2022年大学英语考试真题卷282测

2022年大学英语考试真题卷（本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格）单位姓名考号题号单选题多项选择判断题综合题总分分值得分

一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意）

1.{{B}}TEXT A{{/B}}Hippies weremembers of a youthmovement of the I960,s and1970J s that started in theUnited States and spreadto Canada,Great Britain,and many other countries.The hippiesrejected thecustoms,traditions,and I ife styI esof soc i ety and triedto deveI opthose of their own.Most hippiescame fromwhite middle-class fami I ies and rangedin agefrom15to25years old.They thoughttoo many adults caredabout makingmoney andlittle else.The termhippie maycome from the wordhip,which means“turned-or aware.Hippies wanteda worldbased onlove ofhumanity andpeace.Many be I ievedthat wonderful,mag i ca Ichanges wereabout to take place.They thoughtthese changeswould happenas soon as peopIelearned toexpress theirfee Ii ngs honestIy and to behavenaturally at al Itimes.Hippies stronglyopposed U.S.invoIvement in the VietnamWar.Many hippies I ivedtogether insmal Igroups,working withone another and sharingpossessions.Others refusedto betied downto a fixed jobor home.They wanderedfrom placeto placeseeking part-time workand temporaryshelter.Some beggedfor sparechange and I ivedin the streets survive wider{{U}}33{{/II}},the integratedactions ofbodi Iysystems are impaired.Other animalshave a wider tolerance{{U}}34{{/U}}changes ofbod iIytemperature.For centuries{{U}}35{{/U}}has beenrecognized thatmamma I s and b i rds di fferfrom otheranimals in the way they regu I atebody temperature.Ways of{{U}}36{{/U}}the differencehave becomemore accurate and meaningfuI over time,but popularterminology stillreflects the old division{{U}}37{{/U}}warm bIooded1and coId blood-edspecies;warm bIoodedi ncIuded mamma Is and birds,{{U}}38{{/U}}al Iother creatureswere consideredcold blooded.{{U}}39{{/U}}more specieswere studied,it becameevident thatthis classification was{{U}}40{{/U}}A fenceIizard usuallyhas abody temperatureonly adegree ortwo below{{U}}41{{/U}}of humans and sois notcold.{{U}}42{{/U}}the nextdist inet ion was made between animals thatmaintain a{{U}}43{{/U}}body temperature and those whose body temperature varieswith theirenvi ronment.But this classification alsoproved i nadequate,{{U}}44{{/U}}among mamma Is there are manythat varythei r body temperatures during hibernation.{{U}}45{{/U}}many invertebratesthat I i vein the{{U}}46{{/U}}of theocean neverexper iencea change in thechill of the deepwater,and their body temperatures remain constant.The currentdistinetion is between animalswhose body temperature is{{U}}47{{/U}}chiefly by internal metaboIic processes and those whose temperature is regulated by the{{U}}48{{/U}}・The I after do so ma i n I yby movi ng to favorabIe sites or by changi ng their exposure to{{U}}49{{/U}}sources ofheat.Mamma I s and birds alsoregulate their temperature by choosing favorable environments,but pr i mar i I y they regu I ate the i r temperature bymak i ng avar i ety of i nterna I{{U}}50{{/UH.A.measuring B.understanding C.characterizing D.charting B.{{B}}TEXT D{{/B}}Please passthe turkey and dressing.H What does this simple request make you think about ff you are an Amer ican,you thinkabout Thanksgi ving.A turkeydinner symboIizesThanksgiving for Americans.What doesThanksgiving remindAmericans ofTheir fami Iies.Thanksgiving is a famiIytime.On thishoiiday,famiIies gatherto gobbIeup thegobbler and stuff themse I ves with stuffing.Fami lymembers enjoywatch i ng parades and footbaI I gameson TVand just being together.What doesfami lyH mean to Americans The traditional American family is a nuclear family.A nuclearfamiIy refersto ahusband andwife and their chiIdren.The averageAmerican fami Iy todayhas twoor threechi Idren and maybe a fewpets.In somecultures,peopIe Iiveclose to their extended family.Several generationsmay even I ivetogether.In America,only in a fewcases doesmore thanone household Iive underone roof.American vaIuesreceive awarm we I comein thehome.Many homes are runI ike a democracy.Each fami Iy membercan have a say.A senseof equality oftenexists in American homes.Instead of fearing Momand Dadvch i I drenmay th i nkof them as goodf ri ends.Husbands andwi vesoften sharehousehoId chores.In manycases,a chi Id canenjoy privacy in hisor herown bedroom.From anear ly age,chi Idren gain responsibi I ity in hand I ingmoney.They mayreceive aweek I ya I Iowance oreven workpart-time jobs.Often parsentsgive chiIdrenfreedom to make their own decisions.Preschoolers choosewhat cIothesto wearor whichtoys tobuy.Young adultsgeneral lymake their own choicesabout whatcareer topursue andwhom tomarry.Fami I ies in America,I ikethose inevery culture,face manyproblems.Soc i a Ipressures arebreaking apartmore and more American homes.Over halfof U.S.marriages nowend indivorce.More thanone infour Americanchi Idrenis growingup insingle-parent homes.As aresult,many peopIebe Iieve theAmerican fam iIy is in trouble.Even so,there i s st i I I reason for hope.Many organ i zat i onsare worki nghard tostrengthen famiIies.Americans almostunan i mousIy be Iieve that the fami Iy is one of the most important parts of I ife.The vastmajority alsofeel that the traditionaltwo-parent fami Iy is best for chi Idren.They realizethat problems in famiIy Iife in recent yearshave broughtabout seriousconsequences.As aresult,more and more peopIeare making thei rfam i I ya priority.Many womenare quitting thei rjobs to stay home with their chi Idren.Fami I ies aregoing onvacations andoutings together.Husbands andwives are making a concentrated effortto keeptheir marriagessol id.The UnitedNations has declared1994the HInternational Year of the Family n.Not just in America,but al I overthe world,peopIe recognizethe importanceof strongfami I ies.How doyou strengthenthe fami Iy bondDo specialthings for each other.Talk to each other.Play together.Spend timetogether.Oh,and onemore thing:be thankfuIfor each other.If you have a family,every day shouId be Thanksgiving.What doesthe authorthink of the problemsfacing theAmerican fami I iesnow A.They willbecome evenworse because of the ever-increasing socialpressure.B.They willbe solvedsooner orlater becausemore and more peoplecome torealize them.C.They willexist alongwith the society becauseevery culturehas the same problem.D.They willremain allthe timebecause they are part of the family life.

8.{{B}}TEXT C{{/B}}The BritishCourt of Appea Ihas cutlibel damages awarded to McDona I ds,the world1s largest fast-food chain,against two penniless environmentcampaigners.In1997,the HighCourt in London foundthat environmentalcampaigners Helen SteeI,aged34,and Dave Morris,44,were gui Ity ofdistributing apamph I et conta i ni ng a I Iegat i ons aga i nstMcDona Ids and the i r fastfood and its preparation.The trial Iasted threeyears andbrought to I ightmuch evi denceabout the way McDona I ds hamburgercha i n workers prepared,hand Iedand servedfood,and thetreatment of these workersby theAmerican-owned company.The HighCourt in London awardedMcDonald s damages of60,000pounds RMB780,000against the two pennilesscampaigners.But in1999,three AppeaICourt Judges inLondondecided that the twodefendants foundgui Ity of libelagainst McDonald9s in1997would havethe damagesthey have to payto McDonald9s reducedto40,000pounds RMB520,

000.While upholdingthe libelrul ing,the judgesbacked thedefendants1claim thefood carrieshealth risks and saidal legationsMcDonaId9s workerssuffer poorpay and conditions arefair commentn.The judgesa I so backeda c I ai mby thedefendants thateat i ngthecompany J s hamburgerscan causeheart disease.The claimthat Hif oneeats enoughMcDonald9s food,one s diet may we I I become high in fat...,with thevery realrisk ofheart disease,is justified,n said Lord Justice Pill,who wassitting in the Court of AppeaIwith LordJustice Mayand JusticeKeene.The appeaI decision is I ikely to be a further embarrassment to McDonald s,whose three-year act i on aga i nst envi ronmenta I campai gnersHe I en SteeI and Dave Morrisgenerated extens i venegat i ve pub Iicity.Peter Backman,chief executiveof FoodService IntelIigence,a researchgroup,said:McDonald9s is very conscious of what peopIe say about them.They havegot where they haveby I i steni ngto consumers.I thinktheir strategywi I I beto9Cells cannotremain aliveouts ide certainI imi ts of temperature,and muchnarrower I imi tsmark the boundaries of effect i ve f unct i on i ng.Enzyme systemsof mamma I s and bi rds are most ef f i c i ent only within a narrow{{U}}downp I ay therul ing,refute thecomments,and thirdly,to do someth i ng about it.McDonald9s saidit we I cornedthe Court of AppeaI decision touphold the1997libel ruling.The companyfaces another$200,000legal billfor the23-day appeaIhearing.Steel andMorris were to takethe caseto theHouse ofLords and the EuropeanCourt ofHuman Rightsto appealagainst the damages awardedagainst them.They presentmuch of their casesthemseIves and any lawyers feesare largelypaid for by donations.The pairhave yetto wincourt backingfor claimsthat McDonald9s damagesthe environment,or that there are I inks between its hamburgers,cancer and food poisoning.The fast-food chainhas not yet recovereda pennyof itsor iginallibel awardfrom thedefendants,who arerefusing tohand overany money.What can be inferredfrom the passage A.The twodefendants willwin the case in the end.C.People aresympathetic with the twodefendants.,D.McDonald s food willinevitably leadto heart disease.E.People willrefuse toeat McDonald s food.31{{/U}}around37°C;a{{U}}32{{/U}},of a few degreesfrom thisvalue seriouslyimpairs theirfunctioning.Even thoughcells cansurvive wider{{U}}33{{/U}},the integratedactions ofbodiIy systems are impai red.Other animalshave a wider tolerance{{U}}34{{/U}}changes ofbod iIytemperature.For centuries{{U}}35{{/U}}has beenrecognized thatmamma I s andb i rds di fferfrom otheranimals in the way they regu I atebody temperature.Ways of{{U}}36{{/U}}the differencehave becomemore accurate and meaningfuI over time,but popularterminology stillreflects the old division{{U}}37{{/U}}warm bIooded and coId blood-ed nspecies;warm bIoodedi ncIuded mamma Is and birds,{{U}}38{{/U}}al Iother creatureswere consideredcold blooded.{{U}}39{{/U}}more specieswere studied,it becameevident thatthis classification was{{U}}40{{/U}}A fenceIizard usuallyhas abody temperatureonly adegree ortwo below{{U}}41{{/U}}of humans and sois notcold.{{U}}42{{/U}}the nextdist inet ion was made between animals thatmaintain a{{U}}43{{/U}}body temperatureand those whose body temperature varieswith theirenvironment.But this classification alsoproved inadequate,{{U}}44{{/U}}among mamma Is there are manythat varythei r body temperatures during hibernation.{{U}}45{{/U}}many invertebratesthat I ive in the{{U}}46{{/U}}of theocean neverexper iencea change in thechill of the deepwater,and their body temperaturesremain constant.The currentdistinetion isbetween animalswhose body temperature is{{U}}47{{/U}}chiefly byinternal metaboIicprocesses and those whosetemperature isregulated by the{{II}}48{{/U}}・The Iatterdo so mainIy by moving to favorabIe sites or by changing thei r exposure to{{U}}49{{/U}}sources ofheat.Mamma I s and birds alsoregulate their temperature by choosing favorable environments,but pri mari I y they regu I ate the i r temperature bymak i ng avar iety of i nterna I{{U}}50{{/U}}.A.into B.of C.by D.with

10.{BJ1TEXT D{{/B}}Please passthe turkeyand dressing.What doesthis simplerequest makeyou th i nkabout ffyou arean Amer i can,you th i nkabout Thanksgi vi ng.A turkeydinner symboIizesThanksgiving forAmericans.What doesThanksgiving remindAmericans ofTheir famiIies.Thanksgiving is a familytime.On thishoiiday,famiIies gatherto gobbIeup thegobbler andstuff themseI ves withstuff ing.Fami lymembers enjoywatching parades and footbaI I gameson TVand just being together.What doesfami lymean toAmericans Thetraditional American famiIy is a nuclearfamily n.A nuclearfamiIy refersto ahusband andwife and their chiIdren.The averageAmerican fami ly todayhas twoor threechi Idren and maybe a fewpets.In somecultures,peopIe Iiveclose to thei rextendedfamily.Several generationsmay evenI ivetogether.In America,only in a fewcases doesmore thanone householdIive underone roof.American vaIuesreceive awarm we I comein thehome.Many homesare runI ikea democracy.Each fami Iy membercan have a say.A senseof equality oftenexists in American homes.Instead of fearing Momand Dad,ch i I drenmay th i nkof themas goodf ri ends.Husbands andwi vesoften sharehousehold chores.In manycases,a chi Id canenjoy privacyin hisor herown bedroom.From anear I yage,ch i Idrengai nrespons ibi I ityin hand I i ngmoney.They mayreceive aweek I ya I Iowance oreven workpart-time jobs.Often parsentsgive chiIdrenfreedom to make their own decisions.Preschoolers choosewhat clothesto wearor whichtoys tobuy.Young adultsgeneral lymake their own choicesabout whatcareer topursue andwhom tomarry.Fami I ies inAmerica,I ikethose inevery culture,face manyproblems.Soc i a Ipressures arebreaking apartmore andmore Americanhomes.Over halfof U.S.marriages nowend indivorce.More thanone infour Americanchi Idrenis growingup insingle-parent homes.As aresult,many peopIebe Iieve theAmerican fam iIy i sintrouble.Even so,there i s st i I I reasonfor hope.Many organi zat i onsare worki nghard tostrengthen famiIies.Americans a Imost unanimously be Iieve that the fami Iy is one of the most important parts of I ife.The vastmajority alsofeel that the traditionaltwo-parent fami Iy is best for chi Idren.They realizethat problemsin famiIy Iife inrecent yearshave broughtabout seriousconsequences.As aresult,more andmore peopIeare makingthei rfam i I ya priority.Many womenare quittingtheir jobsto stayhome with their chi Idren.Fami I ies aregoing onvacations andoutings together.Husbands andwives aremaking aconcentrated effortto keeptheir marriagessol id.The UnitedNations hasdeclared1994the InternationalYear of the Family”.Not just inAmerica,but al Ioverthe world,peopIe recognizethe importanceof strongfami I ies.How doyou strengthenthe famiIy bondDo specialthings for each other.Talk toeach other.Play together.Spend timetogether.Oh,and onemore thing:be thankfuIforeach other.If you have afamilyF everyday shouIdbe Thanksgiving.What doesthe authorsuggest atthe end of thepassage A.Thanksgiving should be settledas aneveryday holiday.B.Americans shouldfind moreholidays tocelebrate.C・It sbetter forfamily membersto caremore foreach other.D.Other countriesshould learnfrom theUnited States.

