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idea,ideology,concept,conception,notion,opinion,thought,view,point of view⑴
①idea在日常用语中泛指“思想,主意,意见,想法,概念”等This bookgives youa goodidea of life in ancient Greece.这本书使你对古希腊的生活有一个清楚的概念You shouldntforce yourideas onothers.你不应该强迫别人接受你的意见You canhave noidea of how anxiouswe havebeen.你根本不知道我们有多着急I have an idea that Mr.Smith will not come tomorrow.我认为史密斯先生明天不会来
②idea也可指社会某一部分,某一阶级持有的思想、观点、观念等Once thecorrect ideascharacteristic of the advancedclass aregrasped bythe masses,these ideaswill turninto amaterial forcetransforming heavenand earth.代表先进阶级的正确思想一旦为群众掌握,就会变成改天换地的物质力量2ideology指代表个人、团体等,特别是形成一种经济或政治制度基础的思想方式、体系,意识形态或观念,如bourgeois/Marxist/totalitarian ideologiesoRace prejudiceis anindispensable partof theideology ofhuman exploitation.种族偏见是人类剥削意识形态不可分割的一部分I amdefending myCommunist ideology,my ideals,the contentand significanceof mywhole life.我捍卫我的共产主义思想体系,我的理想,我整个生命的内涵和意义3concept是对一类事物通过理性概括形成的基本观念、个别具体的概念或思想A smallbaby hasno conceptof rightand wrong.婴儿是没有是非观念的His behaviordoes notaccord withour moralconcepts.他的行为不符合我们的道德观念The scientistpresented a new conceptof thebeginning of the universe.这位科学家对于宇宙的起源提出了一个新观念The policywas madeaccording tothis fundamentalstrategic conceptof his.这项政策是根据他的这一基本战略思想制定的conception既指概念思想的形成构思、构想,也可指个别的、具体的概念、思想We shouldfoster a high conception of patriotismamong theyoung students.勒门应在青年学生中培养高度的爱国主义思想The conceptionsof educationare changingradically with the economic3improve可用作及物动词,意为“增进,改进,改善I thinkyou canimprove yourhealth byexercise.我想你可以通过锻炼来增进健康Dont youthink we should do our bestto improveourselves in English你不认为我们应尽力在英语方面提高自己吗?in,into1一般说来,in用于表示静止不动的位置,意为“在里面into用于表示到某一具体地方终止的运动,意为“进入……里面She came into theroom laughing,but he went outcrying.她笑着走进房间,但他却哭着走出去了My mothersthe womanin thechair bythe window.我母亲就是坐在窗前椅子上的那一位2in可代替into与许多动词连用,表示运动,这类动词主要是含有终止意味的动作,如put,sit down,throw,jump,fall,dip,cut,thrust,introduce,break等He puthis handin/into hispocket.他把手放进了口袋里He jumpedin/into the river tosave thelittle girl.他跳入河里去救那个小女孩My unclesat downin his armchair and looked atme.我叔叔在扶手椅里坐下来,看着我Throw itin/into the wastepaper basket.把它扔进废纸篓里He wenton,with hishands thrustdeep downin/into hispockets.他继续讲篁,两手深深地插入口袋里2但在表示运动的动词go,come,walk,run,dive,fly,flee等之后,要用intOo Shecameintomy studyholding a newspaper.她手里握着一张报纸来到我的书房He walkedout into the gardenand pickedsome strawberriesfor me.他到花园去为我摘了一些草莓The boysdived into the swimmingpool oneafter another.这些男孩一个接一个跳进了游泳池里The oldlady flewinto a great passion.老太太勃然大怒3into只能用作介词;in还可用作副词Come in,please.请进in,inside of,within1用来表示时间时,in的意思是“在……末”;within意为“在……期间之内;不超过”,在时间界限上有差别Ill finish this jobin two weeks.我将在两周后完成这项工作Ill finishthis job within twoweeks.=..in lessthan twoweeks.我将在两周内完成这项工作Well come to see you in a week我们将在一周后来看你2in和within在表示位置时有时可以换用Is Mr.Smith in/within史密斯先生在吗?The postoffice isin/within walkingdistance of my house.邮局离我家很近,步行就能到3在美式英语口语中,有时把inside of用作within Ican finishthe taskinside oftwoweeks.我能在两周内完成这项工作in behalf of,on behalf of,on onesbehalf in behalfof在美式英语中意为“为了……的利益;为着……;代表“;on behalfof和on onesbehalf也是“为了的缘故;为了……的利益;代表……表示代表……”时,用on behalfof较多Please allowme,on/in behalfof mycolleagues,to expressour heartfeltthanks toyou gentlemenfor yourwarm welcome.请允许我代表同事们对你们的热情欢迎向各位先生们表示我们衷心的感谢Im writingon behalfof mymother,to expressher thanksfor yourgift.我代表我妈妈写信,表达她对您赠送礼物的感谢1felt painednot beingable to do anythingon yourbehalf.我为不能为您做任何事情而感到痛苦The ministerworked hardall hislife inbehalfof the poor.这位牧师一生为了穷人努力工作The directorwill signthe documenton/inbehalfof thecompany.董事长将代表公司签署这份文件in casethat,in case of,in the case of,in the event that,in the event of1in casethat意为“万一,以防,如果“,指为了安全等目的事先做某事以做防范,防止不好的事发生,或为了对以后可能出的情况做好准备You should insure yourhouse in case theresa fire.你应为你的房子投保,以防发生火灾You shouldtelephone999if theresa fire.如果发生火灾,你应拨打999*上面两句中所说事项发生的次序是不同的第一句是说在火灾可能发生前对房子投保;第二句是说在发生火灾时打电话给消防部门这里in case表示防备万一;if表示已有某种结果/后果Take Johnsaddress with you,in casethat youhave time to see him when youre inLondon.把约翰的地址带上,万一你在伦敦时有时间可以去看他In case I forget,please remindme of my promise.7a一我忘了,请提百星一下我许过的诺言2
①in case of较in case意思要宽,可用于与if相同的场合,意为“万一,如果”In caseof fire,ring thealarm bell.=If there isa fire...万一发生火灾,拉响警钟In caseof rain,the meetingwill beput off.万一下雨,会议将推迟
②用in case的句子中,常要用should,特别是在书面语中;口语中常用直陈语气万一下雨,运动会将推迟The sportsmeet will be postponed,in caseit rains.口语The sportsmeet will be postponed,in caseit shouldrain.书面语*但也有人认为用should比不用should表示发生的可能性更小Fil getsome beerin caseAunt Marycomes.She may come.我将弄些啤酒来,万一玛丽姨妈过来
③在表示过去情况时,,in case之后往往用should,特别是在书面语中口语中常不用o Ipacked aswimsuit in caseI should havetime to go to the beach.我将游泳衣装入行李,以备我有时间去海滩时用He tookan umbrella with himin caseit shouldrain/it rained.他带上一把雨伞,以防下雨
④in case后面也可不接句子,意为“以防万一It mayrain一youd bettertake anumbrellawithyou just incase.可能要下雨,你最好带上雨伞以防万一The busis usuallyon time,but startearly,justincase.公共汽车通常是准时的,不过还是早点动身,以防万一3in the caseof意为“对于•..来说;就....的情况而言”,相当于“as faras...is/are/was/were concerned”Poverty depressesmost people;but in thecaseofmyfather,it onlymade himwork harder.贫穷使大爹数人消沉但就我父亲来说,却只会使他更加努力Its thekind ofstory wethink of as myth.But in thecaseof Lincolnits true.这是我们通常认为是神话的故事,但就林肯来说,这却是真实的41in the event that可以表示“如果”,与用f和incase作“如果”解时意思相同In theevent thatour teamwins,well holda bigparty.如果我们队赢了,我们将召开一个大型庆祝会
