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全国英语等级考试四级PETS4历年真题-材料题江南博哥根据以下材料,回答21-21题Humans like to regardthemselves asexceptional.Many philosophersbelieve humansare theonly21which understands that othershave their own personalthoughts.That understandingis knownin the22as havinga“theory ofmind/1and it is consideredthe23to suchcherished human24as sympathyand deception.Biologists havelearned totreat such25with caution.Bernd Heinrichand ThomasBugnyar describean experimentthey havecarded out26ravens.27to gazeis reckonedto bea good28of thedevelopment of theory ofmind inhuman children.29about18months,most children.are able to followthe gazeof anotherperson,and30things aboutthe gazerfrom it.Failure to31this trickis anearly symptomof autism,a syndromewhose mainunderlying featureis an32to understandthat otherpeople have33,too.to34whether ravenscould followgaze,Dr Heinrichused SIXsix—month—old hand—rearedravens.The birds were set,one ata time,on aperch onone sideof aroom dividedby abarrier.An experimenterin frontof the barrier35his headand eyesin aparticular36and gazedfor30seconds beforelooking37,Dr Heinrichfound that all thebirdswereabletofollow thegazeof theexperimenters,even38thebarrier.ln the39case,the curiousbirds eitherjumpeddown fromthe perchand walkedaround thebarrier tohave a40or leapton topof itandpeered over.21[单选题]A.category B.group C.race D.species正确答案:D参考解析D【精析】该题考查名词词义辨析category种类;gr叩群体;race种族;species物种根据句意及下文对鸟类的实验可知,此处says.Thats howit iswith the best finds.They leaveyou withmore questionsthan answers.H41[单选题]Mammals in the dinosaurage usedto bedescribed asA.fierce anddangerous.B.shrewd andswift.C.doglike andsneaky.D.small andcowardly.正确答案D参考解析D[精析】句意恐龙时代的哺乳动物曾经被描述为什么根据第_段第二句As longas dinosaurs roamed the lands,our distantancestors never got to be much more than chickenhearted creaturesthat sneaked out at night to grabbib ofpla ntswhen theterrible fiz—ards were asleep”可矢口,传统观点认为我们远古的祖先只会等到可怕的恐龙在夜晚入睡的时候,才胆小如鼠地从藏身之地偷偷出来采集植物充饥根据第二段第二句One,of abrand-newspecies named R.giganticus,broke apartthe notion that mostdinosaurage mammals were neverlarger thansquirrels/可知,全新的物种R.giganticus化石的发现,推翻了大多数恐龙时期的哺乳动物都不比松鼠大的观点由此可知,恐龙时代的哺乳动物曾被描述为瘦小而懦弱,故选D42[单选题]The fossilof ababy dinosaurin theskeleton ofR.robustus indicates that A.R.robustus musthave diedin itspregnancy.B.this mammalcould havedied whilefighting with dinosaurs.C.R.robustus swallowedthe babydinosaur asits food.D.mammals wouldeat theiryoung whenstarved.正确答案c参考解析C【精析】句意R.robustus骨骼当中的小恐龙化石说明了什么根据第二段第4—5句”And thesecond,a newspecimen...refut edthe notionthat it was always the mammals that goteaten.I nsidetheskeleton wherethe animaTs stomach would have been alethefossilized remainsof abab ydinosaur.可知,新发现的R.robust-US标本推翻了哺乳动物总是被捕食这一观点在这个标本的胃部发现了一个变成化石的小恐龙的遗骸因此Krobustus腹中的小恐龙是被它吞下的食物故选C43[单选题]By sayingmey had struck scientific gold Lines1-2,Paragraph4,the authormeans that A.their discoveryearned themgreat fame.B.their findingsenjoyed enormousmarket value.C.they acquiredvaluable resourcesfor theirstudies.D.they hadmade asignificant discoveryin theirresearch.正确答案D参考解析D【精析】句意they hadstruck scientificgold第四段第1-2行是什么意思根据第二段最后一句This discoverywas thechance of a lifetime/says JinMeng,scientist andcoauthor ofthe paper.可知,在哺乳动物胃部发现恐龙遗骸这一发现是千载难逢的因此,struck scientificgold意为他们在研究领域内作出了重大发现,故选Do44[单选题]The expressioncooking upz,Line2,Paragraph5indicatesthat the authorA.doubts thevalidity oftheprevious scientificexplanations.B.thinks the new discoverieshave practicalsignificance.C.regards previousecological studiesas simplystory-making.□.considers thosenew discoveriesno longerhold water.