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Passage1:Groundwater地下水TPO1QuestionpartTheoriginofthetheaterQuestionpartTimberlineVegetationonMountainvegetation[‚vedʒɪteɪʃn]tundra[tʌndrə]slope[sləʊp]dramatic[drəmætɪk]vertical[vɜrtɪkl]shrub[ʃrʌb]herb[hɜːb]transition[trænsɪʃn-z-]semiarid[sɛmɪærɪd]steppe[step]moisture[mɔɪstʃər]tropics[trɑpɪk]polar[pəʊlər]notgrown.植被植物Theplantsofanareaoraregion;plantlifen.苔原冻土地带AtreelessareabetweentheicecapandthetreelineofArcticregionshavingapermanentlyfrozensubsoilandsupportinglow-growingvegetationsuchaslichensmossesandstuntedshrubs.n.斜坡斜面Deviationfromaparticulardirection:【近】cant¹gradegradientheel²inclinationinclinelean¹list²rake²slanttilttip².adj.引人注目的Arrestingorforcefulinappearanceoreffect【近】histrionichistrionicalmelodramaticsensationalspectaculartheatrictheatrical.adj.垂直的直立的Beingorsituatedatrightanglestothehorizon;upright【近】perpendicularplumbupright.n.矮树;灌木Awoodyplantofrelativelylowheighthavingseveralstemsarisingfromthebaseandlackingasingletrunk;abushn.药草;香草aseedplantthatdoesnotdeveloppersistentwoodytissuebutdiesdownattheendofagrowingseasonn.转变转换passagefromonestateorstagetoanotherchangepassageshifttransit.adj.雨量非常少的;半干旱的Characterizedbyrelativelylowannualrainfallof25to50centimeters10to20inchesandhavingscrubbyvegetationwithshortcoarsegrasses;notcompletelyarid.n.大草原Avastsemiaridgrass-coveredplainasfoundinsoutheastEuropeSiberiaandcentralNorthAmerican.湿气降雨水分Diffusewetnessthatcanbefeltasvaporintheatmosphereorcondensedliquidonthesurfacesofobjects;dampness.n.回归线热带地区adj.两极的极地的subtropicsn.亚热带QuestionpartTPO2TheOriginsofCetaceansQuestionpartDesertFormationQuestionPartEarlyCinemaQuestionPart[ɪnspaɪər]ArchitectureTPO3QuestionPartDepletionoftheOgallalaAquiferQuestionPartTheLong-TermStabilityofEcosystemsQuestionPart获取更多资料加微信614066769/QQ群704986969TPO4DeerPopulationsofthePugetSoundQuestionpartCaveArtinEuropeQuestionpartPetroleumResourcesQuestionPartTPO6PoweringtheIndustrialRevolutionQuestionpartWilliamSmithQuestionPartInfantileAmnesiaQuestionPartTPO7TheGeologicHistoryoftheMediterraneanQuestionpartAncientRomeandGreeceQuestionpartAgricultureIronandtheBantuPeoplesQuestionpartTPO8TheRiseofTeotihuacánQuestionPartExtinctionoftheDinosaursdocument[dɒkjʊmənt]nregret.【记】satisfy(v满足;使满意;说服)v.证明为...引证Tosupportanassertionoraclaimforexamplewithevidenceordecisiveinformationcenozoicadj.新生代的OfbelongingtoordesignatingthelatesteraofgeologictimewhichincludestheTertiaryPeriodandtheQuaternaryPeriodandischaracterizedbytheformationofmoderncontinentsglaciationandthediversificationofmammalsbirdsandplants.clay[kleɪ]element[elɪmənt]iridium[aɪrɪdɪəm]metallic[mɪtælɪk]preferentially[‚prefərenʃəlɪ]incorporate[ɪnkɔrpəreɪt]core[kɔː]consolidate[kənsɒlɪdeɪt]meteorite[mːɪtɪəraɪt]microscopic[‚maɪkrəskɑpɪk]bombard[bɒmbɑːd]n.泥土粘土n.成分;要素;分子Afundamentalessentialorirreducibleconstituentofacompositeentity.【近】buildingblockcomponentconstituentfactoringredientintegrantpart.n.铱Averyhardandbrittleexceptionallycorrosion-resistantwhitish-yellowmetallicelementoccurringinplatinumoresandusedprincipallytohardenplatinumandinhigh-temperaturematerialselectricalcontactsandwear-resistantbearings.adj.金属的Ofrelatingtoorhavingthecharacteristicsofametal.adv.优先地v.合并,混合Touniteonethingwithsomethingelsealreadyinexistence【近】combineembodyintegrate.n.核心thecentralpartofabodymassorpart【近】essencegistheartkernelmarrowmeatnubpithquintessenceroot¹soulspiritstuffsubstance.v.巩固统一Touniteintoonesystemorwhole;combine【近】coalescecombinecompoundconcreteconjoinconjugateconnectcouplejoinlinkmarrymeldunifyunitewedyoke.【记】con共同,solid(n固体;adj结实的)-使城墙上的每一块砖都很结实-巩固n.陨星Astonyormetallicmassofmatterthathasfallentotheearthssurfacefromouterspace.adj.精微的,微小的Exceedinglysmall;minute【近】imperceptibleinfinitesimal【反】elephantine(adj象的;巨大的)v.炮击攻击Toattackwithbombsshellsormissiles.【近】barragecannonadefusilladepeppershower.QuestionpartRunningWateronMarsQuestionPartTPO9ColonizingtheAmericasviatheNorthwestCoastQuestionPartReflectioninTeachingQuestionPart110119persuasive[pərsweɪsɪv]apparent[əpærənt]external[externl]comparative[kəmpærətɪv]habitual[həbɪtʃʊəl]【反】tendentious(adj有倾向的;有偏见的)adj.善说服的Tendingorhavingthepowertopersuade【近】cogentconvincingsatisfactorytelling.adj.显然的,看得见的Readilyseen;visible【近】clearclear-cutcrystalcleardistinctevidentmanifestnoticeableobservableobviouspatentplainpronouncedvisible.adj.外部的客观的Relatingtoexistingonorconnectedwiththeoutsideoranouterpart;exterior.【近】apparentostensibleostensiveoutwardseemingsuperficial.adj.比较的;相当的Relatingtobasedonorinvolvingcomparison【近】relative.adj.习惯的Ofthenatureofahabit【近】chronicconfirmedhabituatedinveterate.conclusivelyadv.决定性地;确定地Inconclusion:【近】finallylast¹lastly.obstacle[ɑbstəkl]implement[ɪmplɪmənt]intensity[ɪntensətɪ]n.障碍Onethatopposesstandsinthewayoforholdsupprogress【近】barbarricadebarrierblockblockagecloghamperhindrancehurdleimpedimentobstructionsnagstoptraversewall.v.实现使生效Toputintopracticaleffect;carryout【近】dischargedoexecuteexercisefulfillkeepperform.【记】im进入,ple充满,ment-进入充满的状态-实现n.强度能量Exceptionallygreatconcentrationpowerorforce.【近】depthoftenusedinpluralferociousnessferocityfiercenessfurypitchseverityvehemencevehemencyviolence.【反】palliate(v减轻)TheArrivalofPlantLifeinHawaiiQuestionPartTPO10ChinesePotteryvessel[vesl]tile[taɪl]sculpture[skʌlptʃə]warethatisfiredatahightemperaturen.容器Ahollowutensilsuchasacupvaseorpitcherusedasacontainerespeciallyforliquids.n.瓦;瓷砖Athinflatorconvexslabofhardmaterialsuchasbakedclayorplasticlaidinrowstocoverwallsfloorsandroofsn.雕刻雕塑Aworkofartcreatedbysculpture.B.C.beforeChrist公元前...年glaze[gleɪz]kiln[kɪln]evolve[ɪvɒlv]prized[praɪzd]delineate[dɪlɪnɪeɪt]embrace[ɪmbreɪs]ornament[ɔrnəmənt]motif[məʊtɪːf]raised[reɪzd]intrinsic[ɪntrɪnzɪk]v.上釉于Toapplyaglazeto【近】buff¹burnishfurbishglosspolishshinesleek.【记】源于glaze=glass玻璃,一层透明的物质-釉n.窑Anyofvariousovensforhardeningburningordryingsubstancessuchasgrainmealorclayespeciallyabrick-linedovenusedtobakeorfireceramics.v.使发展Todeveloporachievegradually【近】developunfold.【记】e出,volve卷,转-转出来-发展;进化adj.被看作最重要的被看作最有价值的v.描绘Torepresentpictorially;depict【近】depictdescribeexpressimagelimnpictureportrayrenderrepresentshow.【记】de,line(线条),ate-加强线条-描绘;参考limn(描绘)v.包含Tosurround;enclose【近】comprehendcomprisecontainembodyencompasshaveincludeinvolvesubsumetakein.【记】em进入,brace胳膊-拥抱n.装饰Somethingthatdecoratesoradorns;anembellishment【近】adornmentdecorationembellishmentgarnishmentgarnitureornamentationtrimtrimming.n.主题Arecurrentthematicelementinanartisticorliterarywork【近】designdevicefiguremotivepattern.adj.浮雕的;凸起的Projectingfromaflatbackground;inrelief;embossed【近】elevatedheightenedhigh.adj.本质的;内在的Oforrelatingtotheessentialnatureofathing;inherent.【近】built-incongenitalconnaturalconstitutionalelementalinborninbQuestionPartVariationsintheClimate120129QuestionPartSeventeenth-CenturyEuropeanEconomicGrowthQuestionPartTPO11AncientEgyptianSculpture130139compactness[compactnɪs]practical[præktɪkl]breakage[breɪkɪdʒ]psychologically[saɪkəlɑdʒɪkli]enhance[ɪnhɑːns]peg[peg]wrap[ræp]sheet[ʃɪːt]barbarricadebarrierblockagecloghamperhindrancehurdleimpedimentobstacleobstructionsnagstoptraversewall.n.紧凑;坚实【近】densitysoliditythickness.adj.实用性的【近】functionalhandypracticableserviceableusefulutilitarian.n.破坏Theactofbreaking.【近】damagedestructionimpairmentwreckage.adv.心理上地v.加强Tomakegreaterasinvaluebeautyorreputation;augment【近】aggravatedeepenheightenintensifyredouble.v.钉木钉Tofastenorplugwithapegorpegs.【近】degreegradelevelpointrungstagestepv.包装Toencloseespeciallyinpaperandfasten【近】douppackage.n.薄片Abroadthinusuallyrectangularmassorpieceofmaterialsuchaspapermetalglassorplywood.core[kɔː]cast[kɑːst]wax[wæks]deity[diːɪtɪ]depict[dɪpɪkt]generic[dʒɪnerɪk]n.核心Thecentralorinnermostpart【近】essencegistheartkernelmarrowmeatnubpithquintessenceroot¹soulspiritstuffsubstancev.投抛Tothrowsomethingespeciallysomethinglight【近】dartdashflingheavehurlhurtlelaunchpitchshootshy²slingthrowtoss.n.蜡Anyofvariousnaturaloilyorgreasyheat-sensitivesubstancesconsistingofhydrocarbonsorestersoffattyacidsthatareinsolubleinwaterbutsolubleinmostorganicsolvents.n.神Agodorgoddess.v.描述Torepresentinapictureorsculpture.【近】delineatedescribeexpressimagelimnpictureportrayrenderrepresentshow.【记】de加强语义,pict画一加强画一描绘pic是picture的缩adj.一般的Relatingtoordescriptiveofanentiregrouporclass;general【近】commongeneraluniversal.afterlifen.晚年Thepartofoneslifethatfollowsaparticularevent.【近】deathlessnesseternityeverlastinglifeeverlastingnessimmortality.QuestionPartOrientationandNavigationQuestionPartBeggingbyNestlings140149QuestionPartTPO12WhichHandDidTheyUsespoon[spuːn]yew[juː]alpine[ælpaɪn]polishedstoneimplements.n.匙Autensilconsistingofasmallshallowbowlonahandleusedinpreparingservingoreatingfood.【近】foolaroundneckpet¹.n.紫杉AnyofseveralpoisonousevergreentreesorshrubsofthegenusTaxushavingscarletcup-shapedseedsandflatneedlesthataredarkgreenaboveandyellowishbelow.adj.高山的;阿尔卑斯山的OfrelatingtoorcharacteristicoftheAlpsortheirinhabitants.Lascaux拉斯考克斯AcaveofsouthwestFranceintheDordogneRivervalley.Thecavediscoveredin1940andnowclosedtothepubliccontainsimportantPaleolithicpaintingsprimarilyofanimals.fiber[faɪbər]spiral[spaɪərəl]core[kɔː]hammer[hæmər]rotate[rəʊteɪt]n.纤维Aslenderelongatedthreadlikeobjectorstructure.【近】characterhonestyintegrityprinciple.v.盘旋;螺旋形上升Tocausetotakeaspiralformorcourse【近】coilcorkscrewcurlentwinemeandersnaketwinetwistweavewind²wreathe.n.核心Thecentralorinnermostpart【近】essencegistheartkernelmarrowmeatnubpithquintessenceroot¹soulspiritstuffsubstance.n.锤Ahandtoolusedtoexertanimpulsiveforcebystrikingconsistingofahandlewithaperpendicularlyattachedheadmadeofarelativelyheavyrigidmaterial.【近】assailassaultbastebatterbeatbelaborbuffetdrubpoundpummelsmashthrashthresh.v.旋转Toturnaroundonanaxisorcenter.【近】circlecircumvolvegyrateorbitrevolveturnwheel.clockwiseadj.顺时针方向的;右旋的Inthesamedirectionastherotatinghandsofaclock.flake[fleɪk]crescent[kresnt]cortex[kɔːteks]n.小薄片Aflatthinpieceorlayer;achip.n.新月新月形之物Somethinghavingconcaveandconvexedgesterminatinginpoints.n.皮层;树皮Anexternallayersuchasbarkorrindknapv.敲碎Tobreakorchipstonewithsharpblowsasinshapingflintorobsidianintotools.oriented[ɔːrɪentɪd]adj.以...为方向的criterionn.标准AstandardruleortestonwhichajudgmentordecisioncanQuestionPartTransitiontoSoundinFilm150159QuestionPartWaterintheDesertQuestionPartTPO13TypesofSocialGroups160169QuestionPartBiologicalClocksQuestionPart170MethodsofStudyingInfantPerception179QuestionPartTPO14ChildrenandAdvertisingQuestionPartMayaWaterProblems180189QuestionPartPastoralisminAncientInnerEurasiaQuestionPartTPO15AWarm-BloodedTurtle190209QuestionPartMassExtinctionsQuestionPartGlacierFormationQuestionPartTPO16TradeandtheAncientMiddleEastQuestionPart210DevelopmentofthePeriodicTable219QuestionPartPlanetsinOurSolarSystem220229QuestionPartTPO17EuropesEarlySeaTradewithAsia230239QuestionPartAnimalSignalsintheRainForest240249QuestionPartSymbioticRelationships250259QuestionPartTPO18IndustrializationintheNetherlandsandScandinavia260269QuestionPartThemysteryofyawningQuestionPart如果你-维C上校特种部队279TPO23UrbanClimatesQuestionPartSeventeenth-CenturyDutchAgricultureQuestionPartRockArtoftheAustraliaAborigines280289QuestionPartTPO24LakeWaterQuestionPartBreathingDuringSleep290309QuestionPartMovingintoPueblosQuestionPartsaturate[sætʃəreɪt]v.浸透;渗透tofillcompletelywithsomethingthatpermeatesorpervades【近】dousedrenchsoaksoddensopsousewet.available[availəbl]adj.可用的Capableofbeingobtainedorused:【近】acquirableattainablegettableobtainableprocurable.abundant[abundant]adj.大量的;丰富的;充足的;Occurringinormarkedbyabundance;plentiful.【近】amplebounteousbountifulcopiousgenerousheavyplenitudinousplenteousplentifulsubstantialvoluminous.meteoric[mɪːtɪɑrɪk]adj.大气的Oforrelatingtotheearthsatmospherecirculate[sɜːkjʊleɪt]v.循环,流通Tomoveinorflowthroughacircleorcircuitsoak[səʊk]v.