非常多Visitors camein greatnumbers.游客大量涌来376in onesbest,at the best和at onesbest l.Oin onesbest穿着最好的衣服in onesfinestclotheso OnChildrens Day,all thebovs andqirls arein theirbest.在儿童节,所有的男孩和女孩都穿着最好的衣服2at thebest至多,充其量taking thehopeful view,in themost favorablecase Atbest we can doonly halfas muchas lastyear.我们至多只能完成去年的一半任务I candonate onehundred dollarsat best.我充其量只能捐100美元
③at onesbest最佳状态,极盛时期in one*sprimeo Mostathletes areat theirbest during their earlymanhood.大多数运动员在成人初期时达到巅峰状态The dayswhen she was ather bestwere gone.她的极盛时期己成为过去377in orderto,so as to和inorder that都可表示目的,意为为了,以便”
①in orderto+动词原形和so as to+动词原形都可以放在句中She gotup earlyin orderto/so asto/catch the firstbus.她早早起了床,以便赶上头班车The doctorsgave hera generalcheckup so asto/in orderto findout thecause ofher illness,医生给她做了全身检查,以便找出她的病因2in orderto可放在句首,而so asto则不可In orderto win the watch,they practisedhard.为了赢得比赛,他们刻苦训练In orderto getgood results,we oughtto doour bestto studythe lessons.为了获得好成绩,我们应尽最大努力学好课程3so asto可分开用,而in orderto则不可The teacherspoke soslowly asto beunderstood bythe students.老J)巾说得很慢,以便学生能听得懂The policemanran sofast asto catchthe robber.那位警察跑得很快,以便能抓住抢劫犯
④so asto有否定形式so as not to,而in orderto则没有She wentin quietlysoasnot towake thebaby.她轻轻地进去,以免把婴儿吵醒He startedearly soasnotto bebate.他早早动了身,以免迟到
⑤in order that后跟从句,引导目的状语从句,相当于so that,句中谓语常含有can,may,might,could等情态动词I lenther somemoney in orderthatshe couldgo for a holiday.我借给了她一些钱,以便她能去度假He savedmuch moneyin orderthat hemight buyacar.他存了许多钱,以便能买辆车提示如果in orderthat所引导的从句主语同主句主语一致,可以转换为inorder to+动词原形结构我们学习知识,这样,我们就能变得聪明起来We learnin orderthat wecan becomewise.=We learninorderto becomewise.提示so...asto可引导结果状语从句,相当于enough tOoThe explosionwas soloud asto beheard twentymiles away.爆炸声彳艮大,20英里外都听得见o=loud enoughtobeheard Hestudied sohard asto catchup with his cdhonotos他,赶上了同学=hard378in place,in one*s place和outof place
①in place表示“在适当的地方,在本来应该在的地方”,常作表语The booksare allin placeon theshelves.书架上的书都放在应放的地方
②in onesplace表示代替某人”,相当于inplace ofsb.还可以表示在适当位置上The manageris awayand Illattend the meeting in his place.经理不在,汉语很困难I dontthinkitpossible tofinish the work aheadof schedule.我认为提前完成工作是不可能的I feelit myduty tohelp thosein trouble.我认为自己有责任帮助那些处于困境的人们Do youfind iteasy toplease allthe peopleall thetime你认为让所有的人永远满意是可能的吗?357idea,conception和thought lidea意为“主意,念头,思想”,常用词,可用来指各种思维活动,并有understanding理解,knowledge/解等含义作主意”解时,idea为可数名词Thats agood idea.那是一个好主意I havegot a wonderful idea.我有一个好主意He isa manfull ofideas.他这个人满脑子主意2have the idea ofsth./doing sth.表示有想法,产生......的念头,知道,后跟动名词时,of可省She hasthe idea of becoming a singer.她有当歌唱家的想法She hastheideato become a singer.误I havesome idea of whathappened then.当时发生的情况我知道一些Have youany ideaof travellingabroad你有去国外旅行的想法吗?我将代替他出席会议=inplace of the managerEverything in the roomis inits place.房间里的一切都井然有序相当于in place
③out ofplace表示“不合适,不协调”,常作表语Your suggestionis quiteout ofplace.你的建议很不妥当He feltout ofplace amongthe guests.他在客人中间感到不自在提示place构成的短语还有take place发生,举行take onesplace入座take theplace ofsb.代替/接替某人379in principle和on principle