正确答案:A参考解析A【精析】句意〃cooking up〃(第五段第二行)这一短语表明作者持有何种观点第五段第二句zz Now paleontologists callstopcooking uptheories toexplai nwhy mammalswere so little-that theyhad tobe smallto avoid being found,for example,or theycouldn,t growlarger becausedinosaurs already occupied thoseecolo gicalspaces.意为〃现在,古生物学家不必再编造理论来解释哺乳动物为什么那么瘦小了,例如,有的理论认为,它们之所以长得瘦小是为了避免被发现,或者,它们没法长大是因为恐龙已经占领了它们的生存空间根据第二段第一句But thatpicture changed dramatically with theannounceme ntin Natureoftwo impressive fossils.”和第五段第一句/z Taken together,thefinds overturn the already eroded idea that earlymammal swere tinyand timid.可知,《自然》杂志上发表的关于两块化石的文章彻底改变了传统的观念因此可知,作者基于最新的发现,对传统观点的真实性产生了质疑,故选A45[单选题]What isthe possibleconnection betweenmammals anddinosaurs A.Mammals wereunder dinosaursrulemost of the time.B.Mammals mighthave contributedto theevolution ofdinosaurs.C.Dinosaurs failedin thecompetition withmammals forfood.D.Baby dinosaurswere themain sourceof foodfor mammals.正确答案B参考解析B【精析】句意哺乳动物与恐龙之间可能存在怎样的联系根据最后—段第三句”And becausethey atedinosaurs,they mayevenhave had an influence on dinosaur evolution.n可知,由于新发现证明哺乳动物曾经捕食过恐龙,它们很可能对于恐龙的进化产生了影响故选成材料题根据以下材料,回答46-46题Schools ofeducation havelong beenobjects ofcriticism.From JamesKoerners1963book,The Miseducation of AmericasTeachers,up throughtwo recentreports bynational commissions,critics havecomplained aboutthe intellectual emptiness of the curriculumat ed schools and the lackofconnection betweenwhat istaught and the realitiesteachers facein theclassroom.A recentsurvey ofteachers abouttheir graduate-school trainingdrew commentslike nthe shabbiestpsychobab-ble imaginable11and Ha wasteof time.“With anestimated2million newteachers neededover the next decade,the shortcomingsin ed-ucation schoolsare apractical concern.In whatis agenerally bleaklandscape,a smallnumber ofschoolsstand outas innovators.Two keyqualities distinguishthese exemplars.First,they requirethatstudents masterthe subjectsthey willbe teaching and structuretheir curriculaaccordingly.Second,these programsput apremium onhands-on experience.While traditionaled-school curriculaarefdled withcourses on theory,the newapproach placesmuch greateremphasis on learning bydoing.At OhioState University in Columbus,students in the one-year mastersprogram spendhalftheir timeteaching inone of55Franklin Countypublic schools,where they are pairedwith experi-enced teachers.n Youare immersedfrom Day1says OSUgraduate studentKelley Crockett,a37-year-oldformer businesswomanwho doespractical trainingat GablesElementary School.And thatforcesyou tobe intimatelyinvolved.11In NewYork City,the BankStreet Collegeof Education-a two-year program-runs itsownjunior high.That keepsus honest/1says theschools president,Augusta Kappner.We areen-couraging studentsto seehow theyfunction inschool settingsso theycan constantlyimprove.H Comparableprograms existat someother institutions,including the University ofVirginia andTrinityUniversityinSan Antonio.But LindaDarling-Hamond,a professorat ColumbiallniversitysTeachers Collegewho is an experton teachertraining,estimates thatonly40percent ofthe1,200teacher-education programsin thecountry havemet nationalaccreditation standards.Most educationschools,she says,H have operated bureaucratically,assuming thatteachers didntneed toknow manythings,Just give them a textbook andsend them八—,on.46[单选题]By sayingIntellectual emptinessof the curriculum,z Lines3-4,Paragraph lthecritics meanto arguethat A.there werenot sufficientitems inthe curriculum.B.the curriculumwas poorlydesigned academically.C.the trainingbased on the curriculumwas hardlyimaginable.D.thecurriculumdid notsufficiently addresslearnersneeds.正确答案B参考解析B[精析】句意批评者所说的intellectual emptinessof thecurriculum第一段第3-4行是为了说明什么?intellectualemptiness”意为知识欠缺故选Bo47[单选题]According to the author.the concernover thecurrent situation in edschools isA.well-grounded.B.unnecessary.C.widespread.D.ill-founded.