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[The SubjunctiveMood]语气(mood)是一种动词形式,用以表示说话者的意图或态度英语中的语气有三种陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气直陈语气(indicative mood),表示所说的话是事实祈使语气(imperative mood),表示所说的话是请求或命令虚拟语气(subjunctive mood),表示说的话不是事实,或者是不可能发生的情况,而是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设等一.虚拟语气在条件句中的应用学习虚拟语气在条件句中的用法之前我们必须清楚条件句的种类条件句有真实条件句与非真实条件句(或称虚拟条件句)两种真实条件句所表的假设是可能发生或实现的,句中的条件从句与结果主句都用陈述语气如If itdoesnt raintomorrow,I willgo假若胡天豕正雨,我就去野餐Oil floatsif youpour iton water.你如把油倒在水里,油就浮起来虚拟条件句所表的假设则是不可能或不大可能发生或实现的,句中的条件从句与结果主句皆须用虚拟语气条件从句主句与现在事实相违背过去式(动词是be用were)should/would/could/might+动词原形iad+过去分词should/would/could/might+have+与过去事实相违背11过去分词1)should+动词原形.1++土»田、±二匕小以口才士一Fhould/would/could/might+动词原与未来事实相违背2)were+动词不定式加形__________3)过去式(动词是Be也可以用were)
1.与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句,条件从句的谓语用动词的过去式(be的过去式用were),主句的谓语用should(would,might,could)+动词原形如If it were notraining,we should go for a picnic.如果现在不下雨的话,我们就出去野餐了(事实是天在下雨,我们不能出去野餐表示愿望)If hecame here,he mightbe ableto helpyou.如果他来这,他就能够帮助你了(事实是他没来这,他不可能帮助你表示对他的良好印象)
2.与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句,条件从句的谓语用had+过去分词,主句的谓语用should(would,might,could)+have+过去分词如She would have gone to theparty ifshe had been invited.要是当初她被邀请的话,她就会去参加这次聚会了(事实是当时没有人邀请她,因此,她没有来参加聚会表示后悔)If she hadnt calledme,I would have oversleptthis morning.今天早上,她要是不叫我的话,我就会睡过头了(事实是她今天早上叫我了,我没有睡过头表示感激)
3.与将来事实可能相反的虚拟条件句,条件从句的谓语用动词的过去式(be的过去式用were);should+动词原形;were to+动词原形,主句用should(would,might,could)+动词原形如Ifl wereto betwentyyears oldnextyear,!would takethe courseofFrench.虚拟语气练习专项练习1:
1.1enjoyed themovie verymuch.I wishI thebook fromwhich itwas made.A.have readB.had readC.should haveread D.are reading
2.You arelate.If youa fewminutes earlier,you him.A.come;would meetB.had come;would havemet C.come;will meetD.had come;would meet
3.The twostudents talkedas if they friendsfor years.A.should beB.would beC.have beenD.had been
4.It isimportant thatI withMr.Williams immediately.A.speak B.spoke C.will speakD.to speak
5.He lookedas ifhe illforalongtime.A.was B.Were C.has beenD.had been
6.1fthe doctor hadcome earlier,the poorchild would not.A.have laidthere for two hoursB.have beenlied there fortwo hours C.have liedthere fortwo hoursD.have lain therefortwohours
7.1wish thatI withyou lastnight.A.went B.could go C.have goneD.could havegone
9.1cant standhim.He alwaystalks asthough heeverything.A.knew B.knows C.has knownD.had known
10.the fog,we shouldhave reachedour school.A.Because ofB.In spiteof C.In caseof D.But for
11.Ifyou hadtold mein advance,I himat the airport.A.would meetB.would hadmet C.would havemet D.would havemeet
12.Mike cantake hiscar apartand putit backtogether again.I certainlywish heme how.A.teaches B.will teachC.has taughtD.would teach