渗透Tomakethoroughlywet【近】dousedrenchsaturatesoddensopsousewet.precipitation[prɪ‚sɪpɪteɪʃn]n.降水Anyformofwatersuchasrainsnowsleetorhailthatfallstotheearthssurface.stream[strɪːm]n.溪流川Aflowofwaterinachannelorbedasabrookrivuletorsmallriver.emerge[ɪmɜːdʒ]v.浮现脱出形成Tobegintoappearordevelop:【近】appeararisecommencedawnoriginate.incredible[ɪnkredəbl]adj.难以置信的Nottobebelieved:【近】inconceivableunbelievableunimaginableunthinkable.underfootadv.在脚下;在地上Beloworunderthefootorfeet;againstthegroundparticle[pɑrtɪkl]n.微粒Averysmallpieceorpart;atinyportionorspeck.【近】bit¹crumbdab¹dashdotdramdropfragmentgrainiotajotminimmitemodicummoleculeortouncescrap¹scrupleshredsmidgenspecktittletriflewhit.grain[greɪn]n.颗粒,细粒Arelativelysmalldiscreteparticulateorcrystallinemass【近】bit¹crumbdab¹dashdotdramdropfragmentiotajotminimmitemodicummoleculeortounceparticlescrap¹scrupleshredsmidgenspecktittletriflewhit.pebble[pebl]n.鹅卵石Asmallstoneespeciallyonewornsmoothbyerosion.unconsolidated[ʌnkənsɑlɪdetɪd]adj.疏松的;松散的【近】puffedincompactgraveln.砾石,沙砾Anunconsolidatedmixtureofrockfragmentsorpebbles.[grævl]outofsight在看不见的地方coarse[kɔːs]adj.质地粗糙的Consistingoforcoveredwithlargeparticles:【近】grainygranulargrittyrough.sediment[sedɪmənt]n.沉淀物沉积Solidfragmentsofinorganicororganicmaterialthatcomefromtheweatheringofrockandarecarriedanddepositedbywindwaterorice.【近】depositdregoftenusedinpluralleesprecipitateprecipitation.sheet[ʃɪːt]n.一大片Abroadflatcontinuoussurfaceorexpanse:e.g.asheetofice.一大片冰域volume[vɒljuːm]n.量;数量Amount;quantity:laden[leɪdn]adj.装满的,承受重负的Burdenedbyaweightyload:【近】heavyheavy-ladenloaded.glacial[gleɪʃl]adj.冰的;冰河的;Ofrelatingtoorderivedfromaglacier.outwash[aʊtwɒʃ]n.冰水沉积Sedimentdepositedbystreamsflowingawayfromameltingglacier.sediment-ladenstream含沙流current[kʌrənt]n.流动潮流水流Thepartofabodyofliquidorgasthathasacontinuousonwardmovementfanwiseadv.呈扇形展开地slope[sləʊp]n.斜坡倾斜斜面Astretchofgroundforminganaturalorartificialincline【近】cant¹gradegradientheel²inclinationinclinelean¹list²rake²slanttilttip².deposited[dɪpɒzɪti]adj.堆积的seafloor[si:flɔ:]n.海底thegroundunderthesea.inland[ɪnlənd]adv.在内地;向内地Intowardorintotheinteriorofacountryorregionbed[bed]n.(河)床Thebottomofabodyofwatersuchasastream.【近】base¹basisbottomfootfootingfoundationfundamentgroundgroundworkseatsubstratumunderpinningoftenusedinplural.lowland[lʊələnd]n.低地Anareaoflandthatislowinrelationtothesurroundingcountry.overlie[‚əʊvəlaɪ]v.躺在...上面sandbarn.沙洲Aridgeofsandformedinariveroralongashorebytheactionofwavesorcurrents.somuchfor有关…,就只有这些cemented[sɪmɛnt]adj.渗碳的;注水泥的;粘合的pore[pɔr]n.细孔;气孔Aspaceinrocksoilorunconsolidatedsedimentthatisnotoccupiedbymineralmatterandthatallowsthepassageorabsorptionoffluidsplug[plʌg]v.堵住,堵塞Tobecomestoppeduporobstructed:cementingn.胶接;粘合;凝结percolate[pɜrkəleɪt]v.滤过或渗过Tofloworleakoutoremitsomethingslowly:【近】bleedexudeleachoozeseeptranspiretransudeweep.consolidation[kən‚sɒlɪdeɪʃn]N.合并;联合Abringingtogetherintoawhole:【近】coalitionunificationunionunity.sandstone[sændstəʊn]n.沙岩Asedimentaryrockformedbytheconsolidationandcompactionofsandandheldtogetherbyanaturalcementsuchassilica.porous[pɔːrəs]adj.能渗透的Admittingthepassageofgasorliquidthroughporesorinterstices.【记】por孔,ous多-多孔的【反】impermeable(adj不能渗透的);impenetrable(adj难以渗透的)proportion[prəpɔrʃn]n.比例Arelationshipbetweenthingsorpartsofthingswithrespecttocomparativemagnitudequantityordegree:crystalline[krɪstəlaɪn]adj.晶体的,晶体物的Beingrelatingtoorcomposedofcrystalorcrystalsexception[excepʃn]n.例外除外Theactofexceptingortheconditionofbeingexcepted;exclusion.basalt[bæsɔːlt]n.玄武岩Aharddensedarkvolcanicrockcomposedchieflyofplagioclasepyroxeneandolivineandoftenhavingaglassyappearance.solidified[səlidəfaid]adj.凝固的;固化的,变硬的Whenaliquidsolidifiesorissolidifieditchangesintoasolid.volcanic[vɑlkænɪk]adj.火山的Producedbyordischargedfromavolcanolava[lɑːvə]n.熔岩;火山岩Moltenrockthatreachestheearthssurfacethroughavolcanoorfissurebubble[bʌbl]n.气泡Aglobularbodyofairorgasformedwithinaliquid:porosity[pɔrɑsətɪ]n.多孔性有孔性Thestateorpropertyofbeingporous.permeability[prmɪəbɪlətɪ]n.渗透,渗透性Thepropertyorconditionofbeingpermeable.cavity[kævətɪ]n.洞Ahollow;ahole.【近】holehollowpocketvacuityvoid.crevice[krevɪs]n.裂缝Anarrowcrackoropening;afissureorcleft.【近】breakchinkcleavagecleftcrackfissureriftsplit.water-saturated饱水的drain[dreɪn]v.变干Tobecomeemptybythedrawingoffofliquid:tension[tenʃn]n.拉紧Theactorprocessofstretchingsomethingtight.period[pɪrɪəd]n.一段时间Anintervaloftimecharacterizedbytheoccurrenceofacertainconditioneventorphenomenon【近】agedayepocheratimecapacity[capasətɪ]n.接受力,吸收力Theabilitytoreceiveholdorabsorb.【近】contentdutyfitnessfunctionintelligencementalitypositionpowerrolesizevolumeseparate[sepəreɪt]v.分散Tospaceapart;scatter:【近】breakdetachdisjoindisjointdisunitedividedivorcepartsplithighlight标示记号Tomarkimportantpassagesoftextwithausuallyfluorescentmarkerasameansofmemoryretentionorforlaterreference.【近】foregroundhighspothighlightingplayupspotlightsquare[skweə]n.正方形Aplanefigurehavingfourequalsides.introductory[‚ɪntrədʌktərɪ]adj.介绍性的;前言的Ofrelatingtoorconstitutinganintroduction.【近】prefatorypreliminarypreparatoryprolegomenous.minor[maɪnər]adj.不重要的次要的Lesserinimportancerankorstature:【近】immatureinferiorlesserlowersecondaryunderageretain[rɪteɪn]v.保持保留Tokeeporholdinaparticularplaceconditionorposition.【近】keepmaintainstaywith.remain[rɪmeɪn]v.留下;逗留Tobeinexistenceorinacertainstateforanindefinitelylongtime:【近】abidecontinueenduregoonholdoutlast²persiststay¹.primarily[praɪmərəlɪ]adv.首先根本上主要地Atfirst;originally.Chiefly;mainlyspeculation[‚spekjəleɪʃn]n.推论,推断conclusionanopinionoratheoryreachedbyconjecture.【近】conjectureguessguessworksuppositionsurmise.concrete[kənkriːt]adj.具体的实在的Oforrelatingtoanactualspecificthingorinstance;particular:【近】objectiverealsubstantialsubstantivetangible.champion[tʃæmpjən]v.支持拥护Toaidthecauseofbyapprovingorfavoring:【近】advocatebackendorsegetbehindplumpforrecommendsidewithstandbehindstandbysupportuphold.【反】impugn(v打击);disparage(vt蔑视,使失去信誉)anthropologist[‚ænθrəpɒlədʒɪst]n.人类学者;人类学家envision[ɪnvɪʒn]v.想像;预想Topictureinthemind;imagine.【近】conceiveenvisagefancyfantasizeimageimaginepictureseethinkvisionvisualizeemerge[ɪmɜːdʒ]v.出现形成Tobegintoappearordevelop:【近】appeararisecommencedawnoriginate.myth[mɪθ]n.神话虚构的人虚构的事Atraditionaltypicallyancientstorydealingwithsupernaturalbeingsancestorsorheroesthatservesasafundamentaltypeintheworldviewofapeople【近】fablelegend.ritual[rɪtʃʊəl]n.仪式宗教仪式典礼anyactorpracticeregularlyrepeatedinasetprecisemannerforreliefofanxietyceremonyformformality.perceivev.感知;理解tobecomeawareofthroughthesenses[pərsɪːv]【近】apprehendfeelintuitsense.summarize[sʌməraɪz]v.总结概括Tomakeasummary【近】abstractepitomizegooverrecapitulatereviewrundownrunthroughsumupsynopsizewrapup.influence[ɪnflʊəns]v.影响;改变Tohaveanimpactoninacertainway【近】affectswaywell-beingn.幸福,康乐Astateofhealthhappinessandprospering【近】prosperityweal¹welfare.attribute[ətrɪbjuːt]v.归于属于desirable[dɪzaɪərəbl]adj.值得向往的;令人满意的Worthhavingorseekingasbybeingusefuladvantageousorpleasing:undesirableadj.不受欢迎的令人不快的Notlikelytoplease;objectionable【近】undesireduninvitedunsoughtunwantedunwelcomeunwished-for.supernaturaladj.超自然的鬼怪的;神的Oforrelatingtoexistenceoutsidethenaturalworld.【近】extramundaneextrasensorymetaphysicalmiraculouspreternaturalsuperhumansuperphysicalsupersensibletranscendentalunearthly.magical[mædʒɪkl]adj.魔术的有魔力的Havingbroughtaboutbyorrelatingtosupernaturalpowersormagic【近】feymagictalismanicthaumaturgicthaumaturgicaltheurgictheurgicalwitchingwizardly.apparent[əpærənt]adj.显然的clearormanifesttothesenses【近】clearclear-cutcrystalcleardistinctevidentmanifestnoticeableobservableobviouspatentplainpronouncedvisible.refine[rɪfaɪn]v.使高雅精制;Tofreefromcoarseunsuitableorimmoralcharacteristics【近】perfectpolishsmooth.formalize[fɔrməlaɪz]v.正式化Tomakeformal.ceremony[serɪmənɪ]n.仪式;礼节;Aformalactorsetofactsperformedasprescribedbyritualorcustom:【近】ceremonialliturgyobservanceofficeriteritualservice.rite[raɪt]n.仪式习俗典礼Aformalactorsetofactsprescribedbyritual:【近】ceremonialceremonyliturgyobservanceofficeritualservice.celebrate[selɪbreɪt]v.举行;举行宗教仪式Toperformareligiousceremony:【近】commemoratekeepobservesolemnize.costume[kɒstjuːm]n.服装AnoutfitoradisguisewornonMardiGrasHalloweenorsimilaroccasions【近】dressgarbguisehabilimentoftenusedinpluraloutfitturnout.getuprig.mask[mɑːsk]n.假面具AgrotesqueorcomicalrepresentationofafacewornespeciallytofrightenoramuseasatHalloween.【近】camouflagedisguisedissembledissimulatemasquerade.mythical[mɪθɪkl]adj.神话的;虚构的Oforexistinginmyth【近】fabulouslegendarymythicmythologicmythological.sophisticated[səfɪstɪkeɪtɪd]adj.久经世故的Havingacquiredworldlyknowledgeorrefinement;lackingnaturalsimplicityornaiveté.【近】cerebralintellectualthoughtfulworldlyworldly-wise.modify[mɑdɪfaɪ-]v.更改修改tomakeachangein【近】alterchangemutateturnvary.divorce[dɪvɔːs]v.与...脱离Tobecomeorcausetobecomeapartonefromanother:【近】breakdetachdisjoindisjointdisunitedividepartseparatesplitup.autonomous[ɔːtɒnəməs]adj.独立存在的respondingreactingordevelopingindependentlyofthewhole【近】freeindependentself-governingsovereign.aesthetic[iːsθetɪkl]adj.美学的;艺术的;美的Relatingtothephilosophyortheoriesofaesthetics.【近】artistictastefultasty.mystical[mɪstɪkl]adj.神秘的奥秘的Difficulttoexplainorunderstand:【近】arcanecabalisticcrypticenigmaticmysteriousmysticmystifyingoccultpuzzling.efficacious[‚efɪkeɪʃəs]adj.有效的;灵验的Producingorcapableofproducingadesiredeffect【近】effectiveeffectualefficientproductive.propose[prəpəʊz]v.计划建议Toputforwardforconsiderationdiscussionoradoption;suggest【近】aimcontemplatedesignintendmean¹planprojectpurposetarget.alternative[alternətɪv]n.选择Asituationpresentingsuchachoice【近】choiceoption.fundamental[‚fʌndəmentl]adj.基本的重要的Constitutingorformingpartoftheessenceofsomething:【近】basicconstitutionalconstitutiveessentialintegralvital.feat[fɪːt]n.壮举功绩Anotableactordeedespeciallyanactofcourage;anexploit.【近】achievementexploitgestmasterstrokestunttourdeforce.elaboratev.详细阐述;详细说明Toworkoutwithcareanddetail;develop[ɪlæbərət]thoroughly.pantomime[pæntəmaɪm]n.舞剧哑剧Aplaydanceorothertheatricalperformancecharacterizedbysuchwordlessstorytelling.impersonation[ɪm‚pɜrsəneɪʃn]n.扮演;人格化;模仿assume[əsjuːm]v.以为;认为Totakeforgranted;suppose:【近】positpostulatepremisepresumepresupposesuppose.pantomimic[‚pæntəmɪmɪk]adj.哑剧的Aplaydanceorothertheatricalperformancecharacterizedbysuchwordlessstorytellingrhythmical[rɪðmɪkl]adj.有节奏的;有韵律的;Markedbyaregularrhythm:【近】cadencedmeasuredmetricalrhythmic.gymnastic[dʒɪmnæstɪk]adj.体操的;体育的Oforrelatingtogymnastics.imitation[‚ɪmɪteɪʃn]n.模仿Theactpracticeorartofcopyingthemannerorexpressionofanother:【近】apingmimicry.virtuosity[‚vɜrtʃʊɑsətɪ]n.精湛技艺Thetechnicalskillfluencyorstyleexhibitedbyavirtuoso.grace[greɪs]n.优雅风度Acharacteristicorqualitypleasingforitscharmorrefinement.【近】eleganceelegancypolishurbanity.motivation[‚məʊtɪveɪʃn]n.动机推动Somethingthatmotivates;aninducementorincentive.【近】encouragementfillipimpetusimpulseincentiveinducementprodpushspurstimulantstimulationstimulatorstimulus.elaborate[ɪlæbərət]v.精心制作;详尽计划Toworkoutwithcareanddetail;developthoroughly.theatrical[θɪætrɪkl]adj.剧场的戏剧性的Ofrelatingtoorsuitablefordramaticperformanceorthetheater.【近】dramaticdramaturgicdramaturgicalhistrionichistrionicaltheatricthespian.antecedent[an·teced·ent]n.前事前情Aprecedingoccurrencecauseoreventancestorascendantfatherforebearforefatherforemothermotherparentprogenitortheorize[θɪəraɪz]v.推理Toformulateorassertasatentativeexplanation:【近】hypothesizespeculate.cease[siːs]v.停止终止Tocometoanend;stop:【近】breakoffdiscontinueinterruptsuspendterminate.setforth阐明;提出;宣布imitative[ɪmɪtətɪv]adj.模仿的Oforinvolvingimitation.【近】echoiconomatopoeiconomatopoeticfantasyn.幻想thepowerorprocessofcreatingesp.unrealisticorimprobable[fæntəsɪ]mentalimagesinresponsetopsychologicalneed【近】daydreamdreamfancyfictionfigmentillusionphantasmphantasmareverievision.reshape[‚rɪːʃeɪp]v.改造Toshapeformororganizeagainoranewencounter[ɪnkaʊntə]v.遇见邂逅Ameetingespeciallyonethatisunplannedunexpectedorbrief【近】confrontfacemeet¹runinto.fiction[fɪkʃn]n.