正确答案A参考解析A[精析]句意根据作者,对于当前师范院校的担忧是什么样的?根据第二段第一句With anestimated2million newteachersneeded overthenext decade,the shortcomingsin educationschoolsare apractical concern.可知,由于未来十年内对于新教师的缺口有200万,因此,师范院校的缺点是一个实际的问题由此可以推断作者认为对于师范院校的担忧是有充分根据的,故选A48[单选题]The wordpremium”Line6‘Paragraph2probably meansA.difficulty.B.emphasis.C.limitation.D.reward.正确答案:B参考解析B【精析】句意premium(第二段第六行)这个词大概是什么意、思根据第二段最后一句While traditionaled-school curriculaarefilled withcourses ontheory,thenewapproach placesmuchgreater emphasisonlearningby doing/可知,创新的师范项目与传统的课程安排相比,更加注重在实践中学习因此,这些项目看重实践经验,premium应与emphasis同义,故选B49[单选题]It canbe inferredfrom LindaDarling—Hammond,s commentthatA.most edschools shouldundergo fundamentalreform.B.it is too difficultfor edschools toovercome bureaucracy.C.teachers atedschoolsemphasize toomuch thevalue of atextbook.D.most edschool teachersare unwilfingto participateintheinnovations.正确答案A参考解析A[精析】句意从琳达•达玲•哈蒙德的评论中可以推断出什么根据最后一段最后一句Most educationschoolso she says,haveoperatedbureaucratically,assuming thatteachers didntneed toknow manythings,just givethem atextbook andsendthem on.〃’可知,琳达认为大多数师范院校有官僚主义作风,认为教师不需要了解太多知识,仅仅给他们一本教材就把他们送走由此可推断大多数的师范院校需要克服官僚主义的作风,因此需要进行更加根本的、制度层面的改革,故选A50[单选题]Which ofthe followingwould be the besttitle for the textA.A BirdsEye Viewon Teacher Training ProgramsB.Traditional versusModern Schoolsof EducationC.lnnovation atSome Schoolsof EducationD.Comparison betweenTeacherTrainingPrograms正确答案c参考解析C【精析】句意以下哪一项可以作为本文的最佳标题综观全文内容,第一段由评论者对于师范院校课程设置提出的意见,引出本文主题一—一些师范院校的改革创新;第二段指出创新院校的共同特征;第
三、
四、五段举例说明这些院校的举措;最后一段引出不同意见,即对这些师范项目的批评由此可知,本文主题为一些师范院校的创新,故选C材料题根据以下材料,回答51-51题Its almostan articleof faith:your bestally inthe fightagainst cancerisadoggedly optimisticoutlook.And it would seemthat mountingevidence ofthe linksbetween emotionaland physicalwell-being wouldsupport thatview.The onlyproblem is that there is nogood evidenceto supportthatbelief whenit comesto cancer.Moreover,the tyranny11of positive thinking oftenbecomesjust one more burden for the sick.It wasresearch inthe1970s and‘80sthatfirst popularizedthe ideathat attitudemight affectcanceroutcomes.Such researchled doctorsto encouragepatients to think happythoughts andvisu-alize theirimmune systemblasting awaycancer cells.But mostof thosestudies have been dismissedaseither flawedor inconclusive.A reviewof37studies thatwas publishedintheBritish Medicaljournalin2002found thatalthough apositive outlookdoes correlatewith theperception oflesspain by patients-a real benefit-there islittle consistentevidence thatcoping stylesplay animpor-tant partin survivalfrom orrecurrence of cancer.H Still,the optimismtheory remainsattractive.One reason isthat Americans livein aculturethat desires control.We wantto believethat we can beat cancer by imposing our will onthe dis-ease.A betterreasonisthat mentalstates likedepression andchronic anxietyhavebeenshown tohave physicalconsequences thataffect theprogression of such illnessesas heartdisease anddiabetes.While asimilar connectionis biologicallyplausible for cancer,it isfar fromproven.Even researcherswho believethat studieswill ultimatelyestablish linksbetween stressand theprogressionof cancer,like StanfordsDr.David Spiegel,know the picture is complex.H ltisnt amatterof1Fix itin yourmind,and youfix itin yourbody,111hesays,n butitwould be strangeifwhat goesoninour mindsdidnt affecthow ourbodies deal with illness.!l50where doesthat leavecancer patientsDoctors knowthat individualswill alwaysbring theirowndisposition-sunny,sour orsarcastic-to bearon theirillness andtreatment.Pressuring themtobe modelsof positivethinking