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全国英语等级考试四级PETS4历年真题一材料题江南博哥根据以下材料,回答21-40题Pragmatism is a philosophicalmovement thathas hada majorimpact on American culturefrom thelate19th centuryto thepresent.Pragmatism calls21ideas and theories to be tested in practice,by22whether actingupon theidea ortheory producesdesirable orundesirable results.The ideasof thepragmatists wereconsidered23when theyfirst appeared.to some critics,pragmatisms24to affirmany absolute standards cardednegative implications for society,25,pragmatists donot believethat asingle absolute idea of goodness or justice exists,but26that theseconcepts arechangeable anddepend on the27in whichthey arebeing discussed.The28of theseabsolutes,critics feared,could resultin an29in moralstandards.The pragmatistsdenial of absolutes,30,challenged thefoundations ofreligion,government,and schoolsof thought.31,pragmatism influenceddevelopments inpsychology,sociology,and manyother schools and movements,32political groupshave alsodrawn33the assumptionsof pragmatism,from theprogressive movementsof theearly20th centuryto laterexperiments insocial reform.Pragmatism isbest34in itshistorical andcultural context.lt aroseduring thelate19th century,a periodof rapidscientific advancement35by thetheories ofBritish biologistCharles Darwin,whose theories36to manythinkers thathumanity andsociety arein a37state ofprogress.During thissame period,a declinein38religious beliefsand valuesaccompanied theindustrialization andmaterial progressof thetime.In39,it becamenecessary torethink40ideas aboutvalues,religion,science,community,and individuality.21[单选题]A.for B.in C.out D.off正确答案A参考解析:41[单选题]Enbrel asrecommended byFDA advisory committee A.could bea substitutefor methotrexatein thenear future.B.might bringhope torheumatoid arthritis patients.C.should beadministered to all rheumatoid arthritis patientsalike.D.would distinguishitself forits cancer—killing effect.正确答案B参考解析B[精析]该题为细节题根据第一段A Foodand DrugAdministration...can greatly help rheumatoid arthritis patients/可知,食品药品管理局的一个咨询委员会称,一种新的疗法可以极大地帮助治疗风湿性关节炎浏览后文可知,第一段提到的新药物是恩利,而B项可能给风湿性关节炎患者带来希望’,与文中表述一致,故选B42[单选题]Which of the followingis responsiblefor theinflammation of the jointsA.A special molecule on cells surface.B.A free-floating receptor.C.A tumor—killing protein.□.Inactive TNF.正确答案c参考解析C[精析]该题为细节题由第四段第二句“A majorwrongdoer in this processis aprotein calledtumor killingfactor1or TNF...可知,在免疫系统攻击健康关节的过程当中,主犯是一种叫做肿瘤杀死因子”的蛋白质,它与一种特殊的分子相互作用,因此,造成关节发炎的物质是肿瘤坏死因子〃,一种杀死肿瘤的蛋白质,故选Co43[单选题]We learnfrom Paragraph6that A.Enbrel treatmentin largedoses couldreduce thepatients怎ymptoms,B.arthritis patientspresented symptomsafter Enbreltleatment.C.arthritispatients with treatment of aplacebo wererid ofsymptoms.D.only5%on theplacebo gotsymptoms such as swelling and joint pain.正确答案A参考解析:A[精析]该题为细节题由第六段第四句”By theend,40%of patientson thelarger Enbreldose sawsymptoms,such asswelling andjoint pain,cut inhalf.可知,40%接受较大剂量恩利注射的患者症状,例如肿胀或者关节疼痛,减轻了一半选项B称关节炎患者在接受恩利治疗之后表现出了症状,选项C称关节炎患者在注射安慰剂之后症状消失,选项D称只有5%接受安慰剂注射的患者表现出诸如肿胀和关节疼痛的症状,都与原文意思不符,故选A44[单选题]The wideuse of the newdrug Enbrelreties muchonA.justification of the newtreatment.B.a newmonitoring system.C.mass productionof thedrug.D.long—term safetystudies.