13.1would have told himthe answer,had itbeen possible,but Iso busythen.A.hadbeenB.were C.was D.would be
14.Hes workinghard for fear that he.A.should fallbehind B.fell behindC.may fallbehind D.would fallenbehind
15.If itanother tenminutes,the gamewould have been calledoff.A.had rainedB.would haverained C.have seenD.rained
16.He suggested that theyuse atrick insteadof fighting.A.should B.would C.do D.had
17.My fatherdid not go toNew York;thedoctorsuggested that he there.A.notwent B.won91goC.notgoD.not togo
18.1would havegonetothe meetingifltime.A.had had B.have had C.had D.wouldhave had
19.Would yourather Ibuying a new bikeA.decided againstB.will decideagainst C.have decidedD.shall decideagainst
20.You lookso tiredtonight.lt istimeyou.A.goto sleepB.went tosleep C.go to bed D.went tobed
21.——Why didntyou buyanewcar一I wouldhave boughtone iflenough money.A.hadB.havehadC.wouldhave D.had had
22.1fshe couldsew,.A.she make a dressB.she wouldhave madea shirtC.she willmakeashirt D.she wouldhad madea coat
23.today,he wouldget there by Friday.A.Would heleave B.Was heleaving C.Were heto leaveD.If heleaves
24.His doctorsuggested thatheashort tripabroad.A.will takeB.would takeC.take D.took
25.The Bakersarnved lastnight.If theydonly letus knowearlier,at the station.A.wed meetthem B.weUl meetthem C.wed havemet themD.weve metthem
26.If Iyou,I moreattention toEnglish idiomsand phrases.A.was;shall payB.am;will payC.would be;would payD.were;would pay
27.We mighthave failedif youus ahelping hand.A.have notgiven B.wouldnotgive C.had notgiven D.did notgive
28.The lawrequires thateveryone hiscar checkedat leastonce ayear.A.has B.hadC.haveD.will have
29.It isstrange thathe so.A.would sayB.would speakC.should sayD.will speak
30.Had Iknown hername,A.or does she knowmine B.and wheredoesshelive C.she wouldbe beautiful.D.I wouldhave invitedher tolunch.明年我要是二十岁,我就会学法语(事实是我现在已经老了,明年我学不了法语了)If it should fail,I wouldtry again.要是失败了,我会再试一次(事实是有可能失败,可我会再试表示未知)虚拟过去式有时并不表示“不大可能实现的假设”,而是表示一种希望或不希望发生的动作如If wecaught theearly train,wed gettherebylunch time.假如我们赶上早班火车,到午饭时间我们就会到达那里了(表希望)If wemissed thetrain,we shouldhavetowait anhour atthestation.假如我们赶不上这班火车,我们就得在车站等一小时(表不希望)
4.混合型的条件句当条件从句与主句所表的时间不一致时,虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整主句和从句的谓语动词并不相互呼应,这种条件句叫混合条件句较多见的混合型条件句是从句用过去完成时(指过去行为),而主句用一般时(指目前状态)He wouldpass thetest ifhe had taken my advice•如果他听了我的劝告,他现在会通过考试Ifl hadspoken tohim yesterday,I shouldknow what to donow.假如昨天我对他说了,现在我就知道该怎么办了You wouldbe muchbetter nowif you hadtakenmyadvice.假如你接受了我的意见,你现在就会好得多如条件从句用ifl were...,主句则可用表任何时间的虚拟形式如Ifl werenot busy,I wouldhave come.假如我不忙,我就会去了(were表过去)If Iwere you,I wouldgo.假如我是你,我会去的(were表现在)二.if的省略如果虚拟条件句的谓语部分有were,had和should时,可省略if,把were,had和should放到从句主语前面去,多见于书面语Had younot helpedme,I shouldhave failed.要是没有你的帮助,我就失败了Were youin myposition,you woulddo thesame.假如你处在我的地位,你也会这样干的Should theyattack us,well wipethem outcompletely.