捏造,想象Animaginativecreationorapretensethatdoesnotrepresentactualitybuthasbeeninvented.objectify[əbdʒɛktɪfaɪ]v.使客观化Toimpartrealityto;makeobjective;externalize.【近】bodyforthembodyexteriorizeexternalizeincarnatemanifestmaterializepersonalizepersonifysubstantiate.anxiety[æŋzaɪətɪ]n.忧虑焦虑Atroubledoranxiousstateofmind:【近】angstanxiousnesscareconcerndisquietdisquietudedistressnervousnesssolicitudeuneaseuneasinessworry.instinct[ɪnstɪŋkt]n.本能直觉Aninbornpatternofbehaviorthatischaracteristicofaspeciesandisoftenaresponsetospecificenvironmentalstimuli【近】aptitudeaptnessbentfacultyflairgeniusgiftheadknacktalentturn.penchant[pentʃənt]n.强烈倾向;嗜好Adefiniteliking;astronginclination【近】bentbiascastdispositionleaningpartialitypredilectionpredispositionproclivitypronenesspropensitysquinttendencytrendturn.detached[detatʃt]adj.分离的Separated;disconnected【近】aloneapartisolateisolatedloneremovedsolitary.comic[kɒmɪk]adj.滑稽的喜剧的Characteristicoforhavingtodowithcomedy【近】amusingcomicaldrollfunnyhumorouslaughablerisiblezany.comedy[kɒmɪdɪ]n.喜剧Adramaticworkthatislightandoftenhumorousorsatiricalintoneandthatusuallycontainsahappyresolutionofthethematicconflict.【近】comicalitycomicalnessdrollerydrollnessfarcicalityfunninesshumorhumorousnessjocosenessjocosityjocularityludicrousnessridiculousnesswitwittinesszaniness.deviation[‚diːvɪeɪʃn]n.背离anactorinstanceofdivergingfromanestablishedwayorinanewdirection【近】aberrationdeparturedivergencedivergencydiversion.norm[nɔːm]n.基准标准anestablishedstandardoraverage【近】commonplaceordinaryruleusual.ridiculous[rɪdɪkjələs]adj.荒谬的可笑的Deservingorinspiringridicule;absurdpreposterousorsilly【近】comiccomicalfarcicalfunnylaughablelaughingludicrousrisible.welfare[welfeə]n.福利幸福安宁Astateofhealthhappinessandprospering:【近】prosperityweal¹well-being.nevertheless[nevərθəles]adv.然而虽然如此retain[rɪteɪn]v.保持保留toholdorkeepin【近】keepmaintainstaywith.holdholdbackkeepbackreservewithhold.ascribe[əskraɪb]v.归因于Toregardasbelongingtoorresultingfromanother:【近】accreditassignattributechargecreditimputelay¹refer.hypothetical[haɪpəθɛtɪkl]adj.假设的假定的Presumedtobetruerealorgenuineespeciallyoninconclusivegrounds:【近】conjecturalhypotheticinferentialpresumptivesupposedsuppositionalsuppositioussupposititioussuppositive.factual[fæktʃʊəl]adj.事实的;实际的Ofthenatureoffact;realdistinguish[dɪstɪŋgwɪʃ]v.把...区别分类;区别Torecognizeasbeingdifferent:【近】differentiatediscerndiscriminateknowseparatetell.prosperity[prɑsperətɪ]n.繁荣成功幸运Steadygoodfortuneorfinancialsecurity【近】comforteaseprosperousness.weal¹welfarewell-being.separation[‚sepəreɪʃn]n.分离theprocessofisolatingorextractingfromorofbecomingisolatedfromamixture【近】detachmentdisjunctiondisjuncturedisseverancedissevermentdisuniondivisiondivorcedivorcementpartingpartitionseverancesplit.artistic[ɑːtɪstɪkl]adj.艺术的Oforrelatingtoartorartistsemphasize[emfəsaɪz]v.强调着重Togiveemphasisto;stress.【近】accentaccentuatefeaturehighlightitalicizeplayuppointupstressunderlineunderscore.phenomenon[fɪnɒmɪnən]n.现象anobservablefactorevent【近】actualityeventfactreality.compromise[kɒmprəmaɪz]n.妥协Asettlementofdifferencesinwhicheachsidemakesconcessions.【近】accommodationarrangementgive-and-takemediumsettlement.Law:composition.inclination[‚ɪnklɪneɪʃn]n.倾向意愿Acharacteristicdispositiontodopreferorfavoronethingratherthananother;apropensity【近】cant¹gradegradientheel²inclinelean¹list²rake²slantslopetilttip².deem[diːm]v.认为以为Toregardas;consider【近】believeconsiderholdopinethinkbeneficial[‚benɪfɪʃl]adj.有益的;有帮助的Producingorpromotingafavorableresult;advantageous.【近】advantageousbeneficbeneficentbenignantfavorablegoodhelpfulprofitablepropitioussalutarytowarduseful.enhance[ɪnhɑːns]v.提高增加加强Tomakegreaterasinvaluebeautyorreputation;augment【近】ballyhooboostbuilduppromotepublicizepufftalkuptout.continual[kəntɪnjʊəl]adj.持续不断的继续的Existingoroccurringwithoutinterruptionorend:【近】around-the-clockceaselessconstantcontinuousendlesseternaleverlastingincessantinterminablenonstopongoingperpetualpersistentrelentlessround-the-clocktimelessunceasingunendingunfailinguninterruptedunremitting.engaging[engadʒɪŋ]adj.动人的有魅力的迷人的Pleasingtotheeyeormind:【近】attractivebewitchingenchantingenticingfascinatingfetchingglamorouslovelyprepossessingprettysweettakingtemptingwinningwinsome.memorable[memərəbl]adj.值得纪念的;难忘的Worthbeingrememberedornoted;remarkable:originate[ərɪdʒəneɪt]v.发源;来自Tocomeintobeing:【近】arisebegincommencestart.ritualize[rɪtʃuəlaɪz]v.使仪式化Tomakearitualof.timberlinen.林木线Theelevationinamountainousregionabovewhichtreesdo[‚sʌbtrɑpɪk]moist[mɔɪst]adj.潮湿的多雨的slightlyormoderatelywet【近】dampdank.evergreenn.常绿树;常绿植物Atreeshruborplanthavingfoliagethatpersistsandremainsgreenthroughouttheyear.deciduous[dɪsɪdjʊəs]adj.每年落叶的Sheddingorlosingfoliageattheendofthegrowingseasonbroadleaf[brɔdlif]阔叶树,阔叶烟草birch[bɜːtʃ]n.桦树桦木AnyofvariousdeciduoustreesorshrubsofthegenusBetulanativetotheNorthernHemisphereandhavingunisexualflowersincatkinsalternatesimpletoothedleavesandbarkthatoftenpeelsinthinpaperylayers.Himalayasn.喜马拉雅山脉twistedadj.滑稽的;古怪的deformed[deformed]adj.畸形的;丑陋的;变形的misshapenesp.inbodyorlimbsattain[əteɪn]v.达到;到达Tosucceedindoing:【近】accomplishachievegainreachrealizeridge[rɪdʒ]n.背脊山脊araisedorelevatedpartandesp.abodypartwhereas[weəræz]conj.然而;鉴于;反之duration[djʊəreɪʃn]n.持续时间Continuanceorpersistenceintime.【近】spanstretchtermtime.velocity[vɪlɑsətɪ]n.速度速率Therateofspeedofactionoroccurrence.【近】pacespeedtempo.prone[prəʊn]adj.有...倾向的易于...的;Havingatendency;inclined【近】aptdisposedgiveninclinedliablelikely.frost[frɒst]n.霜Adepositofminuteicecrystalsformedwhenwatervaporcondensesatatemperaturebelowfreezing.universal[‚juːnɪvɜrsl]adj.普遍的通用的Applicableorcommontoallpurposesconditionsorsituations【近】commongeneralgeneric.cessationn.停止Abringingorcomingtoanend;aceasing[seseɪʃn]【近】checkcut-offdiscontinuancediscontinuationhalt¹stay¹stopstoppagesurcease.smother[smʌðər]v.使窒息闷死Tostopthebreathingof:【近】asphyxiatechokestiflesuffocate.avalanche[ævəlɑːnʃ]n.山崩雪崩Afallorslideofalargemassasofsnoworrockdownamountainside.creep[kriːp]n.爬蠕动徐行Tomoveorproceedveryslowly【近】crawldraginch.seedling[sɪːdlɪŋ]n.秧苗树苗Ayoungplantthatisgrownfromaseed.ultraviolet[ʌltrəvaɪələt]adj.紫外线的situatedbeyondthevisiblespectrumatitsvioletendbrowse[braʊz]v.吃叶;吃...上的草Tofeedonleavesyoungshootsandothervegetation;grazegraze[greɪz]v.吃草;放牧Tofeedongrowinggrassesandherbage.ibex[aɪbeks]n.野生山羊shoot[ʃuːt]n.芽Ayoungstemlikegrowtharisingfromaplant:【近】bineoffshootrunnersprigsprouttendril.mature[mətjʊər]v.使成熟;成熟Tobringtofulldevelopment;ripen.【近】agedevelopgrowmaturatemellowripen.alpine[ælpaɪn]adj.高山的;阿尔卑斯山的;高山生长的adjacent[ədʒeɪsənt]adj.毗连的邻近的接近的Closeto;lyingnear【近】closecontiguousimmediatenearnearbynighproximate.fairly[feəlɪ]adv.更确切地;完全地Actually;fully:low-lyingadj.低标高的Situatedbelowthenormalheightoraltitudediversity[daɪvɜːsətɪ]n.多样性Thequalityofbeingmadeofmanydifferentelementsformskindsorindividuals:【近】diversenessdiversificationheterogeneityheterogeneousnessmiscellaneousnessmultifariousnessmultiformitymultiplicityvariegationvarietyvariousness.bare[beə]adj.赤裸的无遮蔽的Withouttheusualcovering:【近】baldnakednude.occasional[əkeɪʒənl]adj.偶然的Happeningorappearingnowandthen:【近】fitfulintermittentperiodicperiodicalsporadic.moss[mɒs]n.苔藓anyofaclassMusciofbryophyticplantshavingasmallleafyoftentuftedstembearingsexorgansatitstiplichen[lɪtʃn]n.青苔;苔藓;地衣anyofnumerouscomplexthallophyticplantsgroupLichenesmadeupofanalgaandafungusgrowinginsymbioticassociationonasolidsurfaceasarockprostrate[prɑstreɪt]adj.伏地的Lyingdown:【近】decumbentflathorizontalprocumbentpronerecumbent.cushion[kʊʃn]n.缓冲Somethingthatmitigatesorrelievesanadverseeffectfavorable[feɪvərəbl]adj.有利的Affordingbenefit:【近】advantageousbeneficbeneficentbeneficialbenignantgoodhelpfulprofitablepropitioussalutarytowardusefulmicrohabitat[ˌmaɪkrəʊˈhæbɪtæt]n.微小环境Averysmallspecializedhabitatsuchasaclumpofgrassoraspacebetweenrocks.Makalun.马卡卢峰Amountain8476m27790fthighintheHimalayaMountainsofnortheastNepal.Itwasfirstscaledin
1955.snowdrift[snodrɪft]n.被风刮在一起的雪堆Amassorbankofsnowpiledupbythewind.striking[straɪkɪŋ]adj.惊人的,引人注目的Readilyattractingnotice:【近】arrestingboldconspicuouseye-catchingmarkednoticeableobservableoutstandingpointedprominentpronouncedremarkablesalientsignal.rigor[raɪgɔː]n.严厉;艰苦Thefactorconditionofbeingrigorousandunsparing:【近】austerityhardnessharshnessrigidityrigorousnessseveritysternnessstrictnessstringencytoughness.crucial[kruːʃl]adj.决定性的重要的Determiningorhavingthepowertodetermineanoutcome:【近】conclusivedecidingdecisivedeterminative.insulation[ɪnsəleɪʃn]n.隔离;孤立Theactorprocessofisolating:【近】isolationsegregationseparationsequestration.equatorial[‚ekwətɔːrɪəl]adj.赤道的;赤道附近的oflocatedatorrelatingtoanequatorprevalent[prevələnt]adj.普遍的流行的Mostgenerallyexistingorencounteredatagiventime:【近】currentpredominantprevailingregnantrifewidespread.boundaryn.界限范围Thelineorareaseparatinggeopoliticalunits:[baʊndərɪ]【近】borderborderlandfrontiermarch²marchlandcontribute[kəntrɪbjuːt]v.有助于Tohelpbringaboutaresult;actasafactor【近】onducepartakeparticipateshare.satisfactory[‚sætɪsfæktərɪ]adj.令人满意的;符合要求的Givingsatisfactionsufficienttomeetademandorrequirement;adequate.【近】acceptableadequateallrightaveragecommondecentfairfairishgoodishmoderatepassablerespectablesufficienttolerable.profound[prəfaʊnd]adj.极深的深奥的Thoroughgoing;far-reaching:snowfalln.降雪Afallofsnowendure[ɪndjʊə]v.忍耐忍受Tocarryonthroughdespitehardshipscetacean[sɪteɪʃjən]n.鲸类动物;鲸AnyofvariousaquaticchieflymarinemammalsoftheorderCetaceaincludingthewhalesdolphinsandporpoisescharacterizedbyanearlyhairlessbodyanteriorlimbsmodifiedintobroadflippersvestigialposteriorlimbsandaflatnotchedtail.porpoise[pɔrpəs]n.海豚小鲸dolphin[dɒlfɪn]n.海豚Anyofvariousmarinecetaceanmammalssuchasthebottle-noseddolphinofthefamilyDelphinidaerelatedtothewhalesbutgenerallysmallerandhavingabeaklikesnout.mammal[mæml]n.哺乳动物anyofthehighervertebrateanimalscomprisingtheclassMammalia【记】mamma(乳房),l-哺乳动物gill[dʒɪl]n.鳃anorganasofafishforobtainingoxygenfromwaterstreamlinev.使成流线型Toconstructordesigninaformthatofferstheleastresistancetofluidflow.hind[haɪnd]adj.后面的后部的Locatedatorformingthebackorrear;posterior:【近】backhindmostposteriorposternrear¹.blowholen.鲸等的呼吸孔Anopeningoroneofapairofopeningsforbreathinglocatedonthetopoftheheadofcetaceanssuchaswhalesanddolphins.Theblowholeisopenedbymusclesuponsurfacingandclosedbythepressureofwaterupondiving.disguise[dɪsgaɪz]v.假装隐瞒Tomodifythemannerorappearanceofinordertopreventrecognition.【近】camouflagedissembledissimulatemaskmasquerade.【记】guise(n外观;姿态;装束;伪装v伪装)affinity[əfɪnətɪ]n.本性类同Arelationshiporresemblanceinstructurebetweenspeciesthatsuggestsacommonorigin.dwell[dwel]v.居住Toliveasaresident;reside.【近】abidedomicilehouselive¹reside.otter[ɑtər]n.水獭AnyofvariousaquaticcarnivorousmammalsofthegenusLutraandalliedgenerarelatedtotheminksandweaselsandhavingwebbedfeetanddensedarkbrownfur.pinniped[pɪnəpɛd]n.鳍脚亚目哺乳动物AmammalofthesuborderPinnipedia.walrus[wɔːlrəs]n.海象AlargemarinemammalOdobenusrosmarusofArcticregionsrelatedtothesealsandhavingtwolongtuskstoughwrinkledskinandfourflippers.Alsocalledseahorse【记】读我弱死跟walrus比起来我弱死了limb[lɪm]n.肢;脚;翼Oneofthejointedappendagesofananimalsuchasanarmalegawingoraflipperusedforlocomotionorgrasping.envision[ɪnvɪʒn]v.想像Topictureinthemind;imagine.【近】conceiveenvisagefancyfantasizeimageimaginepictureseethinkvisionvisualize.marine[mərɪːn]adj.海的;海产的Nativetoinhabitingorformedbythesea:【近】maritimeoceanicpelagicthalassic.【记】submarine(n潜水艇)sub下面,marine海bridge[brɪdʒ]v.把...连结起来intermediate[‚ɪntərmɪːdɪeɪtd]adj.中间的beingoroccurringatthemiddleplacestageordegreeorbetweenextremes【近】inbetweenmiddletransitional[trænzɪʃnəl]adj.变迁的;过渡期的ofrelatingtoorcharacterizedbytransitionreconstruct[‚rɪːkənstrʌkt]v.重现Tobringbacktoapreviousnormalcondition:【近】rebuildreclaimreconditionrehabilitatereinstaterejuvenaterenovaterestituterestore.Pakistann.巴基斯坦official[əfɪʃl]adj.