11.Cells cannotremain aliveoutside certainI imi ts of temperature,and muchnarrower I imi tsmark the boundaries of effect i ve f unct i on i ng.Enzyme systemsof mamma I s and bi rds are most ef f i c i ent only within a narrow{{U}}31{{/U}}around37℃;a{{U}}32{{/U}},of a few degreesfrom thisvalue seriouslyimpairs theirfunctioning.Even thoughcells cansurvive wider{{U}}33{{/U}},the integratedactions ofbodiIy systemsare impaired.Other animalshave a wider tolerance{{U}}34{{/U}}changes ofbod iIytemperature.For centuries{{U}}35{{/U}}has beenrecognized thatmamma I s andb i rds di fferfrom otheranimals in the way they regu I atebody temperature.Ways of{{U}}36{{/U}}the differencehave becomemore accurateand meaningfuIover time,but popularterminology stillreflects theold division{{U}}37{{/U}}n warm bIooded and coId blood-ed11species;warm bIoodedi ncIudedmamma Is and birds,{{U}}38{{/U}}al Iother creatureswere consideredcold blooded.{{U}}39{{/U}}more specieswere studied,it becameevident thatthis classification was{{U}}40{{/U}}A fenceIizard usuallyhas abody temperatureonly adegree ortwo below{{U}}41{{/U}}of humans and sois notcold.{{U}}42{{/U}}the nextdist inet ion wasmade between animals thatmaintain a{{U}}43{{/U}}body temperatureand those whose body temperature varieswith theirenvironment.But this classification alsoproved inadequate,{{U}}44{{/U}}among mamma Is thereare manythat varytheir body temperatures during hibernation.{{U}}45{{/U}}many invertebratesthat I ive in the{{U}}46{{/U}}of theocean neverexper iencea change in thechill of the deepwater,and their body temperaturesremain constant.The currentdistinetion isbetween animalswhose body temperature is{{U}}47{{/U}}chiefly byinternal metaboIicprocesses and those whosetemperature isregulated by the{{U}}48{{/U}}・The Iatterdo so mainIy by moving to favorabIe sites or by changing thei r exposure to{{Uj}49{{/U}}sources ofheat.Mamma I s and birds alsoregulate theirtemperature by choosing favorable environments,but pri mariI y they regu I ate the i rtemperature bymak i ng avar iety of i nterna I{{UH50{{/U}}.A.however B.whereas C.with D.though

12.Cells cannotremain aliveoutside certainI imits of temperature,and muchnarrower I imits mark the boundaries of effect i ve f unct i on i ng.Enzyme systemsof mamma I s andb i rds are most eff i c ient onlywithin a narrow{{U}}31{{/U}}around37°C;a{{U}}32{{/U}},of afew degreesfrom thisvalue seriouslyimpairs theirfunctioning.Even thoughcells cansurvive wider{{U}}33{{/U}},the integratedactions ofbodiIy systemsare impaired.Other animalshave a wider tolerance{{U}}34{[/[]}changes ofbod iI ytemperature.For centuries{{U}}35{{/U}}has beenrecognized thatmamma I s andb i rds di fferfrom otheranimals in the way they regu I atebody temperature.Ways of{{U}}36{{/U}}the differencehave becomemore accurateand meaningfuIover time,but popularterminology stillreflects theold division{{U}}37{{/U}}11warm bIooded n and coId blood-ed11species;warm bIoodedi ncIudedmamma Is and birds,{{U}}38{{/U}}al Iother creatureswere consideredcold blooded.{{U}}39{{/U}}more speciesor campedin parksor otherpub Ii c lands.Hippies weresometimes called flowerchi Idrenbecause theygave peopIeflowers tocommun i cate gentIeness andlove.They letthei rhair growlong andwaIked barefootor insandals.Hippies attractedpub Iicattention bywearing cIothingthat featuredunusual combinationsof colors and textures.A largenumber ofhippies usedmari juana,LSD,and otherdrugs.Drug experiencesshaped manyof theirsymboIs andideas.The Beatles,a popularEnglish rockgroup,he I ped spreadthe hippie movement with their song.Hippie favoritesincIuded suchother rockgroups as the GratefulDead and the JeffersonAirplane,singers JoanBaez andBob Dylan,poet AllenGinsberg,and novelist KenKesey.Many hippiesadmired TimothyLeafy,a psychologistwho preachedsa Ivat i on throughthe useof drugs.In time,most hippiesreal izedit was not easy to reformsociety bydropping outn of it.Some joinedmore organizedpolitical movementsto workfor spec i f i csoc i a Icauses.Others turned to spiritualityor religion.The majority simply leftthe hippiestage of their I ives behindwhile tryi ngto hoI don to at I east afew of the idea I sthatonce i nsp i red them.The author1s attitudetowards thehippiemovement isone of A.criticism.B.sympathy.C.detestation.D.enthusiasm.

2.Cells cannotremain aliveouts ide certainI imi ts of temperature,and muchnarrower I imi tsmark the boundaries of effect i ve f unct i on i ng.Enzyme systemsof mamma I s and bi rds aremost eff i c ient onlywithin anarrow{{U}}were studied,it becameevident thatthis classification was{{11}}40{{/U}}A fenceIizard usuallyhas abody temperatureonly adegree ortwo below{{U}}41{{/U}}of humans and sois notcold.{{U}}42{{/U}}the nextdist inetion wasmade between animals thatmaintain a{{U}}43{{/U}}body temperatureand those whose body temperature varieswith theirenvironment.But this classification alsoproved inadequate,{{U}}44{{/U}}among mamma Is thereare manythat varytheir body temperatures during hibernation.{{U}}45{{/U}}many invertebratesthat I ive in the{{U}}46{{/U}}of theocean neverexper iencea changein thechill of the deepwater,and theirbody temperaturesremain constant.The currentdistinetion isbetween animalswhose body temperature is{{U}}47{{/U}}chiefly byinternal metaboIicprocesses and those whosetemperature isregulated bythe{{U}}48{{/U}}・The I after do so mai nI yby movi ngto favorabIe sites or by changi ngtheir exposure to{{U}}49{{/U}}sources ofheat.Mamma I s and birds alsoregulate theirtemperature by choosing favorable environments,but pri mariI y they regu I ate the i rtemperature bymak i ng avar iety of i nterna I{{UH50{{/U}}.A.With B.Like C.As D.Being

13.Cells cannotremain aliveoutside certainI imi ts of temperature,and muchnarrower I imi tsmark the boundaries of effect i ve f unct i on i ng.Enzyme systemsof mamma I s and bi rds aremost eff i c ient onlywithin anarrow{{U}}31{{/U}}around37℃;a{{U}}32{{/U}},of afew degreesfrom thisvalue seriouslyimpairs theirfunctioning.Even thoughcells cansurvive wider{{U}}33{{/U}},the integratedactions ofbodiIy systemsare impaired.Other animalshave a wider tolerance{{U}}34{{/U}}changes ofbod iIytemperature.For centuries{{U}}35{{/U}}has beenrecognized thatmamma I s andb i rds di fferfrom otheranimals in the way they regu I atebody temperature.Ways of{{U}}36{{/U}}the differencehave becomemore accurateand meaningfuIover time,but popularterminology stillreflects theold division{{U}}37{{/U}}warm bIooded nand coId blood-edspecies;warm bIoodedi ncIudedmamma Is and birds,{{U}}38{{/U}}al Iother creatureswere consideredcold blooded.{{U}}39{{/U}}more specieswere studied,it becameevident thatthis classification was{{U}}40{{/U}}A fenceIizard usuallyhas abody temperatureonly adegree ortwo below{{U}}41{{/U}}of humans and sois notcold.{{U}}42{{/U}}the nextdist inetion wasmade between animals thatmaintain a{{U}}43{{/U}}body temperatureand those whose body temperature varieswith theirenvironment.But thisc Iass if i cat i on alsoproved i inadequate,{{U}}44{{/U}}among mamma Is thereare manythat varytheirbody temperatures during hibernation.{{U}}45{{/U}}many invertebratesthat Iive in the{{U}}46{{/U}}of theocean neverexper iencea changein thechill of the deepwater,and theirbody temperaturesremain constant.The currentdistinetion isbetween animalswhose body temperature is{{U}}47{{/U}}chiefly byinternal metaboIicprocesses and those whosetemperature isregulated bythe{{U}}48{{/U}}・The Iatterdo somainIy bymoving tofavorabIe sitesor by changing their exposure to{{U}}49{{/U}}sources ofheat.Mamma I s and birds alsoregulate thei rtemperature bychoosing favorableenvi ronments,but pri mariI y they regu I ate theirtemperature bymak i ng avar iety of i nterna I{{U}}50{{/U}}.A.wrong B.false C.sufficient D.inadequate

14.Cells cannotremain aliveouts ide certainI imits of temperature,and muchnarrower I imits mark the boundaries of effect i ve f unct i on i ng.Enzyme systemsof mamma I s and birds aremost eff ic ient onlywithin anarrow{{U}}31{{/U}}around37°C;a{{U}}32{{/U}},of afew degreesfrom thisvalue seriouslyimpairs theirfunctioning.Even thoughcells cansurvive wider{{U}}33{{/U}},the integratedactions ofbodiIy systemsare impaired.Other animalshave awider tolerance{{U}}34{{/U}}changes ofbod iIytemperature.For centuries{{U}}35{{/U}}has beenrecognized thatmamma Is andb irds di fferfrom otheranimals in the way they regu I atebody temperature.Ways of{{U}}36{{/U}}the differencehave becomemore accurateand meaningfuIover time,but popularterminology stillreflects theold division{{U}}37{{/U}}warm bIoodedand coIdblood-edspecies;warm bIoodedi ncIudedmamma Is and birds,{{U}}38{{/U}}al Iother creatureswere consideredcold blooded.{{U}}39{{/U}}more specieswere studied,it becameevident thatthis classification was{{U}}40{{/U}}A fenceIizard usuallyhas abody temperatureonly adegree ortwo below{{U}}41{{/U}}of humans and sois notcold.{{U}}42{{/U}}the nextdist inetion wasmade between animals thatmaintain a{{U}}43{{/U}}body temperatureand those whose body temperature varieswith theirenvironment.But this classification alsoproved inadequate,{{U}}44{{/U}}among mamma Is thereare manythat varythei rbody temperatures during hibernation.{{U}}45{{/U}}many invertebratesthat Iive in the{{U}}46{{/U}}of theocean neverexper iencea changein thechill of the deepwater,and theirbody temperaturesremain constant.The currentdistinetion isbetween animalswhose body temperature is{{U}}47{{/U}}chiefly byinternal metaboIicprocesses and those whosetemperature isregulated bythe{{U}}48{{/U}}・The Iatterdo somainIy bymoving tofavorabIe sitesor by changing their exposure to{{U}}49{{/U}}sources ofheat.Mamma Isand birds alsoregulate thei rtemperature bychoosing favorableenvi ronments,but pri mariI y they regu I ate theirtemperature bymak i ng avar iety of i nterna I{{U}}50{{/U}}.A.which B.that C.what D.much

15.Cells cannotremain aliveoutside certainI imits of temperature,and muchnarrower Iimitsmark the boundaries of effect i ve f unct i on i ng.Enzyme systemsof mamma Isand birds aremost eff ic ient onlywithin anarrow{{U}}31{{/U}}around37℃;a{{U}}32{{/U}},of afew degreesfrom thisvalue seriouslyimpairs theirfunctioning.Even thoughcells cansurvive wider{{U}}33{{/U}},the integratedactions ofbodiIy systemsare impaired.Other animalshave awider tolerance{{U}}34{{/U}}changes ofbod iIytemperature.For centuries{{U}}35{{/U}}has beenrecognized thatmamma Isandb irds di fferfrom otheranimals in the way they regu I atebody temperature.Ways of{{U}}36{{/U}}the differencehave becomemore accurateand meaningfuIover time,but popularterminology stillreflects theold division{{U}}37{{/U}}H warm bIooded”and coIdblood-edspecies;warm bIoodedi noIudedmamma Isand birds,{{U}}38{{/U}}al Iother creatureswere consideredcold blooded.{{U}}39{{/U}}more specieswere studied,it becameevident thatthis classification was{{U}}40{{/U}}A fenceIizard usuallyhas abody temperatureonly adegree ortwo below{{U}}41{{/U}}of humansand sois notcold.{{U}}42{{/U}}the nextdist inetion wasmade between animals thatmaintain a{{U}}43{{/U}}body temperatureand those whose body temperature varieswith theirenvironment.But this classification alsoproved inadequate,{{U}}44{{/U}}among mamma Is thereare manythat varythei rbody temperaturesduring hibernation.{{U}}45{{/U}}many invertebratesthat Iive in the{{U}}46{{/U}}of theocean neverexper iencea changein thechill of the deepwater,and theirbody temperaturesremain constant.The currentdistinetion isbetween animalswhose body temperature is{{U}}47{{/U}}chiefly byinternal metaboIicprocesses and those whosetemperature isregulated bythe{{U}}48{1/U}}・The Iatterdo somainIy bymoving tofavorabIe sitesor bychanging thei r exposure to{{U}}49{{/U}}sources ofheat.Mamma Isand birds alsoregulate theirtemperature bychoosing favorableenvironments,but pri mariI y they regu I ate theirtemperature bymak i ng avar iety of i nterna I{{UH50{{/U}}.A.But B.However C.Therefore D.Meanwhile

16.Cells cannotremain aliveouts ide certainIimits oftemperature,and muchnarrower Iimitsmark the boundaries ofeffect i ve funct i on i ng.Enzyme systemsof mamma Isand birds aremost eff ic ient onlywithin anarrow{{U}}31{{/U}}around37℃;a{{U}}32{{/U}},of afew degreesfrom thisvalue seriouslyimpairs theirfunctioning.Even thoughcells cansurvive wider{{U}}33{{/II}},the integratedactions ofbodi Iysystemsare impaired.Other animalshave awider tolerance{{U}}34{{/U}}changes ofbod iIytemperature.For centuries{{U}}35{{/U}}has beenrecognized thatmamma Isandb irds di fferfrom otheranimals in the way they regu I atebody temperature.Ways of{{U}}36{{/U}}the differencehave becomemore accurateand meaningfuIover time,but popularterminology stillreflects theold division{{U}}37{{/U}}warm bIooded1and coIdblood-edspecies;warm bIoodedi ncIudedmamma Isand birds,{{U}}38{{/U}}al Iother creatureswere consideredcold blooded.{{U}}39{{/U}}more specieswere studied,it becameevident thatthis classification was{{U}}40{{/U}}A fenceIizard usuallyhas abody temperatureonly adegree ortwo below{{U}}41{{/U}}of humansand sois notcold.{{U}}42{{/U}}the nextdist inetion wasmade between animals thatmaintain a{{U}}43{{/U}}body temperatureand those whose body temperature varieswith theirenvironment.But this classification alsoproved inadequate,{{U}}44{{/U}}among mamma Is thereare manythat varytheirbody temperaturesduring hibernation.{{U}}45{{/U}}many invertebratesthat Iive in the{{U}}46{{/U}}of theocean neverexper iencea changein thechill of the deepwater,and theirbody temperaturesremain constant.The currentdistinetion isbetween animalswhose body temperature is{{U}}47{{/U}}chiefly byinternal metaboIicprocesses and those whosetemperature isregulated bythe{{U}}48{{/U}}・The Iafter do somai nI ybymovi ngtofavorabIe sitesor bychangi ngthei r exposureto{{U}}49{{/U}}sources ofheat.Mamma Isand birds alsoregulate theirtemperature bychoosing favorableenvironments,but pri mariI y theyregu I ate theirtemperature bymak i ng avar iety of i nterna I{{U}}50H/U}}.A・warm B.constant C.stable D.cold