正确答案D参考解析:D[精析]该题为推理题由第七段Because someTNF...so the FDA panelurged long-term safetystudies/1可知,因为一些肿瘤坏死因子对正常的免疫反应是必需的,使用恩利的患者至少在理论上会遭受感染或者甚至癌症的风险,因此,食品药品管理局专门小组敦促进行长期的安全性研究由最后一段Butcher saystheir safetyshould beclosely monitoredonce they,re widely available可知,一旦它们被广泛使用,它们的安全性应得到严密监测由此可推断,恩利的广泛应用取决于长期的安全性研究,故选Do45[单选题]Which of the followingmight bean appropriatetire for the textA.TNF andImmune SystemB.Enbrel versusMethotrexate C.Arthritis Drugon Pathto ApprovalD.Study onRheumatoid Arthritis正确答案c参考解析C[精析]该题为主旨题全文介绍一种治疗风湿性关节炎的新药恩利的药理作用以及可能造成的风险,并说明由于新药的风险,食品药品管理局对于审批十分谨慎,敦促进行长期的安全性研究选项C关节炎药物的审批之路涵盖了文章的主要内容,为正确选项选项A〃肿瘤坏死因子和免疫系统、选项B〃恩利与甲氨蝶吟”和选项D〃风湿性关节炎研究〃都是文章涉及的部分内容,不足以全面概括文章,故选C材料题根据以下材料,回答46-50题How faraway youare fromretirement playsa largepart inhow you should investyour retirementmoney.According toLeslie Wrightof WestminsterPortfolio ServicesLtd.,there arethree stagesto a long-term regularsavings planfor retirement:capitalization,consolidation andconservation.In the first stage,people should be mostconcerned withbuilding up their retirementsavings investment.According toWright,these investorscan takeas aggressivean outlookas theirnerves canstand/1because atthis pointthere islittle capitalto risk.The secondstep,consolidation,makes upthe bulkof yoursavings plan;balance theaggressive investmentswith sometamer ones,to betterprotect yourexisting possessions.The finalchange,from consolidationto conservation,when yourinvestments shouldaim topreserve thecapital youhave,should takeplace oneto threeyears beforeyou retire.The exacttiming of all theseshould takecurrent marketconditions intoaccount,although Wrightwarns againstrisky bettingon futuregrowth.n Greedmust notbe allowedto blindprudence/1he says.Whatever vehiclesyou choosefor yourretirement share-holding,be sureto take advantage of dollar-cost averaging.By investinga fixedamount at regular intervals,you1II be able to avoid the risk of poorly timed investments by averaging outthe peaksand valleysof the market.Plus,regular contributionswill letyou avoidthe temptation to drop out whenthemarketfalls,and tobuy toomuch whenprices arehigh.Those whoare wellalong theroad toretirement mayhave causefor concernthese days.The plungingstock andproperty marketshave shrunksavings,for retirementand otherwise;and some people havenot plannedfor theirretirement atall.You won11be thatrash,of course,but whatif you11re alreadyin mid-career anddon11have aretirement planin placeIf youdon11make someserious cutsin yourspending andsave heavilynow,youll have to sacrificein youcgolden rears.Of course,it1s betterstill toget offon theright footby startingyour planningearly.H Noone shouldhave tocompromise hisliving standardswhen heretires/1says Wright.H Retirementis atime toreally enjoylife.We haveall workedso hard.And one of thethings youshould heworking hardon right,now isplanning forthose daysof enjoyment.46[单选题]In thefirst stageof savingfor retirement,people cantake anaggressive investmentstrategy becauseA.they havealong-term regularsavings planin view.B.they canwell standlosses thatmight occur.C.there isnO riskin long-term investment.D.chances Canbalance possiblerisks.正确答案c参考解析C[精析]该题为细节题由第一段第四句”According toWright,these investorsCall takeas aggressiveall outlookas theirnerves canstand,because atthis pointthere islittle capitalto risk.可矢口/环特建议投资者可以〃采取他们心理能够承受的激进的态度,〃因为在这一阶段,几乎没有资金风险,也就是说,长期投资不存在风险,故选Co47[单选题]to avoidthe risk of poorlytimed investments,one shouldA.adopt dollar—cost averagingstrategy.B.set alimit tohis investmentatregularintervals.C.suppress thetemptationtodropoutuntimely.D.stop buyingshares whenthe pricesare toohigh.正确答案B参考解析:B[精析]该题为细节题由第二段第1—2句Whatever vehiclesyou choose...be sureto takeadvantage ofdollar—cost averaging.・.you11be abletoavoidtheriskofpoorlytimedinvestmentsbyaveraging outthe peaksand valleysof themarket/可矢口,成本平均策略通过每隔固定的时间间隔投资固定的数量,能够在市场的高峰和低谷中达到平衡,避免时机不佳的投资,故选B48[单选题]What doesthe phrasez/in yourgolden yearsz,Line3,Paragraph4mean A.Youth.B.Middle age.C.Mid—career.D.OId age.