正式的官方的prescribedorrecognizedasauthorized【近】authoritativeconclusivesanctionedstandard.embed[ɪmbed]v.使插入使嵌入Tofixfirmlyinasurroundingmass:【近】entrenchfastenfixinfixingrainlodgeroot¹.deposit[dɪpɒzɪt]n.沉积物Somethingdepositedespeciallybyanaturalprocess【近】dregoftenusedinpluralleesprecipitateprecipitationsediment.Tethyssea特提斯海(即古地中海)skull[skʌl]n.头盖骨脑壳头脑theskeletonoftheheadformingabonycasethatenclosesandprotectsthebrainandchiefsenseorgansandsupportsthejawsprecious[preʃəs]adj.宝贵的Ofgreatvalue:【近】costlyinestimableinvaluablepricelessvaluableworthy.jawbonen.颚骨;下颚骨Aboneofthejawespeciallytheboneofthelowerjaw.adaptation[‚ædæpteɪʃn]n.适应adjustmenttoenvironmentalconditions【近】acclimationacclimatization.flesh[fleʃ]n.肉thesoftpartsofthebodyofananimalandesp.ofavertebrate;esp:thepartscomposedchieflyofskeletalmuscleasdistinguishedfromvisceralstructuresboneandintegumentsbreed[briːd]v.产孵;使繁殖Toproduceoffspring;givebirthtoorhatch.【近】increasemultiplyprocreateproliferatepropagatereproducespawn.skeleton[skelɪtn]n.骨骼Theinternalstructurecomposedofboneandcartilagethatprotectsandsupportsthesoftorganstissuesandotherpartsofavertebrateorganism;endoskeleton.sediment[sedɪmənt]n.沉淀物沉积thematterthatsettlestothebottomofaliquid【近】depositdregoftenusedinpluralleesprecipitateprecipitation.nonfunctionaladj无功能的notperformingorabletoperformaregularfunctionvestigial[vestɪdʒɪəl]adj.退化的ofrelatingtoorbeingavestige【记】源于vestige(n遗迹;退化的器官locomotion[‚ləʊkəməʊʃn]n.运动移动anactorthepowerofmovingfromplacetoplacerear[rɪə]adj.背后的后部的Locatedintherear:【近】backhindhindmostposteriorpostern.propulsion[prəpʌlʃn]n.推进Theprocessofdrivingorpropelling.【记】pro向前,pul推动,sion-向前推-推动力constitute[kɒnstɪtjuːt]v.组成;Tobetheelementsorpartsof;compose:【近】composeformmakeup.【记】con一起,stitute建立-建立到一起-构成conceal[kənsiːl]v.隐蔽隐藏;隐瞒Tokeepfrombeingseenfoundobservedordiscovered;hide.【近】cloakcoverupenshroudhide¹hushupmaskshroudveil.yield[jɪːld]v.生产Tobringforthaproduct:【近】beargiveproduce.scarce[skeəs]adj.稀有的缺乏的Hardtofind;absentorrare:【近】infrequentoccasionalraresporadicuncommonunusual.initial[ɪnɪʃl]adj.开始的最初的Ofrelatingtooroccurringatthebeginning;first:【近】earliestfirstmaidenoriginalpioneerprimaryprimeprimordial.iIdentify[aɪdentɪfaɪ]v.识别鉴定Toascertaintheoriginnatureordefinitivecharacteristicsof.【近】pinpointplacerecognize.evolution[‚iːvəluːʃn]n.进化thehistoricaldevelopmentofabiologicalgroupbackbonen.脊椎Thevertebratespineorspinalcolumn.afloat[əfləʊt]adj.飘浮着的Inafloatingpositionorcondition.alarming[əlɑːmɪŋ]adj.惊人的Tofillwithalarm;frighten.pace[peɪs]n.速度Therateofspeedatwhichanactivityoramovementproceeds.【近】speedtempovelocity.expansion[expanʃn]n.扩充theactorprocessofexpanding【近】enlargementextensionspread.desertification[dɪzɝtɪfɪkeʃən]n.(土壤)荒漠化,沙漠化Thetransformationofarableorhabitablelandtodesertasbyachangeinclimateordestructivelanduse.estimate[estɪmeɪt]v.估计评价Tocalculateapproximately:【近】approximateplaceputreckonset¹.threaten[θretn]v.威胁Tosubjecttodangerordestruction:【近】endangerimperiljeopardizemenaceperilrisk.stabilize[steɪbɪlaɪz]v.使稳定使稳固tobecomestable【近】balancecounterbalanceequalizesteady.vegetation[‚vedʒɪteɪʃn]n.植被Theplantsofanareaoraregion;plantlife:subsequent[sʌbsɪkwənt]adj.后来的并发的Followingintimeororder;succeeding.【近】consecutivesequentsequentialserialsuccessionalsuccessive.accelerate[ækseləreɪt]v.使增速tocausetomovefasterorspeedup【近】expeditehastenhurryhustlequickenspeedupstepup.erosion[ɪrəʊʒn]n.腐蚀侵蚀冲蚀Thegroupofnaturalprocessesincludingweatheringdissolutionabrasioncorrosionandtransportationbywhichmaterialiswornawayfromtheearthssurface.【反】accretion(n增加)stony[stəʊnɪ]adj.多石的Coveredwithorfullofstones:particle[pɑrtɪkl]n.粒子点Averysmallpieceorpart;atinyportionorspeck.【近】bit¹crumbdab¹dashdotdramdropfragmentgrainiotajotminimmitemodicummoleculeortouncescrap¹scrupleshredsmidgenspecktittletriflewhit.accumulate[əkjuːmjʊleɪt]v.积聚积成堆Tobringtogethersoastoincreaseinmassornumber:【近】accrueagglomerateaggregateamasscollect¹cumulategarnergatherhivepileuprollup.ridgen.山脊Alongnarrowchainofhillsormountains[rɪdʒ]substantial[səbstænʃl]adj.丰富的Characterizedbyabundance:【近】abundantamplebounteousbountifulcopiousgenerousheavyplenitudinousplenteousplentifulvoluminous.【记】源于substance(n物质)【反】tenuous(adj纤细的);vaporous(adj蒸气多的;不实质的);diaphanous(adj透明的)transfer[trænsfɜr]n.迁移移动Toconveyorcausetopassfromoneplacepersonorthingtoanother.【近】maneuvermoveremoveshift.clay[kleɪ]n.泥土粘土Afine-grainedfirmearthymaterialthatisplasticwhenwetandhardenswhenheatedconsistingprimarilyofhydratedsilicatesofaluminumandwidelyusedinmakingbrickstilesandpottery.seal[sɪːl]v.封密封Toclosehermetically.penetration[‚penɪtreɪʃn]n.渗透theactorprocessofpenetratingabsorption[əbsɔːpʃn]n.吸收theprocessofabsorbingorofbeingabsorbed【近】assimilationdigestion.runoffn.径流Rainfallnotabsorbedbysoil.diminish[dɪmɪnɪʃ]v.减少Togroworcausetogrowgraduallyless:【近】abatedecreasedraindwindleebblessenletuppeteroutrebatereducetailawayorofftaperoff.【记】mini迷你-减小【反】increase(vt增加;加大);escalate(vi逐步升高)progressive[prəgresɪv]adj.渐进的Proceedinginsteps;continuingsteadilybyincrements:【近】advancedforwardprecocious.deterioration[dɪ‚tɪərɪəreɪʃn]n.恶化变坏theactionorprocessofdeteriorating:thestateofhavingdeteriorated【近】breakdowndecaydecompositiondisintegrationputrefactionputrescenceputridnessrotrottennessspoilage.climatic[klaɪmætɪk]adj.气候上的Oforrelatingtoclimate.aridity[ærɪdətɪ]n.干旱干燥Lackingmoistureespeciallyhavinginsufficientrainfalltosupporttreesorwoodyplantssemiarid[sɛmɪærɪd]adj.雨量非常少的;半干旱的Characterizedbyrelativelylowannualrainfallof25to50centimeters10to20inchesandhavingscrubbyvegetationwithshortcoarsegrasses;notcompletelyarid.delicate[delɪkət]adj.微妙的,脆弱的Easilybrokenordamaged:【近】breakablebrittlefragilefrangible.ecological[‚iːkəlɒdʒɪkl]adj.生态的Thescienceoftherelationshipsbetweenorganismsandtheirenvironments.potential[pəʊtenʃl]n.潜在性可能性Capableofbeingbutnotyetinexistence;latent:【近】eventuallatentpossible.phenomenon[fɪnɒmɪnən]n.现象pl:phenomenaAnoccurrenceacircumstanceorafactthatisperceptiblebythesenses.margin[mɑːdʒɪn]n.边缘theoutsidelimitoredgeofsomething【近】borderborderlinebrimbrinkedgeedgingfringeperipheryrimverge.excess[ɪkses]n.超过Anamountorquantitybeyondwhatisneededdesiredorappropriate:【近】fatglutoverageoverflowovermuchoverrunoverstockoversupplysuperfluitysurplussurplusage.contributor[contribjʊtə]n.贡献者Apersoninstrumentalinthegrowthofsomethingespeciallyinitsearlystages:【近】buildercreatordeveloperpioneer.overcultivationn.过度种植overgrazev.过度放牧firewoodn.木柴;柴火overirrigationn.过量灌溉density[densətɪ]n.密度Thequantityofsomethingperunitmeasureespeciallyperunitlengthareaorvolume.【近】compactnesssoliditythickness.necessitate[nɪsesɪteɪt]v.需要Tohaveasaneedorprerequisite:【近】askcallfordemandentailinvolverequiretake.【记】源于necessary(n必需品;adj必要的)prior[praɪər]adj.在先的在前的Precedingintimeororder:【近】advanceantecedentanteriorearlierprecedentprecedingprevious.extensive[ɪkstensɪv]adj.广泛的Largeinextentrangeoramount.【近】amplebroadexpansivespacious.tract[trækt]n.土地Apartoftheearthssurface:【近】areabeltdistrictlocalityneighborhoodquarterregionzone.devoid[divɔɪd]adj.缺乏的Nothavingadesirableelement:【近】barrendestituteemptyinnocentlackingvoidwanting.【记】de使得,void空-空的susceptible[səseptəbl]adj.易受...影响的Easilyinfluencedoraffected:【近】liableopenpronesubjectsusceptivevulnerable.livestock[laɪvstəʊk]n.家畜;牲畜Domesticanimalssuchascattleorhorsesraisedforhomeuseorforprofitespeciallyonafarm.dominant[dɑmɪnənt]adj.占优势的支配的Exercisingthemostinfluenceorcontrol.【近】ascendantpredominantprepotentprevailingregnantrulingsupreme.【反】recessive(adj隐性的)excessive[ɪksesɪv]adj.过度的Exceedinganormalusualreasonableorproperlimit.【近】exorbitantextravagantextremeimmoderateinordinateoverabundantovermuchundue.trample[træmpl]nv.践踏Tobeatdownwiththefeetsoastocrushbruiseordestroy;trampon.【近】stampstomptramptreadtromp.【记】tramp(v重步行走;践踏),le践踏;蹂躏pulverization[‚pʌlvəraɪzeɪʃn]n.粉碎theactorprocessofpulverizingwaste[weɪst]n.粪便substitute[sʌbstɪtjuːt]n.代用品apersonorthingthattakestheplaceorfunctionofanother【近】alternatereplacementstand-insurrogate.conditioner[condi·tion·er]n.调节剂Onethatconditionsespeciallyanadditiveorapplicationthatimprovesthequalityorusabilityofasubstance:nutrient[njuːtrɪənt]n.营养物滋养物Asourceofnourishmentespeciallyanourishingingredientinafood.salinization[selɪnaɪzeʃən]n.盐碱化irrigation[‚ɪrɪgeɪʃn]n.灌溉drainagen.排水theactorprocessofdrawingofffluidsfromacavityorwoundbymeansofsuctionorgravity[dreɪnɪdʒ]【记】drain(v/n排水)【反】tonic(n增进健康之物dissolve[dɪzɒlv]v.使溶解tocausetomeltorliquefy【近】deliquescefluxfuseliquefymeltrunthaw.evaporate[ɪvæpəreɪt]v.蒸发Topassoffasvaporespeciallywhenheated:【近】boilawayvaporizevolatilize.【记】e出,vapor(n水蒸气;水汽)-出水汽-蒸发crustal[krʌstl]adj.地壳的Oforrelatingtoacrustespeciallythatoftheearthorthemoon.underlyingadj.在下面的Lyingunderorbeneathsomething【近】basalbasicfoundationalfundamentaloriginalprimaryradical.seriousness[sɪrɪəsnɪs]n.严肃性Theconditionofbeinggraveandofinvolvingseriousconsequences:【近】gravenessgravitymomentousnessweightiness.tremendous[trɪmendəs]adj.巨大的Extremelylargeinamountextentordegree;enormous:【近】behemothBrobdingnagianBunyanesquecolossalcyclopeanelephantineenormousgargantuangiantgigantesquegiganticherculeanheroichugeimmensejumbomammothmassivemassymastodonicmightymonstermonstrousmonumentalmountainousprodigiouspythonicstupendoustitanicvast.passage[pæsɪdʒ]n.消逝,推移Theprocessofelapsing:【近】changeshifttransittransition.millennium[mɪlenɪəm]n.一个一千年Aspanofonethousandyears【记】mill=mile(n千米);enn=ann年,ium-一千年considerable[considərəbl]adj.相当大的Largeinamountextentordegree:【近】bigextensivegoodgreathealthylargelarge-scalesizable.rigorous[rɪgərəs]adj.严格的;严厉的Characterizedbyoractingwithrigor:【近】exactstrictuncompromising.enforce[ɪnfɔːs]v.强迫;执行Tocompelobservanceoforobedienceto【近】carryouteffectexecuteimplementinvoke.restrict[rɪstrɪkt]v.限制约束Tokeeporconfinewithinlimits【近】circumscribeconfinelimit.fragile[frædʒaɪl]adj.易碎的;脆的Easilybrokendamagedordestroyed;frail.【近】breakablebrittledelicatefrangible.【记】flag=fract断裂,ile易…的-易碎的predictable[prɪdɪktəbl]adj.可预言的fertility[fərtɪlətɪ]n.肥沃;多产Thequalityorstateofbeingfertile:【近】fecundityfruitfulnessproductivenessproductivityprolificacyprolificnessrichness.impressive[ɪmpresɪv]adj.给人深刻印象的Makingastrongorvividimpression;strikingorremarkable:【近】affectingmovingpoignantstirringtouching.interfere[‚ɪntərfɪə]v.妨碍;抵触Tocomebetweensoastobeahindranceoranobstacleevaporation[ɪ‚væpəreɪʃn]n.蒸发thechangebywhichanysubstanceisconvertedfromaliquidstateintoandcarriedoffinvaporreliance[rɪlaɪəns]n.依赖Theactofrelyingorthestateofbeingreliant.ecological[‚iːkəlɒdʒɪkl]adj.生态的cattle[kætl]n.牲口家畜Anyofvariouschieflydomesticatedmammalsofthegenusvulnerable[vʌlnərəbl]adj.易受伤害的susceptibletoinjuryordisease【近】assailableattackablepregnablevincible.dung[dʌŋ]n.粪Theexcrementofanimals.mass[mæs]n.大众Thebodyofcommonpeopleorpeopleoflowsocioeconomicstatus.peepshown.参观者透过门上的小洞观看的在关闭的房间里的一般指色情的小图片、小物体或展览Anexhibitionofpicturesorobjectsviewedthroughasmallholeormagnifyingglassformat[fɔrmæt]n.格式结构kinetoscope[kɪnitəskop]n.活动电影放映机parlor[pɑrlər]n.小店Aroomequippedandfurnishedforaspecialfunctionorbusinessarcade[ɑːkeɪd]n.长廊商场Aroofedpassagewayorlaneespeciallyonewithshopsoneitherside.prizefightn.职业性拳击赛Amatchfoughtbetweenprofessionalboxersformoney.successive[səksesɪv]adj.连续的Followingoneafteranotherinanorderlypattern:【近】consecutivesequentsequentialserialsubsequentsuccessional.phonograph[fəʊgrɑːf]n.留声机电唱机Amachinethatreproducessoundbymeansofastylusincontactwithagroovedrotatingdisk.projector[prədʒektər]n.放映机Amachineforprojectinganimageontoascreen.exhibitor[ɪgzɪbɪtə]n.展示者;参展者readily[redɪlɪ]adv.容易地Inamannerindicatingorconnotingease;easily.admission[ədmɪʃn]n.入场券Thepricerequiredorpaidforentering;anentrancefee.showman[ʃəʊmən]n.戏剧制作人Atheatricalproducer.assistance[assistəns]n.协助Theactoraninstanceofhelping:【近】abetmentaidassisthandhelpreliefsuccorsupport.assistant[assistənt]n.助手助理Onethatassists;ahelper.vaudeville[vɔdəvɪl]n.