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专升本考试复习资料英语语法一.虚拟语气虚拟语气(Subjunctiv㊀Mood)这一语法项目是各类英语(论坛)考试中心测试的重点之一虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式,用来表示说话人所说的话并不是事实,而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测判断是真实条件句还是非真实条件句只有在非真实条件句中才使用虚拟语气通过句子意思,看假设的条件是否能够实现,能够实现是真实条件句,不能使用虚拟语气;假设的条件不能实现则是非真实条件句,要用虚拟语气判断这个假设是与哪个事实相反通常有三种情况西过去事实相反甥现在事实相反朗将来事实可能相反I:最基本的虚拟语气句型
1.虚拟现在时表示与现在事实相反的假设,其if从句的谓语形式用动词的过去式(be一般用were),主句用would/should/could/might+动词原形If placeswere alike,there wouldbe littleneed forgeographers.如果各个地方都一样,就不需要地理学家了
2.虚拟过去时是表示与过去事实相反的假设,if从句的谓语形式用过去完成时即had+过去分词,主句用would/should/could/might+have+过去分词工f hehad knownyour addressyesterday,he would have telephonedyou.
3.虚拟将来时是表示对将来实现的可能性很小的或不确定的假设工f从句的谓语形式用一般过去式或用were to/should+动词原形,主句用would/consid㊀rat㊀考虑周至U的foolish愚蠢的hon㊀st诚实的polite有礼貌的考试通网www.kst
365.com-专注考试服务考生轻松考试快乐学习考试通关必选!silly傻的grateful感激的wicked邪恶的thoughtful体贴的careless粗心的right正确的2不定式的否定式not+to doThey d㊀cid㊀d not to giveup trying.3连接词+不定式He willtell ushow touse thelibrary.4省to的不定式QP语以why开头的简单句Why notgo outfor awalk Whydo itthat way0iad better,would rather...than,would…rath㊀工than,would sooner...than,can notbut...,cant help but...may mightas well习惯用法Rather thanbeg in the street,he wouldprefer todie ofhunger.他宁愿饿死也不上街I couldt helpbutwait for the nextbus tocome.我不得不等下一趟车*火*
⑨0nothing/anything/everything butexcept Lastnight Idid nothing but watchTV.John willdo anythingbut workon afarm.本文由考试通网www.kst
365.com整理编辑严禁复制传播!****其他的谓语形式要用to:There wasnothing for them to do butto remainsilent.The doctor told himnothingbutto stopsmoking.
3、不定式的“体”式和语态体式主动语态被动语态一般式to writeto bewritten完成式to havewritten to have beenwritten进行式to bewriting完成进行式to havebeen writing(1体式©am sorryto hearthe news.(不定式动作发生在谓语动作之后,或同时发生)@hey seemto behaving ameeting.(不定式动作与谓语动作同时发生)您h㊀enemy wasreported to have surrenderedtwo daysbefore.(不定式先于谓语动作)(循态
①H现动作的执行者,用主动式工have ameeting to attend.否则用被动语态Here arethe clothesto bewash㊀d.考试通网(www.kst
365.com)-专注考试服务考生轻松考试快乐学习考试通关必选!
②E”表语(或宾语补足语)+不定式”结构中,常用不定式的主动式代替被动式They foundProfessor JonesA lecturehard tounderstand.She isnice totalk to.G月惯用法None ofus was to blamefor that.The dogwas nowhereto befound.