isuseless.Worse,it couldcause themto hidetheir fearsand rejectsupport.But cliniciansmust remain alert forsigns ofdepression,which canaffect theoutcomeof anydisease ifit interfereswith treatment.And manypatients willalso need-and welcome-help toimprove poorcoping skills.Spiegel says,Having workedwith peoplewith life-threateningillnesses for30years,its clearthat thereare betterand worseways todealwith these things.H Falseoptimism isnthelpful,but neitheris despair.51[单选题]By sayingz/the tyrannyof positivethinking Line5,Paragraph I,the authorprobably meansA.people cannotbut tllinkoptimistically.B.it isunfair toforce peopletothinkpositively.C.people are advised toassume an optimistic outlookin life.D.it ispositivethinkingthat prevails.正确答案B参考解析B【精析】句意the tyrannyof positivethinking第一段第五行大概表示什么意思tyranny意为暴君,含有专制、强迫的意味根据第一段最后一句Moreover,the tyrannyof positivethinking oftenbecomes justonemoreburdenfor thesick.可知,积极思考的暴君”往往成为病人的另一个负担由此可以推断作者认为强迫病人积极思考是不合理的,故选B52[单选题]What isfound tobetherealbenefitof takinganoptimisticattitude towardcancer A.Strengthening theimmune system.B.Reducing thepain feltbypatients.C.lmproving patientscopingstyles.□.Heightening theeffect ofmedication.正确答案B参考解析B【精析】句意:面对癌症时保持乐观态度的真正好处是什么根据第二段最后一句“A reviewof37studies thatwas published...apositive outlookdoes correlatewiththeperception ofless pain bypatients—a realbenefit--thereislittle...可知,研究发现,积极的精神确实与病人感知到更少的痛苦相关,这是一个实实在在的好处,故选Bo53[单选题]The authorthinks thatthe Optimismtheory isderived fromA.Americanscultural pridein overcomingeverything.B.the biologicalplausibility ofwillful control ofcancer.C.the assumedconnection ofmood withsome illnesses.D.the scientificresearches inthe1970s ancT80s.正确答案:A参考解析A【精析】句意作者认为乐观主义理论源于什么根据第三段第1—3句”Still,the optimismtheory remainsattractive.One reasonisthatAmericans livein aculture thatdesirescontrol.We wanttobelieve that we canbeatcancerbyimposingourwillonthedis—ease.可知,乐观主义理论保持吸引力的原因之一,是美国人生活在一种渴望控制的文化当中我们想要相信自己能够通过将意志施加于疾病而打败癌症,故选Ao54[单选题]What doesthe Sentencethe pictureis complexLine3,Paragraph4mean A.Researchers differin viewsonthecure ofillnesses.B.The humanbody isstill beyondOur understanding.C.Doctors areunable tohandle cancerseffectively.□.Various factorsfunction inthe treatmentof cancers.正确答案:D参考解析D【精析】句意thepictureiscomplex”(第四段第三行)这句话是什么意思根据第三段最后一句While asimilar connectionisbiologically plausibleforcancer,itisfar fromproven.可知,虽然一个类似的关联在生物学上看起来同样适用于癌症,但是它还远未得到证明根据第四段第二句It isnz ta matterof Tixitin yourmind,and youfix itin yourbody,,可知情况并非如’把想法印在脑海就等于把想法施加于身体’那么简单因此可推知,在治疗癌症的过程中有各种因素共同作用,影响最终结果,故选D55[单选题]An appropriatetitle forthe textwouldbeA.Can SunnyThoughts HaltCancer.1B.Fix YourMind,and YourBody Willbe FixedC.Optimism-Another Burdenfor PatientsD.Smiles SurelySmooth Sentiment正确答案c参考解析C【精析】句意:本文最恰当的标题应为哪一项主旨题综观全文可知本文围绕积极乐观的心态与癌症治疗之间是否存在必然联系这一论点展开讨论,并提出了强颜欢笑可能会给病人带来更大的精神负担的观点因此标题中应包含乐观心态”与负担”这两个关键词,才能足够全顽地概括全文内容故选C材料题根据以下材料,回答56-59题Advances ininterfaces-the physicalway wereact withcomputers-and othertechniques ofcontrolling computers will supplement therole ofthe traditional keyboard and mouse.Technologiesin developmentinclude surfacesthat allowfingertip control of on-screen objectsand devicesthatsense-and reactto-movement.表达的意思是人类自认为是一个知道他人有自己想法的特殊物种,故选Do22[单选题]A.perspective B.wade C.business D.skill正确答案A参考解析A.