17.Cells cannotremain aliveouts ide certainI imitsoftemperature,and muchnarrower I imits marktheboundariesofeffect i vefuncti oni ng.Enzyme systemsof mamma Isand birds aremost eff ic ient onlywithin anarrow{{U}}31{{/U}}around37℃;a{{U}}32{{/U}},of afew degreesfrom thisvalue seriouslyimpairs theirfunctioning.Even thoughcells cansurvive wider{{U}}33{{/U}},the integratedactions ofbodiIy systemsare impaired.Other animalshave awider tolerance{{U}}34{{/U}}changes ofbod iIytemperature.For centuries{{U}}35{{/U}}has beenrecognized thatmamma Isandb irds di fferfrom otheranimals in the waytheyreguI atebody temperature.Ways of{{U}}36{{/U}}the differencehave becomemore accurateand meaningfuIover time,but popularterminology stillreflects theold division{{U}}37{{/U}}“warm bIoodedand coIdblood-ed Hspecies;warm bIoodedi ncIudedmamma Isand birds,{{U}}38{{/U}}al Iother creatureswere consideredcold blooded.{{U}}39{{/U}}more specieswere studied,it becameevident thatthis classification was{{U}}40{{/U}}A fenceIizard usuallyhas abody temperatureonly adegree ortwo below{{U}}41{{/U}}of humansand sois notcold.{{U}}42{{/U}}the nextdist inetion wasmade betweenanimals thatmaintain a{{U}}43{{/U}}body temperatureand those whose body temperature varieswith theirenvironment.But thisclassification alsoproved inadequate,{{U}}44{{/U}}among mamma Is thereare manythat varythei rbody temperaturesduring hibernation.{{U}}45{{/U}}many invertebratesthat Iive in the{{U}}46{{/U}}of theocean neverexper iencea changein thechill of the deepwater,and thei rbody temperaturesremain constant.The currentdistinetion isbetweenanimalswhose body temperature is{{U}}47{{/U}}chiefly byinternal metaboIicprocesses andthosewhosetemperature isregulated bythe{{U}}48{{/U}}・The Iatterdo somainIy bymoving tofavorabIe sitesor bychanging their exposureto{{U}}49{{/U}}sources ofheat.Mamma Isand birds alsoregulate theirtemperature bychoosing favorableenvironments,but pri mariI ytheyreguI ate theirtemperature bymak i ng avar iety ofi nterna I{{UH50H/u}}.A.due toB.because C.becauseofD.and

18.Cells cannotremain aliveouts ide certainI imitsoftemperature,and muchnarrower Iimits marktheboundariesofeffecti vefuncti oni ng.Enzyme systemsof mammaIsand birds aremost effic ient onlywithin anarrow{{U}}31{{/U}}around37°C;a{{U}}32{{/U}},of afew degreesfrom thisvalue seriouslyimpairs theirfundioning.Even thoughcells cansurvive wider{{U}}33{{/U}},the integratedactions ofbodiIy systemsare impaired.Other animalshave awider tolerance{{U}}34{{/U}}changes ofbod iIytemperature.For centuries{{U}}35{{/U}}has beenrecognized thatmammaIsandb irds di fferfrom otheranimals in the waytheyreguI atebody temperature.Ways of{{U}}36{{/U}}the differencehave becomemore accurateand meaningfuIover time,but popularterminology stillreflects theold division{{U}}37{{/U}}warm bIoodedand ncoIdblood-edspecies;warm bIoodedi noIudedmammaIsand birds,{{U}}38{{/U}}al Iother creatureswere consideredcold blooded.{{U}}39{{/U}}more specieswere studied,it becameevident thatthisclassification was{{U}}40{{/U}}A fenceIizard usuallyhas abody temperatureonly adegree ortwo below{{U}}41{{/U}}of humansand sois notcold.{{U}}42{{/U}}the nextdist inetionwasmade betweenanimals thatmaintain a{{U}}43{{/U}}body temperatureandthosewhose bodytemperature varieswith theirenvironment.But thisclassification alsoproved inadequate,{{U}}44{{/U}}among mammaIs thereare manythat varytheirbody temperaturesduring hibernation.{{U}}45{{/U}}many invertebratesthat Iive in the{{U}}46{{/U}}of theocean neverexper iencea changein thechill of the deepwater,and theirbody temperaturesremain constant.The currentdistinetion isbetweenanimalswhose bodytemperature is{{U}}47{{/U}}chiefly byinternal metaboIicprocesses andthosewhosetemperature isregulated bythe{{U}}48{{/U}}・The Iatterdo somainIy bymoving tofavorabIe sitesor bychanging theirexposureto{{U}}49{{/U}}sources ofheat.Mamma Isand birds alsoregulate thei rtemperature bychoosing favorableenvi ronments,but pri mariI ytheyreguI ate theirtemperature bymak i ng avar iety ofi nternaI{{U}}50H/U}}.A.However B.On theother handC.Furthermore D.For example

19.Cells cannotremain aliveoutside certainIimitsoftemperature,and muchnarrower Iimits marktheboundariesofeffecti vefuncti oni ng.Enzyme systemsof mammaIsandbirds aremost effic ient onlywithin anarrow{{U}}31{{/U}}around37℃;a{{U}}32{{/U}},of afew degreesfrom thisvalue seriouslyimpairs theirfunctioning.Even thoughcells cansurvive wider{{U}}33{{/U}},the integratedactions ofbodiIy systemsare impaired.Other animalshave awider tolerance{{U}}34{{/U}}changes ofbod iIytemperature.For centuries{{U}}35{{/U}}has beenrecognized thatmammaIsandb irds di fferfrom otheranimals in the waytheyreguIatebodytemperature.Ways of{{U}}36{{/U}}the differencehave becomemore accurateand meaningfuIover time,but popularterminology stillreflects theold division{{U}}37{{/U}}11warm bIooded11andcoIdblood-edspecies;warm bIoodedi ncIudedmammaIsandbirds,{{U}}38{{/U}}al Iother creatureswere consideredcold blooded.{{U}}39{{/U}}more specieswere studied,it becameevident thatthisclassificationwas{{U}}40{{/U}}A fenceIizard usuallyhas abodytemperatureonly adegree ortwo below{{U}}41{{/U}}of humansand sois notcold.{{U}}42{{/U}}the nextdist inetionwasmade betweenanimals thatmaintain a{{U}}43{{/U}}bodytemperatureandthosewhose bodytemperature varieswith theirenvironment.But thisclassification alsoproved inadequate,{{U}}44{{/U}}among mammaIs thereare manythat varythei rbody temperaturesduringhibernation.{{U}}45{{/U}}many invertebratesthat Iive in the{{U}}46{{/U}}of theocean neverexper iencea changein thechill of the deepwater,and theirbody temperaturesremain31{{/U}}around37°C;a{{U}}32{{/U}},of afew degreesfrom thisvalue seriouslyimpairs theirfunctioning.Even thoughcells cansurvive wider{{U}}33{{/U}},the integratedactions ofbodiIy systemsare impaired.Other animalshave awider tolerance{{U}}34{{/U}}changes ofbod iIytemperature.For centuries{{U}}35{{/U}}has beenrecognized thatmammaIsandb irds di fferfrom otheranimals in the waytheyreguIatebodytemperature.Ways of{{U}}36{{/U}}the differencehave becomemore accurateand meaningfuIover time,but popularterminology stillreflects theold division{{U}}37{{/U}}warm bIoodedandcoIdblood-ed nspecies;warm bIoodedi ncIudedmammaIsandbirds,{{U}}38{{/U}}al Iother creatureswere consideredcold blooded.{{U}}39{{/U}}more specieswere studied,it becameevident thatthisclassificationwas{{U}}40{{/U}}A fenceIizard usuallyhas abodytemperatureonly adegree ortwo below{{U}}41{{/U}}of humansand sois notcold.{{U}}42{{/U}}the nextdist inetionwasmade betweenanimals thatmaintain a{{U}}43{{/U}}bodytemperatureandthosewhose bodytemperature varieswith theirenvironment.But thisclassification alsoproved inadequate,{{U}}44{{/U}}among mammaIs thereare manythat varythei rbody temperaturesduringhibernation.{{U}}45{{/U}}many invertebratesthat Iive in the{{U}}46{{/U}}of theocean neverexper iencea changein thechill of the deepwater,and theirbody temperaturesremain constant.The currentdistinetion isbetweenanimalswhose bodytemperature is{{U}}47{{/U}}chiefly byinternal metaboIicprocesses andthosewhosetemperature isregulated bythe{{II}}48{{/U}}・The Iatterdo somainIy bymoving tofavorabIe sitesor bychanging thei rexposureto{{U}}49{{/U}}sources ofheat.Mamma Isandbirds alsoregulate theirtemperature bychoosing favorableenvironments,but pri mariI ytheyreguIate theirtemperature bymak i ng avar iety ofi nternaI constant.The currentdistinetion isbetweenanimalswhose bodytemperature is{{U}}47{{/U}}chiefly byinternal metaboIicprocesses andthosewhosetemperature isregulated bythe{{U}}48{{/U}}・The Iafter dosomai nI ybymovi ngtofavorabIe sitesorbychangi ngtheirexposureto{{U}}49{{/U}}sources ofheat.Mamma Isandbirds alsoregulate theirtemperature bychoosing favorableenvi ronments,but pri mariI ytheyreguIate theirtemperature bymak i ng avar iety ofi nternaI{{UH50{{/U}}.A.bottoms B.lengths C.depths D.darkness

20.Cells cannotremain aliveoutside certainIimitsoftemperature,and muchnarrower Iimitsmarktheboundariesofeffectivefuncti oni ng.Enzyme systemsof mammaIsandbirds aremost effic ient onlywithin anarrow{{U}}31{{/U}}around37℃;a{{U}}32{{/U}},of afew degreesfrom thisvalue seriouslyimpairs theirfundioning.Even thoughcells cansurvive wider{{U}}33{{/U}},the integratedactions ofbodiIy systemsare impaired.Other animalshave awider tolerance{{U}}34{{/U}}changes ofbod iIytemperature.For centuries{{U}}35{{/U}}has beenrecognized thatmammaIsandb irds di fferfrom otheranimals in the waytheyreguIatebodytemperature.Ways of{{U}}36{{/U}}the differencehave becomemore accurateand meaningfuIover time,but popularterminology stillreflects theold division{{U}}37{{/U}}“warm bIooded nandcoIdblood-ed Hspecies;warm bIoodedi ncIudedmammaIsandbirds,{{U}}38{{/U}}al Iother creatureswere consideredcold blooded.{{U}}39{{/U}}more specieswere studied,it becameevident thatthisclassificationwas{{U}}40{{/U}}A fenceIizard usuallyhas abodytemperatureonly adegree ortwo below{{U}}41{{/U}}of humansand sois notcold.{{U}}42{{/U}}the nextdist inetionwasmade betweenanimals thatmaintain a{{U}}43{{/U}}bodytemperatureandthosewhose bodytemperature varieswith theirenvironment.But thiscIass ificat i on alsoproved i nadequate,{{U}}44{{/U}}among mammaIs thereare manythat varytheirbody temperaturesduringhibernation.{{U}}45{{/U}}many invertebratesthat Iive in the{{U}}46{{/U}}of theocean neverexper iencea changein thechill of the deepwater,and theirbodytemperaturesremain constant.The currentdistinetion isbetweenanimalswhose bodytemperature is{{U}}47{{/U}}chiefly byinternal metaboIicprocesses andthosewhosetemperature isregulated bythe{{U}}48{{/U}}・The IatterdosomainIy bymoving tofavorabIe sitesorbychanging theirexposureto{{U}}49{{/U}}sources ofheat.Mamma Isandbirds alsoregulate theirtemperature bychoosingfavorableenvironments,but pri mariI ytheyreguIate theirtemperature bymak i ng avar iety ofi nternaI{{UH50{{/UJ}.A.decided B.regulated C.controlled D.changed

21.Cells cannotremain aliveouts ide certainIimitsoftemperature,and muchnarrower Iimitsmarktheboundariesofeffectivefuncti oni ng.Enzyme systemsof mammaIsandbirds aremost efficient onlywithin anarrow{{U}}31{{/U}}around37°C;a{{U}}32{{/U}},of afew degreesfrom thisvalue seriouslyimpairs theirfunctioning.Even thoughcells cansurvive wider{{U}}33{{/U}},the integratedactions ofbodiIy systemsareimpaired.Other animalshave awider tolerance{{U}}34{{/U}}changes ofbod iIytemperature.For centuries{{U}}35{{/U}}has beenrecognized thatmammaIsandb irds di fferfrom otheranimals inthe waytheyreguIatebodytemperature.Ways of{{U}}36{{/U}}the differencehave becomemore accurateand meaningfuIover time,but popularterminology stillreflects theold division{{U}}37{{/U}}warm bIoodedand cold blood-ed nspecies;warm bIoodedi ncIudedmammaIsandbirds,{{U}}38{{/U}}al Iother creatureswere consideredcold blooded.{{U}}39{{/U}}more specieswere studied,it becameevident thatthisclassificationwas{{U}}40{{/U}}A fenceIizard usuallyhas abodytemperatureonly adegree ortwo below{{U}}41{{/U}}of humansand sois notcold.{{U}}42{{/U}}the nextdist inetionwasmade betweenanimals thatmaintain a{{U}}43{{/U}}bodytemperatureandthosewhose bodytemperature varieswith theirenvironment.But thisclassification alsoproved inadequate,{{U}}44{{/U}}among mammaIs thereare manythat varytheirbodytemperaturesduringhibernation.{{U}}45{{/U}}many invertebratesthat Iive inthe{{U}}46{{/U}}of theocean neverexper iencea changeinthechill of the deepwater,and theirbodytemperaturesremain constant.The currentdistinetion isbetweenanimalswhose bodytemperature is{{U}}47{{/U}}chiefly byinternal metaboIicprocesses andthosewhosetemperature isregulated bythe{{U}}48{{/U}}・The IatterdosomainIy bymoving tofavorabIe sitesorbychanging theirexposureto{{U}}49{{/U}}sources ofheat.Mamma Isandbirds alsoregulate theirtemperature bychoosingfavorableenvironments,but pri mariIytheyreguIate theirtemperature bymak i ng avar iety ofi nternaI{{U}}50{{/U}}.A.body B.water C.environment D.skin