正确答案:D参考解析D[精析]该题为推理题全文提倡人们在职业生涯时期为退休时期做好储蓄和投资计划,由最后一句And one of thethings youshould beworking hardOil rightnow isplanning forthose daysof enjoyment./,可知,现在应该为退休阶段享受生活的时光做好准备,因此,如果现在不做准备,就无异于牺牲了享受生活的时期,即晚年,故选Do49[单选题]The authormight agreeto theargument thatA.one willhavetochange hisspending habitswhen growingold.B.its farbetter toend upwith toomuch moneythan notenough.C.its advisableto opena savingsaccount insteadof buyingstock shares.D.people shouldspend lesson livingafter theirretirement.正确答案B参考解析B[精析]该题为观点态度题全文强调尽早为退休时期做出投资计划的重要性,并提出投资建议,表明作者重视储蓄、投资,重视退休时期的资金保障,选项B表达的意思是拥有大量金钱远比钱不够花要好,与文章主旨一致,故选Bo50[单选题]Which of the followingmight bean appropriaterifle for the textA.Savings StrategyB.Enjoy YourLater YearsC.PIan forRetirement D.Risky StockMarket正确答案:B参考解析:B[精析]该题为主旨题文章介绍了为退休时期做出投资计划的策略,并强调尽早制定计划,以保障退休时期有享受生活的资金保障选项B最大程度地概括了全文意思,选项A储蓄策略、选项C”退休计划和选项D〃充满风险的股市都过于片面,故选Bo材料题根据以下材料,回答51-55题In the400s BC,the Sophists,a groupof wanderingteachers,began toteach in Athens.The Sophistsclaimed that they couldteach anysubject orskill toanyone whowished tolearn it.They specializedin teachinggrammar,logic,and rhetoric,subjects thateventually formedthe coreof theliberal arts.The Sophistswere moreinterested inpreparing theirstudents toargue persuasivelyand win arguments thanin teachingprinciples oftruth andmorality.Unlike the Sophists,the Greekphilosopher Socratessought todiscover andteach universalprinciples oftruth,beauty,and goodness.Socrates,who diedin399BC,claimed thattrue knowledgeexisted withineveryone andneeded to be broughtto consciousness.His educationalmethod,called theSocratic method,consisted ofasking probingquestions th.at forcedhis students to thinkdeeply about the meaningof life,truth,and justice.In387BC Plato,who hadstudied underSocrates,established aschool inAthens called the Academy.Plato believedin anunchanging worldof perfectideas oruniversal concepts.He assertedthat sincetrue knowledgeis thesame inevery placeat everytime,education,like truth,should beunchanging.Plato describedhis educationalideal inThe Republic,oneof the mostnotable worksof Westernphilosophy.Plato1s Republicdescribes amodel society,or republic,ruled byhighly intelligentphilosopher-kings.Warriors makeupthe republic1s secondclass ofpeople.The lowestclass,the workers,provide foodand otherproducts for all thepeople of therepublic.In Plato1s idealeducational system,each classwould receivea differentkind ofinstruction to prepare for their various roles in society.In335BC Plato1s student,Aristotle,founded hisown schoolinAthenscalledtheLyceum.Believing thathuman beingsare essentiallyrational,Aristotle thoughtpeople coulddiscover naturallaws thatgoverned theuniverse and then followthese lawsin theirlives.He alsoconcluded thateducated peoplewho usedreason to make decisionswould lead a lifeof moderationin whichthey avoideddangerous extremes.In the4th centuryBC Greekorator Isocratesdeveloped amethod of education designedto preparestudentstobe competentorators whocould serveas governmentofficials.Isocrates s students studied rhetoric,politics,ethics,and history.They examinedmodel orationsand practicedpublic speaking.Isocrates1s methodsofeducationdirectly influencedsuch Romaneducational theoristsas Ciceroand Quintilian.51[单选题]Which ofthe followingis trueoftheSophists A.Their roachingmmed outtobepersuasive.B.Their schoolswere locatedmostly inAthens.C.They underminedthe moralityofthesociety oftheir time.D.They exertedconsiderable influenceover latergenerations.