【精析】该题考查名词词义辨析perspective观点、视角;trade贸易[business商业;skill技能联系上文的that understanding和下文的theory ofmind,,可知此处进一步说明哲学家的观点,故选A23[单选题]A.secret B.attrieution C.alternative D.gateway正确答案B参考解析B【精析】该题考查名词词义辨析secret秘密;attribution归因;alternative选择;gateway门;途径根据句意可知此处表达的意思是心理理论是人类同情与欺骗等情感产生的原因,故选B24[单选题]A.qualities B.operations C.habits D.values正确答案A参考解析A【精析】该题考查名词词义辨析qualities特质;operations手术;运营;habits习惯;values价值观根据后文提到的But weshould assesshuman-computer interactionHCI to ensure thatwe retaincontrolofkey decision-making processes,one reportsuggests.Display technologieswill soonallow usto fixscreens of all sizesin avariety offabrics.In thenearfuture wewill stillbe readingpaper booksand magazines;but wellalso beusing paper-likedigital screensto distributecontent.Cheap andeasily-accessed digitalstorage allowsconsumers to electronically record and storemo reaspects ofour lives-allowing usto shareinformation andinteract withpeople acrosstheglobe.This hyper-connectivity liberatesus fromfixed telephonelines,desks andoffices,while ad-vances inrobotics developthe computersability tolearn andmake decisions.New computingtechnology istremendously exciting/said tom Rodden,Professor attheU-niversity ofNottingham.But theinteraction betweenhumans andcomputers isevolving intoacomplex ecosystemwhere smallchanges canhave far-reaching consequences.While newinterfacesand hyper-connectivity meanwe areincreasingly mobile,we cansee that theyareobscuring the linebetween workand personal space.11Huge storagecapabilities raisefundamental privacyissues aroundwhat weshould berecord-ingandwhat weshould not.The potentialof machinelearning might well result in computersincreasingly making decisions onour behalf.It isimperative thatwe combinetechnological innova-tions withan understandingof theirimpact onpeople.11The reportargues thatwithout propermonitoring andassessment itis possiblethatwemay nolongerbe incontrolofourselves orthe worldaround us.This potentiallyplaces thecomputer onacollision course with basic human values and concepts such aspersonalspace,society,identity,independence,perception,intelligence andprivacy.The reportgives recommendationsfortheHCI communityto adopttoensurethat human valuesinform futuredevelopment.These includeeducating youngpeople sothat theyunderstand HCIandthe impactof computeradvances earlyon andengaging withgovernments,policy-makers andsociety asa wholeto providecounsel andgive advancewarning ofthe emergingimplications of newcomputing ecosystems.Computing hasthe potentialto enhancethe livesof billionsof peoplearound the world.Webelieve thatif technologyis totruly bringbenefit tohumanity,then humanvalues andthe impactoftechnology mustbe consideredattheearliest possibleopportunity inthe technologydesignprocess,H saidAbigail Sellen.one ofthe editorsofthereport.56[单选题]New technologieswill makea computerA.less compMxin structure.B.less variedin appearance.C.more automaticin operation.D.more userfriendly infuture.正确答案D参考解析D[精析】句意新技术会使计算机怎么样根据第一段第一句Advances ininterfaces—the physicalway wereact withcom puters---and othertechniques ofcontrollingcomputerswillsupplementthe roleofthetraditionalkeyboardandmouse.可知,触屏技术的进步一我们的身体与计算机互动的方式一以及其他控制计算机的技术将对传统的键盘和鼠标的作用进行补充根据第三段第—句Display technologieswill soonallow usto fixscreensof allsi zesin avariety offabrics.可知显示技术将很快使我们能够在各种纤维上安装各种尺寸的屏幕根据第四段第一句Cheap andeasily-accessed digitalstorage allowsconsuln-el stoelectronicallyrecordandstore moreaspects ofour lives-allowing USto shareinformation andinteract wit}l peopleacr OSStheglobe.可知便宜便捷的数码存储方式使消费者能够以电子的方式记录并存储我们生活的各个方面——它允许人们与全球的居民分享信息和互动综合以上信息可知计算机将更加人性化,故选D57[单选题]The wordimperative”Line3,Paragraph6is closestin meaningto A.urgent.B.difficult.C.appropriate.□.extraordinary.正确答案A参考解析A【精析】句意imperative(第六段第三行)在意思上最接近哪一个词根据第五段第二句But theinteraction betweenhumansand computersis...far-reaching consequences.可知人类与计算机之间的互动正在演变为一个复杂的生态体系,其中细微的变化都可能会有深远的影响根据第六段第二句The potentialofmachine learningmightwellresult incomp utersincreasingly mak-ingdecisionsOn ourbehalf.