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英语从句改写讲解各类从句详解英语从句可以分为名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句三大类下面我们逐一进行说明
一、名词性从句(主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句)主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句在复合句中的充当的成分和其名称相同,分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语上述这四种从句均被称为名词性从句所有的名词性从句均不能用逗号分开,并且它们都用相同的关联词,关联词如下
①主从连词:that(无意义),whether(是否),if(是否)(在句子中不充当任何成分)
②连接代词who(谁卜whom(谁%whose(谁的),what(什么),which(哪一个)
③连接副词when(什么时候),where(什么地方),how(怎样),why(为什么)主从连词只起连接作用,连接代词和连接副词除了起连接作用外,还充当从句某一个成分另外,可以用whatever,whichever,whoever,who(m)ever等连接代词引导名词性从句,来加强语气for.这就是你一直在找的人(whom/who/that在从句中作宾语)
5.She lives in the house whosedoor andwindows arebroken.她住在门窗已经坏了的房子里(whose指物,在从句中作定语)
6.How manystudents arethere inyour classwhose parentsserve in the governmentagencies你们班里有多少同学的父母在政府机关工作(whose指人,在从句中作定语)注意,在定语从句中的关系代词which,who,whom,that等,如果在从句中作宾语,也可以省略例如上面的第二句、第四句也可以改为The fewpoints thepresident stressedin hisreport arevery importantindeed.Here isthe manyou ve been lookingfor.•介词提前在从句中,如果which或whom在定语从句中原为介词的宾语,那么这个介词可以提到从句之前(但that,who不适用)例如The girlto whom you spokeis my sister.(=The girlwhomyou spoke to is mysister.)跟你说话的那个女孩是我妹妹前面说过,在定语从句中,如果关系代词做宾语可以省略,但是如果是介词的宾语,则关系代词省略后,介词不能提前,例如上句可改写为The girlyouspoketoismysister.(如果关系代词省略,to不能提前了)
(二)关系副词引出的定语从句关系副词when(指时间),where(指地点),why(指原因)等引出的定语从句分别用来修饰表示时间、地点、原因的先行词这些关系副词在从句中均作状语例如
1.At the time whenI sawhim,he waswell.在我看到他的时候,他身体很好
2.This isthe place where theaccident tookplace lastnight.这就是昨晚发生事故的地方
3.That isthe reasonwhy I am notin favorof yourplan•这就是我不赞成你的计划的原因可以用介词+which结构替换关系副词其中when=at/in/on/during which表示时间where=in/at which表示地点why=for which表示原因L Do you rememberthe daywhen/on whichyou joinedour club还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗?
2.He willalways rememberthe daywhen/on whichhis fatherreturned fromAmerica.他将永远记住父亲从美国返回的那一天
3.This was thetimewhen/at whichshe leftfor Beijing.这就是她动身去北京的时间
4.This isthehousewhere/in whichI livedtwo yearsago.这是我两年前住过的房子
5.1dont know the reasonwhy/for whichhe didn t come to the meeting yesterdaymorning.我不知道他为什么没参加昨天上午的会议
(三)限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句定语从句根据与先行词的密切程度可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切,从句是整个句子不可缺少的部分,如果去掉它,句子的意思就不完整或不明确从句与主句之间不用逗号隔开译成汉语时,一般先译定语从句,再译先行词
1.The distancethat lighttravels inone secondis300thousand kilometers.光在一秒钟所走的距离为30万公里
2.Those whowant togo pleasesign theirnames here•想去的人在这里签名
3.This isthe placewhere theAnti-Japanese Warbroke out.这里是抗日战争爆发的地方此外,前面所给出的例句均为限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句与先行词的关系比较松散,从句只是对先行词的附加说明如果去掉它,句子的意思仍然清楚从句与主句之间常用逗号隔开译成汉语时,从句常单独译成一句例如
1.Steel,which hasmany usefulproperties,is widelyused in the machine-building industry•钢有许多有用的特性,所以它在机械制造业中得到了广泛的应用
2.Mr.Brown,who justcame fromBritain yesterday,will teachus accountingthis term.布朗先生昨天刚从英国来,这学期将教我们会计学
3.She isgoing to spend thewinter holidaysin Hainan,where she has somerelatives.她准备至海南度寒假,那儿她有一些亲戚
(四)as引出的定语从句as常在suchas和sameas的结构中作关系代词,引出定语从句例如:
1.Such peopleas youdescribe arerare nowadays.你描述的这种人现在已经寥寥无几了篇二英语名词性从句(详细讲解)名词性从句第一部分语法讲解名词从句是指在句子中起名词作用的各种从句根据它们在句子中所起的作用不同,名词从句可以分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句如That theearth isround isa fact.I don t knowif heneeds myhelp.I dont knowwhere hewent.