22.Cells cannotremain aliveoutside certainIimitsoftemperature,and muchnarrower Iimits marktheboundariesof effectivefunctioning.Enzyme systemsof mammaIsandbirdsaremostefficient onlywithin anarrow{{U}}31{{/U}}around37℃;a{{U}}32{{/U}},of afew degreesfrom thisvalue seriouslyimpairs theirfunctioning.Even thoughcells cansurvive wider{{U}}33{{/U}},the integratedactions ofbodiIy systemsare impaired.Other animalshave awider tolerance{{U}}34{{/U}}changes ofbod iIytemperature.For centuries{{U}}35{{/U}}has beenrecognized thatmammaIsandbirds differfrom otheranimals inthe waythey regulatebodytemperature.Ways of{{U}}36{{/U}}the differencehave becomemore accurateand meaningfuIover time,but popularterminology stillreflects theold division{{U}}37{{/U}}n warmbIoodedandcoldblood-ednspecies;warmbIoodedi ncIudedmammaIsandbirds,{{U}}38{{/U}}al Iother creatureswere consideredcold blooded.{{U}}39{{/U}}more specieswere studied,it becameevident thatthisclassificationwas{{U}}40{{/U}}A fenceIizard usuallyhas abodytemperatureonly adegree ortwo below{{U}}41{{/U}}of humansand sois notcold.{{U}}42{{/U}}the nextdist inetionwasmade betweenanimals thatmaintain a{{U}}43{{/U}}bodytemperatureandthosewhose bodytemperature varieswith theirenvironment.But thisclassification alsoproved inadequate,{{U}}44{{/U}}among mammaIs thereare manythat varytheirbodytemperaturesduringhibernation.{{U}}45{{/U}}many invertebratesthat Iive inthe{{U}}46{{/U}}of theocean neverexper iencea changeinthechill of the deepwater,and theirbodytemperaturesremain constant.The currentdistinetion isbetweenanimalswhose bodytemperature is{{11}}47{{/U}}chiefly byinternal metaboI icprocesses andthosewhosetemperature isregulated bythe{{U}}48{{/U}}・The IatterdosomainIy bymoving tofavorabIe sitesorbychanging theirexposureto{{Uj}49{{/U}}sources ofheat.Mamma Isandbirds alsoregulate theirtemperaturebychoosingfavorableenvironments,but pri mariIytheyreguIate theirtemperaturebymak i ng avar iety ofi nternaI{{UH50{{/U}}.A.various B.external C.environmental D.exterior

23.Cells cannotremain aliveoutside certainIimitsoftemperature,and muchnarrower Iimits marktheboundariesofeffectivefuncti oni ng.Enzyme systemsof mammaIsandbirdsaremostefficientonlywithin anarrow{{U}}31{{/U}}around37°C;a{{U}}32{{/U}},of afew degreesfrom thisvalue seriouslyimpairs theirfunctioning.Even thoughcells cansurvivewider{{U}}33{{/U}},the integratedactions ofbodiIy systemsare impaired.Other animalshaveawider tolerance{{U}}34{{/U}}changes ofbod iIytemperature.For centuries{{U}}35{{/U}}has beenrecognized thatmammaIsandb irds di fferfrom otheranimals inthe waytheyreguIatebodytemperature.Ways of{{U}}36{{/U}}the differencehave becomemore accurateand meaningfuIover time,but popularterminology stillreflects theold division{{U}}37{{/U}}n warmbIoodednandcoIdblood-ednspecies;warmbIoodedi ncIudedmammaIsandbirds,{{U}}38{{/U}}al Iother creatureswere consideredcold blooded.{{U}}39{{/U}}more specieswere studied,it becameevident thatthisclassificationwas{{U}}40{{/U}}A fenceIizard usuallyhas abodytemperatureonly adegree ortwo below{{U}}41{{/U}}of humansand sois notcold.{{U}}42{{/U}}the nextdist inetionwasmade betweenanimals thatmaintain a{{U}}43{{/U}}bodytemperatureandthosewhose bodytemperature varieswith theirenvironment.But thisclassification alsoproved inadequate,{{U}}44{{/U}}among mammaIs thereare manythat varytheirbodytemperaturesduringhibernation.{{U}}45{{/U}}many invertebratesthat Iive inthe{{U}}46{{/U}}of theocean neverexper iencea changeinthechill of the deepwater,and theirbodytemperaturesremainconstant.The currentdistinetion isbetweenanimalswhose bodytemperature is{{U}}47{{/U}}chiefly byinternal metaboIicprocessesandthosewhosetemperatureisregulatedbythe{{U}}48{{/U}}・The IatterdosomainIy bymoving tofavorabIe sitesorbychanging theirexposureto{{U}}49{{/U}}sources ofheat.Mamma Isandbirds alsoregulate theirtemperaturebychoosingfavorableenvironments,but pri mariIytheyreguIate theirtemperaturebymak i ngavar iety ofi nternaI{{UH50{{/U}}.A.adjustments B.compensations C.regulations D.arrangements

24.in British and American English havediverged verymuch accordingto tikespeakers.A.Regular nounplural formsB.Irregular nounplural formsC.Verb tensesD.None of the aboveitems

25.The pasttense of the verbeat.A.is spelleddifferently inBritish and American EnglishB.is pronounceddifferently inBritish andAmerican EnglishC.is pronouncedto rhymewith getinAmerican English D.is pronouncedto rhymewith,late inBritish English

26.The twoKoreans si gneda dealto allow・A.reunion of the twonations B.reunion of the governmentsC.reunion offamilies separatedD.return offormer SouthKorean prisoners

27.{{B}}TEXT A{{/B}}I m Margery Hooper,your coursecoordinator.I,d like to we I come you al I to Grange Manor Summer Music schooI.I hopeyou I I enjoy your I ife here.If you have anythingunclear,don t hesitate to ask.As youknow,we are running three-weekIy coursescurrently this year:History of Music,Principle Tutorprofessor Hepworth;Choral Singing,conducted byArchibald Blakefrom theRoyal Instituteof Music;and,last but not least,a newdeparture forus,classical Guitarfor Beginners,Tutor CliveMortimer.Now you al Iknow-at leastI hopeyou dowhat courseyou areregistered for.As soonas yon,ve hadtea,we1dIi keyou to report to our secretary,Miss Mathews-you1I I find her inthe office on the first floor.She,I I give you your course number andti metab I eand exp lain where the various classrooms are,what booksyou I I need,and whetherthey areavai IabIeinthe I ibrary.Besides,she I I give you detai Ied information a-bout howyou arescored.If booksare not avai IabIeinthe I ibrary,you cantry inthe bookstore.Our bookstore isnext to the receptioninthe main hall.It sopen from9to10a.m.dai ly.Now aboutmeals--breakfast8:30to9,ful I evening meal6:30to8:30in tiledining room.19m afraid youhave to make your own arrangements about lunch,but thecafeteria inthe canteenis openfront10to4for sandwichesand coffee.Classes finishat

5.If youlook althe noti ceboard inthe main hall,you11see that we have arranged a variety of even i ng entertainments for you.and Saturdayexcursions.Anyone whowants to go onan excursion should informthe secretaryas soonas possibleas thecoach companyneed toknow numbers.I hopeyou I I al I havea veryenjoyable time,and make a lotof newfriends.Margery Hooperis A.at a music conferenceB.onaholiday courseC.ataholiday resortD.onatraining course

28.{{1}}Questions8to10are basedon the fol lowingnews.At the end of the newsitem,you wi I I be givenI0seconds to answer each question.Now Iistento the news.{{/I}}Government offici aIsordered aplant inJapan tohalt productionbecause A.its productleft peoplewith food poisoning B.the plantis goingbankrupt C.its milkproducts don t sellwell D.it hastoo limiteda productionwhich onlyserves8,000people

29.{{B}}TEXT E{{/B}}The EconomicSituation of Japan inthe18th CenturyI nthe ei ghteenthcentury,Japan sf eudaI overlords,from the shogun to the humbI estsamura i,found themse I vesunder fi nanc i aI stress.I npart,this stresscan be attributed to the overlords5failure to adjust toa rapidly expandi ngeconomy,but the stress was aIso dueto factorsbeyond theover Iords contro I;Concentrat i on of the samura i in castI etownshad actedas astimu Ius totrade.Commercial efficiency,in turn,had puttemptations inthe wayof buyers.Since mostsamuri had been reducedto idlenessby years of peace,encouraged toengage inscholarship andmartial exercisesor toperform administrativetasks thattook IittIetime,it is not surprisingthat theirtastes andhabits grewexpensive.Overlords5income,despite theincrease inrice production among theirtenant farmers,failed to keep pacewith theirexpenses.Although shortfalIsin over-lords1i ncome resulted aI most as much from laxity among their tax col lectors the nearly invitable outcome of hereditary off ice ho Id i ng as from their higher standards ofliving,a misfortuneI ikea fire orfl ood,br ingi ng ani ncreaseinexpenses ora dropinrevenue,could puta domainin debtto thecity,rice-brokers whohand I ed itsfinances.Once in debt,neither theindividual samurainor the shogun himseIffound iteasy torecover.It wasdifficult forindividual samuraioverloads toincrease their income because the amount of rice that farmers could be made to pay in taxes was notuni imited,and sincethe incomeof Japan s centralgovernment consi stedin partof taxesco I Iected bythe shogunfrom hishuge domain,the governmenttoo wasconstrained.Therefore,the Tokugawashoguns beganto look to othersources forrevenue.Cash profits from government-owned mineswere alreadyon thedec Iine because the mosteasily workeddeposits ofsi Iverand goldhad beenexhausted,although debasementof the coinage hadcompensated for the loss.Opening upnew farmlandwas apossibiIity,but most of whatwas suitablehad alreadybeen exp Ioited andfurther recIamat ionwas technicaI Iy unfeasible.D i rect taxat ion of the samura ithemse I ves wouI dbe poIitica I Iydangerous.This leftthe shogunsonly commerceas apotent i aIsource ofgovernment i ncome.Most of the countrys wealth,or soit seemed,was findingits wayinto thehands ofcity merchants.It appearedreasonable that they shouldcontr ibute partof thatrevenue toease the shogun1s burden offi nanc i ngthe state.A means of obtaini ngsuch revenuewas soonfound by Ievy i ng forcedloans,known asgoyokin;although thesewere nottaxes inthe strictsense,since they were irregular intiming and arbitrary in amount,they werehigh inyield.Unfortunately,they pushedup prices.Thus,regrettably,the Tokugawashogunssearch for so Ivencyfor theGovernment madeit increasinglydifficult forindividual Japanesewho Iivedon fixedstipends to make ends meet.The passageis mostprobably takenfrom.A.an introductiontoacollection of Japanese folktalesB.the memoirsof asamurai warrior{{U}}50{{/U}}.A.they B.it C.we D.what

3.{{B}}TEXT D{{/B}}Please passthe turkeyand dressing.What doesthissimplerequestmakeyou thi nkaboutffyou areanAmeri can,youthi nkabout Thanksgivi ng.A turkeydinner symboIizesThanksgiving forAmericans.What doesThanksgiving remindAmericans ofTheir famiIies.Thanksgiving is afamilytime.On thishoiiday,famiIies gatherto gobbIeup thegobbler andstuff themseIveswithstuff ing.Fami lymembers enjoywatching paradesandfootba I I gameson TVand justbeing together.What does“family”meantoAmericansThetraditionalAmerican famiIy is anuclearfamily n.A nuclearfamiIy referstoahusband andwife and their chiIdren.The averageAmerican fami ly todayhas twoor threechi Idrenand maybe afewpets.In somecultures,peopIe Iiveclose to their extendedfamily.Several generationsmay evenIivetogether.In America,only in afewcases doesmore thanone householdIive underone roof.American vaIuesreceive awarm weI comeinthehome.Many homesarerunI ikea democracy.Each famiIy membercan havea say.A senseof equality oftenexists inAmericanhomes.Instead offearing Momand Dad,ch iI drenmay thi nkof themas goodfri ends.Husbands andwi vesoften sharehousehold chores.In manycases,a chiId canenjoy privacyin hisor herown bedroom.From anearly age,chi Idrengain responsibi I ityinhand I ingmoney.They mayreceive aweek IyaI Iowance oreven workpart-time jobs.C.an economichistory ofJapan D.a modemnovel abouteighteenth-century Japan

30.{{B}}TEXT D{{/B}}Packaging It is said that thepub I ic andCongressional concernabout deceptivepackaging rumpus started becauseSenator Hartdiscovered that the boxesof cerealsconsumed byhim,Mrs.Hart,and theirchi Idren werebe-coming higherand narrower,with adeci ineof netweight from12to

10.5ounces,without anyreduction inprice.There werestill tweIvebiscuits,but theyhad been reduced insize.Later,the senatorright Iy comp Iai nedof astore-bought piein ahandsome IyiI lustratedbox thatpictured,in asingle si ice,aI most asmany cherriesas therewere in tile wholepie.The manufacturerwho increasesthe unitprice ofhis productbychanginghis package size tolower thequantity deliveredcan,without unduehardship,put his product intoboxes,bags,and tinsthat wi11contain even4-ounce,8-ounce,one-pound,and two-pound quantitiesof breakfastfoods,cake mixes,etc.A studyof drugstoreand supermarketshelves wiI I convineeany observerthat al I possiblesizes and shapes of boxes,jars,bottles,and tinsare inuse atthe sametime and,as thepackage journalsshow,week byweek,there isnever anyhesitation inintroducing a new sizeand shapeof boxor bottIe whenit aidsin productdifferentiation.The producersof packagedproducts arguestrongly againstchanging sizesof packagesto contain even weightsand volumes,but noone inthe tradecomments unfavorablyon thehuge costsincurred byend-less changesof packagesizes,materials,shape,art work,and netweights that are used for improvinga product,s marketposition.When apackaging expertexp Iai ned that he was able tomultiply theprice ofhard sweetsby

2.