正确答案:D参考解析D[精析]该题为细节题根据第一段第三句They specializedin teachinggrammar Jogic,and rhetoric,subjects thateventually formedthe corethe ofliberal arts.可知,诡辩家教授的课程后来形成了文科课程的核心,选项D〃他们对后世产生了可观的影响,与原文意思相符,为正确选项选项A称〃他们的教学方式是劝导性的,后面提到诡辩家们对于帮助学生准备有力的辩论,并赢得辩论更感兴趣,而不是教授真理和道德原则,A选项与原文意思相悖;选项B称〃他们的学校大多位于雅典〃,原文只是说他们开始是在雅典教学,并未提到他们的学校大多位于雅典;选项C称他们破坏了当时社会的道德,原文并未提到这一点,故选D52[单选题]Plato heldthat aperfect societyshould beone marked,among otherthings,by A.equality andfreedom.B.democracy andliberality.C.intellect andhierarchy,□.evolution andflexibility.正确答案:c参考解析:C[精析]该题为推理题由第三段第5~8句”Plat’s Republicdescribes amodel society,or republic,ruled byhighly intelligentphilosopher—kings...each classwould receivea differentkind ofin-structio ntoprepare fortheir variousroles insociety/可知,柏拉图的《理想国》描述了一个由极具智慧的哲学王统治的理想社会,这个社会等级分明,每个阶层都会接受其独特的教育,以便为了他们各自的社会角色做好准备,由此可以推断,柏拉图所认为的理想社会应以智力差异和等级制度为显著特点,故选C53[单选题]Which ofthe followingwould have been oneof Platoz sdislikes A.Challenge toclass divisions.B.Maintenance ofpolitical order.C.Obedience to the rulers.□.Acceptance to their socialroles.正确答案:A参考解析A[精析]该题为推理题由第三段第5—8句”Plat’s Republicdescribes amodel society,Or republic,mled byhighly intelligentphilosophero kings...each classwould receivea differentkind ofin-stmction topreparefortheirvariousrolesinsociety/可知,柏拉图倡导一个由智者领导的、等级分明的社会,每个阶层都遵从统治者领导,接受独特的教育,扮演各自的社会角色,因此可推断,对阶级分化的挑战应该是柏拉图不赞成的选项B〃维持政治秩序,选项C”服从统治者〃和选项D〃接受各自社会角色都是柏拉图所提倡的观点,与题干设问相反,故选A54[单选题]The followersof Isocratesmight haveshown littleinterest inA.morality.B.historical events.C.principles ofa government.D.comedies.正确答案D参考解析D[精析]该题为推理题由第五段第二句Isocrates,sstudents studiedrhetoric,politics,ethics,and history.可知,伊索克拉底的学生学习修辞法、政治、道德和历史,由此可推断,他的学生们对喜剧的兴趣不大,故选D55[单选题]Who mightshare asimilar teachingfocus to theSophistsA.Aristotle.B.Isocrates.C.PIato.D.Socrates.正确答案B参考解析:B[精析]该题为推理题由第一段第三句“They specializedin teachinggrammar,logic,and rhetoric,subjects thateventually formedthe coreoftheliberal arts.可知,诡辩家们专业教授语法、逻辑和修辞学,这些课程后来形成了文科课程的核心由第五段第二句Isocrates sstudentsstudiedrhetoric,politics,ethics,and history.可知,伊索克拉底的学生学习修辞法、政治、道德和历史,伊苏科拉迪与诡辩家教授的内容有相似之处,故选B材料题根据以下材料,回答56-57题Overshadowed byrows overNigeria andLockerbie,the Commonwealth s attemptsto refocuson tradeand investmentthe main theme ofthe Edinburgh heads of government meetingattracted littleattention and even less praise.Hopes werehigh that the summit1s economicstatement wouldbe ofsimilar weighttotheHarare Declaration,issued in1991to mapout apolitical agendafortheexcolonial clubafter theend ofits preoccupationwith thestruggle againstseparateness.But thepublication ofthe statementdid littleto divertattention from rows over the trial of two Lockerbie bomb suspects andover thedecision bythe CommonwealthMinisterial ActionGroup CMagnot to impose new sanctions against Nigeria.CMag choseto ignorecalls forNigerias expulsionand theimposition ofan oilembargo.They concludedthatthesituation wouldbe reassessedif GeneralSani Abachafailed tohonor hispromise tohold fullydemocratic electionsnext October.The PrimeMinister,tony Blair,was delightedwith thesix-page document,entitled Promoting Shared Prosperity.1^signals theend ofideology andreflects basic principles of economic and social justice,1,1Downing Streetsaid.H ltwould havebeen unthinkableonly ashort timeago.But thedeclaration producedfew surprisesand manyboring repetitions of statements based on affirmation of free market principles in the global economy.It wasnever goingtobeeasy tobridge gapsbetween the Commonwealth1s54members,which includeboth wealthy countries,such asBritain,and someofthe world1s