②in theevent还作“实际情况是•…”解,常与but连用,后接句子We hadgrave doubtsabout thewisdom of the planin privateat the time,but in theeventit provedto bemost advantageous to us.当时,我们在私下里对该计划的明智性提出了严重怀疑,但实际情况证明它对我们极为有益In theevent of her beingsick,she willlose heropportunity to go abroad.万一一她病了,她将失去出国的机会In theevent Incaseofrain theceremony will be heldindoors.万一下雨,仪式将在室内举行in duty bound,in honor bound induty bound意为“有责任做某事;感到应该“;in honorbound指“道义感使不得不;在道义上应该“,两者均后接不定式Were indutybound to helpthe needyor thosein distress.我们应该帮助那些穷苦人或不幸的人们_In dutybound,hewentback to see hisparents.受责任驱使,他回去看了父母Youre inhonorboundto givehim helpwhen hedid thesame foryou.他帮过你,你在道义上也应该给他帮助1felt honorboundtohelp himwhen he was indifficulty.在他处于困难中时,我觉得在道义上应该帮助他in theevening,on theevening of,towards evening,on theeve of1in theevening意为“在晚上在早晨/上午in the morning;在下午in theafternoon;在夜间in thenight,at night,during thenighto Italways takesme agesto wakeup in themorningin winter.冬天早晨我总是需要很久才能醒来2at night与during theday在白天相对而言,是泛指Fd like to workat night,and sleepduring theday.我喜欢夜间工作,白天睡觉3如要具体说哪一天的上午、下午、晚上等,或者要对其进行描述,就要用on,而不用in Seeyou onMonday morning.MJ一早晨见On acold afternoonin January,John camefrom Washingtonto seeme.在1月的一个寒冷的下午,约翰从华盛顿来看我The storyhappened ona rainyevening/morning,in themonth ofMay.这故事发生在5月一个下雨的晚上/上午I dontlike to see peopleon thenights whenFve beenworking late.在我工作到很晚的夜晚,我不喜欢会见人He arrivedin NewYork lateon theevening of the15th ofMay.他5月15日晚上很晚才到纽约Id liketo strollthe woodinasummer evening.此处用in,并不特指某天晚上我喜欢在夏天的晚上在这个小树林里漫步4on theeve of意为“在..除夕;在....前夕”,也可用于比喻意义On NewYears EveI got a letterfrom my brother.新年除夕,我接到弟弟一封信Try on.Dont give up.Youre on theeveof success.继续来,别放弃,你马上就要成功了⑴towards evening意为“天快黑时,傍晚It was raining harderand hardertowards eveningthat day.那天傍晚,雨越下越大in the field,in the fields,at the field,on thefield1in thefield意为“在战场”,“参战”,“参加比赛;在野外/实地/现场”,在......领域/范围/行业内”Are youin thefield for the100-metre race你参加百米赛跑了吗?In everyfield ofscience,art andliterature they have madeoutstanding contributions.在科学、艺术和文学的每一领域,他们都做出了卓越的贡献The newmachine hasyet to be testedin thefield.这台新机器还需在现场测试When aboy,I used to playin thefield withmybrother.孩提时,我常和我弟弟在野地里玩The generalserves betterin thefield thanat adesk.比起在写字台前,这位将军在战场上能更好地发挥自己的才能⑵in thefields是“在田野里,在田地里”Though it was drizzling,they wenton workingin thefields.虽然下着毛毛雨,但是他们一直在地里干着活⑶at thefield意为“在运动场上A basketballmatch willbe heldat thefield this afternoon.今天下午,在运动场上将举行一场篮球赛4on thefield是“在战场上”,等于on thebattle field,也可指在赛场上He waskilled on thefieldof battlein theHuaihai Campaignof
1948.他在1948年淮海战役中牺牲在战场上On thebaseball field,the umpiresword isfinal/the umpirehas the final word.在棒球场上,裁判具看决定权in the north,on the north,to the north,at the north⑴
①in thenorth意思是“在北部”,指在“在……之内的北部”His homeusedto be in thenorth of the city,but nowhe hasmoved into thecitycenter.他家原来在该城的北部,但现在已迁入市中心了
②in thenorth还可笼统地指“在北方,在北部Clouds aregathering in thenorth—it lookslike rain/snow soon.乌云在北面聚积,像是很快要下雨/雪了2不跑也,意也是得接瓷“,在北面,两者Mongolia lies on thenorth of China.蒙古位于中国之北31to thenorth是指外部的北部,如果两者紧挨着,可用on thenorth,也可用to thenortho Canadalieson/to thenorth of the UnitedStates.加拿大位于美国的北面Taiwan liesto thenorth of the Philippines^不能用on台湾岛位于菲律宾群岛的北面
②to thenorth也可指向北方”I hearhe isgoing to thenorthnext week.听说他下周要去北方⑷at thenorth是美式英语用法,英式英语用in thenortho Beijingis at/in thenorth ofChina.北京位于中国北部5在用作方位,表示某个国家、地区东西南北界线时,“on the”可以省去不用Switzerland isbounded on thenorthby Germany,on thewest byFrance,on theeast byAustria andon thesouth byItaly.瑞士北邻德国,西接法国,东靠奥地利,南接意大利*southeast,west也可分别组成类似短语,用法也与此相同in spite of,despite,for all,for all that,with all,notwithstanding,regardless of,without regardfor/to,without distinctionof,without reference to,without respectto/of⑴
①in spite of意为“尽管……”,为普通用语,但语气较重,差不多相当于由although引导的从句We wentout in spiteof the rain.=...although it wasraining.尽管下雨,我们还是出去了In spiteof the fact that he hadmade desperateefforts,he failedthe examinEnglish.尽管他做出了极大努力,他英语考试还是不及格
②in spiteof与because of为反义词He marriedher because ofher looks.=.because she was beautiful.因为她的相貌出众他娶了她He marriedher in spiteofherlooks.=..although she was ugly.尽管她长相丑陋他还是娶了她2
①despite为书面语,意思与in spiteof相同,常可换用He decidedto keepon despitehis failurein theexperiment.尽管试验失败了,他还是决定坚持下去Despite hisadvanced years,hes learningto drive.尽管他上了年纪,他仍在学习开车2despite可直接与that从句连用,in spiteof则不能They decidedto go for anouting despitethat itwas drizzling.尽管下着毛毛雨,他们还是决定夕「出郊游Despite/In spiteof the fact that he had been runningahighfever,he kepton fightingthe floodson thebank of the river.尽管他发着烧,他还是坚持在河堤上抗洪⑶for疝与with all意思相同,也是“尽管……;不顾常用于书面语,构成强调句型for/with all常与in spiteof all换用For allAVithall/In spiteof all his achievements,he remainsmodest andprudent.尽管他取得了那些成就,他依然谦虚谨慎For allAVithall hisfaults,he is still trust・worthy.尽管他有缺点,但他仍值得信任4for allthat多用于口语,意思是“尽管是那样“He sayshe didntdo it,but Imsure hedid itfor allthat.=..inspiteof what he hassaid.尽管他说他没做那件事,但我肯定他还是做了We sometimesquarreled witheach other,but wewere goodfriends for allthat.我们有时相互争吵,尽管如此,我们还是好朋友⑸
①notwithstanding作介词用时,意为“尽管”,与inspiteof同义,语气较轻,但文气较重Notwithstanding theirnaughtiness,I lovemy littlegirls.尽管我的小女儿们调皮,我仍然爱她们The matchwas heldas plannednotwithstanding thebad weather.尽管天气不好,比赛还是如期举行了