3.表语从句表语从句在句中作表语,它位于主句中的连系动词后面结构主语+连系动词+表语从句常用的这类连系动词be,seem,remain,look等如The questionis whetherwe canHnish ourwork bytomorrow evening.问题在于我们能不能在明天晚上以前完成这项工作That iswhy shehad aday-off yesterday.这就是她昨天请假的原因Things are not alwaysas theyseem to be.事情并不总是如其表象It lookedas ifit isgoing tosnow.看起来要下雪了It may be becausehe istoo young.这可能是因为他太年轻了
4.宾语从句宾语从句可以作谓语动词的宾语,也可以作介词和非限定动词(动词不定式、动名词、分词)和某些形容词的宾语1)作动词的宾语如I know that he is friendlyand hospitable.我知道他很友好而且好客I askedhim ifhe issure heknows what he isdoing我问他是否确信知道自己在做什么2)作介词宾语如He wasinterested inwhatever hesaw here.他对在那里看到的无论什么都感兴趣O I know nothingabout thematter exceptwhat youtold me.除你告诉我的情况以外,对此事我一无所知注“介词+it+that”结构中,it可以看成是that从句的先行词如You maydepend onit that they willsupport you.你放心,他们会支持你的I11see toit that everything isready intime.我将负责按时做好一切准备3)作形容词的宾语从句可作有些形容词的宾语如:sure,certain,glad,sorry,happy,afraid,pleased,surprised等如I amsure thatshe will come andjoin us.我相信她会来参加我们的活动I amnot certainwhether thetrain willarrive ontime.我没有把握火车是否会准点到达He ispleased that hehaspassed atough test.他很高兴他通过了很难的测试注:a在口语和非正式文体中,that在引导宾语从句时,可以省去如They saythat heis muchbetter.他们说他好多了I amafraid that he forgotabout it.我恐怕他忘得一干二净了b如果宾语从句后面有补语,要用形式宾语it来代替,而将从句放在补语后面去如:He hasmade itclear that themeetingwill notbe postponed.他说得很清楚这个会议将不推迟We thinkit wrongthat hedidnthelp her.我觉得他不帮助她是不对的c如果主句的谓语是过去时,宾语从句的时态要调整成相应的时态但是如果宾语从句表示的是客观真理或自然现象,其谓语时态仍然用一般现在时如He saidthat hewould come again.他说他会再来He saidthathehad lefthis umbrellain thelibrary.他说Jc II伞忘在图书馆了The teachertold usthat theearth movesround thesun•老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转d在believe,think,suppose,expect等动词所跟的宾语中,如果从句谓语是否定的,一般要将否定词移至主句谓语上,而将从句宾语变为肯定式如I dont supposeit isthe rushhour yet.我看还没有到交通高峰期I amsorry,but I don,t thinkIknowyou,很抱歉,我想我并不认识你e)在hope,believe,imagine,suppose,think等及物动词以及I amafraid等表达的后面,可以用so代替一个宾语从句,该宾语从句通常是上文提到的一件事如Do youthink wewill havegood weather你认为我们会有好天气吗?I hopeso.我希望如此其否定形式用上述动词的否定式(hope除外),或者用not代替so.I dont believeso.或I believenot.我想不是这样I hopenot.我不希望这样