(二)分词(现在分词和过去分词)比较录lj削阶级the㊀xploiting class被录U削阶级the exploitedclass正在采花的女孩th㊀girl gatheringflowers今天早晨采集的花the flowersgathered thismorning落叶fallen leaves凋谢的花fad㊀d flowersFFzK boiledwater新至ll的商品newly arrivedgoods
1、一般用法1)作表语,现在分词常表示特性,过去分词常表示状态His argument is veryconvincing.他的论点很令人信月艮Th㊀y werevery excitedat the news.2)作定语Dont disturbthe sleepingchild.The arrestedmurderer willbe triedsoon.那个被逮捕的杀人犯将受到审讯分词作定语的位置You mayask thelady(who is)sitting atthe desk.Those(who havebeen)elected ascommittee memberswill attendthe meeting.(当选为委员的人)3)作宾语(或主语)的补足语He likesto siton thebeach and watch thesea gullsflying.(海鸥)The workleft everyoneexhausted.4)作状语Hearing th㊀knock on th㊀door,th㊀y stopp㊀d talking.(=When theyheard...o)Ask㊀d towork ov㊀rtim㊀that evening,I misseda wond㊀工ful film.=As I was askedto...They stoodthere waitingforthebus.andw㊀工㊀waiting...oThe banditsfled into the mountains,pursued bythe polic㊀m㊀n.and werepursued...o5分词的独立结构The rainhaving stoppedthe soldierscontinued theirmarch.The boysreturned,their facecovered withsweat.演变The teacher㊀nt㊀rad theclassroom,a bagbeing inhis hand.He stoppedand turnedabout hiseyes beingbrightly proud.Breakfast over,he wentto hisoffice.She leftthe roomwith thecandle burningon the table.He wanderedin withoutshoes orsocks on.6作插入语Generally speaking,I preferrice tonoodles.Judging fromhis accent,he mustbe asoutherner.
2、体式和语态Having beenthere manytimes,he offeredto beour guide.Not havingmade adequatepreparations wepostponed thesports meet.Having studiedhard duringthe term,he passed the exam.He issaid tohave studiedhard andpassedtheexam.Who isth㊀patient feeingop㊀rat㊀d on
(二)动名词
1、一般用法1)作主语和表语Seeing isbelieving.My hobbyis collectingstamps.
(1)形式主语it It is nouse/good quarrelingwith her.Is itworthwhile tryingagain
(2)There is no+V-ing There isnoj okingabout thismatter.2)作宾语He enjoys listeningto classicalmusic.We mustavoid makingsuch mistakesagain.重点记忆有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别1)forget to do忘记要去做某事(未做)forget doing忘记做过某事(已做过或已发生)2)stop to do停止、中断(某件事),目的是去做另一件事stop doing停止正在或经常做的事3)remember to do记住去做某事(未做)remember doing记得做过某事(已做)4))regret to do对要做的事遗憾regret doing对做过的事后悔5)try todo努力、企图做某事try doing试一试某种办法本文由考试通网www.kst
365.com整理编辑严禁复制传播!6)mean todo打算,有意要…mean doing意味着7)go ontodo继而(去做另外一件事情)go ondoing继续(原先没做完的事情)8)propose todo打算(要做某事)propose doing建议(做某事)9)like/love/hate/prefer这些动词前有should一词,其后宾语只跟不定式,不能跟动名词例如I shouldlike to see him tomorrow.10)can-thelptodo(不能帮助做)be afraidtodo不敢去做.・・(是主观上的原因不去做,意为怕);be afraidof doing担,心出现・・・状况、结果(doing是客观上造成的,意为生怕)什么是定语定语是句子成分之一,可以由单词,短语或从句担当,对名(代)词修饰和限制.名(代)词称为中心词.形容词作定语一般前置,短语和从句作定语要后置,翻译成”……的”.例如:a_b㊀autiful_girl_(形容词作前置定语)一个美丽的女孩考试通网(www.kst
365.com)-专注考试服务考生轻松考试快乐学习考试通关必选!a_girl_in_white(介词短语作后置定语)一个穿白色衣服的女孩a_girl_who_is_singing_(定语从句,a_girl为先行词)一个正唱歌的女孩先行词是人(人或物)定语从句定义在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词而起定语作用的句子叫作定语从句例如:The manwho livesnext tous sellsvegetables.The fishwhich webought werenot fresh.定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词〃,定语从句放在先行词的后面引导定语从句的词叫关系词〃关系词分为关系代词和关系副词常用的关系代词有who/whom(指人),whose(指人的或物的),which(指物),that(指人或物)关系代词在从句中做主语,宾语和定语关系副词有:when(指时间),where(指地点),why(指原因)先行词和关系词的关系
1.A planeis a machine thatcan fly.amachine=that
2.The boywho brokethe window is calledTom.the boy=who
3.The boywhose parentsare deadwas broughtup byhis grandfather.the boys=whose
4.The schoolwhere Istudy isfar frommy home.intheschool=where关系副词实际上是介词+先行词由关系代词引导的定语从句工.That在从句中作主语或宾语
1.指物The planeis amachine thatcan fly.