5.from I do I I arto250dollars bychanging toa fancyjar,or that he hadmade a5-ounce bottIelook asthough itheld8ounces,he wasin effecttelling thepub I ic thatpackaging can be a very,expensive luxury.It evi dentIydoes comehigh,when anaverage famiIy paysabout200dol larsa yearfor bottles,cans,boxes,jars,and othercontainers,most ofwhich cantbeused for anything butstuff ingthe garbagecan.Consumers areconcerned about the changesinthepackagesize,mainly because.A.this entailsan increase inthecost ofpackaging B.they have to payfor thecost ofchanging packagesizes C.the unitprice for a productoften risesas aresult D.they hateto seeany changesin thingstheyare familiarwith

31.{{BJJTEXT C{{/B}}Although thedistribution ofrecorded musicwent digitalwith theintroduction of the compactdisc inthe early1980s,techno I ogy hashad alarge impact on the waymusic ismade and recorded as weI I.At the most basiclevel,the invention of MIDIMusicaI InstrumentDigital Interface,aIanguage enabIing computers and soundsynthes i zers totalk toeach other,has givenindividual musicianspowerful toolswith whichto makemusic.“The MIDIinterface enabIed basement musicians to gain power which had been avai IabIe only in ex-pensive recordingstudios,11One expertobserved.H It enables synthesis of sounds that have never existed before,and storageand subsequentsimultaneous replay and mixing of multiplesound tracks.Using a moderately powerful desktop computer running amusic compositionprogram and a500synthesizer,any musicaI Iy Iiterate personcan write——and play!——a stringquartet in an afternoon.H Whereas many musicians use computers as a tool in composing or producing music,Tod Machoveruses computersto design the instrumentsand environments that producehis mus ic.As aprofessor ofmus ic andmed i a atthe MITMedia LabvMachover haspioneered hyper-instruments:hybrids of computers andmusicaI instrumentsthat allowusers tocreate soundssimply byraising theirhands,pointing with a HvirtuaI baton,H or moving their entire body in asensor chair.Simi larwork ona virtualorchestra isbe ing done by Geoffrey Wright,head of the computermus ic,program atJohn Hopkins Univers i ty s Peabody Conservatory of Music in Baltimore,Maryland.Wright usesconductors Jbatons that emit infrared Iight beams to generate data aboutthe speed and di rect ion of the batons,data that can thenbe transI atedby computersinto instructionsfor asynthesizer toproduce music.In Machover1s best-known musicaIwork,Brain Opera1996r125peopIe interactwith each other anda groupof hyper-instruments toproduce sounds that can be bI endedinto amus ica Iperformance.The finalopera is assembled from these soundfragments,material contributedby peopleon theWeb,and MachoverJ s own music.Machover sayshe is motivated to give peopIe an active,directly participatoryrelationship with•VI music.More recently,Machover he I peddes ign theMeteorite Museum,a remarkableunderground museumthat openedin June1998in Essen,Germany.Visitors approach the museum through a glass atrium,open an enormous door,enter acave,and thendescend byramps intovarious multimed ia rooms.Machover com-posed themus ic and des igned manyof thei nteract i onsfor theserooms.In theTransf iowRoom,the unduIat ingwalls arecovered with100rubber padsshaped I ike diamonds.H By hitting the pads you can make and shape a sound and images inthe room.Brain Operawas anensembIe ofimtividual instruments,while theTransfiow Roomis asingle instrumentpIayed by40peopIe.The roomblends thereactions and images oftile group.H Machover1s projects at MIT incIude Music Toys and Toys of Tomorrow,which arecreating devicesthat hehopes wi11eventuaI Iymake aToy Symphonypossible.Machover describes one of the toys as an embroidered ba I I thesi ze of a smal I pumpk in with ridges on the outside and miniature speakers inside.We ve recently figured out how to send digital information through fabric or thread,he said.n So the basic idea is to squeeze the ba I I and where you squeeze and where you place your fingers wiI I affect the sound produced.You canalso changethe pitchto highor low,or harmonizewith otherballs.Computer music has along wayto gobefore it wins massacceptance,however.Martin Goldsntitbv host of Nat i ona I Pub Iic Rad io9s PerformanceToday,explains why:I think that a reason a great moving piece of computer music hasn Jt beenwritten yetis that-in thisinstance一the techno I ogystands between the creator and the receptor and prevents a real human connection,Goldsmith said.H AI I that would changein an instant if a very accompIished composer a Steve Reich or John Corigl iano or Henryk Gorecki-were towrite a great piece of computer music,but so far thathasn,t happened.Nobody has real lystepped forwardto make awiderange ofI istenerssay,Wow,what aterrific instrumentthat computer is for making musicAccording toone expert,MIDI.A.makes itpossible for anyone towrite music.B.is onlyavailable in expensive recordingstudios.C.requires high-end computers and programmingskills.D.provides cheap,powerful waysof making music.

32.{{B}}TEXT B{{/B}}Family MattersThis monthSingapore passeda biI I that wouldgive legalteeth to the moralobiigation tosupport one s parents.Cal ledthe Maintenance of Parents Bill,it receivedthe backingoftheSingapore Government.That does not mean it hash1t generateddiscussion.Several membersofthePar Iiament Opposed the measureas un-Asian.Others whoacknowledged the problem ofthe elderlypoor be Ii evedit adisproportionate response.Still othersbe Iieve itwi11subvert relations within the famiIy;cynics dubbedit theSue YourSon11law.Those whosay thatthe billdoes notpromote filial responsibi I ity,of course,are right.It has nothing to do withfilial responsibiIity.It kicksin wherefilial responsibi Iityfai Is.The lawcannot legislatefilialresponsibi Iityany more than it can Ieg isIate love.Al Ithe lawcan dois toprovide asafety netwhere thismoraI ityproves insufficient.Singapore needsthis billnot toreplace morality,but toprovide incentivesto shoreit up.Like manyother deveIoped nations,Singapore facesthe problemsof anincreasing proportionof peopIeover60years of age.Demography is inexorable.In1980,

7.2%ofthepopu Iationwasin thisbracket.By theturn ofthe century,that figurewill growto11%.By2030,the proportionis projectedto be26%.The problemis notold ageper se.It is thattherat io ofeconom ica I Iyactive peopIeto econom ica I Iyinact ive peopIewiI I deciine.But noamount ofgovernment exhortation or paternaIi sm w iI I compI ete Iy el iminate the problem of old peopIe who have insufficient means to make endsmeet.Some peopIe wiI Ifa II throughthe holesin anysafety net.Traditional ly,a person,s insuranceagainst povertyin hisold agewas hisfami ly.This is not arevolutionary concept.Nor isit uniquelyAsian.Care andsupport forone1s parents isa universal value shared by al I civilized societies.The problemin Singapore is thatthe moralobIigation to look afterone,s parents is unenforceable.A fathercan becompeI Iedby lawto maintain his chi Idren.A husbandcan beforced tosupport hiswife.But,unti I now,a son or daughterhad nolegal obIigation tosupport hisor herparents.In1989,an AdvisoryCounci Iwas set up totook into the problemsoftheaged.Its reportstated witha tingeof compI acencythat95%of thosewho didnot havetheirownincome werereceiving cashcontributions fromrelations.But whatofthe5%who arch1t gettingrelatives5support They have severaloptions:a geta joband workuntiI theydie;b applyfor pub Iicassistance youhave to be destituteto appIy;or cstarve quietly.None ofthese opti onsis sociaI IyacceptabIe.And whatif this5%figure grows,as it is likelyto do,as societyages TheMaintenance of Parents Billwas putforth toencourage the traditional virtuesthat haveso farkept Asiannations fromsome ofthe breakdownsencountered inother affIuentsocieties.This legislationwiI I allow a person to apply to the courtfor maintenancefrom anyor al I ofhis chiIdren.The courtwould havethe discretionto refuse to make an orderif it is unjust.Those whoderide theproposal foropening upthe courtsto famiIylawsuits mixesthe point.Only in extreme caseswould anyparent takehis childto court,IF it does indeed become law,the bills effectwould befar moresubtle.First,it willreaffirm the notion thatit iseach individual9s-not society s-respons ibiIi ty toI ookafter his parents.Singapore isstill conservativeenough thatmost peopIewi11not objectto thisidea.It rein-forces thetraditional valuesand it doesn t hurt a society now and then to remind itself of its core values.Second,andmoreimportant,itwi11make thosewho are incIined to shirk theirresponsibiI itiesthink twice.UntiI now,if a person askedfam iIyelders,clergymen orthe Ministryof Communi tyDeve Iopment tohe Ip getfi nanc iaIsupport from his chiIdren,the mostthey coulddo was to mediate.But mediatorshave noteeth,andachild couldsimply ignoretheirpleas.But to be suedby one s parentswould bea massiveloss offace.It would bea pub Iicdisgrace.Few peopIewould be so thick-skinned asto say,“Sue andbe damned.The handoftheconciIiator would be immeasurablystrengthened.It isfar moreI ikeIythat somesort of am icab Ie settI ementwould bereached ifthe recalcitrantson or daughter knowsthatthealternative isa pub Iic trial.It would be niceto think that Singaporedoesn1t need this kind of law.But thatbe Iief ignoresthe cleardemographic trendsand theeffect of aff Iuenceitself ontraditional bonds.Those ofus whopushed for the billwi II consider ourselves most successful if it acts as ani ncent ive not to have it i nvoked inthe first pI ace.By quotingthe growingpercentage pointsofA.the countrywill facemounting problemsoftheold infuture.B.the socialwelfare systemwould beunder greatpressure.C.young peopleshould be given moremoral education.D.theoldshouldbeprovided withmeansoflivelihood.

33.{{BJ}TEXT D{{/B}}Packaging It is saidthatthepubIic andCongressional concernabout deceptivepackaging rumpusstarted becauseSenator Hartdiscovered thatthe boxesof cerealsconsumed byhim,Mrs.Hart,and theirchiIdren werebe-coming higherand narrower,withadeci ineof netweight from12to

10.5ounces,without anyreduction inprice.There werestill tweIvebiscuits,but theyhad been reduced insize.Later,the senatorrightIy compIainedof astore-bought pieinahandsome IyiI lustratedbox thatpictured,inasingle slice,aI most asmany cherriesas therewere intiIe wholepie.The manufacturerwho increasesthe unitprice ofhisproductbychanginghis packagesize tolower thequantity deliveredcan,without unduehardship,put hisproduct intoboxes,bags,and tinsthat wi11containeven4-ounce,8-ounce,one-pound,and two-pound quantitiesof breakfastfoods,cake mixes,etc.A studyof drugstoreand supermarketshelves wiI I convineeany observerthat alI possiblesizes and shapes ofboxes,jars,bottles,and tinsareinuse atthesametime and,as thepackage journalsshow,week byweek,there isnever anyhesitation inintroducing a new sizeandshapeofboxor bottIe whenit aidsin productdifferentiation.The producersof packagedproducts arguestrongly againstchanging sizesof packagesto containeven weightsand volumes,butnoone inthe tradecomments unfavorablyon thehuge costsincurred byend-less changesof packagesizes,materials,shape,art work,and netweights that are usedfor improvinga product1s marketposition.When apackag ing expertexpIained that he was able tomultiply theprice ofhard sweetsby

2.

5.from I do II arto250dollars bychanging toa fancyjar,or that he hadmadea5-ounce bottIelook asthough itheld8ounces,he wasin effecttelling thepubIic thatpackaging can bea very,expensive luxury.It evi dentIydoes comehigh,when anaverage famiIy paysabout200dol larsa yearfor bottles,cans,boxes,jars,and othercontainers,most ofwhich cantbeusedfor anything butstuff ingthe garbagecan.The authoris criticalmainly of.A.inferior packagingB.the changesin packagesize C.exaggerated illustrations on packagesD.dishonest packaging

34.In,we usually don t hearthe soundingof[r]after voweIsI ike“bird”.A.Scotland B.Ireland C.the wholeofthewestern countiesof EnglandD.area aroundNew YorkCity

35.{{I}}Questions8to10are basedon thefol lowingnews.At theend ofthe newsitem,you wi IIbe givenIO secondsto answereach question.Now Iistento thenews.{{/I}}is notone ofthe symptomsafter drinkinglowfat miIk producedby SnowBrand MilkProducts Co.Ltd.A.Headache B.Stomache painsC.Bowel disturbanceD.Vomiting

36.{{B}}TEXT A{{/B}}I mMargery Hooper,your coursecoordinator.Id liketo weI comeyou alI toGrange ManorSummer MusicschooI.I hopeyou,II enjoy your Iife here.If youhave anythingunclear,donthesitate to ask.As youknow,we arerunning three-weekIy coursescurrently this year:History of Music,Principle Tutorprofessor Hepworth;Choral Singing9conducted byArchibald Blakefrom theRoyal Instituteof Music;and,last butnot least,a newdeparture forus,classical Guitarfor Beginners,Tutor CliveMortimer.Now youalIknow-at leastI hopeyou dowhat courseyou areregistered for.As soonas yonve hadtea,we dI ike you toreport toour secretary,Miss Mathews-you,IIfind herintheoffi ceon thefirstfloor.She II give youyour coursenumber andtimetab Ieandexp lain where thevarious classroomsare,what booksyou II need,and whetherthey areavai IabIeinthe I ibrary.Besides,she II give you detailed informationa-bout howyou arescored.If booksare not avaiIable intheI ibrary,you cantry inthe bookstore.Our bookstore isnext tothe receptioninthe main hall.It sopen from9to10a.m.dai ly.Now aboutmeals-breakfast8:30to9,ful I evening meal6:30to8:30in tiledining room.19m afraidyouhaveto makeyour ownarrangements aboutlunch,but thecafeteria inthe canteenis openfront10to4for sandwichesand coffee.Classes finishat

5.If youlook althe noti ceboard inthe main hall,you II see that we have arranged a varietyof eveningentertainments foryou.and Saturdayexcursions.Anyone whowants to go onan excursionshould informthe secretaryas soonas possibleas thecoach companyneed toknow numbers.I hopeyou II alI havea veryenjoyable time,and make a lotof newfriends.Often parsentsgive chiIdrenfreedom to make theirown decisions.Preschoolers choosewhat cIothesto wearor whichtoys tobuy.Young adultsgeneral lymake theirown choicesabout whatcareer topursue andwhom tomarry.Fami Iies inAmerica,I ikethose inevery culture,face manyproblems.Soc iaIpressures arebreaking apartmore andmore Americanhomes.Over halfof U.S.marriages nowend indivorce.More thanone infour AmericanchiIdrenis growingup insingle-parent homes.As aresult,many peopIebe Iieve theAmericanfam iIy isintrouble.Even so,there isstiII reasonfor hope.Many organi zati onsare workinghard tostrengthen famiIies.Americans almostunanimouslybe IievethatthefamiIy isone ofthe most importantpartsofIife.The vastmajority alsofeel thatthetraditionaltwo-parent famiIyis best for chiIdren.They realizethat problemsin famiIy Iife inrecent yearshave broughtabout seriousconsequences.As aresult,more andmore peopIearemakingtheirfam iIya priority.Many womenare quittingtheir jobstostayhomewith their chiIdren.Fami Iies aregoing onvacations andoutings together.Husbands andwives aremaking aconcentrated efforttokeeptheir marriagessol id.The UnitedNations hasdeclared1994the InternationalYearoftheFamily”.Not justinAmerica,but alIoverthe world,peopIe recognizethe importanceof strongfamiIies.How doyou strengthenthefamiIy bondDo specialthings foreach other.Talk toeach other.Play together.Spend timetogether.Oh,and onemore thing:be thankfuIforeach other.If youhaveafamilyF everydayshouIdbeThanksgiving.The AmericanvaIues reflectedintheAmericanfamiIiesdoes notincIude respectforA.equality.B.privacy.,is NOTrun inthe Summer Music SchooI.A.Music HistoryB.Chorus C.Elementary Guitarcourse D.ClassicMusic

37.The reports saidthat.A.a delegationwastotravel toSeoul B.100North Koreanswould visitrelatives inPyongyong C.the twosides agreeto repatriatepartofDPRK prisonersformerly heldintheSouth D.the twosides agreeto sendhome allDPRK prisonersformerly heldintheSouth