②notwithstanding可接that从句We wouldtake up the tasknotwithstanding that they advisedus notto.我们将接受这次任务,尽管他们劝我们不要接受3notwithstanding可以用作副词,意为“仍然,尽管如此”Whatever youmay say,T1do itnotwithstanding.不管你说什么我仍然要做这件事regardless of意为“不管••…・•如何;不顾”;without regardfor/to意为“也不管..,两者意思近似Well do it regardless of/without regardto theprice.不论代价如何,我们都要做这件事Some peopleact regardlessof/without regardfor whatwill happenafterwards.有些人办事不顾后果7without distinctionof意为“不加区分,不分,不论The Presidentshook handswith everyone,without distinctionof rank.不论职位高低,总统跟每一个人都握了手8without referenceto意为“不论...;不管....“与regardlessof,without regardfor/to,without distinctionof常可互换This test is to be takenby allpupils withoutreferencetoage orgrade.这项测试,不论年龄和级别,所有小学生都将参加⑼without respectto/of意思也是“不论....;不管....Everybody cancome to the school,without respectto/of class,race orsex.不论阶级、种族或性别,谁都可以来这所学校上学Those whohave brokenthe lawmust bepunished withoutrespect ofpersons.违反法律的人,不论是谁,都必须受到惩罚in the streets,on the streets1in thestreets意为“在大街上”或“在户外”I metan oldfriend ofmine in thestreetyesterday.昨天我在大街上遇到一个老朋友It isdangerous tobe in thestreetsafter darkin thattown.在那个镇上,天黑以后还待在街上是危险的2在上述句子中,美国人用on thestreet,但在英式英语中,on thestreet却意味着做妓女,等于to live/go on the streetso In theold society,many womenwere forcedto live/to go on thestreets.旧社会,许多妇女被迫做妓女⑶在具体某一街道上英美人也分用in和on Hishome isin/on FifteenthStreet.他家位于第十五大街He liveson FifthAvenue.他住在第五大街in view of,with...in view,with a view to,with a/the view of,considering that,on accountof,seeing that,taking intoaccount consideration,in hopes of in the hope of这是一些意思和用法不尽相同的短语将它们列在一起,是因为在某些方面容易混淆1in viewof意思是“有鉴于,考虑到;由于“,可与considering,taking intoaccount/consideration或seeing that+从句形式换用In viewof whatyou tellme,Ill thinkit overbefore makingthefinaldecision.鉴于你告诉我的情况,做最后决定之前我将仔细考虑一下这个问题In viewof hisstern opposition,no othercourse remainedto usbut to giveup the wholeidea.由于他的坚决反对,我们只好放弃整个打算,别无他法2with..inview意为“怀着某种目的,想着,想到”With thisend/goal in view,we decidedto compilea newtextbook.怀着这样一个目的,我们决定编一本新教科书She wasvery happyat thetime,with in view theprospect ofseeing herhusband againafter twoyears ofparting.想到在分别两年之后就要与丈夫重逢了,当时她非常高兴3with a view to是为了,为的是;有打算短语中的to是介词,可接名词或动名词常用于书面语言,可用inorderto do的形式替换Im writingwith aview toseeing ifthereisany possibilitythat youmaycome and workhere for a yearor two.我写信是为了看看你能否来这里工作一两年Theyve decidedto constructa newbuilding offive storeyswith24apartments with aview to improving/in orderto improvethe workersresidential conditions.为了改善工人的住宿条件,他们决定建一座5层24套房的新楼The workersadopted the new methodwith aview toa furtherimprovement.为了做进一步的改进,工人们采用了这种新方法t with a/the viewof的意思与withaview to相同,只是of后面须接动名词,不用名词Theyve decidedto buildtwo moreworkshops with the viewof increasingtheir productionby20percent.为把产量提高20%,他们决定再建两个车间1did it only withaviewof savingyour trouble.我做这件事只是为/省去你的麻烦5
①considering意为“考虑到;鉴于%可作介词,接名词或名词关系从句,与inviewof意思差不多,有时可以换用He didpoorly in his examinations,considering/inviewofhowhard hehad studiedfor them.考虑到他为准备考试那么用功,他考得不算好He dida verygood job,considering hisage.考虑到他的年龄,他做得很好2considering也可接that从句,常可与seeingthat换用,“that”常可省略Considering thatthis is your firstattempt,it isvery creditable.鉴于这是你的第一次尝试,因此是值得赞扬的The pagodaisstillin goodcondition considering that itwas built1,500years ago,鉴于这座宝塔建于15年前,其状况还算是好的Considering/seeing thateveryone ishere,we mayas wellget intothe train.考虑到大家都到了,我们不妨上车吧
③considering有时用作副词,意思是“各方面都考虑进来,全面考虑起来She didthe workperfectly well,considering.考虑到各方面的情况,她干得十分好Thats not so badconsidering.全面考虑起来,这不算怎么坏on accountof意为“由于,因为“,可接短语作状语或表语He decidedto putoff hisgoing abroadon accountof thefinancial problemhe thenencountered,由于他当时遇到的经济上的问题,他决定推迟出国Im going totheseaside formy holidayon accountofmyhealth.鉴于我的健康问题,我打算去海滨度假seeing that意为“既然,考虑到,鉴于“,后面接从句,与considering that常可换用在用作“既然”解时,与用since或now that意思差不多Seeing that/Since/Now that shes nowlawfully oldenough to get married,I dontsee howyou canstop her.既然她已到结婚的合法年龄,我不知你怎样才能阻止她Hes donewell topass hisexaminations,seeing that/consideringthat he andsocial reforms.教育观念随着经济社会的改革正在发生根本的变革Many peopledont have a clearconception oftheir dutiesas citizens.许多人对自己的公民义务没有明确的概念We eachshould havea correctconceptionof life.我们每个人都应对生活有一个正确的概念5notion意为“观念,意见,想法,主意,与idea的含义很接近I haveno notion/idea of whathemeans.我不清楚他什么意思I neverhad the least notionof youropposing thisplan.我一点没料到你会反对这项计划He hasa notionthat hesbeing cheated.他认为有人在骗他6opinion指“信念,意见,看法,主张”,与view意思接近Whats youropinion/viewofthenewmanager你对这位新经理有什么看法?Those areonly mypersonal opinionsabout theaffair.这只是我个人对这件事的看法2in sb.s opinion,in theopinion of sb.意思是“依照某人的看法或意见另见“according to..”条
③opinion还可指团体的意见或看法,群众的见解,用作不可数名词Opinion isshifting infavor ofstiffer penaltiesfor armedrobbery.群众的意见趋向于赞成严惩武装抢劫