5.同位语从句1)同位语从句用于表示名词的内容,对其加以解释能跟有同位语从句的往往是具有一定内容含义的抽象名词这些抽象名词有belief(信念),decision(决定),fact(事实),idea(主意、想法),news(消息,新闻)等如We werevery excitedat the news thatour Chineseathletes wonmany goldmedals.我们听到我们中国运动员赢得了许多金牌的消息非常激动下面分别对各种名词性从句进行介绍一主语从句subject clause在主句中用作主语的主谓结构称之为主语从句例如That hewillcometo thediscussion iscertain•他来参加讨论是确定的That themoon movesround theearth iswell knownto allOf US.月球绕地球转动,这是我们大家都熟知的When themeeting isto beheld hasnot yetbeen decide.会议什么时候召开还没有决定主语从句放在句首,句子常常显得比较笨重,因此通常可以把让放在句首,作形式主语,而将主语从句放在后面例如上面的句子可以分别改写为It iscertain thathewillcometothediscussion.It iswell knownto allof usthat themoon movesround theearth.It hasnot yetbeen decidewhenthemeeting istobeheld.下面再举一些例句What they are afteris pro行t.他们追求的是利润That heis still alive issheer hick.他还活着全靠运气Who didthe workisunknown.谁干了这工作无人知道Whether she will join us wont maketoo muchdifference.The factthat thecontract wassigned wasimportant•签订了合同这件事本身就很重要I haveno ideawhen shewill beback.我不知道他何时回来2)同位语从句有时不是紧跟在有关的名词后面,而是被其他的词隔开了如We havejust hearda warningon theradio that a typhoonmaybeon itsway.我们刚从广播里听到一则气象警报,说有一股台风即将到来The storygoes that they aredivorced eachother.传说他们离婚了3)同位语从句和定语从句的区别同位语从句中,从句既说明抽象名词,又等同于抽象名词如果是连词that引导的,that不作从句的成分,一般不能省去定语从句中,从句修饰、限制先行词,由关系词替代先行词在句中充当成分,关系词作从句宾语时可以省去如We aredelighted atthe newsthat weare going to spendour summervacation inDalian.听到暑假即将要在大连度过的消息,我们非常高兴(同位语从句,news=that weare going tospendour summervacation inDaliano That在从句中不充当句子成分,只起连接作用)Neither ofus showedany interestin thenew thatJohn toldus yesterday.对约翰昨天告诉我的消息我俩都不感兴趣(定语从句That在从句中充当tell的宾语)第二部分巩固练习把下列句子改写成it作主语的句子:
1.That theworld isround isa factIt isa factthat theworld isround.
2.That smoking can cause cancer istrue.It istrue thatsmokingcancausecancer.
3.That English is becoming an international language istrue.It istrue thatEnglishisbecominganinternationallanguage.将括号里的疑问句变成名词从句
4.is unimportantto me.Does shecome Whether she comesis unimportantto me.
1.1dont know.How oldis heIdontknowhow oldheis.
6.was interesting.What washe talking about Whathe wastalkingaboutwas interesting.
7.Please tellme.Where doyou livePlease tellme whereyou live.
8.1wonder.Why diddinosaurs becomeextinct I wonder whydinosaurs becameextinct.