38.{{B}}TEXT E{{/B}}The EconomicSituation ofJapan inthe18th CenturyI ntheei ghteenthcentury,Japan9s feudaloverlords,from theshogun tothe humbI estsamura i,found themse Ivesunder fi nanciaI stress.I npart,this stresscan beattributed tothe overlords5failure toadjust toa rapidly expandingeconomy,but thestress was aIso dueto factorsbeyond theover Iords controI;Concentrat ionofthe samura iin castI etownshad actedas astimu Ius totrade.Commercial efficiency,in turn,had puttemptations inthe wayof buyers.Since mostsamuri had beenreducedto idlenessby years of peace,encouraged toengage inscholarship andmartial exercisesor toperform administrativetasks thattook IittIetime,it isnot surprisingthat theirtastes andhabits grewexpensive.Overlords1income,despite theincrease inr iceproductionamongtheirtenant farmers,failed tokeep pacewith theirexpenses.Although shortfalIsin over-lords1incomeresulted aImostas muchfrom laxityamong their taxcol lectorsthe nearlyinvitable outcomeof hereditaryoff iceho Iding as from their higherstandards of Iiving,a misfortuneI ikea fire orfl ood,br ingi ng ani ncreaseinexpenses ora dropinrevenue,could puta domainin debttothecity rice-brokers whohand Ied itsfinances.Once indebt,neither theindividual samurainor theshogun himseIffound iteasy torecover.It wasdifficult forindividual samuraioverloads toincrease their incomebecause theamount of rice thatfarmers couldbe madeto payin taxeswasnot unlimited,and sincethe incomeofJapan9s centralgovernment consi stedin partof taxesco I Iected bytheshogunfrom hishuge domain,the governmenttoo wasconstrained.Therefore,the Tokugawashoguns beganto look to othersources forrevenue.Cash profitsfrom government-owned mineswere alreadyon thedec Iine becausethe mosteasily workeddeposits ofsi Iverand goldhad beenexhausted,although debasementofthecoinage hadcompensated for the loss.Opening upnew farmlandwas apossibiIity,but mostof whatwas suitablehad alreadybeen expIoited andfurther recIamation wastechni caI Iy unfeasible.D i rect taxationofthesamura ithemseIves wouIdbe poIitica IIydangerous.This leftthe shogunsonly commerceas apotent iaIsource ofgovernment income.Most ofthe country,s wealth,or soit seemed,was findingits wayinto thehands ofcity merchants.It appearedreasonable thatthey shouldcontr ibute partof thatrevenue toease theshogun s burdenoffi nancingthe state.A meansof obtainingsuch revenuewas soonfound byIevy ing forcedloans,known asgoyokin;although thesewere nottaxes inthe strictsense,since they were irregular intiming andarbitrary inamount,theywerehigh inyield.Unfortunately,they pushedup prices.Thus,regrettably,the Tokugawashogunssearch forso Ivencyfor theGovernment madeit increasinglydifficult forindividual Japanesewho Iivedon fixedstipends to make endsmeet.According tothepassage,the majorreasonforthe financialproblems experiencedby Japan1s feudaIoverload inthe eighteenthcentury wasthat.A.trade hadfallen offB.thecoinage hadbeensharply debasedC.spending hadoutdistanced incomeD.profitsfrommining haddeclined

39.{{B}}TEXT C{{/B}}Although thedistribution ofrecorded musicwent digitalwith theintroduction ofthe compactdisc inthe early1980s,techno I ogy hashad alarge impact on the waymusic ismade and recorded as weII.At the most basiclevel,the inventionof MIDIMusicaI InstrumentDigital Interface,aIanguage enabIing computers and soundsynthes i zers totalk toeachother,has givenindividual musicianspowerful toolswith whichto makemusic.The MIDIinterface enabIed basementmusicians togain powerwhich hadbeen avaiIabIe only inex-pensive recordingstudios,One expertobserved.It enables synthesis of sounds that have never existed before,and storageand subsequentsimultaneous replayand mixingof multiplesound tracks.Using amoderately powerfuldesktop computerrunning amusic compositionprogram anda500synthesizer,any musicaIIy Iiterate personcan write-and play!-a stringquartet inan afternoon.H Whereas many musicians use computers as a tool in composing or producing music,Tod Machoveruses computersto design the instrumentsand environmentsthat produce his music.As aprofessor ofmusic andmedia atthe MITMedia Lab,Machover haspioneered hyper-instruments:hybrids of computers andmusicaI instrumentsthat allowusers tocreate soundssimply byraising theirhands,pointing witha virtuaIbaton,n ormoving their entire bodyinasensor chair.Simi larwork ona virtualorchestra isbe ing done by Geoffrey Wright,head ofthe computermus ic,program atJohn Hopkins Univers ity sPeabody Conservatoryof Musicin Baltimore,Maryland.Wright usesconductors5batons thatemit infraredIight beamsto generatedata aboutthe speedand di rectionofthe batons,data that can thenbe transI atedby computersinto instructionsforasynthesizer toproduce music.In Machover1s best-known musicaIwork,Brain Opera1996,125peopIe interactwith eachother anda groupof hyper-instruments toproduce soundsthat can be bI endedinto amus ica Iperformance.The finalopera isassembled from these soundfragments,material contributedby peopleon theWeb,and MachoverJ s own music.Machover sayshe ismoti vatedto give peopIe nan active,directly participatoryrelationship with•II music.More recently,Machover heI peddes ign theMeteorite Museum,a remarkableunderground museumthat openedin June1998in Essen,Germany.Visitors approachthe museumthrough aglass atrium,open anenormous door,enter acave,and thendescend byramps intovarious multimed ia rooms.Machover com-posed themus ic and des igned manyofthei nteracti onsfor theserooms.In theTransf iowRoom,the unduIatingwalls arecovered with100rubber padsshaped I ike diamonds.By hitting the pads you can make andshape a sound andimages inthe room.Brain Operawas anensembIe ofimtividual instruments,while theTransfiow Roomisasingle instrumentpIayed by40peopIe.The roomblends thereactions andimages oftile group.M MachoverJ s projectsat MITincIude MusicToys andToys ofTomorrow,which arecreating devicesthathehopes wi11eventual lymakeaToy Symphonypossible.Machover describesone ofthe toysas anembroidered ba IIthesi zeof asmal Ipumpk in withridges on the outsideand miniaturespeakers inside.We ve recently figured out how to send digital information through fabric or thread,he said.So the basic idea is to squeeze theba II and where you squeeze and where you place your fingers wiI I affect the sound produced.You canalso changethe pitchto highor low,or harmonizewith otherballs.Computer music has along wayto gobefore itwins massacceptance,however.Martin Goldsntitb,host ofNat iona IPub IicRad io,s PerformanceToday,explains why:nI thinkthata reason agreat moving piece of computer music hasn,t beenwritten yetis that-in thisinstance-the techno I ogystands between the creatorand thereceptor andprevents areal humanconnection,n Goldsmith said.Al Ithat would changeinan instant if a very accompIished composer a Steve Reich or John Corigl iano or Henryk Gorecki-were towrite agreat pieceof computermusic,but so far thathasn,t happened.Nobody hasreal lystepped forwardto makeawiderange ofI istenerssayvWow,what aterrific instrumentthat computeris formaking music9”Machover5s experimentson digitalmusic areforthefol lowingpurposes EXCET.A.creation of new typesof musicalinstruments.B.participation ofpeople inmaking music.C.improvement ofcurrent computer technology.D.convenience inmaking uniquemusic.

40.As forthe pronunciationofainaword I ike“dance,.A.all Americanspronounce it as[e]B.all Britishpeople pronounce it as[o.C.educated speakersin Britainpronounce it as[a]D.people inAmerican Westpronounceitas[a一

41.{{B}}TEXT C{{/B}}Although thedistribution ofrecorded musicwent digitalwith theintroduction ofthe compactdisc inthe early1980s,techno Iogy hashad alarge impact on the waymusic ismade andrecorded asweII.At themost basiclevel,the inventionof MIDIMusicaI InstrumentDigital Interface,aIanguage enabIing computersand soundsynthes izers tota Iktoeachother,has givenindividual musicianspowerful toolswith whichto makemusic.The MIDIinterface enabIed basementmusicians togain powerwhich hadbeen avaiIabIeonlyinex-pensive recordingstudios,One expertobserved.It enablessynthesis ofsoundsthat have neverexisted before,and storageand subsequentsimultaneous replayand mixingof multiplesound tracks.Using amoderately powerfuldesktop computerrunning amusic compositionprogram anda500synthesizer,any musicaIIyIiterate personcan write-and play!-a stringquartet inan afternoon.Whereasmany musiciansuse computersasatool incomposing orproducing music,Tod Machoveruses computersto design the instrumentsand environmentsthat producehis mus ic.As aprofessor ofmus ic andmed ia atthe MITMedia LabfMachover haspioneered hyper-instruments:hybrids of computersandmusicaI instrumentsthat allowusers tocreate soundssimply byraising theirhands,pointing witha virtualbaton,M ormoving theirentire bodyinasensor chair.Simi larwork ona virtualorchestra11isbeingdone byGeoffrey Wright,head ofthe computermus ic,program atJohn Hopkins Univers ity JsPeabody Conservatoryof Musicin Baltimore,Maryland.Wright usesconductor batons thatemit infraredIight beamsto generatedata aboutthe speedanddirectionofthebatons,data that can thenbe transI atedby computersinto instructionsforasynthesizer toproduce music.In Machover1sbest-known musicaIwork,Brain Opera1996,125peopIe interactwith eachother anda groupof hyper-instruments toproduce soundsthatcan be bI endedinto amus ica Iperformance.The finalopera isassembled from these soundfragments,material contributedby peopIeon theWeb,and Machover5s own music.Machover sayshe ismotivated togive peopIean active,directly participatoryrelationship with•IV music.More recently,Machover heI peddes igntheMeteor ite Museum,a remarkableunderground museumthat openedin June1998in Essen,Germany.Visitors approachthe museumthrough aglass atrium,open anenormous door,enter acave,and thendescend byramps intovarious multimed ia rooms.Machover com-posed themus ic anddes igned manyofthei nteracti onsfor theserooms.In theTransf iowRoom,the unduIatingwalls arecovered with100rubber padsshaped I ike diamonds.H By hittingthe padsyou can make andshape asound andimages inthe room.Brain Operawas anensemble ofimtividual instruments,while theTransfiow Roomisasingle instrumentpIayed by40peopIe.The roomblends thereactions andimages oftile group.11Machover1s projectsat MITincIude MusicToys andToys ofTomorrow,which arecreating devicesthathehopes wi11eventuaI IymakeaToy Symphonypossible.Machover describesoneofthe toysas anembroidered baIIthesizeofasmal Ipumpk in withridges on the outsideand miniaturespeakers inside.,,We,ve recentlyfigured outhow tosend digitalinformation throughfabric orthread,he said.So thebasic ideais tosqueeze thebaII andwhere yousqueeze andwhere youplace yourfingers wiI I affectthe soundproduced.You canalso changethe pitchto highor low,or harmonizewith otherballs.Computer musichas along wayto gobefore itwins massacceptance,however.Martin Goldsntitb,host ofNat iona IPub IicRad io9s PerformanceToday,explains why:I thinkthatareason agreat movingpieceof computermusichasn,t beenwritten yetis that-in thisinstance一the technoIogy stands betweenthe creatorand thereceptor andprevents areal humanconnection,n Goldsmith said.Al Ithat wouldchangeinan instantif avery accompIishedcomposer aSteve Reichor JohnCorigl ianoor HenrykGorecki-were towrite agreat pieceof computermusic,but sofar thathasn Jt happened.Nobody hasreal lystepped forwardto makeawiderange ofI istenerssay9Wow,what aterrific instrumentthat computeris formaking musicIn thesentence Using amoderately powerfuldesktop computerrunning amusic composition ogramanda500synthesizerparagraph2,the wordu moderateIy Hbas themeaningof・A.properly B.slightly C.less D.a little

42.{{B}}TEXT E{{/B}}The EconomicSituation ofJapan inthe18th CenturyI ntheei ghteenthcentury,Japansf eudaI overlords,fromtheshogun tothe humbI estsamurai,found themseIvesunder financiaI stress.Inpart,this stresscanbeattributed tothe overlords1failure toadjust toa rapidly expandingeconomy,but thestress was aIso dueto factorsbeyond theover Iords,controI;Concentrat ionofthesamuraiin castI etownshad actedasastimu Ius totrade.Commercial efficiency,in turn,had puttemptations inthe wayof buyers.Since mostsamuri hadbeenreducedto idlenessby yearsof peace,encouraged toengage inscholarship andmartial exercisesor toperform administrativetasks thattook IittIetime,it isnot surprisingthat theirtastes andhabits grewexpensive.Over lords1income,despite theincreaseinrice productionamong theirtenant farmers,failed tokeep pacewiththeirexpenses.Although shortfalIsin over-lords incomeresultedaImostasmuchfromlaxityamongtheirtaxcol lectorsthenearlyinvitableoutcomeofhereditaryofficehoIdingasfromtheirhigherstandardsofIiving,a misfortuneIikeafire orfl ood,br inging ani ncreaseinexpenses ora dropinrevenue,could puta domainindebttothecity rice-brokers whohandIed itsfinances.Once indebt,neither theindividual samurainor theshogun himseIffound iteasytorecover.It wasdifficult forindividual samuraioverloads toincrease theirincomebecausetheamount ofricethatfarmerscouldbemadeto payintaxeswasnotunlimited,and sincethe incomeofJapan9s centralgovernment consi stedin partof taxesco IIected bytheshogunfrom hishuge domain,the governmenttoo wasconstrained.Therefore,the Tokugawashoguns beganto lookto othersources forrevenue.Cash profitsfrom government-owned mineswere alreadyonthedec Iine becausethemosteasily workeddeposits ofsi Iverand goldhadbeenexhausted,although debasementofthecoinagehadcompensated forthe loss.Opening upnew farmlandwasapossibiIity,but mostof whatwas suitablehad alreadybeen expIoited andfurther recIamat ionwas technicaIIy unfeasible.D irect taxationofthesamuraithemseIves wouIdbe poIitica IIydangerous.This leftthe shogunsonly commerceasapotent iaIsource ofgovernment income.Most ofthe country1s wealth,orsoit seemed,was findingits wayintothehands ofcity merchants.It appearedreasonable thatthey shouldcontr ibute partof thatrevenue toease theshogun5sburdenoffinancingthestate.A meansof obtainingsuch revenuewas soonfound byIevy ing forcedloans,known asgoyokin;although thesewere nottaxes inthe strictsense,since theywere irregular intiming andarbitrary inamount,theywerehigh inyield.Unfortunately,they pushedup prices.Thus,regrettably,the Tokugawashogunssearch forso IvencyfortheGovernment madeit increasinglydifficult forindividual Japanesewho Iivedon fixedstipends to make endsmeet.The passagesuggests that,in eighteenth-century Japan,the officeof taxcollector.A.remained withinfamilies,B.took upmostofthe officeholders timeC.was regardedwith derisionby manyJapanese D.wasasource ofpersonal profittothe officeholder

43.{{l}}Questions8to10are basedonthefol lowingnews.At theendofthenewsitem,you wi IIbegivenIO secondstoanswereachquestion.Now Iistentothenews.{{/I}}In thesummer of1996,0-157bacteria leftwith food-poisoning.A.more than8,000people B.exactly8,282people C.morethan9,500people D.all togetherabout18,000people

44.C.freedom.D.diligence.