①thought可指“思想活动,思考过程,思想,思索,思潮”,有时作“想到”解,用作可数名词还是不可数名词,要根据上下文来决定There isa passagein thisarticle whichgives usmuch foodfor thought.这篇文章有一段发人深省Ive givencareful thoughttothe matter;youd betternot takeany actionat present.我对这个问题仔细考虑过了,目前你最好不采取任何行动I hadnttheleastthought ofseeing youhere ona foreignsoil!我一点也没想到会在异国他乡见到你!He waslost/deep inthought.他陷入了沉思Now,lay asideall those thoughts/get allthosethoughtsout of your mind,Jane,andlooktothefutur已简,撇开那些想法,向前看The scientistmade greatcontributions tomodern scientificthought.这位科学家对于现代科学思想做出了巨大贡献If youhad anythought for your parents,you wouldnot grievethem in this way.如果你对父母有所考虑,你就不会这样让他们伤心了After agreat dealof thought,we decidedto giveup theplan.在仔细考虑之后,我们决定放弃这项计划He isalways full of thoughtfor others.他总是非常关心他人has beenill alot.考虑到他生病了很长时间,他考试能及格就很好了8taking intoaccount/consideration意为“考虑到;把..考虑进去”,实际上也可看作是现在分词短语作状语Taking intoaccount thepresent situation,well haveto takea newstep todeal withit.考虑到目前形势,我们将不得不采取新的措施来处理这事了9in hopesof意为“希望有某种情况Mother was in hopesthat thecake wouldbe goodto eat.母亲希望这蛋糕能好吃We alllive in hopesofbetter times.我们都希望能过上更好的日子He worksvery hardinhopesof/withaviewtoscholarship.他非常用功,希望拿到奖学金10in the hope of意为希望能”,与in hopesof意思相似in thehope很少作表语,in thehope of较多接动名词;in thehope可接that从句They didthis in thehopeof gettinga varietysuited tothe localconditions.他们这样做,希望得到一个适合当地条件的品种A mansaves moneyinthehope thatinflation willnot wipeit out.一个人存钱时总是希望通货膨胀不会将其价值抵消inthe water,above water,on the water,on the waters,out ofthewater,over thewater,under waterlin thewater是“在水中;生活在水里”Fish livein thewater.鱼生活在水里2above water是“在水面以上的用于比喻,意为“摆脱困境/麻烦/债务等”He triedhis bestto keephimself/his headabove water.他尽力使自己不负债3on thewater是“在水上;在船上”Can yousee theboat sailingon thewater你看到航行在水上的船了么?How aboutgoing on thewaterthisafternoon今天下午到水上去玩怎么样?2on thewaters指“在海上Many shipsgo downon thewaters.许多船在海上沉没⑷out ofthewater是“离开水,出水”The policemantried topull himout ofthewater.警察尝试着把他拉出水5over thewater是“在水面以上There isa densefog driftingover thewater.水面上浓雾弥漫6under water意为“在水下,淹没用于比喻,意为“失败,潦倒,负债“,与above water是反义短语She canswim forconsiderable distanceunder water.她能在水下游相当长的距离Most ofthefieldswere underwater afterthe heavyrains.大雨过后,大部分田地被淹没incident,accident,event1
①incident可指引起国家间、敌对力量间纠纷甚至战争的事件、事端,如边境事件frontier/border incidents叛乱、爆炸、战争等,以及当局因某种原因不愿说明的事件There wereseveral incidentsonthefrontier thatfinally ledto anarmed conflict.边境上发生了几起事件,最终导致了一场武装冲突
②incident也可用来指小事,译为“事件,发生的事情”On thevery day,just beforeI left,an incidentoccurred.就在我离开前那一天,发生了一件事The incidentremains veryclearly inmy mind.这件事在我心中还记忆犹新The yearpassed withoutan incident.平安无事地过了一年Occident指“意外事件,不测,祸事,事故”There havebeen manytraffic accidentsthis year.今年发生了许多交通事故He waskilled ina motoringaccident.他在一场机动车事故中身亡3event常指“重大事件”The foundingofthePeoples RepublicofChinawas anepoch-making eventinthe worlds history.中华人民共和国的成立是世界历史上一个划时代的事件He describesin hisbook thehistoric eventsofthe1940s.他在书中描述了20世纪40年代那些历史事件incline,intend,tend11incline意为“使倾向”,后接宾语+不定式复合结构:也常用被动语态,表示“使某人心想,使有意/倾向于做某事”,后接不定式The newsinclines meto startat once.这消息使我想立刻动身Im inclined to think=1haveafeeling/ideathat he isunwilling tocooperate with us.我倾向于认为他不愿与我们合作What hesaid inclinedmeto think that he wasnotsomuch interestedintheplan.他的话使我倾向于认为他对这项计划并不怎么感兴趣
②过去分词inclined常可用作表语We cango fora walkalong theriver if you feelso inclined.假如你也愿意的话,我们可以沿着河边散散步3be inclined除接不定式外,还可接介词短语Im inclinedtothink/thinking thatPresident Bushis unshakablein hisdetermination towage apreemptive waragainst Iraq.我倾向于认为布什总统已经铁了心,要对伊拉克发动一场先发制人的战争Im moreinclinedto doing homeworkthan to going tothe movie.我更想去做作业,而不怎么想去看电影©incline也用作不及物动词,意为“倾向于认为、相信I inclinedto believein hisinnocence.我倾向于相信他是无辜的2intend意为“意欲,打算”,可接1不定式;
②动名词;
③宾语+不定式结构;
④that从句;
⑤名词、代词What doyou intendto dotoday你今天打算做什么?I intendhim tofinishthis jobwithin a week.I intendthatheshall finishthisjobwithinaweek.我打算让他在一周内完成这项工作You needntto takeit toheart,he intendednothing ofthe sort.你不必往心里去,他没有那种意思3tend意为“倾向,有某种趋势,趋于,往往Prices aretending downwards/upwards.物价有下降/上升趋势Excessive eatingtends tocause thedisease ofstomach.吃得过多往往会引起胃病Most governmentsoftheworld aretending towarddemocracy.世界上大多数政府都倾向于走向民主He tendsto getangry whenpeople disagreewith him.当人们不赞成他时,他往往会发火People tend/are inclinedto getfat asthey growolder.人们上了年纪往往会发胖income,revenue,earning,proceeds⑴income常指“收入,所得如薪俸、商业收益、投资所得广Tax ispayable onincome over2,000pounds.收入在2a000镑以上者应该交税How muchisyourfamily incomea year你家一年的收入是多少?2
①revenue特指国家的收入The governmentgets/obtains revenuefrom taxes.政府从税收里获取收入2revenue也可用于表示个人收入,常用复数,指收入总额He didntmention hisrevenues.他并未提及他的收入33earnings是指“通过工作赚的钱”,通常用复数形式,作主语时,谓语用复数After amonths work,my earningswere$
200.干了一个月,我挣了200美元He hasspent allhis earnings.他把挣的钱全部花光了Income taxesare basedon onesearnings.所得税根据一个人挣钱多少而定4proceeds意为“所得,收益”,指演出、义卖、音乐会等筹集的钱,用作复数,作主语时,谓语动词也用复数The proceedsfrom theschool playare tobe usedto buyanewcurtain forihe stage.学校的演剧收益将用来为舞台购置一个新的幕布I madeten dollarsand sixpennies bymy firstreview,and Ibought aPersian catwith theproceeds.我的第一篇评论挣了10美元6美分,我用这笔收入买了一只波斯猫indeed,really⑴
①indeed意为“实在地;真的,确实地”,用来强调句中的“very+adj./adv.^^,如无very时、通常就不这样用Thank youvery muchindeed.确实非常感谢你It wasvery kindindeed of you tohelp.承蒙惠助,深表感谢Compared tomany women,shewasindeed veryfortunate.与许多女人比起来,她真的很幸运
②在做简短回答时,indeed可与助动词连用表示赞同,并给予强调A:It*s cold.天气很冷B:It isindeed.确实是冷A:Are youpleased atour success你对我们的成功高兴吗?B:Yes,indeed./Indeed,yes.是的,确实是高兴
③indeed可用于对讲话者所讲事情表示兴趣、惊奇、讥讽等A:He spoketo me about you.他对我说了关于你的事B:Oh,indeed/Oh,did he哦,真的?A:Who isthis woman这个女人是谁?B:Who isshe,indeed就是呀,她是谁?⑵
①really意为“事实上in fact,的确地,无疑地without doubt,真正地truly”What doyou reallythink about it你对此真的怎么想?It wasreally notmy fault.那的确不是我的错Do youreally wishto go there你真的希望去那里?