可矢口机器的学习潜能可能会导致计算机越来越多地代表我们做出决策由此推断,鉴于技术发展与其对人类生活的重大影响,将技术创新与理解它们的影响结合起来是一项紧迫的任务,故选A58[单选题]When leftunmonitored,technological innovationsmay bringabout A.collision inhuman society.B.decrease inworking efficiency.C.threat tohumanvalues.D.poorer governmentaladministration.正确答案c参考解析C【精析】句意:如果缺乏监督,技术创新可能会带来何种影响根据第七段第1-2句The reportargues thatwithout propermonitoring andasse ssment...This potentiallyplaces thecomputer onacollision coursewithbasichumanvaluesandconceptssuch as...可矢口如果没有恰当的监督和评估,我们可能将无法控制自己,或者无法控制我们周围的世界这一论断将计算机置于与1=1基本的人类价值观和诸如个人空间、社会、身份、独立、感知、智力和隐私等概念相抵触的境地由此推断,缺乏监督的技术创新将威胁人类价值故选co59[单选题]The textfocuses onA.the complexecosystem ofhumans andcomputers.B.the potentialsofnewcomputer technology.C.the improvementof technologyon computers.D.the individualizedfunction ofcomputer technology.正确答案A参考解析A【精析】句意本文主旨为何综观全文可知本文探讨的是科技创新对人类生活产生的重大影响,其中包括新技术带来的便利,也包括其潜在的威胁,因此本文的主要内容应为新科技与人类社会的复杂关系,故选A60[单选题]tomRoddenis worriedthat newinterfaces andhyper—connectivity willA.resultingreater interestin machinelearning.B.impose moreinterference onour privacy.C.disturb Ourexisting ecologicalsystem.D.lead tothe needof hugestorage.正确答案B参考解析B【精析】句意汤姆•罗登担忧新型触屏和超链接将会产生什么影响根据第五段第三句While newinterfaces andhyper-con—nectivity meanwe aleincreasingly mobile,we cansee that theyare obscuringthelinebetween workand personalspace.可知新型触屏和超链接意味着我们变得越来越流动,它们正在抹杀工作与私人空间之间的界限由此推断,汤姆•罗登担忧新技术将干涉个人隐私,故选Bo材料题根据以下材料,回答61-65题Directions:Read thefollowing textcarefully andthen translatethe underlinedsegments into Chinese.Write yourtranslation clearlyon ANSWERSHEET
2.Ecological economicsrecognizes that humans and their economiesare partsof larger natural e-cosystems andco-evolve withthose natural systems.61There isa materialand energybasis fortherelations betweenhuman economiesandtheirecosystems,defining notonly economic,but social,structures andprocesses.Economies possessgeneral ecosystemproperties,such asdynamism,evolution,integrity,stability andsustenance.Economies areembedded inlargernaturalecosys-tems,and exchangeflows ofmaterials andenergy withnatural systems.62What makeshumans andtheir economiesunique asa sub・ecosvstem istheir ability,through willfuleffort,ignorance andhuman designedtools,to dramaticallyrestucture andreformprocesses inecosystems ofwhich theyareapart;The abilityis tosuchamagnitude thathumanwelfare canbe diminishedor enhancedby thoseoriginal actions.Some typesof economicactivi-ties,andthewelfare thatoriginates fromthem,would notbe sustainableif theysubstantially ad-versely impactnatural systems.63The willfuleffort toextract usefulthings fromnatural systems is motivatedby thesatisfac-tionofbasic biologicalneeds andthe seeminglylimitless searchfor pleasurethrough consumptionofgoods andthrough socialassociations,The magnitudeof potentialimpact on theirownwelfarethrough effectson natural systems requiresthathumandecisions beguided bysome notionofthevalue oftheir actionsandthevalue oftheir impactson ecosystems,either interms ofbenefits ofuseor costsof abuse.Some conceptof valueis requiredfor rationalactivities ofhuman economieswithintheir naturalsystems.Both thestructures andprocesses of naturalsystemshave identifiableinstrumental valueto thehumaneconomy.These narrowuse valuesmay bereflected bythe summationof individualvalues,totheextent theyare private.However,naturalsystemsalso have aesthetic,moral andcultural values.These valuesare moreintrinsic andunmeasurable usingtraditional humanpreferences.64Valuation ismade morecomplicated bythv fretthat ournatural environmentis highlylikelyto shapevalues throughestablishing socialand economicrelations,aesthetic standardsandculture.If so,our decisionsnow aboutthe naturalenvironment willshape furorevalue systems,making values.endogenous and,therefore,a poorguide