4.{{B}}TEXT C{{/B}}The BritishCourtofAppea Ihas cutlibel damagesawarded toMcDonald9s,the worldJslargestfast-food chain,against twopenniless environmentcampaigners.In1997,the HighCourt inLondon foundthat environmentalcampaigners HelenSteeI,aged34,andDaveMorris,44,were gui Ityofdistributing apamph Iet containingaIIegat i ons agai nstMcDona Idsandtheir fastfood and its preparation.The triallasted threeyears andbrought toIight muchevidence aboutthe wayMcDonaId shamburger chainworkersprepared,hand Iedand servedfood,andthetreatment ofthese workersbytheAmerican-owned company.The HighCourt inLondon awardedMcDonald sdamages of60,000pounds RMB780,000against the twopennilesscampaigners.But in1999,three AppeaICourt JudgesinLondondecided thatthetwodefendants foundguiItyof libelagainst McDonald9sin1997would havethedamagesthey havetopaytoMcDonald9s reducedto40,000pounds RMB520,

000.While upholdingthe libelrul ing,the judgesbacked thedefendants5claim thefood carrieshealth risksand saidal legationsMcDonaId9s workerssuffer poorpay andconditions arefair comment.The judgesaIso backedacIaimbythedefendants thateat ingthecompany Jshamburgerscan causeheart disease.The claimthat Hif oneeats enoughMcDonald9sfood,one,sdietmayweIIbecomehighinfat...,withthevery realrisk ofheartdisease,is justified,11saidLordJusticePill,who wassitting inthe Courtof AppeaIwith LordJustice Mayand JusticeKeene.{{BH TEXT A{{/B}}Im MargeryHooper,your coursecoordinator.I,dliketo weI comeyoualI toGrange ManorSummerMusicschooI.I hopeyou IIenjoyyourIifehere.If youhave anythingunclear,donthesitate toask.As youknow,we arerunning three-weekIy coursescurrently thisyear:History of Music,Principle Tutorprofessor Hepworth;Choral Singing,conducted byArchibald BlakefromtheRoyal InstituteofMusic;and9last butnot least,anewdeparture forus,classical Guitarfor Beginners,Tutor CliveMortimer.Now youalIknow-at leastI hopeyou dowhat courseyou areregistered for.As soonas yonve hadtea,we dIikeyou toreport toour secretary,Miss Mathews-you,IIfind herintheoffice onthe first floor.She,IIgiveyouyour coursenumber andtimetab Ieandexp lain wherethevarious classroomsare,what booksyou II need,and whetherthey areavai IabIeintheI ibrary.Besides,she IIgiveyou detaiIed informationa-bout howyou arescored.If booksare not avai IabIeintheI ibrary,you cantry inthe bookstore.Our bookstore isnext tothe receptioninthemain hall.It sopen from9to10a.m.dai ly.Now aboutmeals--breakfast8:30to9,ful Ievening meal6:30to8:30in tiledining room.I,m afraidyouhaveto makeyour ownarrangements aboutlunch,but thecafeteria inthe canteenis openfront10to4for sandwichesand coffee.Classes finishat

5.If youlook althe noti ceboard inthemainhall,you II seethatwe havearrangedavarietyof eveningentertainments foryou.and Saturdayexcursions.Anyone whowants togo onan excursionshould informthe secretaryas soonas possibleas thecoach companyneed toknow numbers.I hopeyou II alI haveaveryenjoyable time,and makea lotof newfriends.The guitarcourse.A.will notbe heldat Grange Manor B.will involvesome travellingC.is aninnovation atGrangeManorD.will lastless thanthree weeks

45.{BJ1TEXT B{{/B}}Family MattersThis monthSingapore passeda biIIthat wouldgive legalteeth tothe moralobiigation tosupport ones parents.Cal ledthe Maintenance of Parents Bill,it receivedthe backingoftheSingapore Government.That does not meanit hash1t generateddiscussion.Several membersofthePar Iiament Opposed the measureas un-Asian.Others whoacknowledged theproblem ofthe elderlypoor beIi eveditadisproportionate response.Still othersbeIieve itwi11subvert relationswithin thefamiIy;cynics dubbedit theSue YourSon law.Those whosay thatthe billdoesnotpromote filialresponsibi Iity,of course,are right.It has nothing to do withfilial responsibiIity.It kicksinwherefilial responsibiIityfaiIs.The lawcannot Ieg isI atefilial responsibiIityany morethan itcan Ieg isI atelove.Al Ithe lawcan dois toprovide asafety netwhere thismoraI ityproves insufficient.Singapore needsthis billnot toreplace morality,but toprovide incentivesto shoreit up.Like manyother deveIoped nations,Singapore facesthe problemsof anincreasing proportionof peopIeover60yearsofage.Demography isinexorable.In1980,

7.2%ofthepopu Iationwasin thisbracket.By theturn ofthe century,that figurewill growto11%.By2030,the proportionis projectedto be26%.The problemisnotold ageper se.It is thattherat io ofeconomica IIyactive peopIeto economicaIIyinact ivepeopIewi II deciine.But noamount ofgovernment exhortationor paternaIism wiII compI eteIyel iminatetheproblem of oldpeopIe whohave insufficientmeans to make endsmeet.Some peopIewiI Ifa II throughthe holesin anysafety net.Traditional ly,aperson,s insuranceagainst povertyin hisold agewas hisfamily.This isnotarevolutionary concept.Nor isit uniquelyAsian.Care andsupport forone1s parentsisauniversal valueshared byalIcivilized societies.The problemin Singapore is thatthe moralobIigation tolook afterones parentsis unenforceable.A fathercanbecompeI Iedby lawto maintainhis chiIdren.A husbandcanbeforced tosupport hiswife.But,unti Inow,a son or daughterhad nolegal obiigation tosupport hisor herparents.In1989,an AdvisoryCounci Iwas setup totook intothe problemsoftheaged.Its reportstated witha tingeofcompI acencythat95%of thosewho didnot havetheirownincome werereceiving cashcontributions fromrelations.But whatofthe5%who arch1t gettingrelatives1support Theyhave severaloptions:a geta joband workuntiI theydie;b applyfor pubIicassistance youhavetobe destituteto appIy;orcstarve quietly.None ofthese opti onsis sociaIIyacceptabIe.And whatif this5%figure grows,as it is likelyto do,as societyages TheMaintenanceofParentsBillwas putforth toencourage thetraditional virtuesthat havesofarkept Asiannations fromsome ofthe breakdownsencountered inother affIuentsocieties.This legislationwiI Iallow aperson toapply tothe courtfor maintenancefrom anyor alI ofhis chiIdren.The courtwould havethe discretionto refusetomakean orderif itis unjust.Those whoderide theproposal foropening upthe courtsto famiIylawsuits mixesthe point.Only inextreme caseswould anyparent takehis childto court,If,it doesindeed becomelaw,the bills effectwould befar moresubtle.First,it willreaffirm thenotion thatitiseach individual9s-not society5s-responsibiIity tolookafter his parents.Singaporeisstill conservativeenough thatmost peopIewiI Inot objectto thisidea.It rein-forces thetraditional valuesand itdoesn,t hurta societynow and then toremind itselfof itscore values.Second,andmoreimportant,it wiI I makethosewho areino Iinedtoshirk theirresponsibiI itiesthink twice.UntiI now,if aperson askedfam iIyelders,clergymen orthe Ministryof CommunityDeve Iopment toheIp getfinancial support fromhis chiIdren,themostthey coulddo wasto mediate.But mediatorshave noteeth,andachild couldsimply ignoretheirpleas.But tobe suedby ones parentswould bea massiveloss offace.It would beapub Iicdisgrace.Few peopIewould beso thick-skinned asto say,Sue andbe damned.The handoftheconciIiator would be immeasurablystrengthened.It isfar moreI ikeIythat somesort ofamicab Ie settI ementwouldbereached ifthe recalcitrantsonordaughter knowsthatthealternative isapub Iic trial.It wouldbe niceto thinkthat Singaporedoesn t needthis kindof law.But thatbeIief ignoresthe cleardemographic trendsandtheeffect ofaff Iuenceitself ontraditional bonds.Those ofus whopushed forthe billwiII considerourselves mostsuccessful if it actsas ani ncentivenot tohave iti nvokedinthefirstpI ace.Which ofthefollowing statementsis CORRECA.Filial responsibilityin Singaporeis enforcedby law.B.Fathers havelegal obligationstolook after their children.C.It isan acceptablepractice fortheoldto continueworking.D.The AdvisoryCouncil wasdissatisfied withthe problemsoftheold.

46.{{BJ}TEXT C{{/B}}Although thedistribution ofrecorded musicwent digitalwiththeintroduction ofthe compactdisc inthe early1980s,technoIogy hashad alarge impact onthe waymusic ismade andrecordedasweII.At themost basiclevel,the inventionof MIDIMusicaI InstrumentDigital Interface,aIanguage enabIing computersand soundsynthes izers totalk toeachother,has givenindividual musicianspowerful toolswith whichtomakemusic.“The MIDIinterface enabIed basementmusicians togain powerwhich hadbeen avaitable onlyinex-pensive recordingstudios,One expertobserved.Itenablessynthesisofsoundsthathaveneverexistedbefore,and storageand subsequentsimultaneous replayand mixingof multiplesound tracks.Using amoderately powerfuldesktop computerrunning amusic compositionprogram anda500synthesizer,any musicaIIyIiterate personcan write-and play!-a stringquartet inan afternoon.11Whereasmanymusiciansusecomputersasatoolincomposingorproducingmusic,Tod Machoveruses computersto designthe instrumentsand environmentsthat producehis mus ic.As aprofessor ofmus ic andmed ia atthe MITMedia Lab,Machover haspioneered hyper-instruments:hybrids ofcomputersandmusicaI instrumentsthat allowusers tocreate soundssimply byraising theirhands,pointing witha virtualbaton,ormoving theirentire bodyinan sensor chair.Simi larwork ona Hvi rtualorchestra11isbeingdonebyGeoffreyWright,head ofthe computermus ic,program atJohn Hopkins Univers itysPeabody ConservatoryofMusicin Baltimore,Maryland.Wright usesconductors5batons thatemit infraredIight beamsto generatedata aboutthe speedanddirectionofthebatons,data thatcan thenbe transI atedby computersinto instructionsforasynthesizer toproduce music.In Machover1sbest-known musicaIwork,Brain Opera1996,125peopIe interactwith eachother anda groupof hyper-instruments toproduce soundsthatcanbe bI endedinto amus icaIperformance.The finalopera isassembled fromthese soundfragments,material contributedby peopIeontheWeb,and Machover1sownmus ic.Machover saysheismoti vatedtogive peopIean active,directly participatoryrelationship with•nmusic.More recently,Machover heI peddes igntheMeteorite Museum,a remarkableunderground museumthat openedin June1998in Essen,Germany.Visitors approachthe museumthrough aglass atrium,open anenormous door,enter acave,and thendescend byramps intovarious multimed ia rooms.Machover com-posedthemus ic anddes igned manyofthei nteracti onsfor theserooms.In theTransf iowRoom,the unduIatingwalls arecovered with100rubber padsshaped Iike diamonds.Byhittingthepadsyou canmakeandshapeasoundandimagesintheroom.Brain Operawas anensembIe ofimtividual instruments,while theTransfiow Roomisasingle instrumentpIayed by40people.The roomblends thereactions andimages oftile group.M Machover1s projectsat MITincIude MusicToys andToys ofTomorrow,which arecreating devicesthathehopes wi11eventuaI IymakeaToy Symphonypossible.Machover describesoneofthe toysas anembroidered baIIthesizeofasmal Ipumpk in withridges onthe outsideand miniaturespeakers inside.,,We,verecentlyfiguredouthowtosenddigitalinformationthroughfabricorthread,he said.H Sothebasicideais tosqueezethebaII andwhereyousqueezeandwhereyouplaceyourfingerswiIIaffectthesoundproduced.You canalso changethe pitchto highor low,or harmonizewith otherballs.Computer musichas along waytogobefore itwins massacceptance,however.Martin Goldsntitb,host ofNat iona IPub IicRad io1s PerformanceToday,explains why:nI thinkthatareasonagreatmovingpieceofcomputermusichasn1t beenwritten yetis that-in thisinstance-the technoIogystands betweenthe creatorandthereceptor andprevents areal humanconnection,Goldsmithsaid.H AIIthat wouldchangeinaninstantif averyaccompIishedcomposeraSteveReichorJohnCoriglianoorHenrykGorecki-were towrite agreat pieceofcomputermusic,but sofar thathasn,t happened.Nobody hasreal lystepped forwardtomakeawiderange ofI istenerssay,Wow,what aterrific instrumentthat computeris formaking musicMartin Goldsmithbe Iievesthat computermusichasnotyet been widelyaccepted because.A.the technologyprevents composersfrom contactingtheir listeners.B.no greatmusichasyet beencreated throughcomputertechnology.C.famous composersrefusetousethenew technologytomakemusic.D.computerisnotaterrific instrumentformakingmusical works.

47.{{B}}TEXTA{{/B}}15mMargeryHooper,your coursecoordinator.IdIiketoweIcomeyoualItoGrangeManorSummerMusicschooI.I hopeyou11enjoyyourIifehere.If youhave anythingunclear,don,thesitatetoask.As youknow,we arerunning three-weekIy coursescurrently thisyear:History ofMusic,Principle Tutorprofessor Hepworth;Choral Singing9conducted byArchibald BlakefromtheRoyal InstituteofMusic;and,last butnot least,anewdeparture forus,classical Guitarfor Beginners,Tutor CliveMortimer.Now youalIknow-at leastI hopeyou dowhat courseyou areregistered for.As soonas yonve hadtea,we9dIikeyoutoreporttooursecretary,Miss Mathews-you IIfindherintheofficeonthefirstfloor.She,IIgiveyouyourcoursenumberandtimetabIeandexplainwherethevariousclassroomsare,what booksyou,II need,and whetherthey areavai IabIeintheI ibrary.Besides,she1IIgiveyoudetaiIedinformationa-bout howyouarescored.If booksare notavai IabIeintheIibrary,youcantry inthe bookstore.Our bookstore isnext tothe receptioninthemainhall.It sopen from9to10a.m.dai ly.Now aboutmeals--breakfast8:30to9,ful Ievening meal6:30to8:30intiledining room.Imafraidyouhavetomakeyourownarrangementsaboutlunch,but thecafeteria inthe canteenis openfront10to4for sandwichesand coffee.Classes finishat

5.If youlook althenoti ceboard inthemainhall,you,11seethatwehavearrangedavar ietyofeveningenterta inmentsforyou.and Saturdayexcursions.Anyone whowants togo onan excursionshould informthe secretaryas soonas possibleas thecoach companyneed toknow numbers.I hopeyou IIalI haveaveryenjoyable time,and makea lotofnewfriends.Students requiring coursematerials shouldA.buy themfromthe secretary B.buy theminthemainhallC.register withthesecretaryD.go tothe bookstoreafier10a.m.