9.Do youknowWhen arethey comingDo youknow whentheyarecoming
10.is none of your business.Where didshe goWhere shewent isnoneofyourbusiness.第三部分总结本次课主要讲述了名词性从句的用法,需要大家重点掌握
1.It作形式主语的主语从句
2.believe,think,suppose,expect等动词在宾语从句中的否定前移问题
3.同位语从句和定语从句的区别篇三定从句修改好篇四高考英语短文改错考点解析-从句及并列连词高考英语短文改错考点解析从句及并列连词高考英语短文改错考点解析从句
一、考点规律分析短文改错对从句引导词的考查主要涉及根据句意正确选用引导词、引导词的误加与漏用、将不是从句的东西误认为是从句而误加引导词等
二、真题单句归纳
(1)In thelast fiveyears thattheyve climbedchurches,high buildingsand televisiontowers.(去掉that,因此处的in thelast fiveyears为时间状语,其后无需用that)(全国卷)
(2)Charles said,“As soonI seea reallytall building,I wantto climbit.(I前加as,因为as soonas为引导时间状语从句的引导词)(全国卷)
(3)Most peoplecan quicklyget helpfrom adoctor orgo to a hospitalsince theyare ilL(since改为when/if/whenever.从句意上看此处用since讲不通,改为if/when/whenever均可)(全国卷)
(4)However,there arestill somecountries therepeople haveshorter lives,(there改为where,where在此引导定语从句)(全国卷)
(5)…in otherplaces whereyou are limited toa certain number,of whichsome maybe novels.(去掉where,in otherplaces在此为地点状语)(全国卷)
(6)…in otherplaces you arelimitedtoacertainnumber,of that some maybe novels,(that改为which,因介词后要用Which来引导定语从句)(全国卷)
(7)...and whether you paythe costof sendinga postcard,the librarianwill writeto you.(whether改为if,表示“如果”时,不能用whether)(全国卷)
(8)I alsoenjoyed theevenings whenwe spenttogether.(去掉when或将when改为that,因这里的定语从句中谓语动词(spent)缺宾语,故只能用关系代词that或将其省略)(全国卷)
(9)I livein Beijing,where isthe capitalof China,(where改为which,因此处要填关系代词作主语)(全国卷)
(10)...but itdidnt matterthat Iwould winor not.(that改为whether,whether与or not搭配,表示是否)(全国卷)
(11)I feltso nervousas Ishook likea leaf,(as改为that,so…that…为固定句式,其中的that引导结果状语从句)(全国卷)
(12)In oneclass9I learnedit rained,(it前力口why,why在此表原因)(北京春季卷)
(13)For example,when hebought achocolate cake,he putit ina secretplacewhereI couldntfind.(where改为that/which,或去掉where,I couldntfind为修饰place的定语从句,其前用关系代词,也可省略)(北京春季卷)
(14)It was about noonwe arrivedatthefoot ofthe mountain.(we前加when,时间状语从句缺少连词引导)(全国卷)
(15)Besides,I havefew friends,I dontknowthatthey dontlike totalk withme.(that改为why,why引导宾语从句,表示原因)(年全国卷)
(16)I havea goodfriend whosname isLiu Mei.whos改为whose,因whos=who is,不仅结构错误,而且意思也不通;whose引导定语从句,表示“的”)(福建卷)
(17)It has been fiveyears whenwe graduated,but thosememories areas sweetas everbefore,when改为since,Itis/hasbeen+时间段+since谓语动词是短暂性动词是固定句型,意为“自……以来有多久了”年天津卷
三、模拟单句演练1He isthe manhis carwas stolen.2Thats thehotel whichwe werestaying last summer.3Thats thepalace wherewe visitedlastsummer.4I suddenlywoke upin mid-night.And it was along timeI gotto sleepagain.5In thepast fewyears whenweve plantedthousands oftrees alongthe river.6At theairport whereall thebaggage mustbe examined.7He wrotemealetter andasked Iwas gettingon.8She stayedin Francefor10years.Thats shespoke Frenchso welL9Its reallya beautifulplace,where everyonehopes tovisit.10It costnothing.Anyone canget itunless helikes it.「参考答案」1his改为whose,whose在此引导定语从句2which改为where,where引导定语从句且在从句中用作状语;此题还可在staying后加in.3where改为which/that,也可去掉where,H visit为及物动词,此处应用关系代词作其宾语也可省略4第二个I前加before,此句意为“过了好久我才又睡着5去掉when,否则全句没有主语6去掉where,否则全句没有主语7asked后加how,否则句意不通8Thats后加why,否则句意不通9where改为which,which在此引导非限定性定语从句,且在从句中用作宾语(用作visit的宾语)10unless改为if,否则句意不通高考英语短文改错考点类析并列连词