杂耍Stageentertainmentofferingavarietyofshortactssuchasslapstickturnssong-and-danceroutinesandjugglingperformances.【记】vaud=laud赞美,devil(n魔鬼),le乐出现了魔鬼还又乐又赞美,因为是杂耍表演legitimate[lɪdʒɪtɪmət]adj.正传统的Oforrelatingtodramaofhighprofessionalqualitythatexcludesburlesquevaudevilleandsomeformsofmusicalcomedymakeshift[meɪkʃɪft]adj.临时代用的Suitableasatemporaryorexpedientsubstitute:【近】expediencyexpedientshiftstopgap.【记】make作出,shift转移对一件事情作出转移-权宜之计storefrontadj.临街的Ofrelatingtoorbeingthatsideofastorefacingastreet:fairgroundn.集市场所Openlandwherefairsorexhibitionsareheld.adventn.出现;到来Thecomingorarrivalespeciallyofsomethingextremely[ædvənt]important:【近】appearancearrivalcoming.motion[məʊʃn]n.动作Theactorprocessofchangingpositionorplace.【近】movemovementstir¹.ultimate[ʌltɪmət]adj.终极的根本的Oforrelatingtoaterminativeconditionstageorpoint:【近】finallast¹latterterminal.spectacle[spektəkl]n.场面;公开展示Apublicperformanceordisplayespeciallyoneonalargeorlavishscale.【近】arraydisplaypanoplyparadepompshow.minstrel[mɪnstrəl]n.滑稽说唱表演Aperformanceofsuchashow.spectator[spekteɪtə]n.观众Someonewhoobserves:【近】beholderbystanderlooker-onobserveronlookerwatcher.assemble[əsembl]v.集合;聚集Tobringtogether:【近】callclustercollect¹congregateconveneconvokegathergettogethergroupmusterroundupsummon.【记】as一再,semble和…相像-一再相像-聚集比如近朱者赤substance[sʌbstəns]n.主旨实质Themostcentralandmaterialpart:【近】coreessencegistheartkernelmarrowmeatnubpithquintessenceroot¹soulspiritstuff.prerecord[prirɪkɔrd]v.预先录制Torecordatelevisionprogramforexampleatanearliertimeforlaterpresentationoruse.participation[pɑrtɪsɪpeɪʃn]n.参与Theactoftakingpartorsharinginsomething:【近】involvementsharing.marvel[mɑrvl]n.奇异的例子,奇迹Onethatevokessurpriseadmirationorwonder【近】astonishmentmiraclephenomenonprodigysensationstunnerwonderwonderment.lifelikeadj.栩栩如生的逼真的Accuratelyrepresentingreallife:【近】naturalnaturalisticrealistictruetrue-lifetruthful.commonplaceadj.平凡的Havingnoremarkablefeaturescharacteristicsortraits;ordinary.【近】averagecommongeneralnormalordinarytypicalusual.manipulation[mənɪpjəleɪʃn]n.处理;操作theactprocessoraninstanceofmanipulatingstrip[strɪp]v.剥夺Totakeorkeepsomethingawayfrom:【近】deprivedispossessdivestrob.celluloid[seljʊlɔɪd]n.电影影片Motion-picturefilmdozenn.打十二个Asetof
12.[dʌzn]score[skɔː]n.20个Agroupof20items.minusculeadj.非常小的Extremelysmall:[mɪnəskjuːl]【近】diminutivedwarfLilliputianmidgetminiatureminute²pygmytinywee.【记】min小【反】gargantuan(adj巨大的);lengthydocument(冗长的文件)dimension[dɪmenʃn]n.尺寸Ameasureofspatialextentespeciallywidthheightorlength.【近】extentmagnitudemeasureproportion【记】measure(n尺寸;测量;vt测量)frequently[frɪːkwəntlɪ]adv.频繁地屡次地Atfrequentintervals;often.intelligentlyadv.聪明地;明智地leadership[lɪːdərʃɪp]n.领导能力Thecapacitytoleadothers:【近】commandlead.entertainer[‚entərteɪnər]n.表演者;专业演员component[kəmpəʊnənt]n.构成要素;成分aconstituentpart【近】buildingblockconstituentelementfactoringredientintegrantpart.【记】com共同,pon=put放-放到一起的东西是一个整体的各个部分simultaneously[saɪməltenɪəsli]adv.同时地Atthesametime:【近】concurrentlysynchronouslytogether.sophisticated[səfɪstɪkeɪtɪd]adj.精细的Verycomplexorcomplicated:prototype[prəʊtəʊtaɪp]n.原型Anoriginaltypeformorinstancethatservesasamodelonwhichlaterstagesarebasedorjudged.【近】archetypefathermasteroriginalprotoplast.unfocusedadj.未聚焦的Notbroughtintofocus:inspirev.激发Tobethecauseorsourceof;bringabout:【近】animatecheeronemboldenencourageinspiritmotivate.enclose[ɪnkləʊz]v.围住Tosurroundonallsides;closein.【近】besiegecloseinenvelophedgehem.symbolic[sɪmbɑlɪk]adj.象征的象征性的Servingasasymbol:【近】emblematicemblematicalrepresentativesymbolical.aspiration[‚æspəreɪʃn]n.渴望Anobjectofsuchdesire;anambition.【近】dreamideal.three-dimensionaladj.三维的Ofrelatingtohavingorexistinginthreedimensions.dimensional[dimenʃənl]adj.空间的utilize[juːtlaɪ]v.利用Toputtouseespeciallytofindaprofitableorpracticalusefor【近】actuateapplyemployexerciseexploitimplementpracticeuse.【记】ut=use,ilize-利用texture[tekstʃər]n.质地纹理Thebasicstructureorcompositionespeciallyofsomethingcomplexorfine【近】beingessenceessentialitynaturequintessencesubstance.harmony[hɑrmənɪ]n.协调Apleasingcombinationofelementsinawhole:【近】balanceproportionsymmetry.【反】imbroglio(n杂乱的一团;纠葛;纷扰);discord(n不一致)instinctive[ɪnstɪŋktɪv]adj.本能的Ofrelatingtoorpromptedbyinstinct.【近】instinctualintuitivevisceral.shelter[ʃeltər]v.保护;庇护Toprovidecoverorprotectionfor.【近】harborhavenhouse.complement[kɒmplɪment]v.补助;补足Tosupplywhatislacking:【近】completefillinoroutroundofforoutsupplement.site[saɪt]n.位置地点Theplacewhereastructureorgroupofstructureswasisoristobelocated:【近】emplacementlocationlocusplacementpositionsituation.feasible[fɪːzəbl]adj.适宜的可行的Capableofbeingaccomplishedorbroughtabout;possible:【近】possiblepracticableviableworkable.【记】feas=fac做,ible能-能做的-可行的mediocre[‚mɪːdɪəʊkər]adj.平凡的中等的Moderatetoinferiorinquality;ordinary.【近】commoninferiorlow-gradelow-qualitymean²second-classsecond-rateshabbysubstandard.contemporary[kəntempərərɪ]adj.当前的,现代的Current;modern【近】currentexistentexistingnewnowpresent¹present-day.dramaticallyadv.引人注目地devisev.设计Toformplanorarrangeinthemind;designorcontrive:[dɪvaɪz]【近】concoctcontrivedreamupfabricateformulatehatchinventmakeupthinkup.intermsof以…之方式gravity[grævətɪ]n.地心引力;重力ThenaturalforceofattractionexertedbyacelestialbodysuchasEarthuponobjectsatornearitssurfacetendingtodrawthemtowardthecenterofthebody.withstand[wɪðstænd]v.抵抗经得起Tobesuccessfulinresisting.【近】abideacceptbearbrook²enduregostandforstomachsuffersupportsustainswallowtaketolerate.compression[compreʃn]n.压缩heactorprocessofcompressing.【近】constrictionsqueeze.【反】distention(n膨胀)tension[tenʃn]n.张力Aforcetendingtostretchorelongatesomething.【近】pressurestrain¹stress.【记】tens伸展,ion-伸展出的状态-紧张integral[ɪntɪgrəl]adj.整体的Possessingeverythingessential;entire.【近】basicconstitutionalconstitutiveessentialfundamentalvital.structural[strʌktʃərəl]adj.结构的建筑的Ofrelatingtohavingorcharacterizedbystructure:available[availəbl]adj.有用的Presentandreadyforuse;athand;accessible:【近】acquirableattainablegettableobtainableprocurable.brick[brɪk]n.砖Amoldedrectangularblockofclaybakedbythesunorinakilnuntilhardandusedasabuildingandpavingmaterial.construction[construkʃn]n.建筑Thearttradeorworkofbuilding:comparable[kɒmpərəbl]adj.可比较的,相当的Similarorequivalent:【近】alikeanalogouscorrespondingequivalentlike²parallelsimilaruniform.skeleton[skelɪtn]n.骨骼ausu.rigidsupportiveorprotectivestructureorframeworkofanorganismframe[freɪm]n.体格;结构thephysicalmakeupofananimalandesp.ahumanbody【近】assemblebuildconstructfabricatefashionforge¹makemanufacturemoldproduceputtogethershape.interior[ɪntɪrɪər]adj.内的内部的Locatedinsideorfartherin:【近】inlyinginnerinsideinternal.plumbing[plʌmɪŋ]n.管道工程,卫生设备Thepipesfixturesandotherapparatusofawatergasorsewagesysteminabuilding.wiring[waɪərɪŋ]n.线路,架线Asystemofelectricwires.igloo[ɪgluː]n.圆顶建筑AnEskimodwellingespeciallyadome-shapedwinterdwellingbuiltofblocksofpackedsnow.adobe[ədəʊbɪ]n.土砖建筑物Astructurebuiltwiththistypeofbrick.permanence[pɜrmənəns]n.永久;持久Thequalityorconditionofbeingpermanent;permanency.availability[ə‚veɪləbɪlətɪ]n.可利用性arduous[ɑːdjʊəs]adj.艰巨的;费力的Demandinggreateffortorlabor;difficult:【近】backbreakingburdensomedemandingdifficulteffortfulexactingexigentformidablehardheavylaboriousonerousoppressiverigorousroughseveretaxingtoughtryingweighty.【记】ard燃烧,热,uous多…的-热多-出汗一费力的pile[paɪl]v.堆积Toplaceorlayinorasifinapileorheap:【近】bank¹driftheaphilllump¹moundstack.doorwayn.门口Theentrancewaytoaroombuildingorpassage.beam[biːm]n.梁Asquared-offlogoralargeoblongpieceoftimbermetalorstoneusedespeciallyasahorizontalsupportinconstruction.【近】balkraftertimber.arch[ɑːtʃ]n.拱结构形Astructureespeciallyoneofmasonryformingthecurvedpointedorflatupperedgeofanopenspaceandsupportingtheweightaboveitasinabridgeordoorway.curved[kɜːvd]adj.弯曲的曲线形的Deviatingfromastraightline:【近】arcedarchedarciformbentbowedcurvilinearrounded.segment[segmənt]n.部分断片Oneofthepartsintowhichsomethingisdivided:【近】divisionmemberpartpieceportionsectionsubdivision.Mediterranean[‚medɪtəreɪnɪən]n.地中海TheregionsurroundingtheMediterraneanSea.SomeofthemostancientcivilizationsflourishedintheregionwhichwasdominatedformillenniumsbyPhoeniciaCarthageGreeceSicilyandRome.drain[dreɪn]n.排水Theactorprocessofdraining.【近】abatementcurtailmentcutcutbackdecreasedecrementdiminishmentdiminutionreductionslashslowdowntaper.extensivelyadv.广泛地aboveground[əbʌvgraʊnd]adj.在地上的Situatedortakingplaceonorabovethesurfaceoftheground:semicircular[ˌsɛmadj.半圆的.Ahalfofacircleasdividedbyadiameter.ɪˈsɜːkjʊlə]horizontal[‚hɒrɪzɒntl]adj.水平的Paralleltoorintheplaneofthehorizon.【近】decumbentflatprocumbentproneprostraterecumbent.vertical[vɜrtɪkl]adj.垂直的直立的Beingorsituatedatrightanglestothehorizon;upright.【近】perpendicularplumbupright.inadequate[ɪnædɪkwət]adj.不充分的;不适当的Notadequatetofulfillaneedormeetarequirement;insufficient.【近】deficientinsufficientscarceshortshy¹underwanting.characterize[kærəktəraɪz]v.描述Todescribethequalitiesorpeculiaritiesof:【近】calldesignatelabelnamestyletagterm.resemble[rɪzembl]v.相似象Toexhibitsimilarityorlikenessto.【近】takeafter.illustration[‚ɪləstreɪʃn]n.例证Materialusedtoclarifyorexplain.【近】caseexampleinstancerepresentativesamplespecimen.concrete[kənkriːt]n.水泥混凝土Ahardstrongconstructionmaterialconsistingofsandconglomerategravelpebblesbrokenstoneorslaginamortarorcementmatrix.【记】con共同,crete=create(v创造)-共同创造的东西是具体的,如果是抽象无形的东西,就太浪费劳动力了inflate[ɪnfleɪt]v.使充气;使膨胀toswellordistendwithairorgas【近】exaggeratehyperbolizemagnifyoverchargeoverstate.unify[juːnɪfaɪ]v.统一使成一体Tomakeintoorbecomeaunit;consolidate.【近】coalescecombinecompoundconcreteconjoinconjugateconnectconsolidatecouplejoinlinkmarrymeldunitewedyoke.innovation[‚ɪnəʊveɪʃn]n.革新创新Theactofintroducingsomethingnewthroughout[θruːaʊt]prep.自始至终Intothroughorduringeverypartof;allthrough:【近】aroundoverroundthrough.typifyv.代表象征Toserveasanexampleimageorsymbolof:【近】[tɪpɪfaɪ]epitomizeexemplifyillustraterepresentstandforsymbolsymbolize.rancher[rɑːntʃər]n.大农场经营者Onethatownsormanagesaranchsemiarid[sɛmɪærɪd]adj.雨量非常少的;半干旱的Characterizedbyrelativelylowannualrainfallof25to50centimeters10to20inchesandhavingscrubbyvegetationwithshortcoarsegrasses;notcompletelyarid.intensity[ɪntensətɪ]n.强度themagnitudeofaquantityasforceorenergyperunitasofsurfacechargemassortime【近】ferociousnessferocityfiercenessfurypitchseverityvehemencevehemencyviolence.ranch[rɑːntʃ]v.经营牧场;在牧场工作Tomanageorworkonaranch.underlie[‚ʌndərlaɪ]v.位于...之下Tobelocatedunderorbelow.aquifern.含水土层地下蓄水层Anundergroundbedorlayerofearthgravelorporousstonethatyieldswater.【记】aqui水,fer带来-带来水的-含水土层inhabit[ɪnhæbɪt]v.居住于Toliveorresidein.【近】occupypeoplepopulate.accumulate[əkjuːmjʊleɪt]v.积聚累积Togatherorpileup【近】accrueagglomerateaggregateamasscollect¹cumulategarnergatherhivepileuprollup.ensue[ɪnsjuː]v.跟着发生Totakeplacesubsequently.【近】followsucceedsupervene.irrigation[‚ɪrɪgeɪʃn]n.灌溉onward[ɒnwəd]adv.向前Inadirectionortowardapositionthatisaheadinspaceortime;forward.spray[spreɪ]v.喷洒Tohurlorscatterliquidupon:【近】bespatterdashslopsloshspattersplashsplatterswash.dominate[dɑmɪneɪt]v.支配控制Tocontrolgovernorrulebysuperiorauthorityorpower【近】controldirectgovernrule.geometric[‚dʒɪəʊmetrɪk]adj.几何学的Oforrelatingtogeometryanditsmethodsandprinciples.sorghum[sɔrgəm]n.高粱AnOldWorldgrassSorghumbicolorseveralvarietiesofwhicharewidelycultivatedasgrainandforageorasasourceofsyrup.fatten[fætn]v.养肥Tomakeplumporfat.unprecedentedadj.空前的Havingnopreviousexample【近】differentfreshinnovativeinventivenewnewfanglednoveloriginalunfamiliar.finite[faɪnaɪt]adj.有限的Havingbounds;limitednegligible[neglɪdʒəbl]adj.可以忽略的Notsignificantorimportantenoughtobeworthconsidering;trifling【近】inconsiderablenigglingnugatorypaltrypettypicayunepiddlingsmallsmall-mindedtrifling.recharge[‚rɪːtʃɑːdʒ]v.再装载Tochargeagainespeciallytoreenergizeastoragebattery.virtually[vɜrtʃəlɪ]adv.事实上Infactortoallpurposes;practically:replenish[rɪplenɪʃ]v.把...装满;补充Tofillormakecompleteagain;addanewstockorsupplyto:drasticallyadv.大大地;彻底地plentiful[plentɪfʊl]adj.许多的丰富的Existingingreatquantityoramplesupply.