②really可用来表示“兴趣,惊讶,温和的抗议,怀疑”等A:Were goingto Londonnext week.我们打算下周去伦敦B:Oh,really/Not really哦,真的啊?You reallyshouldnt saythat abouther.你真的不该那么说她indorse/endorse,approve,consent⑴
①indorse意为“赞成,支持,批准”,除表示在态度看法上“赞同”或“认可”一项要求、计划、候选人、意见、言论、报告、变更等,还含有在行动上给予支持的意味I fullyindorse youropinions onthis matter.我完全赞成你在这问题上的看法The residentsofthecity enthusiasticallyindorse theplan tobuild abridge acrosstheriver.该市居民热情地支持在这条河上建桥的计划The PeoplesNational Congressunanimously endorsedthe premiersstate report.全国人民代表大会一致批准了总理6勺政府工作报告
②indorse/endorse还表示“在支票后、文件上签字,背书”Would youplease indorsethe checkontheback beforegiving itto me你在支票背面签字后再给我好吗?⑵
①叩prove主要表示在态度上“赞成,同意,批准”,不含行动上的支持If so,his workshouldinthe mainbe approved.如果这样,就应当对他的工作基本上加以肯定The councilhas nowapproved thescheme for the erectionof anew publiclibrary.委员会现已批准了建一座新图书馆的计•划2approve有时用作不及物动词,与of连用Im afraidmy auntwon*t quiteapprove of your beinghere forso long.我担心姑妈不太赞成你在这里太久The childrenof thathousehold neverdo anythingthat isnot approvedof bytheir parents.那家的孩子从来不做任何父母不赞成的事情3consent意为“同意,应允,答应”,是不及物动词,与介词to连用或接不定式另见“agree...”条They wouldnever consentto theirdaughter travellingabroad alone.他们决不同意自己的女儿单独去外国旅行May Itell thecommittee that you consentto makea fewalterations我可以告诉委员会你同意做几处变动吗?They triedto persuadethe managerto agreeto theirsales planbut herefused to consent.他们试图说服经理同意他们的销售计划,但经理拒绝了*关于endorse和approve,另见“ratify..”条inn,hotel,pub,restaurant linn是“酒店,酒馆”,兼营住宿、酒食,现通常指设在乡间设施简陋的小酒馆、客栈《牛津英语用法指南》中说,在现代英语中,inn只用作酒馆的名字,如:The NewInn,The Swaninn□但在实际上,inn也用于其他场合We livedintheonly inninthevillage whenwe wentthere lasttime.我们上次去那里时住在村里唯一的小旅馆里Would overnightguests atan innrun bya husbandand wifesteal towels在由夫妻开的旅店里住过一夜的客人会偷毛巾吗?2ho⑹指设在城市里、建筑较现代、规模较大、设施较齐全、给旅客提供食宿的豪华旅馆、旅社pub是public house的省略,意为酒馆不供食宿restaurant是“饭店,餐馆”,大小均可,一般不供住宿instead of,in ones stead,in one*s place,in theplace of,for⑴
①instead of意为“代替;而不是……”,后接名词、代词、动名词I stayedin bedall dayinstead ofgoingtowork.我一整天躺在床上而没去工作He wasill,soIwent tothe meeting instead ofhim.他生病了,所以我代他参加了会议The spaceshuttle willland onthe18thofthis monthinstead ofthe25th.航天飞机将于本月18日返回,而不是25号Its me/I thatshould askyou instead ofyouasking me.应该是我来问你而不是你问我2instead of有时可接动词原形、带to不定式、形容词或状语I think weshoulddoourhomework firstinstead ofwatching television.我想我们应该先做家庭作业而不是看电视A wordof encouragementmight havemade merespect instead of hatehim.一句鼓励的话可能使我敬重而不是恨他As aresult,silver began to flowout of,instead ofinto,the country.结果,白银开始流出而不是流入这个国家I prefertogothere onfoot instead of bytaxi.我更喜欢步行到那儿而不是坐出租车I proposeto beginthe workright tonightinstead ofto waitand wastetime here.我建议就在今晚开始工作而不是在这里坐等浪费时间
③instead of有时可用来连接两个谓语动词,两个动词在形式上应一致,其作用相当于一个连接词That increasedinstead ofdecreased ourcourage toconquer thesedifficulties.那使我们增加了而不是减少了克服这些困难的勇气
④instead of有时表示“不仅...反而“Instead ofsaving thecredit ofthe dollar,this canonly makethings worse.篇不仅不能提教美元的名声反面做情民变得更
⑤instead有时可作副词,单独使用Mr.Jones isill,I haveto comeinsteadofhim.琼斯先生病了,我只好来替代他2in sb.sstead意为“代替某人,与in sbsplace,in place of/insteadof sb,意思相同HI go tothemeetingin his stead/inhisplace/insteadofhim.我将代他参加会议3intheplaceof意为“代替”,常用于书面语中Who willcome herein placeoftheheadmaster谁将来这儿代替这位校长?Lets planta willowintheplaceofthe deadpoplar.咱们栽上棵柳树来取代这棵死去的白杨吧4for也可表示“代替;充当”Since you are busy1,11goforyou.既然你忙,我将代你去intent,intention,purpose,aim⑴
①intent意为“目的,意向,意图”,主要为法律用语I dontthink Mr.Smith enteredthe officewith criminalintent.我认为史密斯先生进入办公室没有犯罪意图There isno denyingthefactthat theaccused mandid shootwith intentto kill.不可否认的是被告开枪确实是蓄意杀人2intent也用于一般场合Dont youthinkweshould alluse ourleisure timeto goodintent你难道不认为我们都应当把闲暇时间用于良好的目的上吗?The originalintent oftheir settinguptheEnglish classwas totrain qualifiedpersonnel forhotels andrestaurants.他们开设这个英语班原本的意图是为旅馆饭店培训合格人员的
③intent用作形容词,意为“急切的,热心的,专心致志的”,与作名词的intent为同形异义词There wasan intentlook onher faceas shewatched thegame.她看比赛时,脸上露出专心致志的表情He wasintent on his work/on gettingtotheoffice intime.他专心致志于他的工作/一心一意要及时赶到办公室I dohope that youll beintent ondoing yourbest in your studies.我希望你在学习上专心致志、尽力而为⑵intention意为“意图,意向,愿望,意旨,打算”If Ivehurt yourfeelings,itwasquite withoutintention.如果我伤看了你的感情,那完整是无意的He wentto Francewith theintention oflearning French.他去法国意在学习法语His intentionsare good,but heseldom carriesthem out.他的意图是好的,可他很少将其付诸实施She feltvery angrybecause hergood intentionshadbeenrepaid byevil results.她感到非常生气,因为她良好的愿望换来的却是恶果⑶
①purpose可表示“目的,计划,意图,意向,用途,效果等I wouldntgo toLondon for/withthemere purposeof buyinganewtie.仅仅为了买一条新领带我可不会去伦敦Have youachieved/accomplished yourdesired purpose你达到了你向往的目的了吗?I dontthink thisplan oftheirs willserve theirpurpose.我认为他们的计划是不会奏效的It canserve thedouble/dual/twofold purposeof seatsby dayand bedsby night.它可用于双重目的白天当座位用,晚上当床用I haventgot apen here,but apencil willanswer thesame purpose.我这里没有钢笔,]旦一支铅笔也一样管用
②purpose可组成短语on purpose,意思是“故意,蓄意,专门A:Im sorryI steppedon yourtoe;itwasan accident.很抱歉踩了你的脚,我不是故意的B:It wasnt!You diditonpurpose.不是的!你是故意踩的I camehere onpurpose toseeyou.我来这里是为了来看看你4aim指“目的,目标,意图:What isyour aimin workingso hard你这么用功目的是什么?He toldmeabouthis aimsin life.他告诉了我他生活的目标It is...for sb./sth.to dosth.,It is...ofsb.to dosth.IHt is..for sb./sth.to dosth.”句型常用来说某人做某事是好是坏,是否必要,应不应当,对与不对等,其中for sb.to dosth.是实际主语,it为形式主语;而“It is..ofsb.to dosth.”句型则表示因某人做了某事而对其本人的赞扬或非难It isgood foryou tobe here.你在这里是很好的It iswrong foryou to do that.你那样做是错误的It iskind ofyou to take somuch troublefor me.非常感谢你为我担了这么多麻烦It wasfoolish ofhim totalk like that.他那样讲话真是愚蠢Its wrongofyou to laughat others.你笑话别人是不对的It isawfully goodofyou to comeand meetus.非常感谢你前来迎接我们Its unwiseof themto turndown theproposal.他们拒绝这项建议是不明智的Its onlytoo easyforayoung girltogoastray,especially ifshe isa strangerwithout friends.一个少女走入歧途是非常容易的,特别是如果她是一个初来乍到的陌生人而又没有朋友的话2在“It is..for sb.to dosth.”句型中有时for接there tobe形式,常用以下三类形容词