一、考点规律分析短文改错对并列连词的考查主要涉及and,but,or,so等几个表示并列、转折、选择、因果等关系的词语严格说来,这类错误主要属于行文逻辑的错误
二、真题单句归纳
(1)We triedto fixit and there wasnothing wecould do.(and改为but,因此处语意转折)(全国卷)
(2)I toldMother,Father,Sister,all myfriends herewhat agreat timeI had.(all前力口and,表示并列关系)(全国卷)
(3)Itisa very important exambut Icant affordto failit.but改为and/so,此处表因果关系,并非转折关系北京春季卷
(4)She wassmiling butnodding atme.but改为and,因此处并无转折之意全国卷
(5)It looksas ifmy parentstreat measa visitor anda guest,and改为or,avisitor和a guest应是选择关系,意思是“好像我的父母亲把我当作一个来访者或一个客人”)
(6)The foodwas expensiveandtheservice wasgood.(and改为but,此处意义发生转折)(全国卷)
(7)Im thecaptain ofour schoolteam sowith myfellow playersweve wonseveral games,(so改为and,表并列关系)(安徽春季卷)
(8)My grandmawasthe best cookintheworld butcould makethe mostdelicious dishes,(but改为and,此处表示并列,而不是转折)(江苏卷)
(9)So onceyouve startedcollecting seriously,you...(So改为But,因为前后是转折关系)(年浙江卷)
(10)Clever asshe is,but sheworks veryhard.(去掉but,因前面已有引导让步状语从句的连词as(=though虽然),千万不要受汉语句式“虽然……但是……”的影响,而重复用连词)(福建卷)
(11)I teachthem,play withthem,but watchthem growingup.(but改为and,因为teach/play与watch是并列关系,而不是转折关系)(湖北卷)
三、模拟单句演练
(1)Do youwant abath atonce,and shallI havemine first
(2)Are yougoingtoclean yourcar beforeand aftersupper
(3)Hurry up,and youllbe latefor schooL
(4)She neversaid she was rich,and she was.
(5)Mr Smithworked veryhard sowithout anysuccess.
(6)Everyone askedmetogo,but Iwent.「参考答案」1and改为or,or在此表选择2and改为or,or在此表选择3and改为or,or在此表示“要不然”、“否则”4and改为but,but在此表示转折句中的shewas为shewasrich之省略5so改为but,此处语意转折6but改为so,so在此表示因果关系It wont maketoo muchdifference whether shewilljoinus.她是否参与我们的活动无关紧要Which way is more effective isstill aquestion.Itisstillaquestion whichwayismoreeffective.哪种办法效率更高还是个问题二表语从句predicative clause在主句中担当表语的主谓结构称之为表语从句One ideais thatfish isthebestbrain food.有一种看法认为鱼是最好的补脑食品The problemis wherewe canhold ourmeeting•问题是我们可以在哪儿举行会议My questionis howinformation isstored inthe long-term memory.我的问题是信息是怎样储存在长期记忆中的That iswhathereally wants.那就是他真想要的东西It seemsthateverythinggoes smoothly.似乎一切都进行得很顺利三宾语从句object clause在主句中作谓语动词、介词及非谓语动词的宾语的主谓结构称之为宾语从句在引导宾语从句时,从属连词that在口语中和非正式文本中常省略1动词后的宾语从句We knowthat aparrot can^t reallyspeak.我们知道鹦鹉不会真的说话He wantsto tellus whathe thinks.他想告诉我们他所想的事情Knowing thatitwasgoingtorain,they decidedto workinside thehouse.知道要下雨了,于是他们决定在室内工作(现在分词knowing的宾语从句)I wantto knowwhether/if youstill workinthefactory.我想知道你是否还在工厂工作(不定式to know的宾语从句)The clubwill givewhoever winsa prize.获胜者俱乐部将颁奖Up tonow wecantsay whetherhis theorycan standthe test.到目前为止我们还不能说他的理论是否经得住考验A littleobservation willshow howthe temperaturechanges.稍加观察就可以看出温度是怎样变化的Doyouknow wholivesinthis room你知道谁住在这房间里吗?2介词后的宾语从句He laughedat whatthey said.她对他们说的话一笑置之There isdisagreement amongeconomists aboutwhat moneyis andhow moneyis measured.什么是货币以及怎样计量货币在经济学家之间存在分歧