poorest,such asBangladesh.So Edinburghstayed onsafe ground,establishing four key principles:1The worldeconomy should be gearedtowards promotinguniversal growthand prosperityfor all;2There mustbe effectiveparticipation byall countriesin economicdecision-making;3The removalof obstaclesthat preventdeveloping countriesfrom playinga fullpart inshaping the global economy;4A[精析]call for提倡;call in召来;call out大叫;call off取消,放弃由前后文对实用主义的解释可知,此句表达的意思是实用主义的1=1基本内涵,也就是实用主义这一思潮所倡导的观点和理念,故选A22[单选题]A.discussing B.predicting C.assessing□.questioning正确答案:C参考解析C[精析]discuss讨论;predict预测;assess评估;question提问,质疑由前半句话可知,实用主义倡导在实践中检验观念和理论,由此可推知,要想检验观念和理论,就必须通过评估依据某些观点和理论是否能够产生理想或不理想的结果,方能检验观念和理论的正确性,故选C23[单选题]A.reasonable B.credible C.revolutionary□.attractive正确答案c参考解析C[精析]reasonable合理的;credible可靠的;revolutionary革命性的;attractive具有吸引力的由后文提到的批评者的观点可知,人们对于实用主义的理念提出了质疑并且由后文The pragmatists1denial...challenged thefoundations ofreligion,government,and schoolsof thought.可知,实用主义对于传统观念提出了挑战,由此可推知,它是一股具有革命性的思潮,故选C24[单选题]A.effort Internationalregimes affectingeconomic relationsamong nationsshould providebenefits forall.Caribbean membersinsisted ona referencetotheirtroubles overbanana exportsthreatened bya newWorld TradeOrganization ruling,and wonrecognition oftheir Hlegitimate interestsand theneed forhelp todiversify theireconomies.Practical measuresincluded adecision toestablish aCommonwealth Tradeand InvestmentAccess Facilityto helpdeveloping countriestakeadvantageof globalization.One additionalsource ofrevenue wasopened upwith thecreation ofa newfund fordevelopment inSouth Asianmember countries.The WorldwideFund forNature saidthe Commonwealthhad not matched its rhetoric aboutthe dangers of globalisation by failing to promise higher-quality investment,protection forthe environmentand labourrights.56[单选题]The word/z rows7Line I,Paragraph lmostprobably refersto A.groups ofpeople.B.noisy arguments.C.subsequent events.D.tragic happenings.正确答案B参考解析B[精析]该题为推理题由第二段第2〜3句But thepublication ofthe statementdid littleto divertatte ntionfromrows over thetrialoftwoLockerbiebombsuspectsandoverthedecision bythe CommonwealthMinisterial Action GroupCMagnottoimposenewsanctionsagainstNigeria.CMag choseto ignorecalls forNigeria7s expulsionandtheimpoMtion ofan oilembargo/7可知,人们的注意力没有从两名洛克比炸弹嫌疑人,以及英联邦部长行动小组不对尼日利亚采取新的制裁手段的决定那里转移过来英联邦部长行动小组选择忽略驱逐尼日利亚以及强制石油禁运的呼声,高涨的呼声和忽略的态度形成强烈的矛盾,因此可推断,尼日利亚和洛克比发生了争执,故选B57[单选题]It canbe learnedfrom thefirst twoparagraphs thatA.the Edinburgh summit fmledto handlethe issueof tradeand investments.B.the.Edinburghsummitstrived toavoid publicattention.C.the meetingin Edinburghhas intendedto settlethe issueof Nigeria.D.the effortsin Edinburghharvested asmuch asthose inHarare.正确答案:A参考解析A[精析]该题为推断题由第一段Overshadowed byrowsoverNigeria andLockerbie,the Commonwealth,s attemptsto refocuson tradeand investment—the mainthe meoftheEdinburghheadsofgovernmentmeeting—attracte dtittle attentionandevenlesspraise.可知,贸易与投资是爰丁堡政府首脑会晤的主题,却受到极少关注,更不要说赞美,因此,爱丁堡峰会没有处理好贸易与投资的问题,由第三段最后一句〃But thedeclaration producedfew surprisesand manyborin grepetitions of statements basedonaffirmation offree mark etprinciples inthe global economy.,/可知,峰会发表的宣言并没有带来惊喜,却充斥着基于全球经济中的自由市场原则的无聊重复陈述,由此可推断,峰会并没有成功地解决贸易与投资的问题,故选A58[单选题]The six-page document,PromotingSharedProsperity A.accorded withfree marketprinciples intheglobaleconomy.B.justified itsideology withbasicprinciplesofeconomicandsocialjusfic e.C.surprised the world withits boringrepetitions6fstatements.D.paved theway formalI memberstates tobridge gapsbetween them.