①表示重要性或紧急的形容词,important,unimportant,essential,vital,necessary,unnecessary,pointlesso It*s essentialfortheclassrooms to have plentyof light.教室里光线充足是非常重要的Its importantfor theretobe afire-escape.有一个太平梯是很重要的Its vitalforaperson tohaveacon-ect viewoflife.一个人有正确的人生观是非常重要的Its importantfortheaccounts tobe ready by Friday.重要a是要在周五前把这些账目准备好2表示频率的形容词,如common,normal,unusual,rareo It is unusualfor foxesto comeso closetothetown.狐狸跑到距城镇这么近的地方是不寻常的事Do youthink itsnormal fora childto getso tired你认为一个小孩这么疲劳正常吗?3表示轻重、早晚、难易等的形容词常有too,enough,not修饰,如light,heavy,early,late,difficult,easy等I thinkits toolate for ustocatch the7:50train•我认为我们要赶750的火车太迟了I thinkits earlyenough foryou togotoschool now.我认为你现在去上学是够早的了3在“It is...ofsb.to dosth.”句型中,常用对人的He alwayskeeps histhoughts tohimself.他从不向人吐露心事He hasgiven upallhisthought ofmarrying Jane.他完全放弃了和简结婚的想法
②thought还指某一时期、某个阶层、国家等的思想、思潮,如the thought oftheworking class,modern thought等
③thought用作思想时,比idea更具有全面系统性His speechwas fullof strikingthoughts.他的演说充满惊人/非凡的见解Lu Xunsworks arefullofprofound thoughts.鲁迅的著作充满着深刻的思想©thought还作“心意”解Its notthe gift,its thethought thatcounts.重要的是这份情谊,不是礼物5短语at thethoughtof表示“一想到...,想到.....时”Tears filledher eyesatthevery thoughtthat shemight neverseehimagain.她一想到她可能再也见不到他了,眼里就充满了泪水At themere thoughtofthe examination,his heartbegantobeat fiercely.一想到考试,他的心就跳得厉害8view可表示“个人的看法、观点、见解、对某事的态度”,多数情况下可与opinion换用I should liketohear others*views/opinions onthe matter.我想听听别人对这件事的看法It mighthelp meif you would give me yourviews/opinions.如果你能提出你的看法,可能会对我有所帮助It proveddifficult toget himto changehis politicalviews.要他改变政治观点原来很困难It wassurprising thathe shouldhold suchviewoflife.令人吃惊的是他竟然有这样的生活观point ofview/viewpoint本指“观察点,视点”,引申作“观点,看法”解,这种“观点”或“看法”是由于生活中的地位或身份而形成的In spiteof hisdisapproval,he respectedhis sonspoint ofview.尽管他求赞成,他还是尊重他儿子6勺观点I wassurprised todiscover thatour viewpointswere quitedifferent onthe matter.我吃惊士也发现,我们在这个问题上的观点大相径庭From thecommercial point ofview,theyhavelittle tolose.从商业的观点来说,他们的损失很小Try tolook at school fromthe childspointofview.要设法从孩子的观点来看待学校性格、行为、态度、品质等表示赞扬或非难的形容词,如kind,unkind,silly,careless,naughty,nice,good,considerate,foolish,right,wrong,wise,unwise,polite,impolite,cruel,rude,impudent,stupid,absurd,ungrateful,unmanly,mad,clever,ill-natured,wicked等306Its nicetodosth.,Its...that,for+object+todosth.,It seemsthat,It appearsthat,It is...doing sth.Jt isas if/though,It looks as if/though,It occurredto sb.that,It is...that...should1在这类句型中,不定式短语,动名词短语,或that从句作主语也是可以的,但不太自然一般是用it作形式主语,而把真正的主语不定式、动名词短语或that从句后置Its nicetobewithyouagain.又能与你在一起,太好了Its difficultfor meto graspwhat shestalking about.我很难理解她在说什么Its interestingthat youshouldlikea manlike him.真有意思,你居然会喜欢上他那样一个人It worriedmeabit that she didntphone.她没打电话,我有占不安⑵这类句子可以表示许多不同的意思,最常见的有1表示重要性Its importantthat weget everythingreadybyMay
1.我们五一节前把一切准备好是非常重要的Its essentialto bookin advance.事先订购是很重要的
②表示难易Its hard work keepingthe grassgreen atthis timeof year.在一年这个时候保持草坪青绿是不容易的Its noteasy toget peopleto changetheir minds.要人们改变主意是不容易的Tt mustbe hardto liveon yoursmall salary.靠你微薄的薪水生活一定是困难的
③表示可能Its probablethat wellset offtomorrow.有可能我们明天就出发Is itpossible togothereby road从陆路去那儿可以吗?3表示有用Its notvery usefulto readsuch books.读这种书不是很有用Its pointlesstogothere onMonday.Theres apublic holiday.星期一去那里没有用,那是公共假期Its purewaste ofbreath/no use/no help/no good/useless/senseless arguing with himover thematter anyfurther.为这事跟他再争论下去是白费力气/没有用/没有帮助4表示常态或频率Its unusualtoseePeter witha girl.看见彼得与一个姑娘在一起是不常有的事Is itcustomary totip hairdressersinyourcountry在你们国家有给理发师小费的习惯吗?⑸表示所花时间It tookthem awhole yeartoget the projectcompleted.他们花了整整一年才使这项工程竣工6表示情绪上的反应It wasa nuisancehaving to wait forsuch along time.得等这么长时间真是烦人It wasreally astonishingthat sherefused totalk toyou.她不跟你讲话确实令人吃惊It shockedme thatPeter didnttell anybodywhere hewas.彼得没告诉任何人他在哪儿,这令我震惊hs interestingtoseedifferent culturesand waysoflife.看看不同文化和生活方式是很有意思的It wouldbe a pity tomiss such a chance.失去这样一个机会将是一件令人遗憾的事⑺表示真实性_Is ittrue thatTom andMary havegot married汤姆和玛丽已经结婚了,这是弓的么?8表示方便When wouldit beconvenient foryou to cometomy house你什么时候方便到我家来?Its agreat convenienceto livenear atram orbus stop.住在电车或公共汽车站附近是一个极大的便利Will itsuit youtocometomorrow你明天方便来么?It willsuit mebest foryoutocome theday aftertomorrow.你后天来对我来说最为方便9表示一个人的想法It occurredto me thatshemight haveforgotten thedate.我忽然想到她可能把日期忘掉了It didntoccur toyouto phone,!suppose你就没有想到打个电话?It struckmethat the bosswas behavingpretty strangelytoday.这使我感到老板今天的举止十分奇怪1表示由外观上得出的判断或看法It appearsthat Geoffreymight changehis mindonthematter.看起来,杰弗里可能会在这件事上改变主意It seemsobvious thatwe cantgoonlike this.显而易见,我们不能这样下去了*在上述句型的that从句中,有些需用should,而在美式英语中,常用虚拟语气由should+动词原形构成,或省掉should,直接用动词原形,表示判断或评论Its interestingthat youshould thinklikethat.你居然会那样想,真是有趣Its importantthat thepeople should be toldall thefacts aboutthe situation.应告诉人民关于形势的全部情况,这是非常重要的Its naturalthathe should sayso.他这样说是自然的11这种句型可以表示“必要,必然,适当,当然“,常用的形容词为proper,right,important,necessary,imperative,natural,good,fit,useless等此外还可以表示惊奇、遗憾、奇异、怀疑等感情这时,should常译作“居然,竟然“常用的形容词是odd,impossible,surprising,shocking,curious,strange,amazing,incredible等Its strangethatsheshould talkto herparents likethat.真奇怪,她居然那样干父母说话12有些名词也能表示类似意思,如Its apity/a shame/no wonder/a miraclethat...Its ashame thatheshoulddo such a thing.他居然做出这样一件事,真是可耻It isapitythatheshouldbeso conceited.他居然这么自负,真是遗憾13在现代英语中,有时不用虚拟语气,而用直陈语气It seemsincredible thathe hasmade suchgreat progresswithin soshort aperiod oftime.在如此短的时间内他竟然取得这样大的进步,这似乎令人难以置信Its strangethathehas failedtheexam.令人奇怪的是,他竟然没通过考试14除that从句外,其他从句主要是名词关系从句也可以用it作形式主语It doesntinterest mewhether yougo ornot.你去与不去我不太感兴趣It doesntmatter muchwhen youarrive-just comewhenyoucan.你何时到关系不大,你能来时就来吧Its surprisinghow theyare treatedthere.他们在那里受到的待遇真令人吃惊Its amystery whathewasdoing whilein France.他在法国期间做了些什么事仍是一个谜15it还可以引出带if,as if,as though的句子在用as if,as though的句子中,主句中谓语动词常是be,look,sound,appear seem等It looksas if7as though were goingtohavetrouble withMrs.Jones again.看起来我们又要与琼斯太太产生麻烦了Its notas ifthis wasthe firsttime shedbeen difficult.这似乎并非是她第一次闹别扭It soundsas ifthe governmentdoesnt know what todo.听上去似乎政府无计可施Very soonit beganto appearas ifthe studieswere notprogressing smoothly.很快研究就好像开始进展得不太顺利了It willbe apity ifwe haveto askher toleave,but itlooksasthoughwemay haveto.如果我们不得不叫她离开的话,这将会是一件非常遗憾的事情,但现在看来,我们可能不得不这样做Its no use doing,Theres nouse indoing,etc.1
①在这种结构里,use后接-ing形式There isnousein hidingthat factfrom him.in也可不用对他隐瞒这事实没有用Its/Theres nouse askingher—she doesntknow anything.问她没有用,她什么也不知道2这种结构可用在疑问句中用any代替no Isit anyuse tryingto phonehim Isthere anyuse tryingtophonehim给他打电话有用吗?