①in principle表示“原则上,大体上lagree to the proposalin principle.我原则上同意这个建议They areagreed inprinciple,but notin detail.他们大体上意见是一致的,但细节上不一致2on principle表示“依据原则”He standsfirm onprinciple.他坚持原则She alwaysacts onprinciple.她总是按原则办事380in the air,on/over the air,in the open air和by air1in theair表示在空中,在传播,(计划等)悬而未决He sawsome balloonsin theair.他看见空中有些气球Some birdsare flying in theair.一些鸟在空中飞行The newsis in theair.这消息在四处传播His planis stillin theair.他的计划还没确定2on theair或over theair表示“在广播°The presidentsspeech has been on theairfor twodays.总统的讲话已经广播两天了The songis oftenover theair.这首歌曲经常播放3in theopen air表示在户外,在露天He stayedin theopen airlast night.他昨晚是在户外度过的Lets gofor a walk in theopenair.我们去户外散散步吧
④by air表示“乘飞机”,等于by planeThey cameby air.他们乘飞机来的提示in theair表示在距地球较近的天空中,in thesky表示在距地球较远的天空中,一般不可换用Smoke isrising upin theair.炊烟升上天空There is no cloudin thesky.天上没有一丝云彩381in the charge of,in charge of,on thecharge of和under thecharge of
①in thecharge of表示“由负责,由…照料,受约束于The girlwas leftin thecharge ofher uncle.那女孩由她叔叔照料The plantis in thecharge of Mr.Zhang.这家工厂由张先生经营
②in charge of意为“负责,管理”,含主动义,常与be动词搭配,句中主语可以是人或人构成的单位An experiencedengineer is in charge of theproject,一位有经验的工程师负责这项工程She wasplaced incharge of the department她受命管理这个部门Their classisincharge of the flowersand trees.他们班负责照管这些花和树木
③on thecharge of表示“以…•...罪名判刑The manwas sentencedon thechargeoftakingbribes.那人以受贿罪被判了刑
④under thechargeof表示在..指导下,被…..管理”,可用in thechargeof替换They didthe experimentunder thechargeofProfessor Smith也彳门在史密斯教授的指导下进行了那项实验The hospitalhas beenin/under hischarge formore thana year.这家医院由他管理有一年多了
⑤take chargeof意为“掌管,看管”,侧重于动作He wassent to take chargeof thebusiness.他被派去掌管那家企业She tookcharge duringmyabsence.我不在时由她负责382in the distance和at a distance1inthe distance表示在远处,相当于faraway,强调距离远They cansee thevillage inthedistance.他们能看到远处的村庄There aresome pinetrees inthedistance.远处有一些松树2at adistance表示离开适当距离,隔适当距离,相当于not toonear Thepicture isbeautiful atadistance.这幅画离远点看很美石.那性指罪非雄rand ta diovance从帮远处383intheteam和on theteam
①intheteam意为“在球队里”,表示在球队这个组织里面
②ontheteam意为“当了球队的队员,是球队的一员比较Li Mingisinthat team.李明在那个球队Li Mingis onthat team.李明是那个球队的队员Who isin team2谁在第二组?Who isontheteam谁是球队队员?384incident,accident和event1incident为普通用语,指“事件”;也可表示“事端”,指政治上的引起国际纷争或战争的事件She toldus aboutsome ofthe amusingincidents ofher holiday.她给我们讲她假期里的一些趣事A seriousincident alongthe borderincreased ourfear ofwar.边境上一次严重事件增加了我们对战争的恐惧The PearlHarbour Incident珍珠港事件2accident特指不幸的意外事故,如车祸、火灾、跌伤等Her sonwas killedin anaccident lastyear.她儿了去年死于一场事故She lostboth herlegs ina trainaccident whenshe was agirl.小时候,她在一次火车事故中失去了双腿
③event指大的活动,重大事件或具有历史意义的大事件That isa mostimportant eventin herfamily life.那是她家庭生活中一个非常重要的事件Chinas openingher doorto theoutside isa greathistorical event.中国对外开放是一个伟大的历史事件385increase和add
①increase作动词用时,可以是及物动词或不及物动词,意为“增长,增加,读音为[Inkris]oThepopulation isincreasing rapidly.人口在迅速增加The driverincreased thespeed ofthe car.司机加快了车速The peoplethere havegreatly increasedtheirincome.那里的人们大大地提高了收入2increase作名词用时,读音为[Tnkri:s],为不可数名词,但可以说arapid increase,a steadyincrease oThereisa rapidincrease insteel production.钢产量在迅速增长The increaseof incomewill makepeople livebetter.收入的增加会使人们生活得更好
③increase和add都可表示“增加”,但用法不同□increase主要指数量、重量、价值、力量等的增加;add则表示将某物加在另一物上,使之增加,常用于addsth.to结构中比较They haveincreased her wage to1,000dollars amonth.他们已把她的工资提高到每月1000美元(增加到)They haveadded1,000dollars to herwagea month.他们已每月给她加1000美元的工资(在原有的数额上添加)386industrial和industrious
①industrial工业的,从事工业的These arethe majorindustrial countriesofEurope.这些是欧洲的主要工业国