【近】abundantamplebounteousbountifulcopiousgenerousheavyplenitudinousplenteoussubstantialvoluminous.necessitate[nɪsesɪteɪt]v.使成为必需迫使Tomakenecessaryorunavoidable.【近】askcallfordemandentailinvolverequiretake.【记】源于necessary(n必需品;adj必要的)periodic[‚pɪərɪɒdɪk]adj.周期的定期的occurringorrecurringatregularintervals【近】cycliccyclicalisochronalisochronousperiodicalrecurrent.pump[pʌmp]n.抽水机,泵Amachineordeviceforraisingcompressingortransferringfluids.pump[pʌmp]v.用泵抽toraiseormoveafluidwithapumpirrigate[ɪrɪgeɪt]v.灌溉Tosupplydrylandwithwaterbymeansofditchespipesorstreams;waterartificially.acreage[eɪkərɪdʒ]n.英亩数Areaoflandmeasuredinacres.Inevitable[ɪnevɪtəbl]adj.不可避免的;必然的Impossibletoavoidorprevent.【近】certaininescapablesureunavoidable.depletion[dɪpliːʃn]n.消耗;用尽Thestateofbeingdepleted;exhaustion【近】attenuationdebilitationdevitalizationenervationenfeeblementimpoverishment.conserve[kənsɜːv]v.保存tomaintainaquantityconstantduringaprocessofchemicalphysicalorevolutionarychange【近】husbandpreservesave.switch[swɪtʃ]v.转换Toshifttransferordivert:【近】changecommuteexchangeinterchangeshiftsubstitutetrade.philosophy[fɪlɑsəfɪ]n.原理Abasictheory;aviewpoint:profitable[prɑfɪtəbl]adj.有利润的,有利可图的Yieldingprofit;advantageousorlucrative【近】advantageousbeneficbeneficentbeneficialbenignantfavorablegoodhelpfulpropitioussalutarytowarduseful.incentive[ɪnsentɪv]n.动机Somethingsuchasthefearofpunishmentortheexpectationofrewardthatinducesactionormotivateseffort.【近】encouragementfillipimpetusimpulseinducementmotivationprodpushspurstimulantstimulationstimulatorstimulus.【记】in进入,cent=cant唱,发声,ive-说服人做事-刺激upcomingadj.即将来临的Occurringsoon;forthcoming.【近】approachingcomingforthcoming.grandiose[grændɪəʊs]adj.宏伟的,宏大的Characterizedbygreatnessofscopeorintent;grand.【近】augustbaronialgrandimposinglordlymagnificmagnificentmajesticnobleprincelyregalroyalsplendidstatelysublimesuperb.【反】trivial(adj琐细的;微不足道的)scheme[skɪːm]n.方案,计划Asystematicplanofaction.【近】cabalcollusionconnivanceconspiracyintriguemachinationplot.canal[kənæl]n.运河;河渠水道Anartificialwaterwayorartificiallyimprovedriverusedfortravelshippingorirrigation.pipelinen.管道Aconduitofpipeespeciallyoneusedfortheconveyanceofwatergasorpetroleumproducts.tenfoldadv.十倍地uncompetitiveadj.不竞争的Notcompetitive;notlikingorinclinedtocompete.promising[prɑmɪsɪŋ]adj.有希望的Likelytodevelopinadesirablemanner.【近】cheeringencouraginghearteninghopefullikely.capillary[kəpɪlərɪ]adj.毛细管的Relatingtoorresemblingahair;fineandslender.【记】cap头,ill病-头得病,比如脑血栓,就是血管堵塞的结果triple[trɪpl]v.增至三倍Tomakethreetimesasgreatinnumberoramount.【近】threethreesometriadtrinetrinitytriotriumviratetriunetriunitytroika.strain[streɪn]n.品种agroupofpresumedcommonancestrywithclear-cutphysiologicalbutusu.notmorphologicaldistinctionsboom[buːm]n.繁荣Atimeofeconomicprosperity.Underneath[‚ʌndərnɪːθ]adv.在下面Inortoaplacebeneath;below.【近】bottomundersideundersurface.subsequent[sʌbsɪkwənt]adj.后来的Followingintimeororder;succeeding.【近】comingfuturelater.cultivation[‚kʌltɪveɪʃn]n.耕作Theactofcultivating.assemble[əsembl]v.集合;聚集Tobringorcalltogetherintoagrouporwhole:【近】callclustercollect¹congregateconveneconvokegathergettogethergroupmusterroundupsummon.flexiblyadv.灵活地succession[səkseʃn]n.自然演替Thegradualandorderlyprocessofecosystemdevelopmentbroughtaboutbychangesincommunitycompositionandtheproductionofaclimaxcharacteristicofaparticulargeographicregion.ecosystemn.生态系统Anecologicalcommunitytogetherwithitsenvironmentfunctioningasaunit.pioneer[‚paɪənɪr]n.先驱生物Ananimalorplantspeciesthatestablishesitselfinapreviouslybarrenenvironment.climax[klaɪmæks]n.顶极群落Astageinecologicaldevelopmentinwhichacommunityoforganismsespeciallyplantsisstableandcapableofperpetuatingitselfcumulative[kjuːmjʊlətɪv]adj.累积的increasingineffectbysuccessivedoses【近】accumulativeadditive.organism[ɔrgənɪzm]n.生物Anindividualformoflifesuchasaplantananimalabacteriumaprotistorafungus;abodymadeupoforgansorganellesorotherpartsthatworktogethertocarryonthevariousprocessesoflife.invasion[ɪnveɪʒn]n.侵入theactofinvading【近】forayincursioninroadraid.【记】invade(v(以武力)侵犯;(有害的东西大批)侵入)in进入,vade走一走进来-侵略temperate[tempərət]adj.(气候)温带的Characterizedbymoderatetemperaturesweatherorclimate;neitherhotnorcold.【记】temper(v使温和;n脾气),ate=克制的tolerate[tɑləreɪt]v.忍受;容许Tohavetoleranceforasubstanceorpathogen.【近】abideacceptbearbrook²enduregostandforstomachsuffersupportsustainswallowtakewithstandalternatively[alter·nətɪvlɪ]adv.二者择一地disturbance[dɪstɜːbəns]n.扰乱Theconditionofbeingdisturbed:【近】agitationcommotiondisorderhelter-skelterstir¹tumultturbulenceturmoiluproar.resilience[rɪzɪlɪəns]n.恢复力;弹性anabilitytorecoverfromoradjusteasilytomisfortuneorchange【近】bouncebuoyancyelasticityresiliency.【记】re再,sili跳,ence-能再次跳起-弹回redwoodn.红杉;红树AverytallevergreenconiferoustreeSequoiasempervirensnativetothecoastalrangesofsouthernOregonandcentralandnorthernCaliforniahavingsmallseed-bearingconeswithpeltatescalesandunflattenedbranches.likewiseadv.同样地也Inaddition:【近】additionallyalsobesidesfurtherfurthermoreitemmoremoreoverstilltooyet.complicated[kɒmplɪkeɪtɪd]adj.复杂的Containingintricatelycombinedorinvolvedparts.【近】elaboratefancyintricate.tricycle[traɪsɪkl]n.三轮车Avehicleusedespeciallybysmallchildrenthathasthreewheelsoneatthefrontandtwoatthebackandisusuallypropelledbypedals.destruction[destrukʃn]n.破坏;毁灭Theactofdestroying.【近】banedevastationhavocruinruinationundoingwrack¹wreckwreckage.pale[peɪl]v.变黯淡;相形见绌Todecreaseinrelativeimportance.patchiness[pætʃɪnɪs]n.补缀;不规则uniform[juːnɪfɔrm]adj.统一的始终如一的Alwaysthesameasincharacterordegree;unvarying.【近】changelessconstantequableeven¹invariableinvariantregularsamesteadyunchangingunvarying.adjacent[ədʒeɪsənt]adj.毗连的邻近的Closeto;lyingnear:【近】closecontiguousimmediatenearnearbynighproximate.niche[nɪːʃ]n.生物居所Theparticularareawithinahabitatoccupiedbyanorganism.vacate[veɪkeɪt]v.腾出;空出Toceasetooccupyorhold;giveup.【近】cleanoutclearemptyoutevacuatevoid.property[prɑpərtɪ]n.性质Acharacteristicattributepossessedbyallmembersofaclass【近】attributecharactercharacteristicfeaturemarkpeculiarityqualitysavortrait.resilient[rɪzɪlɪənt]adj.迅速恢复精力的;有弹力的Markedbytheabilitytorecoverreadilyasfrommisfortune.contradict[‚kɒntrədɪkt]v.违背;与...矛盾Tobecontraryto;beinconsistentwith.【近】clashconflictdisaccorddiscordjar.【记】contra反,dict说-反着你的意思说-反驳proportional[prəpɔrʃnəl]adj.成比例的Formingarelationshipwithotherpartsorquantities;beinginproportion.【近】commensurablecommensurateproportionate.patchy[pætʃɪ]adj.不调和的凑合的Madeupoformarkedbypatches:【近】erraticinconsistentspottyunevenunsteadyvariable.resistant[rɪzɪstənt]adj.抵抗的;抗...的makingorhavingpowersofresistance【近】renitentresistingresistive.adj.普遍的流行的Widelyorcommonlyoccurringexistingacceptedorpracticed.【近】currentpredominantprevailingregnantrifewidespread.【记】源于prevail(v流行;获胜)lowland[lʊələnd]adj.低地的Relatingtoorcharacteristicoflowusuallylevelland.muledeer长耳鹿prairie[preərɪ]n.大草原牧场AnextensiveareaofflatorrollingpredominantlytreelessgrasslandespeciallythelargetractorplainofcentralNorthAmerica.【记】中间有新鲜的空气air-大草原Marshy[mɑːʃɪ]adj.湿软的;生于沼泽的Ofresemblingorcharacterizedbyamarshormarshes;boggy.understoryn.地表层植物Anunderlyinglayerofvegetationespeciallytheplantsthatgrowbeneathaforestscanopy.inhibit[ɪnhɪbɪt]v.禁止Toprohibit;forbid.【近】bandebardisallowenjoinforbidinterdictoutlawprohibitproscribetaboo.【反】foment(vt煽动;激起);catalyze(vt催化);further(vt促进)meadow[medəʊ]n.草地;牧场Atractofgrasslandeitherinitsnaturalstateorusedaspastureorforgrowinghay.browse[braʊz]v.吃;吃...上的草Tofeedonleavesyoungshootsandothervegetation;grazehuckleberryn.越橘类AnyofvariousNewWorldshrubsofthegenusGaylussaciarelatedtotheblueberriesandbearingediblefruit.Salad[sæləd]n.色拉;色拉用的蔬菜Agreenvegetableorherbusedinsaladespeciallylettuce.dogwoodn.棶木乔木anytreeorshrubofthegenusshrub[ʃrʌb]n.矮树;灌木Awoodyplantofrelativelylowheighthavingseveralstemsarisingfromthebaseandlackingasingletrunk;abush.herb[hɜːb]n.草Aplantwhosestemdoesnotproducewoodypersistenttissueandgenerallydiesbackattheendofeachgrowingseason.harsh[hɑːʃ]adj.恶劣的Coldandforbidding:【近】austerebleakdourgrimhardseverestark.decay[dɪkeɪ]n.腐烂Thedestructionordecompositionoforganicmatterasaresultofbacterialorfungalaction;rot.dormancy[dɔːmənsɪ]n.休眠状态Inaconditionofbiologicalrestorinactivitycharacterizedbycessationofgrowthordevelopmentandthesuspensionofmanymetabolicprocesses.【记】dorm睡觉;参dorm(n宿舍)读都闷死!在地下冬眠的结果就是dormancycompensation[‚kɒmpenseɪʃn]n.补偿Somethingtomakeupforlossordamage:【近】amendsindemnificationindemnityoffsetquittancerecompenseredressreimbursementremunerationreparationrepaymentrequitalrestitutionsatisfactionsetoff.hibernate[haɪbərneɪt]v.冬眠topassthewinterinatorpidorrestingstateElevation[‚elɪveɪʃn]n.海拔Theheighttowhichsomethingiselevatedaboveapointofreferencesuchastheground.【近】altitudeheight.【记】elevate(vt举起;提拔)lev举起;【反】debasement(n降低)bushy[bʊʃɪ]adj.灌木茂密的Overgrownwithbushes.leafy[lɪːfɪ]adj.多叶的Coveredwithorhavingleaves.cedar[siːdə]n.雪松AnyofseveralOldWorldevergreenconiferoustreesofthegenusCedrushavingstiffneedlesonshortshootsandlargeerectseedconeswithbroaddeciduousscales.hemlock[hemlɑk]n.铁杉AnyofvariousconiferousevergreentreesofthegenusTsugaofNorthAmericaandeasternAsiahavingsmallconesandshortflatleaveswithtwowhitebandsunderneath.alder[ɔːldə]n.桤木AnyofvariousdeciduousshrubsortreesofthegenusAlnusnativechieflytonortherntemperateregionsandhavingalternatesimpletoothedleavesandtinyfruitsinwoodyconelikecatkins.arboreal[ɑːbɔːrɪəl]adj.栖息在树上的Livingintrees;arboreous:fodder[fɑdər]n.饲料草料Feedforlivestockespeciallycoarselychoppedhayorstraw.【记】fod=food食物-动物的食物-草料fluctuatev.波动Tovaryirregularly[flʌktʃʊeɪt]【记】flu流动-波动变化markedly[mɑrkɪdlɪ]adv.显著地;明显地inthesamebreath同时bemoan[bɪməʊn]v.惋惜哀叹Toexpresspityorgrieffor【记】be表状态,moan(n呻吟;vi抱怨;vt呻吟)succulent[sʌkjələnt]adj.多汁的多水分的Fullofjuiceorsap;juicy.【记】succ=suck(v吸吮),ulent-因为多汁的,才能吸吮elk[elk]n.麋鹿Themoose.Expedition[‚ekspɪdɪʃn]n.考察队,探险队Thegroupundertakingsuchajourney.headquartersn.总部Acenterofoperationsoradministration:【近】base¹complexstation.fort[fɔːt]n.堡垒Afortifiedplaceorpositionstationedwithtroops.picturesquely[pɪktʃəresklɪ]adv.如画地别致地dot[dɒt]v.布满Tocoverwithorasifwithdots:【近】bespecklebesprinkledapplefleckfrecklemottlepepperspeckspecklesprinklestipplebode[bəʊd]v.预示Tobeanomenof【近】adumbrateaugurforecastforerunforeshadowforetellforetokenportendprefigurepresageprognosticate.plight[plaɪt]n.境况Asituationespeciallyabadorunfortunateone【近】box¹cornerdeepwaterdifficultydilemmaDutchfixholehotspothotwaterjampredicamentquagmirescrapesouptrouble.【记】原指带有风险的承诺或保证,引申为困境,现在又引申为订婚p破,light灯家里有一盏破灯-困境【反】favorablecondition(顺境)encroach[ɪnkrəʊtʃ]v.侵犯Toadvancebeyondproperorformerlimits:log[lɒg]v.伐木Tocutdowntrimandhaulthetimberofapieceofland.biotic[baɪɑtɪk]adj.关于生命的;生物的oforrelatingtolifeyield[jɪːld]v.生产Togiveforthbyorasifbyanaturalprocessespeciallybycultivation【近】beargiveproduce.indefinite[ɪndefɪnət]adj.无限的不确定的Notdefinite【近】blearblearycloudydimfaintfoggyfuzzyhazyindistinctmistyobscureshadowyunclearundistinctvague.rebound[rɪbaʊnd]n.弹回Tospringorbouncebackafterhittingorcollidingwithsomething.【近】bouncebound¹.predator[predətər]n.食肉动物Anorganismthatlivesbypreyingonotherorganisms.cougar[kuːgə]n.美洲豹Lynx[lɪŋks]n.山猫猞猁AnyofseveralwildcatsofthegenusLynxespeciallyL.canadensisofnorthernNorthAmericaorL.lynxofEurasiahavingsoftthickfurablack-tippedshorttailandtuftedears.restoration[‚restəreɪʃn]n.恢复theactofrestoringortheconditionofbeingrestored【近】face-liftfaceliftingrefurbishmentrejuvenationrenewalrenovationrevampment.tract[trækt]n.土地Anexpanseoflandorwater.【近】areabeltdistrictlocalityneighborhoodquarterregionzone.deforestv.采伐森林;清除树林Tocutdownandclearawaythetreesorforestsfrom.vine[vaɪn]n.攀爬植物蔓藤Aweak-stemmedplantthatderivesitssupportfromclimbingtwiningorcreepingalongasurface.substantially[səbstænʃəlɪ]adv.本质上实质上nutritive[nuːtrətɪv]adj.有营养的【近】alimentarynourishingnutrientnutritious.marsh[mɑːʃ]n.沼泽湿地Anareaofsoftwetlow-lyinglandcharacterizedbygrassyvegetationandoftenformingatransitionzonebetweenwaterandland.highland[haɪələnd]n.