正确答案A参考解析A[精析]该题为细节题由第三段最后一句But thedeclaration producedfew surprisesand manyborin grepetitionsofstatementsbasedon affn-mationoffreemarketprinciplesintheglobaleconomy.z,可知,题为促进共同繁荣”的文件是以全球经济中的自由市场原则为基础的,故选A59[单选题]The Edinburghmeeting establishedfourkeyprinciples includingA.all nationsshould evenlybenefit from theworldeconomic growth.B.all developing countries shouldhave fullparticipation inshaping thegl obaleconomy.C.wealthycountriesshould takethe lead.in developingtheworldecono my.□.international regimesshouldbeabolished incase theyaffect economicrelations.正确答案B参考解析B[精析]该题为细节题由第四段倒数第2句The removalof obstaclesthat preventdevelopingcountriesfrom playinga fullpart inshaping theglobaleconomy...0可知,任何阻碍发展中国家充分发挥塑造全球经济作用的障碍都应被消除,故选Be60[单选题]The WorldwideFund forNature1s commenton theCommonwealthsbehavior isA.approving.B.puzzled.C.neutral.□.critical.正确答案D参考解析D[精析]该题为观点态度题由最后一段The WorldwideFund forNature saidtheCommonwealthha dnotmatcheditsrhetoricaboutthedangersofglobalisationbyfailingtopromisehigher一quality investment,protection forthe environmentand labourfights.可矢口,世界自然基金会批评英联邦言行不一致,他们声称全球化有危险,却没有对高质量的投资、环境保护和劳工权利做出承诺因此,世界自然基金1=1会对英联邦的态度是批判的,故选D材料题根据以下材料,回答61-61题Three commonways ofremembering are:repetition,association,and exaggeration.Repetition isthe keyto longterm memory.61PhysioloEcally,when braincells areactivated bythe memoryprocess,the nervecell coatingbecomes thickerand thickerwith eachrepetition,strengthening theelectrical pathwayin brainthat constitutesmemory.In addition,when associationsbetween partsofathing rememberedare formed,the nervecell bodysends outaxon runnersto otherassociated memorycells.These runnersfrom onecell connectto runnerson othercells.62As thepathway is used repetitiously,the surroundingceils becomelarger andmore tightlywrapped aroundthe electricallyconductive pathways,thereby transformingthe memoryfrom ashort・term memorytoalong-term memory.Memories ofsimilar objectsreside innearby regions.ofthe brain,while memoriesof exoticor exaggeratedobjects arefarther away.63By formingmemories withcreative andunusual associations,many morepathways areestablished,much likea spiderweaving anever biggerweb,in whicheach partleads tothe centerby manyinterconnected pathways.Memory linksare alsoestablished whena varietyof sensationsand muscularactivity areengaged.64Indeed,somepeopleseem tobe moreproficient atlearning byeither seeing,hearing orwriting,but noone methodcan providethe morenumerous pathwaysprovided byall threein combination.Memory isenhanced notonly byrepetition,but alsoby associationand exaggerationOf certainfeatures ofthe object.Many memoriesare recalledas seriesof objects.For instance,a memorydevice toremember fourcommon logicalfallacies isa pictureoftheEarth,with thegreen continentsand blueoceans,viewed fromouter spacewith aflight ofwhite geesecircling aroundit.This imageisusedto recallthe statementM geesecircle everycontinent.H Thefirst lettersof thatstatement standforthelogic fallaciesof generalization,circularities,either/or,and causeand effect,Size,also,seems toplay arole inmemorization.During the Middle Ages,memory contestswere heldannually.ln one,the winnerremembered onehundred thousandsequential items.A time-proven memorymethod fromtheMiddleAges isassociation ofabstract ideasto largeobjects.65The objectsused fortrigger recallseem toneed tobe aboutthe sizeofahuman,so that,if wewere blind,we couldidentify theobject bytouch,Large objectsinthe memory seemto engagemuscular memoryareas aswell as.sight memoryareas inthebrainand expandthememoryweb.For instance,remembering thepoints ofa speechabout amilitary battlemight involvingwalking fromone