假如他们进攻我们,我们就把他们彻底消灭干净三.含蓄条件句虚拟条件句中的条件从句有时不表出来,只暗含在上下文中,这种句子叫做含蓄条件句含蓄条件句大体有三种情况1)条件暗含在短语中如But foryour helpwe couldnthave succeededintheexperiment.如果没有你的帮助,我们的实验是不会成功的(暗含在分词短词but foryour help)What wouldI have done without you如没有你,我会怎么办呢?(条件暗含在介词短语withoutyou中)It wouldbe easierto doit thisway.这样做会比较容易卜条件暗含在不定式短语to doit thisway中)This samething,happening inwartime,amount todisaster.同样的事,如发生在战时,就会酿成大祸(条件暗含在分词短语happening inwartime中)He musthave thestrength ofa hippopotamus,or henever couldhave vanquishedthat greatbeast.他一定是力大如河马,否则他绝不会击败那只庞大的野兽(暗含条件是连词or)Alone,he wouldhavebeenterrified.如是单独一人,他是会感到害怕的(暗含条件是alone)2)条件暗含在上下文中如You mightstay hereforever.你可以永远待在这儿(可能暗含if youwanted to)We wouldhave succeeded.我们本来是会成功的(可能暗含if wehad kepttrying)Yourreputation wouldberuined.你的名誉会败坏的(可能暗含ifyou shouldaccept it)3)在不少情况下,虚拟式已变成习惯说法,很难找出其暗含的条件如You wouldn^know.你不会知道I wouldlike tocome.我愿意来四.不用if引导的条件从句虚拟条件句中的条件从句除用if弓I外,还可用when,unless,lest,suppose,as if,forfear,in case,on condition等词语来引导如The peasantsprepared tofeed thecity whenitshould be freed.农民已准备在这座城市解放后供给粮食Lest you should nothave heardall,I shallbegin atthe beginning.我怕你没有听全,所以我再从头开始讲一遍Unless Iwere well,I wouldntbe atschool.除非我好了,否则我不会上学Suppose youwere givena chanceto studyin America,would youaccept假如给你一个到美国学习的机会,你会接受吗?(suppose或supposing=what if)Supposing itwere so(=Supposing itwere so,what wouldhappen)要是这样的话,会怎么样呢?He canuse thebicycle oncondition thathe shouldreturn ittomorrow.如果明天能还回来,他就可以借用这辆自行车In caseI forget,please remindme ofmy promise如果我忘了,请提醒我的诺言Susan iswalking slowly,as ifshe weretired.苏珊走得很慢,就像是累了似的与if一样,上述词语所引导的条件从句亦可用直陈语气,表可能实现或发生的事虚拟语气补充讲解(第二课时)虚拟语气除主要用于条件句(也就是状语从句)外,还可用于主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、定语从句等
1.虚拟语气在主语从句中的应用“常用在It is(was)+形容词/过去分词+that引导的主语从句”的句型中的主语从句要用虚拟语气主语从句的谓语用should+动词原形域should+have+过去分词)或只用动词原形(尤其是美国英语)should在此是助动词,本身并无实义,这种主语从句中的should有时有感情色彩Its important that we(should)work outa plan.(带有“要求”的含义)It*s betterthathego at once.(带有“建议”的意思)☆用于本句型的形容词并不多,常见形容词有necessary,important,best,right,impossible,preferable,desirable,imperative,advisable,essential,reserved,urgent,等It isnecessary thathe(should)be sentthere atonce.Its strangethathe should sayso.I wasglad thathe should go.It isimportant that we shouldspeak politely.It isa pitythat she should fareso badly.Its rightthat you should thinkthat way.☆用于本句型中的过去分词就是表示提议要求、命令等动词的过去分词,如suggested,settled,required,requested,demanded,urged,decided,proposed,ordered,desired,advised等It isrequested thatProfessor Liu(should)give usa lecture.It isdesired that we(should)get everythingready bytonight.Im ashamedyoushouldhavedonesuch athing.It hasbeen suggestedthat themeeting should be putoff.有人建议推迟会议It issettled that you leaveus,then注意这种句型中的主语从句也可用陈述语气,It wasimportant thathe madean explicitstatement onthis scorelast week.他上个星期对于这一方面做了明确的说明,这是很重要的