tobehavior.65A wayout ofthis dilemmaistomake valuationsof naturalsystems basedon Whatwe wouldliketo see societybecomeather thanto askwhat currentvaluations are.The valueofnaturalsystemsisthen basedontheirability toassist usin becomingwhat wewish tobe.61[填空题]参考解析人类经济发展与生态体系之间的关系有一个物质与能源的基础,该基础不仅决定经济结构,也决定社会结构与过程62[填空题]参考解析使人类与他们的经济成为独特次生态系统的是他们通过有意的努力与忽视,以及他们自己设计的工具,剧烈地改造与变革生态体系的过程的能力,而他们本身也是该体系的一部分63[填空题]参考解析从自然系统之中选择有用事物的努力是由满足基1=1本的生理需求和通过消费商品、进行社会活动,对享乐进行无止境的追求所激发的64[填空题]参考解析由于我们的自然环境很可能会通过建立社会与经济之间的关系、建立审美标准和文化来影响价值,做出衡量就变得更加复杂65[填空题]参考解析解决这一困境的方法是使自然体系的价值基1=1于我们希望社会能够变成的模样,而非探讨当前的价值是什么66[填空题]Study thefollowing twopictures carefullyand writean essayon them.In youressay,youshould1describe thepictures briefly,2analyze thissituation,and3give yourcomments.You shouldwrite160-200words neatlyon ANSWERSHEET
2.Nobody can live happilywithout dreams,and nobodycanlivehappily onlywith dreams.参考解析Dreams andHard WorkIn thefirst picture,wecansee thata manis pullinga heavilyI oadedcartwith downcasteyes,thus unabletoseethe roadb eforehim.In thesec-ond one,the manis lyingidly anddrea mingabout becominga millionaire,going tothebestuniversi tyzand livinginaluxurious house.Dreams areimportant inthattheykeep onemotivated andgi vehim adi-rection.On theroad oflife,dreams drivepeople forward,givethemcourageagainst obstacles,and directtheir endeavorstowards certaingoals.Withoutdreams,we cannotachieve greatsuccess.No matterhow hardone toils,hiswork is but blind.However,this doesnot meanthat onecould dream thingsintobeing.Imagining thingswithout puttingin effortisbutdaydreaming andamere wasteof time.One hasto work reallyhard inorder tomake dreamscometrue.Dreams areindispensable forsuccess inlife,yet dreamsalone willnotwin theday.Only whenwe takedown-to-earth stepsshall steadyprogress bemadeand dreamsbe realized.Theref ore,we mustcombined dreamsand hardworkto achievesucc ess.[写作点金]写此类文章关键在于领悟图片的深层含义一般来说,写作步骤可分为四步首先,仔细观察图片,对图片进行描述;第二,陈述图片所影射的社会现象;第三,表达出你自己对该社会现象的看法;第四,对以上内容进行总结【高频词句】
1.dream of/about梦想
2.drive sb.forward推动某人进步
3.dreams aleimportant inthat...梦想的重要性在于…
4.direct sth.towards sth.将某物引导至U某处sympathyand deception,,可知,此处表达的意思是类似同情与欺骗等人类共有的、区别于其他物种的特质,故选A25[单选题]A.comparisons B.findings C.assertions□.studies正确答案c参考解析C【精析】该题考查名词词义辨析comparisons tk®;findings发现;assertions断言,论断;studies研究根据前文可知,第一段主要列举了哲学家的观点来进一步论证〃人类喜欢把自己当作例外〃这一论点,然而文中并未明确说明哲学家的观点是得到实证证明的,言外之意是,这只是他们的主观看法,由此可推知,此处表达的意思是生物学家对哲学家的〃断言提出的质疑,故选C26[单选题]A.on B.toC.against D.for正确答案:A参考解析A【精析】该题考查介词的用法On在…上;关于X向...方向;against相反;for为了根据句意可知,此处意为对渡鸦进行的一项实验,其中ravens”是实验对象,前面需要一个表示关于”的介词,on符合文意,故选A27[单选题]A.Indifference B.Response C.Resistance D.lnstinct正确答案B参考解析B【精析】该题考查名词词义辨析indifference冷漠;response反应;resistance抵触;抗拒;instinct直觉;本能根据后文进一步的解释,即大多数儿童在18个月大时能够追随他人的目光,可知此处表达的意思是对于目光的反应,故选B28[单选题]A.call B.reason C.hint□.measure正确答案D参考解析D【精析】该题考查名词词义辨析call呼唤;召唤;reason原因;hint暗示;示意;measure措施;衡量标准根据下文大多数儿童在18个月大时能够追随他人的目光可知,此处表达的意思是对于他人目光的追随是衡量儿童心理理论发展的一个好的标准,故选D29[单选题]A.With B.ln C.By D.At正确答案D参考解析D[精析】该题考查介词用法with表示伴随;in表示在......中;by表示手段;at表示在某一点根据文意可知,此处表示的意思是对于儿童年龄段的描述,at意为〃在...期间;在…岁时,符合文意,故选Do30[单选题]A.imagine B.infer C.locate D.confer正确答案B参考解析B【精析】该题考查动词词义辨析imagine想象;infer推断;locate定位;confer商谈;给与根据空格所在的句子前半部分〃追踪他人的目光,以及后半部分关于他人的一些信息可知,此处表达的意思是儿童能够从他人的凝视中获得信息infer sth.from sth.意为“从…中推断出...”,故选B31[单选题]A.develop B.find C.plan D.conceai正确答案:A参考解析A【精析】该题考查动词词义辨析develop发育;形成;find发现;到实验者的目光所指向的方向,have alook意为看一眼,故选A32[单选题]A.resent B.tendency C.attempt□.inability正确答案D参考解析D【精析】该题考查名词词义辨析resent怨恨;tendency倾向;attempt尝试;inability无能力根据前文自闭症的基本特征以及后文对于其他人…的理解可以推断,此处表达的意思与自闭症的症状有关,inability tounderstand...