roomto anotherinafamiliar house.61[填空题]参考解析生理上,当大脑细胞被记忆过程激发,每一次重复都使神经细胞的表层变得越来越厚,其加强了大脑中构成记忆的电子通道62[填空题]参考解析:当通道重复使用,周围的细胞会变大,并且更紧密地围绕在电子通道周围,从而将短期记忆变成长期记忆63[填空题]参考解析通过形成创造性的和不寻常联系的记忆,更多的通道被建立,与一只蜘蛛织造一张更大的网很相似,网络上的每个部分都通过互相连接的通道通向中心64[填空题]参考解析的确,有些人似乎能够通过看、听、写当中的一种方法进行更有效的学习,但是没有一种方法能比三种方法结合使用提供更多的通道65[填空题]参考解析激起回忆的物体需要和人体大小一致,因此,即使我们是盲人,也能够通过触摸来辨认物体66[填空题]Study thefollowing picturecarefully andwrite anessay onit.In youressay,youshould1describe thepicture briefly,2analyze thissituation,and3give yourcomments.You shouldwrite160-200words neatlyon ANSWERSHEET
2.压力与动力参考解析Stepping onDifficulties,Overcoming PressureFrom thepicture we can seea manrunning withsprings under hisshoes.With thehelp ofthe counter-acting forceofthesp ring,the manis ableto runfaster andeasier.The springrepresents thevarious pressuresmost ofus havetoface inour byes.While enormousstress mayhave thepoten tialto adverselyaffect people1s health,a certaindegree ofpr essurewould benefitus byacting as a sourceof motivation.U nderpressure,wecanbring outour potential tothe best ino rderto meetthe challenge.tomakethebestof pressure,we shouldthink positivelyinthefirstplace.As pressureis largelyinevitable,it ispointless tobe excessivelyworried aboutthe harshsituation.On thecontr ary,it wouldbe ofgreat helpto maintaina healthy lifestyle and thusmitigate pressure.In conclusion,we needpressure andchallenge tobe motivated.When burdened with pressure,our potentialis exploredan dwe wouldbeableto workmore efficiently.Only bythinking positively,regarding pressureas animpetus andleading ahe althylifestyle canwe handlepressure successively.[写作点金]写此类文章关键在于领悟图片的深层含义一般来说,写作步骤可分为四步首先,仔细观察图片,对图片进行描述;第二,陈述图片所影射的社会现象;第三,表达出你自己对该社会现象的看法;第四,对以上内容进行总结[高频词句]
1.with thehelp of…在…帮助下
2.have thepotentialto有可能
3.a certaindegree of—定程度的
4.bring out发挥,激发
5.burdenedwithpressure背负压力
6.1eadahealthylifestyle建立健康的生活方式B.refusal C.intention□.hesitation正确答案B参考解析:B[精析]effort努力;refusal拒绝;intention意图;hesitation犹豫不决由后文可知,实用主义者认为不存在一个绝对的善或正义的标准,这些概念是可以改变的,取决于它们被讨论的语境因此,实用主义对于绝对标准持否定态度,他们否认绝对标准的存在,故选B25[单选题]A.ln turnB.Above allC.For exampleD.ln addition正确答案C参考解析C[精析]in turn轮流^bove all首先^or example例如;in addition另外由前文提到的absolutestandards和后文的absoluteidea ofgoodnessorjustice可知I,后文是对前文白勺进步举例论证,故选co26[单选题]A.rather B.also C.still D.even正确答案A参考解析:A[精析]rather而是,不如说...;also也;still仍然;even甚至由后文提到的这些概念是可以改变的,取决于它们被讨论的语境可知,这句话的前半句表达实用主义者反对的观点,而后半句则说明实用主义者认同的观点,but rather表示转折,符合文意,故选A27[单选题]A.domain B.vicinity C.context□.surrounding正确答案c参考解析C[精析]domain领域,疆土;vicinity附近;context语境,背景;Surrounding周围的事物根据原文可知,此处表达的意思是各种概念被讨论的语境、背景,是一个抽象而非实质的含义,四个选项中只有context可以表示抽象的背景,其他三个词都是指具体的物理概念,与原文意思不符,故选Co28[单选题]A.subject B.defect C.existence□.absence正确答案D参考解析:D[精析]subject物体,主语;defect®陷[existence存在;absence不存在,缺席由前文pragmatists donot befievethat asingle absoluteideaofgo odnessOljustice exists可知,实用主义者认为,不存在一个绝对的善良或正义的标准由此可推知,批评者担心的是有可能导致道德标准下降的原因正是实用主义者对绝对的善良或正义标准存在的否定,即不存在这些绝对,故选Do29[单选题]A.change B.decline C.correction□.interest正确答案B参考解析B[精析]change改变;decline下降;correction改正;interest兴趣,利益由前文/z tosomecritics,...carried negativeimplicationsforsociety/可知,批评者认为实用主义思潮会对社会产生负面影响此处进一步解释批评者的观点,他们认为实用主义对绝对标准的否认会造成道德标准的下降,故选B30[单选题]A.therefore B.nevertheless C.anyway□.moreover正确答案:B参考解析:B[精析]therefore因此;nevertheless不过;anyway无论如何;moreover另外由上文提到的批评者对实用主义的批评,以及下文描述实用主义的积极意义可知,此处需要填上一个表示转折的词,故选B31[单选题]A.As arule B.On thecontrary C.As aresult D.On average正确答案c参考解析:C[精析]as arule通常;on thecontrary相反;asaresult结果;on average平均来说,一般来说由前文可知,实用主义者对绝对标准的否认对宗教、政府、思想流派的基础提出了质疑,后文又进而提到实用主义对心理学、社会学和许多其他流派和思潮产生了影响由此可知,此处需要填上一个表示因果关系的短语,故选C32[单选题]A.Particular