高地;丘陵地带Elevatedland.yield[jɪːld]n.生产量Theamountorquantityproduced:【近】outputproduction.seasonally[sɪːznəlɪ]adv.季节性地;周期性地outnumberv.数目超过比...多Toexceedthenumberof;bemorenumerousthan.elimination[ɪ‚lɪmɪneɪʃn]n.消除;除去Theactorprocessofeliminating:【近】clearanceeradicationliquidationpurgeremovalriddance.deficiency[dɪfɪʃnsɪ]n.缺乏;不足Alackorshortageespeciallyofsomethingessentialtohealth;aninsufficiency【近】defectdeficitinadequacyinsufficiencylackpaucitypovertyscantinessscantnessscarcenessscarcityshortageshortcomingshortfallunderage¹.【记】de坏,fic做-做坏-缺陷Bead[biːd]n.珠子Asmalloftenroundpieceofmaterialsuchasglassplasticorwoodthatispiercedforstringingorthreading.crude[kruːd]adj.粗糙的未成熟的Lackingexpertcarefulcraftsmanship:【近】primitiverawroughrudeunpolished.marked[mɑːkt]adj.显著的Readilyattractingnotice:【近】arrestingboldconspicuouseye-catchingnoticeableobservableoutstandingpointedprominentpronouncedremarkablesalientsignalstriking.naturalistic[‚nætʃrəlɪstɪk]adj.自然的自然学的Imitatingorproducingtheeffectorappearanceofnature.【近】lifelikenaturalrealistictruetrue-lifetruthful.slab[slæb]n.厚片Abroadflatthickpieceasofcakestoneorcheese.excavate[ekskəveɪt]v.挖掘;发掘Toremovebydiggingorscoopingout.【近】digscoopshovel.【记】ex出,cav=cave(n洞)-挖出大洞-挖掘principal[prɪnsəpl]adj.主要的Firsthighestorforemostinimportancerankworthordegree;chief.【近】capitalcardinalchieffirstforemostkeyleadingmainmajornumberoneparamountpremierprimaryprimetop.gallery[gælərɪ]n.走廊画廊Alongenclosedpassagesuchasahallwayorcorridor.interpret[ɪntɜrprɪt]v.诠释,体现Topresentorconceptualizethemeaningofbymeansofartorcriticism.【近】construedecipherexplainexplicateexpoundspellout.backdropn.背景幕Apaintedcurtainhungatthebackofastageset【记】back后,drop落下-在舞台后落下的东西-幕布trapping[træp]n.装饰物Articlesofdressoradornmentespeciallyaccessories.contemporary[kəntempərərɪ]adj.当前的,现代的Current;modern【近】currentexistentexistingnewnowpresent¹present-day.paleolithic[‚peɪlɪəʊlɪθɪk]adj.旧石器时代的Ofbelongingtoordesignatingtheculturalperiodbeginningwiththeearliestchippedstonetoolsabout750000yearsagountilthebeginningoftheMesolithicAgeabout15000yearsago.【记】paleo古,lith石头,ic-旧石器时代的depict[dɪpɪkt]v.描述;描写Torepresentinwords;describe.【近】delineatedescribeexpressimagelimnpictureportrayrenderrepresentshow.【记】de加强语义,pict画一加强画一描绘pic是picture的缩写Herd[hɜːd]n.兽群Anumberofwildanimalsofonespeciesthatremaintogetherasagroup:explicit[ɪksplɪsɪt]adj.详尽的;明确的Fullyandclearlyexpressed;leavingnothingimplied.【近】categoricalclearclear-cutdecideddefiniteexpresspositiveprecisespecificunambiguousunequivocal.【反】inchoate(adj未形成的;不成熟的);tacit(adj默许的;含蓄的);immanent(adj内在的);obscure(adj模糊的)portray[pɔrtreɪ]v.画Todepictorrepresentpictorially;makeapictureof.【近】delineatedepictdescribeexpressimagelimnpicturerenderrepresentshow.hide[haɪd]n.兽皮Theskinofananimalespeciallythethicktoughskinorpeltofalargeanimal.【近】fell³furjacketpelt¹.bovine[bəʊvaɪn]n.牛科动物OfrelatingtoorresemblingaruminantmammalofthegenusBossuchasanoxcoworbuffalo.meaty[miːtɪ]adj.肉的多肉的Fulloforcontainingmeat.tusk[tʌsk]n.长牙尖牙Anelongatedpointedtoothusuallyoneofapairextendingoutsideofthemouthincertainanimalssuchasthewalruselephantorwildboarhorn[hɔːn]n.角Oneofthehardusuallypermanentstructuresprojectingfromtheheadofcertainmammalssuchascattlesheepgoatsorantelopesconsistingofabonycorecoveredwithasheathofkeratinousmaterial.unpredictabilityadj.不可预知性mammoth[mæməθ]n.猛犸AnyofvariouslargehairyextinctelephantsofthegenusMammuthusespeciallythewoollymammothM.primigeniusoncewidespreadintheNorthernHemisphere.Reindeer[reɪn‚dɪə]n.驯鹿AlargedeerRangifertarandusoftheArcticandnorthernregionsofEurasiaandNorthAmericahavingbranchedantlersinbothsexes.Portrayal[pɔrtreɪəl]n.描绘Theactorprocessofdepictingorportraying.【近】delineationdepictiondescriptionexpressionrepresentation.confine[kɒnfaɪn]v.限制Tokeepwithinbounds;restrict:【近】circumscribelimitrestrict.Shaft[ʃæft]n.柄Thelongnarrowstemorbodyofaspearoranarrow.【近】barbloom²rodslabstick.anthropologist[‚ænθrəpɒlədʒɪst]n.人类学家interpretation[ɪn‚tɜrprɪteɪʃn]n.解释Theactorprocessofinterpreting.【近】clarificationconstructiondeciphermentelucidationexegesisexplanationexplicationexpositionilluminationillustration.engravingn.雕刻Theartortechniqueofonethatengraves.[engravɪŋ]notation[nəʊteɪʃn]n.记号标志Asystemoffiguresorsymbolsusedinaspecializedfieldtorepresentnumbersquantitiestonesorvalues:【近】memorandumnote.phase[feɪz]n.月相Oneofthecyclicallyrecurringapparentformsofthemoonoraplanet.figurine[fɪgjərɪːn]n.小雕像Asmallmoldedorsculpturedfigure;astatuette.【记】figure(n外形;体形vt塑造),ine小-小体形-小雕像exaggerated[exag·geratɪd]adj.夸张的Torepresentasgreaterthanisactuallythecase;overstate:Fertility[fərtɪlətɪ]n.肥沃;多产Theconditionqualityordegreeofbeingfertile.【近】fecundityfruitfulnessproductivenessproductivityprolificacyprolificnessrichness.considerable[considərəbl]adj.相当的Largeinamountextentordegree:【近】bigextensivegoodgreathealthylargelarge-scalesizable.scarce[skeəs]adj.缺乏的;稀有的Insufficienttomeetademandorrequirement;shortinsupply:【近】deficientinadequateinsufficientshortshy¹underwanting.obtain[əbteɪn]v.得到获得Tosucceedingainingpossessionofastheresultofplanningorendeavor;acquire.【近】acquirecomebygaingetprocuresecurewin.consciousadj.有意识的觉察的Havinganawarenessofonesenvironmentandonesownexistencesensationsandthoughts【近】heedfulmindfulobservant.engrave[ɪngreɪv]v.雕刻Tocarvecutoretchintoamaterial:【近】carveetchgrave³incise.【记】grave(n墓穴;adj严重的;v雕刻;铭记)artworkn.艺术制品Workinthegraphicorplasticartsespeciallysmallhandmadedecorativeorartisticobjects.petroleum[pɪtrəʊlɪəm]n.石油【记】petr石头,oleum油-石油crude[kruːd]adj.天然的Beinginanunrefinedornaturalstate;raw.【近】nativerawunprocessedunrefined.originate[ərɪdʒəneɪt]v.产生;来自Tobringintobeing;create:【近】arisebegincommencestart.marine[mərɪːn]adj.海的Nativetoinhabitingorformedbythesea:【近】maritimeoceanicpelagicthalassic.【记】submarine(n潜水艇)sub下面,marine海sediment[sedɪmənt]n.沉淀物沉积Materialthatsettlestothebottomofaliquid;lees【近】depositdregoftenusedinpluralleesprecipitateprecipitation.【记】sedi坐,ment一坐下去的东西-沉淀物microscopic[‚maɪkrəskɑpɪk]adj.用显微镜可见的;精微的Exceedinglysmall;minute:imperceptibleinfinitesimal【反】elephantine(adj象的;巨大的)organism[ɔrgənɪzm]n.生物有机体Anindividualformoflifesuchasaplantananimalabacteriumaprotistorafungus;abodymadeupoforgansorganellesorotherpartsthatworktogethertocarryonthevariousprocessesoflife.decompose[‚diːkəmpəʊz]v.分解;腐烂Toseparateintocomponentsorbasicelements【近】breakdowndecaydeterioratedisintegratemolderputrefyrotspoiltaintturn.【记】de,com共同,pose放-使放在一起的东西分开-使腐烂源于decay(vi腐朽;腐烂)decay[dɪkeɪ]n.腐烂Tobreakdownintocomponentparts;rot.【近】breakdowndecompositiondeteriorationdisintegrationputrefactionputrescenceputridnessrotrottennessspoilage.sedimentation[‚sedɪmenteɪʃn]n.沉淀作用;沉降Theactorprocessofdepositingsediment.subject[sʌbʒɪkt]v.使受到Toexposetosomethingdroplet[drɒplɪt]n.小滴Atinydrop【近】dribletdropglobule.【记】drop(n/v滴)let小-小水滴accumulation[ə‚kjuːmjʊleɪʃn]n.堆积;积聚Theactofgatheringoramassingasintoaheaporpile:【近】aggregationamassmentassemblagecollectioncongeriescumulationgatheringmass.Dense[dens]adj.密集的Havingrelativelyhighdensity.【近】closecompact¹crowdedpackedthicktight.saturated[sætʃəreɪtɪd]adj.饱和的Unabletoholdorcontainmore;full.derrick[derɪk]n.钻架Atallframeworkoveradrilledholeespeciallyanoilwellusedtosupportboringequipmentorhoistandlowerlengthsofpipe.portable[pɔrtəbl]adj.可移动的,轻便的Carriedormovedwithease:【记】port拿,运,able-能拿的-轻便的dismantle[dɪsmæntl]v.拆除...的设备Totakeapart;disassemble;teardown.【近】breakdowndisassembledismounttakedown.【记】mantle(n披风;斗篷v覆盖)dis去掉,men人,tle头拆除density[densətɪ]n.密度Thequantityofsomethingperunitmeasureespeciallyperunitlengthareaorvolume.【近】compactnesssoliditythickness.spout[spaʊt]n.喷口;水柱Atubemouthorpipethroughwhichliquidisreleasedordischarged【近】jet²sprayspurtsquirt.【记】sp=spill(v溢出),out-喷出gusher[gʌʃər]n.自喷油井Onethatgushesespeciallyanabundantlyflowinggasoroilwellpump[pʌmp]v.用泵抽Toraiseorcausetoflowbymeansofapump.【近】draindrawoffletouttap².refinery[rɪfaɪnərɪ]n.精炼厂Anindustrialplantforpurifyingacrudesubstancesuchaspetroleumorsugar.【近】clarifiercleanercleanserpurifierrefiner.gasoline[gæsəlin]n.汽油Avolatilemixtureofflammableliquidhydrocarbonsderivedchieflyfromcrudepetroleumandusedprincipallyasafuelforinternal-combustionenginesandasasolventanilluminantandathinner.kerosene[kerəsɪːn]n.煤油Athinoildistilledfrompetroleumorshaleoilusedasafuelforheatingandcookinginlampsandasadenaturantforalcoholpetrochemical[petrəʊkemɪkl]n.石化产品Achemicalderivedfrompetroleumornaturalgas.dye[daɪ]n.染料Asubstanceusedtocolormaterials【近】colorcolorantcoloringdyestuffpigmentstaintincture.fertilizer[fɜrtɪlaɪzə]n.肥料Anyofalargenumberofnaturalandsyntheticmaterialsincludingmanureandnitrogenphosphorusandpotassiumcompoundsspreadonorworkedintosoiltoincreaseitscapacitytosupportplantgrowth.hostile[hɒstaɪl]adj.不利的Unfavorabletohealthorwell-being;inhospitableoradversepipelinen.管道Aconduitofpipeespeciallyoneusedfortheconveyanceofwatergasorpetroleumproducts.offshore[ɔfʃɔr]adj.近海的Locatedatadistancefromtheshoresloping[sləʊpɪŋ]adj.倾斜的;有坡度的Todivergefromtheverticalorhorizontal;inclineextraction[extrakʃn]n.抽出Theactofextractingortheconditionofbeingextractedlandslide[lændslaɪd]n.山崩Thedownwardslidingofarelativelydrymassofearthandrock.spillage[spɪlɪdʒ]n.溢出Theactofspilling.cargo[kɑːgəʊ]n.货物Thefreightcarriedbyashipanaircraftoranothervehicle.collisionn.碰撞Theactorprocessofcolliding;acrashorconflict.【近】[kəlɪʒn]bumpconcussioncrashimpactjarjoltpercussionshock¹smash.slick[slɪk]n.一层浮油Afloatingfilmofoil.drift[drɪft]v.使漂流Tobecarriedalongbycurrentsofairorwater【近】floatwashAshore[əʃɔː]adv.向岸Toorontotheshore:foul[faʊl]v.弄脏Tomakedirtyorfoul;pollute【近】contaminatedefilepoisonpollute.subside[səbsaɪd]v.沉降Tosinktoalowerornormallevel.【近】abatebatedieawaydownofforouteaseofforupebbfallfallofflapseletupmoderateremitslackenslackoffwane.【记】sub下面,side坐-坐下去-下陷strategy[strætɪdʒɪ]n.策略Aplanofactionresultingfromstrategyorintendedtoaccomplishaspecificgoal【近】blueprintdesigngameplanidealayoutplanprojectschemascheme.accessible[æksesəbl]adj.易接近的,易进入的Easilyapproachedorentered.【近】employableopenoperableoperativepracticableusableutilizable.sophisticated[səfɪstɪkeɪtɪd]adj.复杂精密的Verycomplexorcomplicatedsubstantial[səbstænʃl]adj.丰富的,大量的Ample;sustaining:【近】abundantamplebounteousbountifulcopiousgenerousheavyplenitudinousplenteousplentifulvoluminous.【记】源于substance(n物质)alterv.改变Tochangeormakedifferent;modify[ɔːltə]【近】changemodifymutateturnvary.legislation[‚ledʒɪsleɪʃn]n.立法法律Theactorprocessoflegislating;lawmaking.【近】actassizebill¹enactmentlawlexmeasurestatute.halt[hɔːlt]v.使停止Asuspensionofmovementorprogressespeciallyatemporaryone.【近】arrestbelayceasecheckdiscontinueleaveoffquitstall¹stopsurcease.reef[rɪːf]n.礁,暗礁Astriporridgeofrockssandorcoralthatrisestoornearthesurfaceofabodyofwater.vessel[vesl]n.船Acraftespeciallyonelargerthanarowboatdesignedtonavigateonwater.harness[hɑrnɪs]v.利用;控制;支配Tobringundercontrolanddirecttheforceof:reign[reɪn]n.统治;在位期间Theperiodduringwhichamonarchrules.【近】commandcontroldominancedominationdominionmasteryrulesway.【记】reig=reg统治windmill[wɪnmɪl]n.风车Amachinethatrunsontheenergygeneratedbyawheelofadjustablebladesorslatsrotatedbythewind.waterpowern.水力水力发电Theenergyproducedbyrunningorfallingwaterthatisusedfordrivingmachineryespeciallyforgeneratingelectricity.abound[əbaʊnd]v.丰富充满Tobegreatinnumberoramount.【近】bristlecrawlflowoverflowpullulateswarmteem.mill[mɪl]n.磨坊Abuildingequippedwithmachineryforgrindinggrainintoflourormeal.【近】factoryplantworkusedinplural.textile[tekstaɪl]n.纺织品;纺织原料Aclothespeciallyonemanufacturedbyweavingorknitting;afabric.exploit[ɪksplɔɪt]v.开拓;开采;开发Toemploytothegreatestpossibleadvantage【近】actuateapplyemployexerciseimplementpracticeuseutilize.【记】explore(v探险;探究)是为了exploitPiston[pɪstən]n.活塞瓣Asolidcylinderordiskthatfitssnuglyintoalargercylinderandmovesunderfluidpressureasinareciprocatingengineordisplacesorcompressesfluidsasinpumpsandcompressors.cylinder[sɪlɪndə]n.