②industrious勤劳的,勤奋的Everyone thereis competentand industrious.那里每个人都能干且勤勉387insist on,stick to,keep on,persist in*口persevere
①insist onsth./doing sth.意为“坚持要干某事He insistedon writingthe book.他坚持要写这本书He insistedon his own opinions.他坚持自己的意见2keep updoing sth.意为把...继续下去,不松懈,也可以说keep sth.upo Sinceyou havebeen doingthe researchwork forfive years,you shouldkeep itup.既然你从事这项研究工作已有5年了,你就应该把它继续进行下去3stick to的意思同insist on和persist in差不多,较口语化,是对原则,决定,愿望、意见、诺言,理想,理论”等的坚持,to为介词,后接名词或动名词,不接不定式He sticksto theprinciple throughsick andthin.他在任何情况下都坚持原则We stickto whatis right.我们坚持正确的东西
④keep on表示continue to do,指克服困难、顽强奋斗,也指一般的“老是”做某事keep on后常接动名词作宾语,也可单独使用Keep onpractising andyou willspeak Englishfluently.坚持多练,你英语就能说得流利Dont keepon askingsilly questions.不要老是问愚蠢的问题The rainkept onseveral days.雨一连下了好几天5persist表示不顾困难或障碍,坚持某种活动;有时含贬义,表示固执,不听劝告,结构为persistin sth./doing sth..He persistedinhisfoolish ideas.他坚持其愚蠢的想法She persistsin wearingthe old-fashioned hat.她坚持要戴那顶旧式的帽子If youpersist inbreaking thelaw,you willgo toprison.如果你坚持违法犯罪活动,你就得蹲班房6persevere表示“坚持不懈,不屈不挠,坚忍不拔,指不顾困难,始终如一地坚持,常含褒义,结构为persevere in/at/with sth.,persevere withsb.o Hepersevered in/at/withhisstudies amidstall thesedifficulties.身处所有这些困难之中,他仍然坚持不懈地学习Although shewas hopelessat chemistry,the teacherpersevered withher.虽然她的化学怎么教也不会,但老师仍然坚持教她388instance,example,sample和specimen
①instance指用来论证某种说法、说明一个广泛的道理或结论的例子Lincoln is an instanceof apoor boywho rosetofame.林肯就是一个穷孩子成名的例子There aremany instancesof prejudice.偏见有许多例子可以说明2example指典型的、有代表性的例子He setus agood example.他给我们树立了一个好榜样
③sample指样品、试样The nursetook asample of his blood.护士给他取了血样4specimen侧重指供科学、实验室、学习研究时参考用的某事物原样Collect specimensof butterflies.采集蝴蝶标本389instead,instead of和in placeof1instead是副词,通常放在句尾,表示“代替,顶替”,有时表示否定上文提到的事物You maywrite inpencil instead.你可以用铅笔写(而不用钢笔)I hadexpected hertosayYes,but shesaid“No”instead.我原以为她会同意的,没想到她居然否定了I amtoo busytoday.Come anotherday instead.我今天太忙了,改天再来吧2instead of是介词短语,意为“代替,而不是、没有,反而,后面可以跟名词、代词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动名词等instead of具有否定含义,即肯定前面的内容,否定后面的内容,取舍的前后一般都属同类,而且是对称的insteadof通常放在句首或句中As shewas ill,he wentto themeeting instead ofher.因为她病了,他代替她去开会(代词)He hascome instead of hisfather.他代他父亲来了(名词)It hasbecome largerinstead ofsmaller.它变得更大了,而不是更小(形容词)Price rosequickly instead of slowly.价格上涨得快,而不是慢(副词)He wentto thepark onfoot insteadof bybus.他是步行而不是乘车去公园的(介词短语)He hasgone shoppinginsteadofclimbing themountain.他去购物了,没有去爬山(动名词)Her attitudetowards thisquestion isencouraging insteadof disappointing.对这个问题的态度是令人鼓舞的,不是令人失望的(现在分词)They decidedto gofishing insteadof toplay cards.他们决定去钓鱼,而不去打牌(不定式)He usuallydoes somereading inthe eveninginsteadofwatches TV.他晚上通常读点书,而不看电视(谓语动词)
③have no ideaofsth.表示不知道”,后可跟名词、代词或what从句等跟what从句时of可省have no idea(不知道)后可跟that从句I have noideaof it.我不知道这件事He hasnoidea(of)what shesaid atthemeeting.他不知道她在会上说/什么提示idea构成的常用短语form anideaof产生..的想法not haveany/slightest idea不知I道
④conception指理性的概括能力,表示“概念的形成,思想的构成,观念,看法The planis veryimaginative inconception.这个计划的构想极具想象力