B.Various C.Significant D.Few正确答案:B参考解析B[精析[particular特殊的various各种各样的significant重要的;few极少的由后文的fromtheprogressive...to laterexpefi—merits insocial reform可知,实用主义思潮对很多政治团体都有借鉴意义,故选Bo33[单选题]A.on B.in C.up D.forth正确答案A参考解析:A[精析]draw on吸收;draw in吸入,缩小;draw up提起,草拟;drawforth引出由alsO后面的内容可知,实用主义对政治团体产生了与心理学、社会学和许多其他流派类似的作用,反过来说,政治团体吸收借鉴了实用主义的理念,故选Ao34[单选题]A.simulated B.handled C.practiced□.understood正确答案:D参考解析D[精析]simulated模仿;handled处理;practiced实践;understood SWo由后文解释实用主义思潮产生的历史背景可知,此处表达的意思是,实用主义置于它所产生的历史文化背景当中最好理解,故选Do35[单选题]A.typified B.systemized C.generalized□.justified正确答案D参考解析D[精析]typified代表;systemized形成体系;generalized概括;justiffed证明由后文的达尔文的理论可知,达尔文的理论认为人类和社会处于不断的进步当中,这一理论能够为科学的迅速进步提供理论支撑或证明,故选D36[单选题]A.supposed B.contributed C.implied□.suggested正确答案D参考解析D[精析]supposed认为;contributed造成;impfied暗示;suggested表明此处描述达尔文的理论对当时的文化和思想界产生的影响,它向许多思想家表明了这样的理论,即人类和社会处于不断进步的状态中,故选Do37[单选题]A.perpetual B.consistent C.prosperous□.temporary正确答案A参考解析A[精析]perpetual不断的consistent连贯的prosperous繁荣的;temporary暂时的由常识可知,作为生物学家的达尔文,最著名的理论是进化论,即人类和社会处于不断的进步当中,故选A38[单选题]A.universal B.prevalent C.traditional□.representative正确答案c参考解析C[精析]universal普遍的;prevalent流行的,普遍的;traditional传统的;representative代表的此处表达的意思是,随着工业化和物质进步,宗教信仰和价值观逐渐衰落,工业化是新兴事物,物质进步是向前发展的,由此可推断,此处表达的是一个与这两者相对应的含义,即传统的宗教信仰和价值观,故选C39[单选题]A.consequence B.reality C.essence□.contrast正确答案A参考解析A[精析]consequence结果;reality现实;essence实质;contrast对比由后文的〃重新思考关于价值、宗教、科学、社会和个人的基本观i=i念〃可知,导致出现重新思考的原因是前面提到的传统的宗教信仰和价值观的逐渐衰落,两者之间构成因果关系,故选A40[单选题]A.confusing B.fundamental C.controversial□.dominant正确答案B参考解析B[精析]confusing令人迷惑的;fundamental基本的;controversial有争议的;dominant统治的,主导的由前文可知,伴随着工业化和物质进步,传统的宗教信仰和价值观逐渐衰落,因此有必要重新思考关于价值、宗教、科学、社会和个人观念,由此可知,此处表示的意思是“最基本的,故选Bo材料题根据以下材料,回答41-45题A Foodand DrugAdministration FDAadvisorycommitteehas concludedthat anovel newtreatment cangreatlyhelprheumatoid arthritispatients.The panelrecommended approvingEnbrel foruse alonein patientswho haven11responded toother drugsor incombination withmethotrexate,a cancerdrug thathas beenthe maintreatment forrheumatoid arthritis.The FDAmust makea finaldecision byearly November,andthedrug1s makersays itcould beon themarket byyears end.In rheumatoidarthritis,which affects
2.1million Americans,the immunesystem attackshealthy joints.A majorwrongdoer inthis processisaprotein calledtumor killingfactor11,or TNF,which interactswith aspecialmolecule,or TNFreceptor,oncells1surfaces,to keepinflammation incheck,cells normallyrelease somereceptors tomop upexcess TNF,rendering itinactive.Apparently,rheumatoidarthritispatients don11have enoughfree-floating TNFreceptors.Enbrel consistsof geneticallyengineered TNFreceptors.In asix-month study,234patientswithadvanced rheumatoidarthritis receivedoneoftwo dosesof Enbreloraplaceboharmless substancegiven asif itwere medicinein twice-a-week injections.They tookinjections forsix months.By theend,40%of patientson thelarger Enbreldose sawsymptoms,suchas.swellingandjointpain,cut inhalf.Only5%ontheplacebo didthat well.The mainside effectwas minorirritation atthe injectionsite.Because someTNF isneeded fora normalimmune response,there isat leasta theoreticalriskofinfections oreven cancerin patientswho takeEnbrel,so theFDA panelurged long-term safetystudies.Last week,theFDAapproved Arava,an oraltreatment forrheumatoidarthritisthat issimilar tomethotrexate.While callingboth Enbreland Aravan potentiallyvery important11,Brian Butcher,vice presidentfor researchattheArthritis Foundation,notes theyhavebeentestedinrelatively fewpatients.Butcher saystheir safetyshouldbeclosely monitoredonce theyrewidelyavailable.。