2.指人Lets askthe manthat isreading th㊀book overth㊀r㊀.II.Which在从句中作主语或宾语(指物)They plantedthe treeswhich didntneed muchwater.III.Who,whom在从句中作主语和宾语(指人)Th㊀for㊀ign㊀r whovisited ourschool y㊀st㊀rday isfrom Canada.修饰物体时关系代词that和which的区分使用that的情况
1.当先行词是all,everything,nothing,something,anything,everyone,everybody,nobody,anyone,anybody等不定代词时eg.Do youhave anythingthat isimportant to tell me
2.当先行词被all,any,some,no,not,every,each等修饰时eg.I havesome booksthat arevery good.
3.当先行词被形容词最高级、序数词所修饰时e g.This isthe firstbook that I boughtmyself.The biggestbird that I caughtis thisbird.
4.当先行词被the veryAth㊀lastA thenext,the only等词修饰时eg.This isthe verybook thatI lostyesterday.
5.当先行词又有人又有物时eg.I wontforget thethings and the personsthatIsaw.只能使用which的情况
1.非限制性定语从句中eg.Mary hasa book,which isvery precious.
2.在介词之后㊀g.This isa hous㊀in whichlives anold man.
3.当主句中的主语被that修饰时eg.That dogwhich Ifound inthe streetbelongs toMary.本文由考试通网www.kst
365.com整理编辑严禁复制传播!as与which的区另U限制性定语从句中名词前有such和the same修饰时,关系代词用as,不能用which第I such连用,这时的as相当于who,which Wendyis notsuch afool asshe looks.⑵和same连用You mustshow myfriend thesame respectas youshow me.whose在从句中作定语指人也能指物The teacherpraised the student whoseEnglish isthe bestin ourclass.whose=thestudent^s Thehouse whosewindowisbroken ismine.whose=the houseA swindow由介词+关系代词which whom〃引导的定语从句词的宾语,那么这个介词可以提到从句前,构成介词+关系代词which whom〃引导的定语从句在英语里,把介词放在关系代词前的用法更加正式The ladderon whichIwasstanding beganto考试通网www.kst
365.com-专注考试服务考生轻松考试快乐学习考试通关必选!Slip.我站的那个梯子开始滑动stand与on搭配关系副词引导的定语从句When指时间I stillremember theday whanI firstcame toB㊀ijing.Wh㊀r㊀指地点This isthe housewhere welived lastyear.Why指原因There areseveral reasonswhy wecant do that.I stillremember theday whenI came here.This isthe housewhere Ilived lastyear.There aremany reasonswhy p㊀ople liketraveling.I dont like th㊀way thatyou sp㊀ak.系副词和先行词的关系关系副词实际上是介词+先行词限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句
1.与主句关系密切
2.不可省
3.无逗号与主句分开
4.常译作定语非限制性定语从句
1.只是对先行词词义的补充
2.省去不影响主句意思
3.用逗号于主句分开
4.常译为并列句或从句5指物或事只能用which1)限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开I have a fatherwho canspeak Japanese.我有一个会说日语的父亲(暗示不只有一个父亲)工have afather,who canspeak Japanese.我有一个父亲,我的这个父亲会说日语(暗示我只有一个父亲)英语主谓一致用法本文由考试通网WWW.kst
365.com整理编辑严禁复制传播!1)名词性从句及不定式、动名词作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式例.To finishthe workin advanc㊀is whath㊀wants.Smoking cigarettesis dangerousto your health/但是,what引导名词从句作主语时,其表语是复数形式时,系动词也可以是复should/could/might+动词原形If h㊀were to leave today,he wouldget thereby Friday
4.省略if采用倒装语序的条件句有时可以把含有助动词、情态动词、be或have的虚拟条件句中的连词if省去,而将had should,were等词提至ll主语之前,即用倒装结构工f hehad worked harder,he wouldhave gotthrough theexams・==》Had heworked harder,he wouldhave gotthrough theexams.If hewere toleave today,he wouldget thereby Friday・==》Were hetoleavetoday,he wouldget thereby Friday.If I were in your place,I wouldnt do that.==^Were Iinyourplace I wouldntdothat.