48.Both ofthetwospeakers agreethat A.in BritainandAmericapeople speakutterly differentlanguages B.therearefew thingsidentical inBritish andAmerican EnglishC.British andAmericanEnglishare imcomprehensibletoeachother D.BritishandAmericanEnglishare understandablebetweenthetwo people

49.{{B}}TEXT B{{/B}}Family MattersThis monthSingapore passeda biIIthatwouldgive legalteeth tothe moralobiigation tosupport onesparents.Cal ledthe MaintenanceofParentsBill,it receivedthe backingoftheSingapore Government.That doesnot meanit hash1t generateddiscussion.Several membersofthePar Iiament Opposedthe measureas un-Asian.Others whoacknowledged theproblemofthe elderlypoor beIi eveditadisproportionate response.Still othersbeIieve itwiII subvertrelationswithinthefamiIy;cynics dubbedit the11Sue YourSon11law.Those whosay thatthe billdoesnotpromote filialresponsibiIity,of course,are right.It hasnothing todo withfilial responsibiIity.It kicksinwherefilial responsibiIityfai Is.The lawcannot Ieg isI atefilial responsibiIityany morethan itcan Ieg isI atelove.Al Ithe lawcan doistoprovide asafety netwhere thismoraI ityproves insufficient.Singapore needsthis billnot toreplace morality,but toprovide incentivesto shoreit up.Like manyother deveIoped nations,Singapore facesthe problemsof anincreasing proportionof peopIeover60yearsofage.Demography isinexorable.In1980,

7.2%ofthepopu Iationwasin thisbracket.By theturn ofthe century,that figurewill growto11%.By2030,the proportionis projectedtobe26%.The problemisnotold ageper se.It isthattheratio ofeconomicaI Iyactive peopIeto economicaIIy inactivepeopIewiII deciine.But noamountofgovernment exhortationor paternalismwiIIcompIeteIyeliminatetheproblemofoldpeopIewhohaveinsufficientmeanstomakeendsmeet.Some peopIewiIIfa II throughthe holesin anysafety net.Traditional ly,aperson,s insuranceagainst povertyinhisold agewas hisfamily.This isnotarevolutionary concept.Nor isit uniquelyAsian.Care andsupport foronesparentsisauniversalvaluesharedbyalIcivilizedsocieties.The problemin Singaporeisthatthe moralobIigation tolookafterone,sparentsisunenforceable.A fathercanbecompeI Iedby lawto maintainhis chiIdren.A husbandcanbeforced tosupport hiswife.But,unti Inow,a sonordaughterhad nolegal obIigation tosupport hisor herparents.In1989,an AdvisoryCounci Iwas setup totook intothe problemsoftheaged.Its reportstated witha tingeofcompI acencythat95%of thosewho didnot havetheirownincome werereceiving cashcontributions fromrelations.But whatofthe5%who archt gettingrelatives,support Theyhave severaloptions:a geta joband workuntiI theydie;b applyfor pubIicassistance youhavetobe destitutetoappIy;orcstarve quietly.None ofthese opti onsis sociaIIyacceptabIe.And whatif this5%figure grows,as itis likelytodo,as societyages TheMaintenanceofParentsBillwas putforth toencourage thetraditional virtuesthathavesofarkept Asiannations fromsome ofthe breakdownsencountered inother affIuentsocieties.This legislationwiIIallow aperson toapply tothe courtfor maintenancefrom anyor alI ofhis chiIdren.The courtwould havethe discretionto refusetomakean orderifitis unjust.Those whoderide theproposal foropening upthe courtsto famiIylawsuits mixesthe point.Only inextreme caseswould anyparent takeThe appeaIdecis ionisIikelytobeafurtherembarrassmenttoMcDonaIds,whose three-year actionagainst envi ronmenta I campai gnersHe IenSteeIandDaveMorrisgenerated extensivenegat ive pubIicity.Peter Backman,chief executiveof FoodService IntelIigence,a researchgroup,said:McDonaldsisveryconsciousof whatpeopIesayaboutthem.Theyhavegot wherethey havebyIi steningto consumers.Ithinktheir strategywiIIbeto downpI aythe ruling,refute thecomments,and thirdly,todosometh ing aboutit.McDonald9ssaidit weI cornedthe Courtof AppeaIdecision touphold the1997libel ruling.The companyfaces another$200,000legal billforthe23-day appeaIhearing.Steel andMorris wereto takethecasetotheHouse ofLords andthe EuropeanCourtofHuman Rightsto appealagainst thedamagesawardedagainst them.They presentmuch oftheir casesthemselves andany lawyer10s feesare largelypaid forby donations.The pairhave yetto wincourt backingfor claimsthat McDonald9sdamagesthe environment,or thatthereareI inksbetween itshamburgers,cancer andfoodpoisoning.The fast-food chainhasnotyet recovereda pennyof itsor iginallibel awardfromthedefendants,whoarerefusing tohand overany money.What PeterBackman saidcanbe best describedas A.conclusive.B.suggestive.C.instructive.D.subjective.his childto court,If,itdoesindeedbecomelaw,the bills effectwouldbefar moresubtle.First,it willreaffirm thenotion thatitiseach individual9s-not society5s-responsibiIity tolookafter hisparents.Singaporeisstill conservativeenough thatmost peopIewiIInot objectto thisidea.It rein-forces thetraditional valuesanditdoesn1thurtasocietynowandthentoreminditselfofitscorevalues.Second,andmoreimportant,it wiII makethosewhoare incIinedtoshirktheirresponsibiI itiesthink twice.UntiI now,ifaperson askedfamiIyelders,clergymen orthe Ministryof CommunityDeve Iopment toheIp getfinanciaIsupportfromhischiIdren,themostthey coulddo wasto mediate.But mediatorshave no10{{B}}TEXT B{{/B}}Drought isa slowemergency.It doesnot swoopdown outoftheskies Iikeatornado orpul Ithe earthapart Iike anearthquake.A droughtofthekind theEastern seaboardintheUnited Statesis sufferingnow,the worstof thiscentury inat leastfour states,is theproduct notof oneteeth,andachild couldsimply ignoretheir pleas.But tobe suedby onesparentswouldbea massiveloss offace.It wouldbeapubIicdisgrace.Few peopIewouldbeso thick-skinned asto say,“Sue andbe damned.The handoftheconciIiator wouldbe immeasurablystrengthened.It isfar moreI ikeIythat somesort ofamicab Ie settI ementwouldbereached ifthe recalcitrantsonordaughter knowsthatthealternative isapubIictrial.It wouldbe niceto thinkthat Singaporedoesn1tneedthiskindoflaw.But thatbeIief ignoresthe cleardemographic trendsandtheeffect ofaff Iuenceitself ontraditional bonds.Those ofus whopushed forthe billwiIIconsiderourselvesmostsuccessfulifitactsasanincentivenottohaveitinvokedinthefi rstpIace.The authorseems tosuggest thattraditions A.playaninsignificant rolein solvingsocial problems.B.are helpfultotheelderly whenthey suetheirchildren.C.are veryimportant inpreserving Asianuniqueness.D.are significantin helpingthe Billget approved.

50.{{B}}TEXT C{{/B}}Although thedistribution ofrecorded musicwent digitalwiththeintroduction ofthe compactdisc inthe early1980s,technoIogy hashad alarge impact onthewaymusic ismadeandrecordedasweII.At themost basiclevel,the inventionof MIDIMusicaI InstrumentDigital Interface,aIanguage enabIing computersand soundsynthes izers totaIktoeachother,has givenindividual musicianspowerful toolswith whichtomakemusic.The MIDIinterface enabledbasementmusicianstogainpowerwhichhadbeenavaiIabIeonlyinex-pensive recordingstudios,One expertobserved.H Itenablessynthesisofsoundsthathaveneverexistedbefore,and storageand subsequentsimultaneous replayand mixingof multiplesound tracks.Usingamoderatelypowerfuldesktopcomputerrunningamusiccompositionprogram anda500synthesizer,any musicaIIyIiterate personcan write-and play!-a stringquartet inan afternoon.n Whereasmanymusiciansusecomputersasatoolincomposingorproducingmusic,Tod Machoveruses computersto designthe instrumentsand environmentsthatproducehismusic.As aprofessor ofmusic andmed ia atthe MITMedia Lab,Machover haspioneered hyper-instruments:hybrids ofcomputersandmusicaI instrumentsthat allowusers tocreate soundssimply byraising theirhands,pointing witha virtuaIbaton,normovingtheirentirebodyinansensorchair.Simi larwork ona virtualorchestra nis beingdonebyGeoffreyWright,head ofthe computermusic,program atJohn Hopkins Univers itysPeabodyConservatoryofMusicinBaltimore,Maryland.Wright usesconductors5batonsthatemitinfraredIightbeamstogeneratedataaboutthespeedanddirectionofthebatons,data thatcan thenbe transI atedby computersinto instructionsforasynthesizer toproduce music.In Machover1sbest-known musicaIwork,Brain Opera1996,125peopIe interactwith eachotheranda groupof hyper-instruments toproduce soundsthatcanbebI endedinto amusical performance.The finalopera isassembled fromthese soundfragments,material contributedby peopleontheWeb,and Machover1sownmusic.Machover sayshe ismotivated togivepeopIe“anactive,directly participatoryrelationship with•IV music.More recently,Machover heIpeddesigntheMeteorite Museum,a remarkableunderground museumthat openedin June1998in Essen,Germany.Visitors approachthe museumthrough aglass atrium,open anenormous door,enter acave,andthendescend byramps intovarious multimed ia rooms.Machover com-posedthemusic anddes igned manyofthei nteractionsfor theserooms.In theTransf iowRoom,the unduIatingwalls arecovered with100rubber padsshaped Iike diamonds.Byhittingthepadsyoucanmakeandshapeasoundandimagesintheroom.Brain Operawas anensembIe ofimtividual instruments,while theTransfiow Roomisasingle instrumentpIayed by40peopIe.The roomblends thereactions andimages oftile group.n Machover1sprojectsatMITincIudeMusicToysandToysofTomorrow,which arecreating devicesthathehopes wi11eventual lymakeaToy Symphonypossible.Machover describesoneofthetoysasanembroideredbaIIthesizeofasmalIpumpkinwithridgesontheoutsideandminiaturespeakersinside.Vie9verecentlyfiguredouthowtosenddigitalinformationthroughfabricorthread,he said.SothebasicideaistosqueezethebaIIandwhereyousqueezeandwhereyouplaceyourfingerswiIIaffectthesoundproduced.You canalso changethe pitchto highor low,or harmonizewith otherballs.Computer musichas along waytogobefore itwins massacceptance,however.Martin Goldsntitb,hostofNationaIPubIicRadio,s PerformanceToday,explains why:Ithinkthatareasonagreatmovingpieceofcomputermusichasn1tbeenwritten yetisthat-in thisinstance-the technoIogystandsbetweenthecreatorandthereceptorandpreventsarealhumanconnection,Goldsmithsaid.n AIIthatwouldchangeinaninstantifaveryaccompIishedcomposeraSteveReichorJohnCoriglianoorHenrykGorecki-weretowrite agreat pieceofcomputermusic,but sofar thathasn5t happened.Nobody hasreal lystepped forwardtomakeawiderange ofI istenerssay,Wow,what aterrific instrumentthat computeris formakingmusicIn thesentence Visitorsapproachthemuseumthroughaglassatrium,open anenormous door,enter acaveparagraph6,the wordatrium hasthe Chinesemeaning of.A.门B.中庭c.干墙D.通道summer1s failedrains butof chronicdryness overseveral seasons-compounded byroutine profligacy inour useof water.It is the result ofwhat wehavealIbeen taughtto calI goodweather-hot,itistrue,but blueskies dayafter day,mi Idwinters,andIittIe snow.Itisalso theresultofwhatwehave cometo calI normalwater use.The droughtof1999has becomesevere enoughto bringabout aflurry ofadministrative actionsintended tomitigate itseffects onfarms,businesses andcommunities.On Friday,President CIintonordered toorganize timelydrought relief.New Jerseys Governor,Christine ToddWhitman,andtheGovernors ofMaryland,Delaware andWest Virginiahave aliimposed mandatoryrestr ictionson water use.Secretary ofAgr icu Iture DanGl ickmanhasdeclaredWest Virginiaand33counties in5surrounding statesa disasterarea.MeanwhiIe,the Senateapproved$

7.4billion inaid tofarmers,to whicha droughtdisaster reliefpackage wiIIneedtobeadded.This isalItothegood,anditmay alsoreconcentrate fora moment,our attentiononthisnat ionspatterns of water usage.Drought isnothingnew,and deaIing withitdoesnot requireradical lynew ideas.Many organizationshave beensetupinrecentyears inorder tomonitor droughtcond itions andrespond tothemastheI ong-term eventstheyare.Accord ingtothe NationaIDrought MitigationCenter nearlyevery encounterwith waterscarcity leadstoaset ofrecommendations-essential lythe onesinvoked ina droughtemergency-meant todiscourage consumptionand encouragerecycling.But oncethe rainsbegin againand controlsareIif ted,water usetends torebound toprevious levels.Drought dramatizesan epistemologicalproblem thathasreal,practical effects.There is someth ingaImostintang ibIe aboutthe causesof drought,somethingasabstract andas forcefulas fate.Itishard totie anysingle droughtunequivocaI Iytothesolid evidenceof globalwarming,but thattoo lurksin manypeople6789s mindsastheu11imate causeof thissummer,s drought.Against sucha grandarray offorces,itcanbe hardto imaginehow takinga shortershower orwatering thelawn lessfrequently makesa difference.But individualaction-conserving water-isthebasis forco IIect ive action,andcoIIecti veIy,the residentsof drought-stricken statescanmakeanenormousdifference intheirownwelfare,both now,when streamIeveIsare atrecord lows,and inthe future,when rainreturns.Farmers,of course,are forcedtotakethe weatheras itcomes.Farms,Iikemanyotherforms ofindustry,requi rewater for economic survival,which isexact Iy whatis atrisk againthisyear.The reserves ofwater in reservoirs have beensteadiIy diminishing.So havethe economicreserves ofAmerican farmers,who fi ndthemseIves bringingtheir productsto market,if theysurvive thisdry seasonat ail,at depressedprices.Neither ofthese problems,drought orfarm income canbesoIved witha suddenflurry ofattention.They requirelong-term commitmentandthechanging ofhabits thatare sopersistent wehave cometo calI themnormal.The1999drought takesa heaviertoIIonfarmers principallybecause A.reservesofwaterinreservoirshavebeen diminishing.B.water levelsthisyearare atrecord lows.C.farmers cantdowithout waterforeconomicsurvival.D.the governmentimposed restrictionsonwateruse.6Cells cannotremain aliveoutside certainIimitsoftemperature,and muchnarrower Iimits marktheboundariesofeffectivefunctioning.Enzyme systemsof mammaIsandbirdsaremostefficientonlywithin anarrow{{U}}31{{/II}}around37°C;a{{U}}32{{/U}},ofafew degreesfrom thisvalue seriouslyimpairs theirfunctioning.Even thoughcells can。