⑤thought指应用知识,经过推理或思考而形成的思想,这种思想是比较系统的,且比较抽象His bookcontains greatand loftythoughts.他的书中有着伟大崇高的思想358identical,similar,true和duplicate1identical侧重在全同,无异;similar则有小差异,相似,如相似三角形(角度相等,边长却不一样)His wordsdecreased insteadof increasedher courage.他的话使她泄了气,而不是鼓励了她(谓语动词)Her wordsmade himdiscouraged insteadofencouraged.她的话使他泄气,而不是使他受到鼓舞(过去分词)3in placeof是介词短语,表示“代替”,后跟指人或物的名词He attendedthemeetingin placeofthe manager.他代替经理出席了会议(可用insteadof)390intellect,intelligence,intellectual木口wit1intellect是才智,智能,比intelligence(ability tolearn andunderstand聪颖,灵性)高,人类以外的动物可能是intelligent,只有人类才具有intellectointellectual是受过教育的”意思(highlyeducated)o intellect和intellectual都可作名词表示人,intellect是指才智很高的人,intellectual是“知识分子He wasborn intoa familynoted for its intellect.他出身于一个书香门第A teacherisanintellectual worker.教师是脑力劳动者A dogis moreintelligent thana cat.狗比猫更有灵性2wit指“机智”,作“理解力”解时常用复数形式The presidentsintelligence andwit enlivenedhis pressconference.总、统的聪明与机智使他的记者招待会气氛活跃He didnthave thewits tosee thatpoint.他缺乏理解那一要点的能力391intense和intensive
①intense强烈的,剧烈的,紧张的intense heat酷热intense pain居脂南Diplomatic activityhas beenintense fortwomonths,两个月以来,夕卜交活动紧张频繁2intensive集中的,深入细致的deep andthoroughThe committeemembers aremaking anintensive studyofthesubject.委员会成员们正在对那件事做深入细致的研究The intensiveair raidslasted manyweeks.集中的空袭持续了好几个星期392intent和intention
①intent目的,意图,正式用词with goodintent出于好意He enteredthe buildingwith intentto steal.他进入大楼企图行窃
②intention意图,使用区域较广,是常用词She feltoffended atmy remarks,but it wasnt myintention tohurt her.我的话冒犯了她,但我并不是故意要伤害她的
③两词使用结构不同intent前通常不用冠词、代词等限定词,后接不定式;intention前常用人称代词、定冠词,后接of doing,或接to doo比较有意做某事with intentto dosth.with theintention ofdoing sth.ones intentionto dosth.那人破门而入,想杀死她The manbroke into the housewith theintention ofkilling her.The manbroke into the housewith intentto killher.提示intention构成的短语by intention故意havenointention of无意with goodintentions好心好意地393interest和interests
①interest用作名词,表示“兴趣”时,常同show,have,take,find,lose等动词连用,可以说show/have/take/find aninterest,但不可说show/have/take/find interestso Shetakes/has aninterest inmusic.她对音乐感兴趣He showsno interestinthe picture.他对这幅画不感兴趣2interest用作名词,表示“利益时,常用复数形式They workhardfor the interestsofthepeople.他们为人民的利益而勤奋工作
③interest也可用作动词,为及物动词,意为“使发生兴趣,引起……的好奇心结构为interest sb.be interested in sth.This bookinterests her.这本书引起了她的兴趣He wasinterested inthe matter.他对这件事感兴趣394interested和interesting
1.Ointerested是过去分词形式,interesting是现在分词形式,加-ed的interested具有被动意义,常用于be interested in结构中,主语只能是人,不能是物,意为“对......感兴趣I aminterested inthebook.我对这本书感兴趣I foundher interestedinthefilm.我发现她对这部电影感兴趣(interested作宾语补足语)
②interesting具有主动意义,意为“有趣的,令人感兴趣的”,可修饰人或物,可用作定语、表语或宾语补足语He isa veryinteresting man.他是个很有趣的人The filmis reallyinteresting.那部电影确实有趣1found the picture interesting.®;发现这幅画很有费(不程得ineroteale inrecetimahe I found himinterestedinthepicture.我发现他对这幅画感兴趣(不可用interestingo interested说明him的情况,相当于He isinterestedinthepicture.)395interfere with禾H interfere in的进interere with表示“于扰,光指阻妈某件事The noiseinterferes inmy work.误The noiseinterferes withmy work.那噪音干扰我的工作2interfere in表示“干涉”,尤指自行干预别人的事务I neverinterfere withhis affairs.误I neverinterfereinhis affairs.我从不干涉他的事务396involve,comprise,constitute,include和consist of
①involve有“必然包含着”的意思,指必须含有的情况或涉及的人或事Success involveshard work.成功来自辛劳The mistakewill involveyou ina greatdeal oftrouble.这个错误将给你带来许多麻烦Taking thejob involvesliving abroad.接受这项工作就一定要住在国外
②comprise为正式用语,其主语既可以指整体,谓语用单数,后面的宾语指主语的全部内容;其主语也可以指个体,谓语用复数,后皿的宾语为整体The committeecomprises fivepersons.委员会由5人组成Twenty articlescomprises BookOne.第一册共有20课©constitute表示由部分组成整体,主语是组成部分,宾语是整体Twelve monthsconstitute a year.12个月为一年