③也可用what构成疑问句,表示类似意思Whafs theuseofyou/your tryingto foolme likethat/that way你试图那样来愚弄我有什么用么?What useis thereattempting todo sucha thing试图做这样一件事有什么用?
④在-ing形式前,可用人称代词或物主代词Its nouse you/your talkingto her—let medoit.你与她谈没什么用处——让我来跟她谈吧2除use外,其他名词,如good,nuisance,help,waste,no point等也可以用在力tis「结构中It wasa nuisancehaving towait forsuchalongtime.要等这么久,真烦人It ishardworkfeeding solarge apopulation withsuchasmall areaunder cultivation.以这样小的耕地面积养活这样多的人口是一件困难的事情Its no/little helparguingwith him about this matter.和他在这件事上争吵没有用/帮助不大It^/Theres nopoint arguingaboutit.为这事争论毫无意义It ishigh timesb.did sth.,It istime forsb.todosth.汉语中“该是••…的时候”,在英语中可以在Its hightime后接不定式结构,也可接从句主语+动词过去时,表示现在或将来Its timefor ustotakeeffective measuresabout this matter.Its timewe tookeffective measuresaboutthis matter.我们该就这事采取有效措施了Its hightime youwashed yourdress.你早该洗洗你那衣服了Its aboutthetimeforusto sitdown andtalk overthismatter.我们该坐下来好好谈谈这件事了It issaid that...It Says...,They/People saythat..,Fm toldhear that...,the story/saying goes that..hear/tell/say/speak/talk1It issaid that..,It says..,They saythat..均可译作“据说;Tm toldthat..,I hearthat..可译作“听说,据说It issaid thathe willgo abroadsoon.据说他不久将出国They saythathewillbetransferred toanother place.据说他将被调往别处Im toldthat anew foreignerfrom Canadais comingto teachin ourdepartment.听说从加拿大来的一位新外教将要来我系任教I heartherell beanother raisein salaryinthenear future.听说,不久将再一次提薪2the story/saying goesthat..意思也是“据说”,多用在口语中The storygoesthathewasonce rich.据说他曾经很富有⑶新闻报道中常用的同义语为It isreported that..据报道,It isdisclosed that...据透露,A well informed sourcesays that…消息灵通人士说等Itisreported thatthe NATOplanes bombeda factorynear Belgradeyesterday.据报道,北约飞机昨天轰炸了贝尔格莱德附近的一家工厂4hear tell/say/speak/talk是hear people/someone tell,say,speak,talk的省略形式,多用于口语,偶尔也用于书面语I hearsay/tell/speak/talk thata holidaywillbegiven onMay1st.听说五一放假一天」if,as/so longas,assuming that,providedthat,providingthat,supposing that,on conditionthat⑴这些词语均可用作连接词,由它们引导的从句中所要求的动词形式也相同as/so longas,provided,providing,on conditionthat强调该满足的条件,if,assuming that,supposing that则侧重假设的情况Youll certainlypass the examination if/as longas/providing/provided/on conditionthat youstudy harder.如果/只要你再用功一些,你肯定能考及格Ill giveyou theday offon conditionthat youwork onSaturday morning.只要你在周六上午加班,我就给你一天的假Youre welcometo staywithus,on conditionthatyoushare therent withus.只要你与我们一起分担房租,欢迎你和我们同住You canborrow mybike if7as longas/provided/providing/on conditionthatyoubring itback beforewe knockoff.只要你能在我们下班前回来,你就可以借我的自行车Supposing/Assuming thathe cant come,who willdo thework=If hecantcome,who willdo thework假如他不能来,谁来干这项工作?Supposing/Assuming theplane islate=What istobedone if it islate假如飞机晚点怎么办?2supposing也可用虚拟语气Supposing/If youfell inlove withyour boss,what wouldyou do假如你爱上了你的老板,你会怎样做?3但有时if却不能用其他几个词语代替You mayspoil thewhole planif youfail todo yourpart.如果你不能尽你的责任,你可能会毁了整个计划if itwere notfor...,ifithad notbeen for,only for,only that⑴这些结构都可以用来表示某一具体情况使一切发生了变化,意思是“若不是……”,若无……另见but for条If itwere notfor hiswifes money,hed neverbeadirector.=Without hiswifes money..若没有他妻子的钱,他绝不会成为一名显演2如要说过去的情况,则要用“If ithad notbeen for...”结构If ithadnt beenforyourhelp,!really dontknowwhatId havedone.若没有你的帮助,我真不知我会做出些什么事⑶only for通常用于口语,意思同but forOnly foryour timelyhelp,we wouldnthave succeededin finishingthis task.如果不是你的及时帮助,我们就不会完成这项任务4only that意思同but forthefactthat,withtheexception that,were itnot that,意思是“要不是因为••…•…;只是•……”,引出的从句后置,前面的主句中一般用虚拟语气I wouldbe veryglad togo withyou only that Iam too busy.=If Iwere nottoobusy,I would..要不是我太忙了,我会很高兴与你同去He wouldprobably dowellintheexamination,onlythathe getsrather nervous.若不是有点紧张,他可能会考得很好if so,if not这是两个很有用的短语,常用来代替完整的句子Have yougotafree eveningnext weekIf so,let*s havedinner together.=If youhave,lets..下周你能找个没事的晚上吗?如果能的话,咱们一块儿吃个饭吧You mayhave somedifficulty operatingthe machineat first.If so,do nothesitate totelephone ourservice department.你刚开始操作这台机器时可能会有些困难,如果这样的话,请马上给我们服务部打电话Is anybodyfeeling coldIf notIf yourenot feeling..lets putthe centralheating off.有谁感到冷吗?如果没人感到冷,咱们就把中央供暖系统关了吧if you/he/it/they...will..,if I/he/it/you...should...,if I/you/he/they...would...⑴if you/he/it/they...wilL.可以表示从句中主语的意愿、意志、决心、倾向等If youwillbekind enoughtowait,Ill haveyour luggagebrought in.如果你愿意等,我就叫人把你的行李拿隹来If youwill grantmy request,I shallesteem itagreatfavour.如果您肯同意我的请求,我将认为那是一份美意If hewill haveit so,I haveto agreewithhim.如果他执意如此,我只好同意他⑵if he/they will/willnot..可以表示单纯将来,这时或者主句中表示现在情况,或者从句表示主句动作的结果If hewont arrivethis morning,why shouldwe bewaiting here如果他今天上午不来,我们为什么要在这里等呢?If itwill makeyou happier,Fil stopsmoking.如果戒烟能让你更高兴,我就戒了它3if I/he/it/you...should..意思是万一,表示事情发生的可能性不大If youshould runinto Peter,tell himto ringme up.万一你碰到彼得,让他给我打电话If weshould failinthisplan,what shouldwe do万一这项计划失败,我们该怎么办?_4if I/you/he/they...would...也表示从句中主语的意愿、意志,相当于汉语的“愿意,肯”,与用will意思差不多,只是比用will或者表示把握性不大,或者与现在情况相反,或者口气更委婉rd begrateful ifyouwouldgivemea littlehelp.