(3)形容词的宾语从句有些形容词可以用that引导宾语从句,表示说话人对某一事物的态度并带有感情色彩o常见的这类形容词有:afraid,amazed,astonished,aware,certain,confident,delighted,glad,grateful,happy,proud,sad,sorry,sure,surprised等“害怕,惊讶,震惊,意识,确定,自信,高兴,高兴,高兴,高兴,自豪,伤心,对不起,当然,惊讶”例如I amglad that you havecome.你来了,我真高兴Iamafraid thatyouarewrong onthis point.恐怕你在这点上是错误的He isquite confidentthathewill passthe examination•他很有信心通过这个考试
(四)同位词从句(apposition clause)同位语从句就是在句子中担当同位语的主谓结构主句中有些词义比较抽象的名词,如belief,doubt,evidence证据,idea,fact,hope,news,possibility,question,thought等,可以用that、连接代词和连接副词引出同位语从句There isno doubtthatalarge numberof peoplebenefit fromheart surgery.毫无疑问,有许多人得益于心脏外科手术I havean ideathat parentsshould monitor监控the kindof televisiontheir childrenwatch.我有一个想法,父母应该检查孩子看电视的内容There isthenewsthatsomeBritish customerswill visitour company.有消息说几个英国客户要来我公司参观Is thereany proofthatthefood ofthe plantdiffers fromthat ofanimals是否有任何证据可以说明植物性的食物不同于动物性的食物呢?We allknowthefactthatorganization helpsmemorization.我们都知道这样一个事实把要记忆的材料组织起来有助于记忆注意虽然that在同位语从句中没有什么意义,但不能省略区别尽管由that引导的同位语从句与that引导的定语从句很相似,但两者有明显的区别(a)that在同位语从句中是连词,只起连接作用,无具体词义,不能在从句中充当成分;而用that引导的定语从句中,that是关系代词,在从句中充当一定成分,并有词意b同位语从句与其先行词在逻辑上有“主系表”的关系,例如上面的第一句可以理解为“许多人得益于心脏外科手术是毫无疑问的”上述其它各句也是如此,而定语从句则没有这种关系五只可用whether但不可用if的情况if,whether引导的名词性从句表示“是否”,其异同点如下:相同点a用作宾语从句时,它们可互相替换例如Iwonderif/whetheryoucan helpme.我想知道你是否能帮助我b都可与or连用例如Please tellme i^whether theyare Swedishor Danish.诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人不同点只可用whether但不可用if的情况a if不能用于在句首的主语从句例如Whether Johnwill goremains aquestion.约翰是否去还是一个问题Whethershelikes thepresent isnot clearto me.她是否喜欢礼物我还不清楚但可以说It snotclearto me if^whethershelikes thepresent.因为没有在句首,所以可以用if bif不能用于表语从句The pointis whetherwe shouldlend himthe money.问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他c if不能引导介词的宾语从句I worryabout whetherhe canpass throughthe crisisof hisillness.我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期d if不能引导同位语从句They areinvestigating thequestion whetherthe manis trustworthy.他们调查他是否值得信赖eif后不能接or notI dontcare whetheryou likethe planor not.我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划是用if还是用whether是一个考点,但能用if的场合一定能用whether,反之则不然
二、定语从句在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句是定语从句attributive clause被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词,定语从句必须放在先行词后面定语从句一般由关系代词that,which,who,whom,whose和关系副词when,where,why弓I出注意区别在名词性从句中,that是连词,在句中不充当任何成分,且没有任何意义;而在定语从句中,that是关系代词,在句中充当一定成分,并有词意
(一)由关系代词引出的定语从句关系代词which指物,在从句中作主语或宾语;who指人,在从句中作主语或宾语;whom指人,在从句中作宾语;that指人或物,常用于替代which,who,whom,在从句中作主语或宾语whose指人或物,在从句中作定语例如
1.There aremany soundswhich/that havea meaningand yetarenotwords.有许多声音有意义但不是词(which/that在从句中作主语)
2.The fewpoints which/thatthepresident stressedin hisreport areveryimportantindeed•校长在报告中强调的几点确实非常重要(which/that在从句中作宾语)
3.Some peoplewho/that aresuccessful languagelearners oftenfail inot herfields.有些在语言学习上很成功的人,在其他领域常常一无所成(who/that在从句中作主语)
4.Here isthe manwhom/who/thatyouvebeenlooking。