④include其宾语所包含的仅是整体的一部分,不一定全部列出成分The tourincludes avisit toParis.旅行包括游览巴黎Your dutywill includecleaning the house.你的职责包括打扫房舍5consist of的主语是整体,宾语为组成部分,同constitute相反The machineconsists ofmany parts.这台机器由许多部分组成The classconsists often boysand ninegirls.本班有10名男生9名女生397it和one替代普通名词时的区
①it代替已经提到过的特指单数可数名词,两者为同一•物As thischair isbroken,!must haveit repaired.这张椅子坏了,我得叫人修理一下My fatherbought apen andgave itto me.我父亲买了一支钢笔,给我了A:Do youneed thebook你需要这本书吗?B:Yes,Ineed it.对,我需要(它)
②one用以代替己经提过的泛指单数的可数名词,但one和己提过的名词不是同一物我的伞丢了,我得买一把I havelost myumbrella andI mustbuy it误I havelost myumbrella andI mustbuy one.IE I havenodictionary,so I want tobuy one.我没有词典,所以想买一本A:Do youneed abike你需要一辆自行车吗?B:Yes,I needone.是的,我需要一辆3另外,it可以代替不可数名词,而one只能代替可数名词单数The wineis toostrong,so I cant drinkit.这是度数太高的烈性酒,所以我不能喝This wineis milderthan that.这种酒比那种酒要淡(不可用than thatone398it表示时间、距离、天气、自然环境、情况等it可用作无人称动词的主语,表示时间、距离、天气、自然环境、情况等,常与be,get,start,hurt,rain,snow等动词连用Its sevenoclock.7点钟Its abouttwo hoursride.开车大约需要2个小时It w川get hotter.天气会变得更热It hurts,疼呀It willbe allright.没问题It isnice andcool here.这里很凉快提示it还可用作动词或介词的宾语,构成习语Take iteasy.放心吧Youre askingforit.你自讨苦吃Confound t!讨厌!399it be+形容词比较级+不定式本句型中的it为形式主语,代替后面的不定式,意为“做更……些这种结构中的形容词前还可用much修饰,进行强调It isbetter to take aholiday.休一次假更好It willbe betterto giveup thejob.放弃那份工作会更好It ismuch moredifficult toclimb to the topofthemountain.爬至U山顶会更难It iswiser tolook beforeyou jump.看了才跳更明智It w川be moredifficultto go downthe hill.下山会更难400it be+名词+不定式◎这个句型中的名伺多为抽象名词,如honour,pity,fun,pleasure等,it为形式主语It isa greathonour to meet you.见到你真是三生有幸It ismuch funtotake a walkinthewoods.在林中散步真有趣It isa pleasureto havebeen workingwith youinthepast week.过去一周来同你在一起工作真的使我很开心It isa greatpity toleave the work undone.工作没完成真是莫大的遗憾It isa wasteof moneyto buildso manyflve-starhotels.建造这么多白勺五星级宾馆简直是浪费金钱401it be--before+从句这个句型中的before通常不易译为“在......之前”,而常译为飞很久才••...,还没来得及就......,仅......就”等It islong before he settleddown.他很久才安顿下来It isonly two years beforethey completedthe exhibitioncentre.他4]建成这个展览中心仅用了两年时间It was not longbefore herealized that hed madea seriousmistake.不久他就意识到自己犯了一个严重错误Before Icould getinaword shetore theletter intopieces.不等我说话,她就把信撕得粉碎He almostran intoa treebeforehesaw it.他差一点儿撞到树时才注意到树402it be-when+从句本句型中it be后的部分通常是表示时间的词语,when引导的是时间状语从句,意为“时间是......,当......时候It wasabout tenoclock whenthe firebroke out.火灾发生时大约在10点钟比较It wasmidnight whenI got home.我到家时已是午夜It wasat midnight that I gothome.我是在午夜才到的家(强调句型)403it用于强调结构
①无人称代词it,常用作形式主语,放在句首,代替后移的真正主语:不定式短语、动名词短语或that从句These areidentical triangles.这些是全等的三角形The twopictures aresimilar insome ways.这两幅画在某些方面相似2true意为“真实的,准确的”,有所有的共同特点,内容一样,形式不一定一样Igota trueversion ofthe novel.我弄到了那部小说的复制本
③duplicate表示复制过程之后的完全一样的东西She gavemeaduplicate keyto herfront door.她给了我一把开她家前门所配的钥匙359ignorant,be ignorant of,illiterate和uneducated
①ignorant指缺乏或不了解一般或某方面的知识,有愚昧的含义be ignorantof/about表示对...无知He was ignorantofthe trafficrules here.他不懂这儿的交通规则She wasvery young,and ignorantof whatlife reallyis.她很年轻,不懂得什么是真正的人生The womanwasignorantabout thosepeople roundher husband.这位妇女对她丈夫周围的那些人全然不了解2illiterate指“文盲的”,即不具备学习书本知识所需的读写能力He wasan illiterateman.他目不识丁(他是文盲)It is necessary totakea walk every day.每天散散步是很必要的(it是形式主语,真正主语是不定式短语totakeawalkevery day)=To takeawalkeverydayisnecessary.It isno usecrying over spilt milk.牛奶洒了,哭也没用(it是形式主语,真正主语是动名词短语crying overspilt milk)=Crying overspilt milkisno use.It isa great pleasure that you have come tothe party.你来参加晚会,真是太好了o(it是形式主语,真正主语是that youhave come totheparty)二That youhavecometotheparty isa greatpleasure.2无人称代词it常用作形式宾语,代替后移的真正宾语不定式或that从句Ifoundit difficultto gettheworkdone ontime.我发现很难按时完成这项工作(it是形式宾语,真正宾语是不定式短语to gettheworkdone ontime)I thinkit bestthat youshould stayhere.我认为你待在这里最好(it是形式宾语,真正宾语是that从句that youshould stayhere)