2.虚拟语气在宾语从句中的应用
1.宾语从句在表示提议、要求、命令、意志等动词后,其谓语用should+动词原形或只用动词原形的虚拟语气,作为suggest,request,demand,urge,propose,prefer,advise,insist,require,order,command,maintain,ask,object,arrange,desire等动词的宾语如The doctorsuggestedthathe notgo there.医生建议他不要去那里He suggestedthat we should leaveearly•他建议我们早点动身The judgeordered thatthe prisonershould beremanded.法官命令被告还押
2.wish的宾语的从句,表示愿望,常省去连词that☆从句的谓语动词可用过去式,表示现在的愿望与现在事实相反,虽实现的可能性不大,但仍有实现的可能I wishitweretrue.我但愿这是真的☆从句的谓语动词还可用“could would,might+动词原形”用来表示将来的愿望I wishyou wouldstay alittle longer.我希望你再待一会儿☆表示无能为力的过去愿望与过去事实相反,可用“had+过去分词”或“could would,might+have+过去分词”I wishyou hadcalled yesterday.我希望你昨天来过电话We wishyouhadcome toour NewYears party.我们真希望你来参加了我们的新年联欢会
3.would rather,would sooner等表示愿望,其宾语从句常用虚拟过去式☆表示与现在和将来含义事实相反的虚拟语气要用动词的过去式☆用过去完成式had+过去分词表示过去事实相反的含义I wouldrather youcame tomorrow.我宁愿你明天来rd soonershe leftthe heavyend ofthe workto someone else.我宁愿她把重活留给别人
4.有些动词,如think,expect,believe,其否定式的宾语从句亦可用should+动词原形如I neverthought heshould refuse.我万没有想到他会拒绝She didnot expectthatyoushould come.她没有预料你会来
5.虚拟语气在表语从句中的应用名词suggestion,proposal,order,advice,demand等作主语,其后的表语从句中的谓语动词一般使用虚拟语气,用should+动词原形或省略shouldo My suggestion is that weshould senda fewsoldiers tohelp them.我的建议是我们应派几个战士去增援他们My adviceis thatyoushouldtreat herwell.我的忠告是你应该善待她He makesthe demandthat sheshould leavethe placeatonce.他提出一个要求,要求她立刻离开这个地方Mysuggestionisthatweshouldtell him.我的建议是我们应该告诉他Our onlyrequest isthat thisshouldbesettled assoon aspossible.我们唯一的请求就是尽快解决这个问题注意虚拟语气也可以用于同位语从句如There wasa suggestionthat Brownshouldbedropped fromthe team.有一项建议是布朗应该离队
6.虚拟语气在定语从句中的应用常用在It istime that…句型中,定语从句常用虚拟过去式It istime thechildren went tobed.孩子们早该上床睡觉了(表示催促)Its hightime thathe beganto thinkhow todeal withmoney.他早该开始考虑如何与钱打交道It istime weleft,我们该走了It istime wewenttobed.我们该去睡觉了
7.虚拟式动词原形亦常用在独立句中,表愿望Long livethe CommunistParty ofChina!中国共产党万岁!God blessyou!上帝保佑你God damnit!该死的!The deviltake you!见鬼去吧!So beit then.就那样吧
8.虚拟时态与谓语动词时态的关系从句中的虚拟时态往往不受全句谓语时态的影响1)用于主语从句试比较It isimportant thatheshouldknow aboutthis,他必须知道此事It wasimportantthatheshouldknow aboutthis.他必须知道此事2)用于宾语从句试比较I suggestthatweshouldgotomorrow.我建议我们明天走I suggestedthatweshouldgothe nextday•我建议我们第二天走She said,“If Iwere a boy I would jointhe army.她说,我如是男孩,就参军”She saidthat ifshe wereaboy,she wouldjointhe army.她说她如是男孩就参军但强调现在时刻的虚拟式在间接引语中需要遵守时态一致的原则试比较“If Iknew howit worked,I couldtell youwhatto do Jhe said.“假如我知道它是如何运行的话,我就会告诉你该怎么办,”他说道He saidthat ifhehadknown howit workedhe couldhave toldme whattodo.他说假如他知道它是如何运行的话,他就会告诉我该怎么办“If Iknew the answer to all yourquestions Fdbe a genius,“he said.“我如知道你所有问题的答案,我就是天才了”他说道He saidthat ifhe knewtheanswertoallmy questions,hed beagenius.他说他如知道我所有问题的答案,他就是天才了但如果全句谓语是虚拟语气,其后从句的时态则多受其影响,现在时态应随之而变为过去时态如:Iwouldthink hewas wrong•我看他是错了(须用was,试比较I thinkhe iswrong)It wouldseem that she wasright.她似乎是对的(彳蜥was,试比较It seemsthatsheis right)。