如果你肯给我一点帮助,我将非常感激He coulddo so,if hewould.如果他愿意的话,他可以这么做If youwould cometo ourhelp,Ishouldappreciate it.如果你肯来帮忙,我将不胜感激Pass methat boxifyouwould.如果你愿意,把那盒子递给我ignorant,illiterate,unlettered,uneducated这些词都有“无知的”意思lignorant指对普通知识或对应当知道的知识不知晓When youknow youare ignorantinasubject,start educatingyourself byfinding anexpert inthefieldor finda bookonthesubject.当你知道自己在某一问题上欠缺知识时,那就去找一位这一领域的专家或者找一本有关这一问题的书,开始自我教育The poorfather istotally ignorantofwhathis sonis doingatschool.这可怜的父亲一点也不知道他儿子在学校里干些什么4illiterate指目不识丁的,没学过读写的,没文化的Each yearthe federaland stategovernments supplementtheworldslargest educationalbudget with$30million toassist illiterateadults.联邦和各州政府每年在世界最庞大的教育支出预算之外还追加三亿美元来帮助成年文盲Many illiteratepeople inthe pastused aninked thumbprintin lieuofasignature tosign acontract.应去许多不识字的人用按手印代替签名来签订合同3unlettered指没有多少学问的或文盲的He exhibitedcontempt forhis unletteredcolleagues.他对肚子里缺少墨水的同事显得不屑一顾4uneducated指没有受过正规系统的学校教育的You cantell fromhis grosslanguage thatthe manwas uneducated.从他那粗俗的语言可以看出,这个人没受过教育illuminate,illumine,bring to light,cast/shed/throw light on/upon,give light on,light up1illuminate和illumine都有“照亮,照明的意思,也都可用于引申意义,意为“说明,阐明make clear,help toexplain;启发enlighten spiritually”但现代英语中多用illuminate,认为illumine书卷气太重People usuallyilluminate/illumine thebuildings andstreets forthe celebrationof NationalDay,an occasionfor generalrejoicings.人们往往在建筑物和街道上张灯结彩,来庆祝国庆节这一普天同庆的节日They weregreatly illuminated/illumined bythe discussion.这次讨论使他们受到很大启发Prof.Smith illuminatedthe phenomenonwith manyexamples.史密斯教授用许多例子说明了这一现象⑵bring tolight意为“让人知道,公之于众”The crimewas brought tolightafter ayears investigation.经过一年的调查,这桩罪行才真相大白The archeologist,through hismany yearsof study,broughttolight severalinteresting facts.这位考古学家通过多年的研究,让人们知道了一些有趣的事实⑶cast/shed/throw lighton/upon表示“对.....提供线索/透露情况;有助于理解帮助弄清楚”Government sourceswere refusingto shedany morelight thanappeared yesterdayontheinterview withthe premier.关于与这位总理会见的情况,除昨天公开的以外,政府人士不肯再透露任何信息Can anyoneshed/cast somelightontheevent有谁能对这——事件提供些情况吗?His assistant,Dr.Hill,wasina positionto throwlighton his character.他的助手希尔博士有可能提供关于他性格方面的情况His diaryhas someinteresting lightto throwonhiscrime.他的日记对其罪行提供了一些使人感兴趣的情况The newfindings castmuch light upon theburial customoftheIndian tribesof thatarea.新发现很有助于了解那个地区印第安部落的殡葬习俗4give lighton意为“对……提供线索”He calledon himinthehopeofgetting himtogivesome valuablelights onthematter.他去拜访他,希望让他对此事提供些宝贵的线索5light up可以表示
①点C烟,可为及物用法,也可为不及物用法He strucka matchand lighted/lit uphis cigarettebefore speaking.他讲话前,划了根火柴,点燃了香烟
②照亮;使脸变得喜悦起来/现出喜悦的光彩,以脸或眼睛为主语或宾语,多作及物用法The headlightofthe car lituptheroad farahead.车灯照亮了前方很远的路Her facewas litup withsudden excitement.她脸上突然露出兴奋的神情Jane wasso happythat herface litup withpleasure.简非常高兴,脸上露出愉快的神情
③亮起来,开路灯或车灯It*s gettingdark——timetolightup.天黑了,该开灯了Its againstthe trafficrule todrive withoutthecarlighting up.行车不开车灯是违反交通规则的illusion,delusion illusion意为“错觉,幻想,错误的认识或对实际不存在的事物的“幻觉,幻影delusion意为“欺骗,迷惑,幻想,误解”作“幻想”解时,特指可能为某种癫狂病患者的症状、妄想有时两者可以换用Cast illusions,prepare forstruggle.丢掉幻想,准备斗争Youre underthe illusion/delusion thatyoure alwaysright.你误以为你总是对的We shouldntcherish/foster anyfond illusions/delusions aboutanything.我们对任何事情都不应抱有任何不切实际的幻想Quite anumber ofpeople wereunder a delusion inthismatter.许多人在这件事上受了骗immediately,the moment,the minute,the instant,the second1在英式英语中,immediately可以用作连接词,引出时间状语从句,意思是“一……就……”,相当于as soonas....Tell meimmediately youhave anynews.你一有消息就告诉我I knewsomething waswrong immediatelyI arrived.我刚到那儿就知道事情不对2the moment,the minute,the instant,the second不论在英式英语还是美式英语中,都可以用作连接词,意思与immediately相同Do telephoneme the moment yougettheresults.你一得到结果就给我打电话1loved youthe instantI sawyou.我对你一见钟情The enemyplane wasshot downthe momentit intrudedinto ourair space.敌机一侵入我们领空就被击落了immunity,impunity这是两个词形、词义容易混淆的词immunity意为“免除,豁免,免疫力impunity意为“免受惩罚,不受损害”Nobody canclaim immunity from criticism.谁也不应有免受批评的权利No onecan assureimmunityfromerror.What isimportant istocon-ect itthemomentyouareaware ofit.谁也不能保证不犯错误重要的是一认识到就改正Do theyenjoy diplomaticimmunity他们享有外交豁免权吗?Immunity fromsmallpox canbe obtainedby vaccination.种牛痘可以免患天花One cannotviolate thelaws ofnature withimpunity.违反自然规律一定会受到惩罚Those criminalsare underadelusionthat theycan commitcrimes withimpunity.这些犯罪分子错误地认为他们可以犯罪而不受惩罚If lawsare notenforced,crimes arecommitted withimpunity.如果法律得不到强化,罪犯就会逍遥法外/犯了罪就可以不受惩罚improve in,improve on/upon limprovein意为在某方面做出改进或进步,后可接skill,knowledge,heal th,behaviour等It seemsthattheboy hasgreatly improvedinhisbehaviour sincehewaswarned last.看来自从上次对他提出警告以后,这孩子的表现大有好转Mr.Smith isimproving graduallyin health.史密斯先生的健康渐渐有了起色22improve on/upon是“对.加以改进/改良”,意味着在原来基础上做出更好的东西They aretraining strenuouslyso asto improveon theirprevious records.他们正努力训练,以期刷新他们以前的纪录Em unableto improveonhissuggestion.我提不出比他的更好的建议了。