③无人称代词it,可用于强调,结构为ltis+被强调的成分+that,被强调的可以是主语、宾语或状语要注意的是,不论强调的是什么成分,不论是人、物、时间状语、地点状语或原因状语等,都要用that一词比较下面两种结构:It is...that+谓语+其他成分(强调主语时,直接用that作主语)It is-that+句子(强调其他成分时,that后要加句子)Li Mingtold me the news yesterday.李明昨天告诉了我那个消息(非强调)It wasLi Mingthat toldmethenewsyesterday.昨天告诉我那个消息的是李明(强调结构,强调主语Li Ming)He boughta bluepen this morning.今天上午他买了一支蓝钢笔(非强调)It wasa bluepen that he boughtthismorning.今天上午他买的是一支蓝钢笔(强调结构,强调宾语a bluepen)He lefton Sunday.他星期天离开的(非强调)It wason Sundaythat heleft.他是在星期天离开的(强调结构,强调时间状语on Sunday)It wason Sundaywhen heleft.误The trainarrived atthe townduring thenight.火车在夜间到达这座小城(非强调)It wasduring thenightthatthe trainarrived atthetown.正火车是在夜间到达这座小城的(强调结构,强调时间状语during thenight)It wasduringthenight whenthe trainarrived atthetown.误He wasborn in this room.他在这个房间里出生(非强调)It isin thisroom that hewasbom.他就是在这个房间里出生的(强调结构,强调地点状语inthis room)It isinthisroom wherehewasbom.误He didntcome because it rained.因为天下雨,他没有来(非强调)It wasbecause itrained thathe didntcome.正(强调结构,强调原因状语because itrained)It wasbecauseitrained whyhe didntcome.误提示1被强调的如果是指人的主语或宾语,有时可用who或whom代替thato It is shewho is wrong.是她错了It isshe thatiswrong.
②注意下面强调句式的疑问句形式Is it that Johnoften comesto schoollate thatmakes theteacher angry是不是约翰经常上学迟到使老师生气的?Was itat midnightthatyouheard thestrange sound你是不是在半夜听到那个奇怪的声音的?Why wasit thathe soldthehouse他卖了房了到底是为什么?Where wasitthatthey madea dateforthe firsttime他们是在哪里第一次约会的?404It cantbe anybetter这个句子意为“这再好不过了”本句型中的比较级,并非真的表示比较,而是表示强调,常常不翻译出否定的意思A:What doyou thinkofthebook你认为这本书怎样?B:It cantbe anybetter.太好了!1cant agreewith youmore.我完全赞同John cantbe moreserious thistime.约翰这次可是再认真不过了405It doesntmatter◎本句型意为“没关系”,是一种宽慰的话,表示不介意,不生气A:Weve missedthe train.我们误了火车了B:It doesntmatter,theres anotherone intenminutes.没关系,10分钟后还有一趟It doesntmatter ifyoure alittle late.你晚来一会儿不要紧Does itmatter whenhewillpay themoney他什么时候付款要紧吗?It doesntreally mattertomeif Idont seethe him.我不看那部电影也无所谓406It is/has been-since和Itwas-before1It is/hasbeen+时间名词+since从句表示“自从...以来,多长时间了”,主句通常用一般现在时,since从句用过去时,表示一个时间点It is/hasbeenfive weekssince Icame here.我来这里已经5个星期\提示上句中的five weeks和twenty years是作为一个整体看待的,所以用itiso2It was/had been—since表示从••…...时起,到过去某一时间止,己有多长时间了”She saiditwas/had beenthirty yearssince theymarried.她说他们结婚己有30年了3It was/willbe+时间名词+before从句表示“在多长时间后才发生某事”主句可用过去时或将来时,从句的时态要根据主句的时态进行变化It wasthree weeksbefore shereceived hisletter.3周后她才收到他的信Itll betwoyearsbefore Icome hereagain.2年后我才会再来这里(before从句中要用一般现在时表示将来)