5.有时虚拟条件句并没用if从句表示出来,而是用介词短语otherwise,or,without,but for、上下文或其它方式来表示如We didntknow histelephone number;otherwise wewouldhavetelephoned him.Without youh㊀Ip,I wouldnthave achievedso much.But for要不是・・・•〃的意/总yourh㊀Ip,I wouldnot havesucceeded.II虚拟语气在从句中用should的情况
1.在表示建议,要求,命令,想法的动词后的从句里,数形式例.What webadlyneed hereare qualifiedteachers.2当主语是单数,后面品艮着由including,withA togetherwith,along with,like,in additionto,as wellasr rather than,butA except,more than,accompanied by等连接的短语时,谓语动词用单数例.Mary aswell ash㊀r sisterlik㊀s listeningto music.My bestfriendratherthananyone elsehas gotthe firstprize inthe speechcontest.3one,one of,everyA everyone,everybody,each,many a,either,neither,no one,nobody,anyone,anybody,someone,somebody用作主语或修饰主语时,谓语动词用单数形式例.Many astudent doesntliketodo their homework.many考试通网www.kst
365.com-专注考试服务考生轻松考试快乐学习考试通关必选!astudent=many studentsEither ofstudents isgoing tocompete forthepresident ofthe studentsunion.More thanone personwas involvedin thecase.Neither ofthe youngmen whohad appliedfor aposition intheuniversity・A hasbeen acceptedB havebeen acceptedC wasacceptedD wereacceptedneither用作主语或修饰主语时,谓语动词用单数形式此外,定语从句用过去完成时,主句应用一般过去时,故答案为C4and所连接的两个单数名词作主语,指同一人、同一件事或同一概念时,其谓语动词用单数例如My b㊀st friendand advis㊀r haschangedhis mindagain.Bread,butter andeggs istypical AmericanBreakfast.5表示时间、距离、重量、体积、金钱的复数名词,作主语时作为整体来看待,谓语动词通常用单数例.Fifty milesis toolonga distancefor oneto walkon foot.Ten yearshas passedbut hedidn ytchange atall.6a portionof,a seriesof,a kindof,a bodyof,aspecies of,a pairof名词作主语时,其谓语动词一般用单数形式例.A seriesof accidentshasoccurred recentlyin America.A pairof newglasses isquiteexpensive.7事件、机构、国名、作品等专有名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数例.The Adventuresof HuckleberryFinn waswritten byMark Twainand it is aninteresting book.TheUnited Nationsis anorganization todefend worldpeace.8就近一致
①由or,either...or,neither...norz not...but...,not only...but also连接的并列成分作主语,谓语与靠近的主语一致Neither Marynor hersister isgoing tothe party.Not youbut Iam toblame.