表示理解能力的缺失,符合文意,故选Do33[单选题]A.senses B.minds C.beliefs□.faculties正确答案B参考解析B【精析】该题考查名词词义辨析senses感觉;minds想法;be-fiefs信仰;faculties能力根据前文大多数18月大的儿童都能追随另—个人凝视的目光,并且从中推测出关于他的一些情况可知,此处表达的意思是自闭症儿童在相关能力上的缺失,即自闭症儿童不能理解他人也有想法,故选B34[单选题]A.argue B.prove C.test D.confLrm正确答案c参考解析C【精析】该题考查动词词义辨析argue争论;prove证明;test测试;confirm确定根据前文对儿童追踪目光的描述以及后文对渡鸦进行的实验可知,此处表达的意思是海因里希博士进行实验的目的是测试渡鸦是否能够追踪目光,由于实验尚未得到定论,故选C35[单选题]A.moved B.hid C.revealed□.adjusted正确答案D参考解析:D【精析】该题考查动词词义辨析moved移动;hid隐藏;revealed揭示;adjusted调整根据本句主语实验者以及后文的宾语他的头和眼睛可知,此处表达的意思是实验者将头和眼睛对准某一方向,并且凝视30秒,adjust表示在原来的位置调节某事物的方向或者状态,而move意为将某物进行位置的改变或者移动,adjust符合文意,故选Do36[单选题]A.manner B.direction C.type D.circle正确答案B参考解析B【精析】该题考查名词词义辨析manner方式;direction向;type类型;circle圆圈根据前文的实验者将头和目艮睛调整〃以及后文的〃凝视30秒可知,此处表达的意思是实验者为了做出凝视的动作,要将头和眼睛对准某一方向,故选Bo37[单选题]A.down B.up C.away D.inside正确答案c参考解析C【精析】该题考查副词词义辨析down表示向下;up表示向上;away表示离开;inside表示内部由前文的实验者把他的头和眼睛朝向某一方向,在凝视30秒钟之后可知此处表达的意思是实验者在做出凝视的动作之后所做的动作,away泛指其他的方向,符合文意,故选Co38[单选题]A.into B.within C.beyond D.from正确答案:C参考解析C【精析】该题考查介词用法into表示向内;within表示内部;beyond表示越过;另一边;from表示从…根据前文〃实验者发现全部渡鸦都能追随实验者的目光,甚至能够…以及后文的障碍物可知,此处表达的意思是渡鸦甚至能够越过障碍物而追踪实验者的目光beyond thebarrier表示越过障碍物,符合文意,故选Co39[单选题]A.former B.latter C.ordinary D.unusual正确答案B参考解析B【精析】该题考查形容词词义辨析former表示前者;latter表示后者;ordinary普通的;unusual非凡的根据前文所有的渡鸦都能够追随实验者的目光,有些好奇的渡鸦甚至能越过障碍物以及下文好奇的渡鸦通过各种方式追随实验者的目光可知,此句进一步说明越过障碍物的情况,即前文所提到的后一种情况,故选B40[单选题]A.look B.rest C.try D.taste正确答案A参考解析A[精析]该题考查名词词义辨析look看;rest休息;try尝试;taste品尝根据前文所有的渡鸦都能够追随实验者的目光,有些好奇的渡鸦甚至能越过障碍物以及后文跳上障碍物,并从上面俯视”可知,渡鸦跳下木杆或走到障碍物周围是为了看到实验者的目光所指向的方向,havealook意为看一眼,故选A材料题根据以下材料,回答41-41题Conventional wisdomhas longheld that mammals stayedmillions ofyears onearth.As longasdinosaursroamedthelands,our distantancestorsnevergottobemuchmorethanchicken-hearted creaturesthatsneakedoutatnighttograb bitsof plantswhen theterrible lizardswereasleep.Only whenthey werewiped outdid mammalsbegin toearn alittle evolutionaryrespect.But thatpicturechangeddramaticallywiththe announcementin Natureof twoimpressivefos-sils.One,ofabrand-new speciesnamedR.giganticus,broke apartthe notionthat mostdinosaurage mammalswere neverlarger thansquirrels.The animalhad thedimensions ofa midsizedog-byfar thebiggest dinosaur-age mammalever found.And thesecond,a newspecimen ofa previouslydiscoveredspecies calledR.robustus,refuted thenotionthatitwasalwaysthemammalsthatgoteaten.Inside theskeleton wherethe animaTsstomachwouldhavebeenare thefossilized remainsofa babydinosaur.This discoverywas thechanceofalifetime,11says JinMeng,scientist andco-author ofthepaper.Indeed,Meng didntexpect tofind thingslike thisatall.The smallerskeleton wasdiscoveredabout twoyears agoby villagersin ChinasLiaoning province,site ofsome ofthe richestfossilbeds intheworld.They broughtit tothe attentionof scientists,who tookit toan institutefor ex-amination.H Wedidnt seethe stomachcontents atfirst/1says Meng.After theydid,however,it didnttake themlong torealize theyhadstruckscientificgold.Oncloser examination,the scientistsdetermined thatthe remainswere thoseofajuvenile dinosaur.Some ofthe armand legbones werestill attachedto eachother,suggesting thatR.robustus didntchewits foodthoroughly butwolfed itdown inlarge chunks.Takentogether,the findsoverturnthealreadyerodedideathatearly mammalswere tinyandtimid.Nowpaleontologistscan stopCooking uptheories toexplain whymammalsweresolittlethattheyhad tobe smallto avoidbeingfound,for example,or theycouldnt growlarger becausedinosaursalreadyoccupiedthose ecologicalspaces.But itfsnow clearthatmammalsdid fillsome ofthe spacesreserved forlarger animals.,,lt,squite possible,N sayspaleontologist AnneWeil,u thatthey competedwithdinosaursforthesame prey.11And becausethey atedinosaurs,they mayeven havehadaninfluenceondinosaurevolu-tion.What sortof influencen Wedont know/1she。