④since从句中的谓语动词如果是非延续性的,该动词所表示的动作是起点时间It isfive monthssince sheleft forEngland.她去英国巳经5个月了It wastwo dayssince theygot there.他们到达那里已经两天了5since从句中的谓语动词如果是延续性的,该动词所表示的动作是终止时间It isayearsince shelived inthe town.她不住在这个城里己有1年了二She livedinthetown ayears ago.It wasten yearssince Itaught English.我不教英语己有10年了=1taught Englishten yearsago.407It issix minutespast seven.中的minutes不可省分钟+past/to+钟点是常用的表示时刻的结构如果分钟数是5或是5的倍数,minutes可以省略,也可不省;如果分钟数是其他数字,minutes一般不可省略It isfive minutespast seven.现在是7点5分It isten minutesto ten.现在是10点差10分It isnine minutesto eight.现在是8点差9分408It isa pitythat这个句型表示“太遗憾了,真可惜”,that有时以省略Whatapity—!为加强语气的感叹句式,意为•..多么可惜啊!What apity!也可单独使用Its apity youcant cometotheparty.你不能来参加聚会太遗憾了It isa greatpity I cant gowithyou.我不能同你一起去真是遗憾It isa thousandpitieshe didntseize theopportunity.真是太可惜了,他没有抓住那次机会What apity she didnt thinkof thatearlier!她没有早些想到那一点,多可惜啊!409It isa pleasure,My pleasure和With pleasureIt isa pleasure,My pleasure和With pleasure表示不客气,不用谢,高兴做某事,别人感谢你时,表示很乐意做某事,It isa pleasure也可说成Apleasureo AWill youpass methemagazine你把那本杂志递给我好吗?B:With pleasure.很乐意A:Thank youfor sendingthe cheque.感谢你送来了支票B:It wasa pleasure./My pleasure!另ij客气!提示at onespleasure表示随某人的意愿,takepleasure indoing sth.表示“喜欢做某事,很高兴做某事”You cando ittoday ortomorrow atyourpleasure.你今天做或明天做全随您愿She tookgreatpleasurein gardening.她醉心于园艺410It is not goodtodo这个句型意为“做••…是不好的,it作形式主语,good为形容词可用于本句型的形容词还有strange,useful,amusing,harmful等It isnot goodtotelllies.说谎是不好的It isgood ofyou to have helpedus.你帮助了我们真好It isnot usefulto cryoverspiltmilk.牛奶洒了,哭也没用It isamusing tolisten tohim talk.听他讲话真是件乐事It isharmful todrink too much wine.过度饮酒是有害的It wasquite beyondmetotranslatethebook.翻译这本书是我力所不及的41lit is likely that这个句型表示“极有可能......9,o likely虽以ly结尾,但却是形容词否定结构:It isnot likelythat-...(不太可能);类似结构It ispossible that--,It isimpossible that-o It islikely thathewill failthe exam.他很有可能考不及格It islikely thatshe willaccept ourproposal.她很有可能接受我们的建议It islikely thatwecanfinish thework beforethe endofthemonth.我]极有可能在月底前完成工作It islikelythatshe willdo itvery well.二She islikely todo itvery well.她有nJ能会做得很好412It isno usedoing这个句型意为“做......是无用的,形式主语it代替后面的动名词可用于本句型的名词还有good,harm,wonder等另外,某些形容词也可用于这个句型中,如pleasant,comfortable,hopeless,worthwhile等It isnousearguing aboutit.争论这件事是毫无用处的He thought that itwasnogood complaininganymore.他认为再抱怨也没有用It isno harmstoring morefood.多储备一些食物是没有害处的It isa wondermeeting youhere.在这里遇见你真是不可思议啊It iscomfortable lyinginthecool shade.在阴凉的树荫下躺着真舒适It ispleasant spendingthe afternooninthehills.在山里度过下午真开心413It isno wonder that这个句型意为“难怪,怪不得,that引导的从句为主语从句that常可省去本句型的变体有No wonderthatIt issmall/little wonderthato Itsno wonderyouve gota headache.You dranktoomuchwine lastnight.难怪你头痛,昨晚你酒喝得太多No wonderhe couldntrecite thestory.He wasntpaying attentiontotheteacher justnow.难怪他复述不了那个故事,他刚才根本就没听老师讲Its smallwonderthatshedidn*t want togo.难怪她不想去提示It isno wonder(that)的肯定结构为It isawonder(that),意为真奇怪,真令人称奇It isawonderthe oldlady stillrecognized meafter allthose years.那么多年后老太太居然还能认出我来真是难得414It issaid that◎本句型表示“据说类似的表达法还有Itis reportedthat(据报道),It isbelieved that(据信),It isthoughtthat(据认为)等注意,本结构中的that一般不可省It issaid thathe isa spy.据说他是个间谍可转换为He issaid tobe aspy.It is reported themayor died ina car accident.®报道,市长死于车祸可转换为The mayorisreportedtohavediedinacaraccident.It isbelieved thatman isthe master ofhisowndestiny.据信,人是自己命运的主人可转换为Man isbelieved tobe themasterofhisowndestiny.415It isthe firsttime+that从句◎本句型意为“第一次・......”,that从句常用现在完成时,若用It wasthe firsttime,that从句要用过去完成时It isthe firsttime thatI haveever been to theseaside.这是我第一次来到3uneducated指未受过学校的系统教育或未学过书本中的系统知识,有“文化素质差”的含义Many peoplewho havebeentoschool areuneducated.许多进过学校的人并没有受过良好的教育360ignore,neglect和shrug off以壮是lanore指主要明知有那么回事,却故意不了ignore personaldanger不顾个人安危