②there be后有并列主语,be的数与靠得最近的主语一致There isan apple,two pearsand someoranges onthe plate.9all ofsome of,none of,half of,most of,lots of,rest of,plenty of+名词〃作主语,谓语动词与其中名词的数相一致Most ofthe peopleare againstthe plan.Most ofthe Earthssurface iscovered bywater.One of引导定从句,修饰复数是真谛,10)若有the only在前头,从句指的是单一Tom isone ofthe studentswho appearto befriendly;however,it isvary hardto getalong withhim.11a gr㊀at numberof/a gr㊀at many+名词复数+复谓;a great deal of+不可数名词+单谓;A gr㊀atd㊀al ofgift-giving,barter,buying,and sellinggoes onamong theNavaj os.12one and a half+复数名词+单谓a+单数名词+andaha【f+单谓例.One anda halfbananas isleft onthetable.用should+动词原形,should可以省略如advise,agree,command,decide,d㊀mand,determine,grant indicate,insist,ord㊀r,prefer,propose,request,require,stipulate,suggest,urge,vot㊀.常考至U的是suggest,advise,demand,require,propose,insist,order,request.His doctorsuggested thathe shouldtake shortleave ofabsence.The authorproposed thatTV shouldbe turnedoff atleast onehour everyday.
2.在表示建议,要求,命令,想法的名词后的从句里,用should+动词原形,should可以省略如advice,decision,agreement,command,decree,demand,determination,indication,insistence,order,pr㊀fe工㊀nc㊀,proposal,request requirement,stipulation etc.It wasBills suggestion that everyone should have a map.His suggestionwas thateveryone shouldhaveamap.He gaveus asuggestionthateveryoneshouldhaveamap.
3.在工tis/was+形容词后的that从句中用shoulci的结构,should可以省略这类形容词常见的有advisable,anxious,compulsory,crucial,d㊀sirabl㊀,eager,essential,fitting,imp㊀rativ㊀绝对必要),impossible,improper,important,natural necessary,obligatory,possible,pr㊀f㊀rabl㊀,probabl㊀,recommended,urgent,vital etc.工ts naturalthat sheshould doso.It isessential thatwe shouldtell herthenews.
4.在lest和for fearthat以免,in case以防从句中用should,should可以省略She walkedquietly lestsheshould wakeup herroommates.Have yourgun ready in casewe shouldneed it.Illwish后的that从句中
1.表示现在或将来的愿望,从句中过去式I wishI knewhis address.I wishI wereyoung.
2.表示过去没有实现或不可能实现的愿望,从句用过去完成式或would,could,might+have+过去分词I wishyou hadwritten tohim.I wishI couldhave sleptlonger thismorning,but Ihad toget upand cometo class.
3.如果将wish改成wished,其后that从句中动词的形式不变
4.如果that从句中用would一般表示对现状不满或希望未来有所改变或请求I wishhe wouldanswer myletter.I wishprices wouldcome down.I wishyou wouldhelp me.I wishyou would stop askingsilly questions.IV在Its about/high/first(second,third㊀tc)time后的that从句中,用过去式表示该是做什么的时候了〃It isabout timeyou werein bed.It ishigh timewe left.It isthe firsttime Icamehere.V在would rather,would sooner,would justas soon后的that从句中,用过去式或过去完成式,表示宁愿做什么〃工would ratherhe cametomorrow thantoday.John wouldrather that she hadnot gonetotheparty yesterdayevening.VI在if only(如果就好了〃的意思)感叹句中,谓语动词与wish宾语从句的虚拟形式相同If onlyhe didntdrive sofast!(现在)If onlyshe hadasked someone^s advice.(过去)If onlythe rainwouldstop.(将来)VII在as if/as though从句中,表示和现在事实相反或对现在情况有所怀疑,用过去式;表示过去想象中的动作或情况,用过去完成式H㊀sp㊀aks as if h㊀w㊀工㊀onth㊀spot.She spoketo meas ifIweredeaf.This deviceoperated as though ithad beenrepaired.注
1.在as if/asthough句中,如果有可能成为事实,用陈述语气He looksasifhe isgoing to be ill.