②neglect表示因粗心而注意不够或不加关心He neglectedthe trafficlight andalmost hadanaccident.他忽视了红绿灯,差点酿成车祸3shrug off表示“不予理会”,是指对别人的建议、评论和行为的反应,不以为然,拒绝接受,耸耸肩膀,但不一定说什么His motherreminded himagain andagain ofthe trafficlight buthe shruggedit off.他母亲反复提醒他注意红绿灯,但他就是听不进去361ill,sick,sickly和diseased1ill表示生病的,多用于fall/become/betaken ill(生病),beill(病了)中2sick在美式英语中表示“生病的”,也表示“欲呕吐的”He hasbeen illfor ayear.(英式英语)=He hasbeen sickforayear.(美式英语)他病了己有一年之久The smellmade meill.误The smellmade mesick,这味道令我作呕海滨It wasthefirsttime thatJack hadbroken therules.这是杰克第一次违反规章This isthefirsttime thatIhaveseen such a beautifulgarden.这是我平生第一次见到这么美的花园416itis+形容词+动名词/不定式◎本句型中的it是形式主语,真正主语是后面的动名词或不定式多数情况下,这种结构中用名词或不定式并无太大的区别,但表示“对......来说时,要用不定式It isabsurd talkinglike that.那样说话是荒唐的Itisdifficult beingparents.当父母是很难的I knowits awfulmy cominghere.我知道自己来这里是很煞风景的Its noteasytokeep up with thechanges incomputer technology.赶上计算机技术的变化是不易的Itiswise tomake fullpreparations.做好充分准备是明智的Is itpossible forman tofly tothe Mars人类飞到火星上去是可能的吗?3sick可表示“厌恶的犬用于be sick of…,相当于be tiredof—,be fedupwith,be boredwith-I amsickofhis arrogance.他的傲慢令我厌恶Im sickof listeningtohercomplaints.我对她的抱怨都听厌了提示
①sick表示“生病的”时,可作定语The sickman islyinginbed.病人躺在床上2作定语表示“坏的,丑的”等Ill newsspread far.恶事传千里He hasan illtemper.他脾气坏
③前有副词修饰时,表示“病的,1可作定语They arementally illpeople.他们是精神病患者
④sickly是指“老病号的,常病的”,作表语、定语都可以a sicklychild一个久病的孩子
⑤diseased是因感染或机能失调而得病,作定语和表语都可以The doctorremoved thepatients diseasedleftlung.医生摘除了病人病变的左肺362imaginable,imaginary才口imaginative
①imaginable可以想象得到的This isthebestmeans imaginable.这是能想象到的最好的办法You cancreate anythingimaginable byusingcomputers.使用计算机能可多创造出任何能想象出的东西2imaginary虚构的,假想的All thecharacters inthis bookare imaginary.本书中的所有人物都是虚构的3imaginative富有想象力的,运用想象力的He isan imaginativechild.他是一个富有想象力的孩子The examinerwaslooking forimaginativeanswers.主考人希望找至U具有想象力的答卷363imagine,guess和suppose
①imagine是及物动词,意为“想象,设想,料想”,结构为imagine sb.doing sth.imagine sb./oneself+补足语名词,分词,不定式imagine sb./oneself asimaqine+that从句i magine+what从句We canhardly imaginelife withoutelectricity.我们很难想象没有电生活会怎么样Icantimagine livingsuchalife.我无法设想过这样的生活Can youimagine herbecomingadriver你能想象她当了汽车司机吗?He likesto imaginehimself awriter.他喜欢想象自己是个作家Imagine yourselftobeon alonely island.想象一下你自己在一个荒岛上He imaginedhimself asmanager ofthe company.他把自己想象为公司的经理I imaginethathewont beable tocome.我料想他不能来了Icantimagine whothemanis.我想象不出这人是谁
②imagine,guess和suppose都可表示“猜想”,但有区别imagine指没有事实根据,凭主观想象或主观料想;guess指未作认真思考而猜想或猜测;s叩pose指根据某些事实进行推测比较I usedto imaginethathewasatall andthin man.我以前猜想他是个又高又瘦的人I guessthe stoneweighs about150jin.我猜那块石头大约重150斤I s叩pose heis right.我想他是对的364immediately,instantly和presently1immediately指中间没有明显可察的时间间隔Please closeyour booksimmediately andanswer thequestions.请立艮口合上书,回答问题2instantly恰在此刻,一秒钟也没有耽搁The driverwas killedinstantly.司机当即就死了3presently不久,即将Iwill dothe dishespresently,but Iwanttofinish readingthestory first.我马上就洗盘子,不过我得先把这个故事读完©immediately还可用作连词,意思上相当于assoon as,the momentWe leftthe barimmediately theclock struckeleven.时钟敲11点的时候我们离开了酒吧The childrenran offimmediately theysaw theowner ofthe garden.孩子们一看见花园的主人就跑开了365improve用法难点improve可以用作及物动词和不及物动词1improve用作及物动词,意为“改善,改进,提高”,结构为improve sth.be improvedIt greatlyimprovedtheworking conditions.这大大地改善了工作环境The machineisnotgood enough;Iwantto improveit.这部机器还不够。