2.在insist后的从句中,如果是坚持自己,用陈述语气,坚持别人做什么事情,用虚拟语气She insists thatsheis right.She insistedthatIshould finishthe workat once.非谓语动词(不定式、分词、动名词)
(一)不定式
1、一般用法1)作主语To saysomething isone thing,todoit isanother.说是一码事,干是另一码事***形式主语it Itis notfair toblame themfortheaccident.2)作表语My suggestionis tocarry outthe planimmediately.3)作宾语He offeredto gowith us.他提出和我们一起去***形式宾语it Wefound itimpossible toget everythingreadyinadvance.I considerit myduty topoint outtheir shortcomings.4)作宾语或主语的补足语Mr.Smith wantshis sonto becomea lawyer.The suspectedman wasseen toenter thebuilding.此类动词还有如ask,advise,allow,compel encouragehear,intend,lead,inspire,order,persuade等d㊀mand,suggest不可接不定式作宾补,但可跟that引出的宾语从句H㊀hoped thatIwouldgive himmore h㊀lp・The doctorsugg㊀ststhatmy fathershould stopsmoking.***在see,hear,look at,listen to,feel,observe,watch,notice等感官动词,以及let,make,have等动词后面的不定式要省掉to.但注意在其被动语态中,作为主补的不定式要加上to.We aremade towrite acomposition everyweek bythe teacher.5构成复合谓语结构
①b㊀said reported,known...+不定式”可换成itissaid reported,known...that...Shanxi Provinceis knowntohaverich coalreserves.=Itisknown thatShanxi……
②s㊀㊀m happen,appear,prove tend+不定式I happenedto beout whenshe called.碰巧出去了
③b㊀likely certain,su工㊀,willing,anxious ready^bound,eager,reluctant+不定式They arelikely tosucceed.She isalways readyto helpothers.6作定语一般为后置修饰语He usedtohavea lotof meetingstoattend.Thereisnothing toworry about.软语中有一些名词常跟不定式作定语ability,agr㊀㊀m㊀nt,ambition,attempt,claim,decision,hope,intention,failure,need,refusal,plan,promise,tendency,wish,willingness,threat,anxiety Hisattempt tosolve theproblem failedagain.Their decisionto giveup theexperiment surprisedus・考试通网www.kst
365.com-专注考试服务考生轻松考试快乐学习考试通关必选!2the first,second,last,only thing,best thing等后面常跟不定式作定语He isalways thefirst tocom㊀andthelast toleave.What isthe bestthing todo7作状语表示目的,原因,结果等They willgo tothe stationto meetthe guests.We areoverj oyedtoseeyou.常跟不定式作原因状语的形容词有happy,glad,relieved,astonished amazed,ov㊀工joyed,surprised,sad不定式也可作结果状语,仅限于learn得知,find发现,see看见,hear听见,tobetold被告知,make使得等具有界限含义的动词,only to常表示令人不快的结果Ha returnedhome tolearn hisdaughter hadjust b㊀㊀n㊀ngaged.I hurriedto ProfessorWangs houseonly tofind hewas out.定式与in orderto,so as to连用,作目的状语;与so such...ast连用,作目的状语和结果状语In ord㊀rtocatch thetrain,h㊀hurried throughhis work.He wasso angryastobe unableto speak.本文由考试通网www.kst
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②F定式与enough和too...to连用,作程度状语
③11too,only too…加不定式不表示否定的意思工,m onlytoo pleasedto helpyou.我非常愿意帮助你8插入语To befair,he hasworkedhardthese days.We dontlike youridea,totellyou thetruth.
2、注意问题1不定式的逻辑主语1for+名词或代词宾语+不定式工found itimpossible forhim todothej obalone.2不定式独立结构He proposeda picnic,h㊀himself topay therailway tickets,and Johnto providethe food.在表示人物性格、特点等的形容词后,用of引出不定式的逻辑主语It waswise of himtodothat.I thinkit wrongofhimnottoaccept ourinvitation.常见的这类形容词有absurd荒唐的bold大月旦的brav㊀勇敢的clever聪明的courageous有勇气的rude无礼的。