圆筒,缸Thechamberofapumpfromwhichfluidisexpelledbyapiston.atmospheric[‚ætməsferɪk]adj.大气的Ofrelatingtoorexistingintheatmosphere.【近】aerialairypneumatic.condense[kəndens]v.使浓缩凝结Tocauseagasorvaportochangetoaliquid.【近】inspissatethicken.【记】con全部,dense(adj密集的;浓厚的)-全部变浓-浓缩【反】rarefy(v稀释)vacuum[vækjʊəm]n.真空Aspaceinwhichthepressureissignificantlylowerthanatmosphericpressure.【近】barrennessemptinessnothingnessvacancyvacuityvoid.【记】vac空,uum真空embody[ɪmbɒdɪ]v.具体表达;包含Torepresentinbodilyormaterialform:【近】bodyforthexteriorizeexternalizeincarnatemanifestmaterializeobjectifypersonalizepersonifysubstantiate.【记】em,body(n身体)-是变成身体-具体化perfect[pɜrfɪkt]v.使完美修改Tobringtoperfectionorcompletion.【近】polishrefinesmooth.condenser[kəndensə]n.冷凝器Onethatcondensesespeciallyanapparatususedtocondensevapor.reciprocate[rɪsɪprəkeɪt]v.往复运动Tomovebackandforthalternately.【近】counterhitbackretaliateretortstrikeback.rotary[rəʊtərɪ]adj.旋转的Ofrelatingtocausingorcharacterizedbyrotationespeciallyaxialrotation.consumption[kənsʌmpʃn]n.消耗Theactorprocessofconsuming.【近】usageuse.liberate[lɪbəreɪt]v.解放使自由Tosetfreeasfromoppressionconfinementorforeigncontrol.【近】dischargeemancipatefreeloosemanumitrelease【记】liber自由,使人自由-释放【反】incarcerate(v把…关进监狱);fette(rv束缚;加脚镣)management(n管理)unfetteredliberty(没有约束的自由)eliminate[ɪlɪmɪneɪt]v.排除,除去toexpelaswastefromthelivingbody【近】dropomitremove.【记】e出,limi界限一扔出界限一淘汰availability[ə‚veɪləbɪlətɪ]n.可利用性;可得到的东西illumination[ɪ‚luːmɪneɪʃn]n.照明Theactofilluminating.【近】light¹lighting.millennium[mɪlenɪəm]n.一千年Aspanofonethousandyears.【记】mill=mile(n千米);enn=ann年,ium-一千年flicker[flɪkər]v.闪烁;颤动Tomovewaveringly;flutter:【近】blinkflashglimmertwinklewink.gaslitadj.煤气灯Illuminatedbygaslight.charcoal[tʃɑːkəʊl]n.木炭Ablackporouscarbonaceousmaterial85to98percentcarbonproducedbythedestructivedistillationofwoodandusedasafuelfilterandabsorbent.blast[blɑːst]n.送风,吹风Aforciblestreamofairgasorsteamfromanopeningespeciallyoneinablastfurnacetoaidcombustion.【近】airblow¹breezegustwind¹zephyr.Furnace[fɜrnɪs]n.火炉熔炉Anenclosureinwhichenergyinanonthermalformisconvertedtoheatespeciallysuchanenclosureinwhichheatisgeneratedbythecombustionofasuitablefuel.ore[ɔː]n.矿石Amineraloranaggregateofmineralsfromwhichavaluableconstituentespeciallyametalcanbeprofitablyminedorextracted.virtual[vɜrtʃʊəl]adj.有效的实质的Existingorresultinginessenceoreffectthoughnotinactualfactformorname:【近】implicitpractical.monopoly[mənɑpəlɪ]n.垄断Exclusivecontrolbyonegroupofthemeansofproducingorsellingacommodityorservice.【近】corner.spin[spɪn]v.纺织Todrawoutandtwistfibersintothread.multiply[mʌtɪplaɪ]v.增加Toincreasetheamountnumberordegreeof.【近】aggrandizeamplifyaugmentboostbuildbuildupburgeonenlargeescalateexpandextendgrowincreasemagnifymountproliferateriserunupsnowballsoarswellupsurgewax【记】multi多,ply-变多-乘;繁殖;增加canal[kənæl]n.运河Anartificialwaterwayorartificiallyimprovedriverusedfortravelshippingorirrigation.turnpiken.公路;收费高速公路Atollroadespeciallyanexpresswaywithtollgates.【近】avenueboulevarddriveexpresswayfreewayhighwaypathroadroadwayroutestreetsuperhighwaythoroughfarethruwayway.terrain[təreɪn]n.地带地形Anareaofland;ground:【近】countrydistrictregionterritory.roadbedn.路基Thefoundationuponwhichthetiesrailsandballastofarailroadarelaid.ingredient[ɪngrɪːdɪənt]n.成分;因素Anelementinamixtureorcompound;aconstituent【近】buildingblockcomponentconstituentelementfactorintegrantpart.【记】in进入,gred=greedy(adj贪吃的;渴望的),ient-进入贪吃的状态就会对调料有所求-调料,成分wagonn.货车Afour-wheeledusuallyhorse-drawnvehiclewithalargerectangularbodyusedfortransportingloads.flange[flændʒ]n.凸缘;轮缘Aprotrudingrimedgeriborcollarasonawheelorapipeshaftusedtostrengthenanobjectholditinplaceorattachittoanotherobject.puff[pʌf]v.发出喷气Toemitpuffs.springv.发源Toarisefromasource;develop.[sprɪŋ]【近】arisecomederiveemanateflowissueoriginateproceedrisestemupspringundesirableadj.不受欢迎的不良的Notlikelytoplease;objectionable:【近】undesireduninvitedunsoughtunwantedunwelcomeunwished-for.utilize[juːtlaɪ]v.利用Toputtouseespeciallytofindaprofitableorpracticalusefor【近】actuateapplyemployexerciseexploitimplementpracticeuse.ultimately[ʌltɪmətlɪ]adv.最后地;终极地Atlast;intheend;eventually.【近】finally.initially[ɪnɪʃəlɪ]adv.最初flexible[fleksəbl]adj.灵活的Responsivetochange;adaptable:【近】ductileelasticflexileimpressionablemalleableplasticpliablepliantsuggestiblesupple.【反】obdurate(adj冷酷无情的;顽固的);mulish(adj固执的)blacksmithn.铁匠锻工Onethatforgesandshapesironwithananvilandhammer.rudimentary[ruːdɪmentərɪ]adj.基本的初步的Oforrelatingtobasicfactsorprinciples;elementary.【近】basalbasicbeginningelementaryrudimental.【记】rudi=rude(adj粗鲁的)-还处于粗鲁状态-初步的surveyor[səveɪə-]n.测量员检查员parish[pærɪʃ]n.教区proceed[prəsɪːd]v.开始Tobegintocarryonanactionoraprocess:【近】advancecomealonggetalongmarch¹moveprogress.excavatev.挖掘Toexposeoruncoverbyorasifbydigging[ekskəveɪt]【近】delvediggrubscoopshovelspade.【记】ex出,cav=cave(n洞)-挖出大洞-挖掘locomotive[ləʊkəməʊtɪv]n.火车头机关车Aself-propelledvehicleusuallyelectricordiesel-poweredforpullingorpushingfreightorpassengercarsonrailroadtracks.【记】local地方,motive动从一个地方动到另一个地方-机车!outcrop[aʊtkrɑp]n.露出层Aportionofbedrockorotherstratumprotrudingthroughthesoillevel.breadth[bredθ]n.宽度Themeasureordimensionfromsidetoside;width.【近】broadnesswidenesswidth.stratum[strætəm]n.层;地层(pl:strata)Abedorlayerofsedimentaryrockhavingapproximatelythesamecompositionthroughout.meticulous[mɪtɪkjələs]adj.一丝不苟的过细的精确的Extremelycarefulandprecise.【近】carefulfastidiouspainstakingpunctiliousscrupulous.quartz[kwɔːts]n.石英AveryhardmineralcomposedofsilicaSiO2foundworldwideinmanydifferenttypesofrocksincludingsandstoneandgranite.Varietiesofquartzincludeagatechalcedonychertflintopalandrockcrystal.Ion[aɪən]n.离子Anatomoragroupofatomsthathasacquiredanetelectricchargebygainingorlosingoneormoreelectrons.shale[ʃeɪl]n.页岩泥板岩Afissilerockcomposedoflayersofclaylikefine-grainedsediments.【记】读shell(n贝壳),也是一层一层的感觉sandstone[sændstəʊn]n.沙岩Asedimentaryrockformedbytheconsolidationandcompactionofsandandheldtogetherbyanaturalcementsuchassilica.sediment[sedɪmənt]n.沉淀物沉积Solidfragmentsofinorganicororganicmaterialthatcomefromtheweatheringofrockandarecarriedanddepositedbywindwaterorice.【近】depositdregoftenusedinpluralleesprecipitateprecipitation.【记】sedi坐,ment一坐下去的东西-沉淀物temporal[tempərəl]adj.时间的Ofrelatingtoorlimitedbytime:【近】earthboundearthenearthlyearthymundaneseculartelluriantelluricterreneterrestrialworldly.faunal[fɔnl]adj.动物区系的virtual[vɜrtʃʊəl]adj.有效的实质的Existingorresultinginessenceoreffectthoughnotinactualfactformorname【近】implicitpractical.floral[flɔːrəl]adj.植物的fauna[fɔːnə]n.动物群Animalsespeciallytheanimalsofaparticularregionorperiodconsideredasagroup.limestone[laɪmston]n.石灰石AcommonsedimentaryrockconsistingmostlyofcalciumcarbonateCaCO3usedasabuildingstoneandinthemanufactureoflimecarbondioxideandcement.trilobite[traɪləbaɪt]n.三叶虫AnyofnumerousextinctmarinearthropodsoftheclassTrilobitaofthePaleozoicErahavingasegmentedbodydividedbygroovesintothreeverticallobesandfoundasfossilsthroughouttheworld.ubiquitous[juːbɪkwɪtəs]adj.到处存在的;普遍存在的Beingorseemingtobeeverywhereatthesametime;omnipresent:【近】omnipresentuniversal.arthropod[ɑrθrəpɑd]n.节肢动物AnyofnumerousinvertebrateanimalsofthephylumArthropodaincludingtheinsectscrustaceansarachnidsandmyriapodsthatarecharacterizedbyachitinousexoskeletonandasegmentedbodytowhichjointedappendagesarearticulatedinpairs.apprentice[əprentɪs]v.使做学徒Toplaceortakeonasabeginnerorlearner.masterpiece[mæstərpɪːs]n.杰作;名著Anoutstandingworkofartorcraft.【近】chef-doeuvremagnumopusmasterwork.composition[‚kɒmpəzɪʃn]n.组成Thecombiningofdistinctpartsorelementstoformawholeresemble[rɪzembl]v.相似象Toexhibitsimilarityorlikenessto【近】takeafter.vanish[vænɪʃ]v.消失Topassoutofexistence.【近】disappearevanesceevaporatefadefadeout.flora[flɔːrə]n.植物群Plantsconsideredasagroupespeciallytheplantsofaparticularcountryregionortime.undergo[‚ʌndərgəʊ]v.遭受经历Topassthrough;experience:【近】experiencefeelgothroughhaveknowmeet¹withseesuffertasteindicator[ɪndɪkeɪtər]n.指示者Onethatindicatesespecially:infantile[ɪnfəntaɪl]adj.婴儿的Oforrelatingtoinfantsorinfancy.【近】babyishcherubicchildlikeinfantine.amnesia[æmniːzjə]n.记忆缺失Partialortotallossofmemoryusuallyresultingfromshockpsychologicaldisturbancebraininjuryorillness【记】a不,非,mnes记忆,ia病-没有记忆的病-健忘症Scanty[skæntɪ]adj.不足的;缺乏的Barelysufficientoradequate.【近】exiguousmeagerpoorpunyscantskimpysparesparsestingythin【记】scan扫描仪,ty需要用扫描仪才能找到-缺乏的hospitalize[hɑspɪtəlaɪz]v.就医Toplaceinahospitalfortreatmentcareorobservation.sibling[sɪblɪŋ]n.兄弟姐妹Oneoftwoormoreindividualshavingoneorbothparentsincommon;abrotherorsister【记】sib(n亲属),ling小-兄弟姐妹inability[ɪnəbɪlətɪ]n.无能Lackofabilityormeans.【近】incapabilityincapacityincompetenceincompetencypowerlessness.sheer[ʃɪr/ʃɪə]adj.纯粹的Consideredoroperatingapartfromanythingelse:【近】absoluteperfectplainpuresimpleunadulteratedundilutedunmixed.plausible[plɔːzəbl]adj.貌似真实的貌似有理的Seeminglyorapparentlyvalidlikelyoracceptable;credible【近】believablecolorablecrediblecreditable.【记】plaus鼓掌,ible-值得鼓掌的-似乎合理的hypothesis[haɪpɑθɪsɪs]n.假设Somethingtakentobetrueforthepurposeofargumentorinvestigation;anassumption.【近】theory.【记】hypo在…下面,thesis(n论题;论文)-论题的背后-假设episode[epɪsəʊd]n.插曲事件aneventthatisdistinctiveandseparatealthoughpartofalargerseries【近】circumstancedevelopmenteventhappeningincidentnewsoccasionoccurrencething.toddler[tɑdlər]n.初学走路的孩子Onewhotoddlesespeciallyayoungchildlearningtowalkpromising[prɑmɪsɪŋ]adj.有希望的前途有望的Likelytodevelopinadesirablemanner.【近】cheeringencouraginghearteninghopefullikely.physiological[‚fɪzɪəlɑdʒɪkl]adj.生理的Beinginaccordwithorcharacteristicofthenormalfunctioningofalivingorganismmaturation[‚mætɪʊreɪʃn]n.成熟Theprocessofbecomingmature.frontal[frʌntl]adj.前面的Ofrelatingtodirectedtowardorsituatedatthefrontlobe[ləʊb]n.叶Asubdivisionofabodilyorganorpartboundedbyfissuresconnectivetissueorotherstructuralboundaries.retrieve[rɪtrɪːv]v.使恢复Togetback;regain.【近】recouprecoverregainrepossess.【记】re再,trieve得到-重新得到-重新寻回explicit[ɪksplɪsɪt]adj.详尽的;明确的Fullyandclearlyexpressed;leavingnothingimplied【近】categoricalclearclear-cutdecideddefiniteexpresspositiveprecisespecificunambiguousunequivocal.【反】inchoate(adj未形成的;不成熟的);tacit(adj默许的;含蓄的);immanent(adj内在的);obscure(adj模糊的)extract[ɪkstrækt]v.吸取Toderiveorobtaininformationforexamplefromasource【近】cullgarnergathergleanpickup.【记】ex出,tract拉-拔出【反】embed(vt使插入;使嵌入)gist[dʒɪst]n.要点;要旨Thecentralidea;theessence【近】coreessenceheartkernelmarrowmeatnubpithquintessenceroot¹soulspiritstuffsubstance.【记】读记死它-因为是gist所以要死死的记住它verbalizable[ˈvə:bəlaizəbl]adj.可用言辞表达的incompatibility[ɪnkəmpætəbɪlətɪ]n.不两立;不相容Thestateorqualityofbeingincompatible【近】differencedisagreementdiscrepancediscrepancydisparitygapincongruityinconsistency.encode[enkəʊd]v.改为密码Toputamessageforexampleintocode.reconstruct[‚rɪːkənstrʌkt]v.重建Toconstructagain.【近】rebuildreclaimreconditionrehabilitatereinstaterejuvenaterenovaterestituterestore.perspective[pərspektɪv]n.看法Subjectiveevaluationofrelativesignificance;apointofview:【近】lookoutoutlookpanoramaprospectscenesightviewvista.mismatch[mɪsmætʃ]n.错误的结合Tomatchunsuitablyorinaccurately.category[kætɪgərɪ]n.种类Aspecificallydefineddivisioninasystemofclassification;aclass【近】classclassificationorderset².mutuallyexclusive互斥的immaturity[‚ɪmətjʊərətɪ]n.未成熟preschoolern.学龄前儿童Achildwhoisnotoldenoughtoattendkindergarten.substantiate[səbstænʃɪeɪt]v.证实Tosupportwithprooforevidence;verify【近】authenticatebearoutconfirmcorroboratedemonstrateendorseestablishevidenceproveshowvalidateverify.【反】controvert(v反驳);disapprove(v不赞成);disproof(n反证)facilitate[fəsɪlɪteɪt]v.帮助;促进Tomakeeasyoreasier:【近】easeexpedite.【反】hamper(v妨碍);thwart(v阻碍);obstruct(v阻隔;阻塞)impede(v阻止);thwart(vt反对;阻碍)interpret[ɪntɜrprɪt]v.解释说明Toexplainthemeaningof【近】construedecipherexplainexplicateexpoundspellout.evaluate[ɪvæljʊeɪt]v.评估评价Tomakeajudgmentastotheworthorvalueof:【近】appraiseassayassesscalculateestimategaugejudgerate¹sizeupvaluatevalue.chronologically[‚krɒnəlɒdʒɪkli]adv.按年月顺序地按时间先后oceanographic[əuʃiənəuɡræfik]adj.海洋学的有关海洋学的vessel[vesl]n.船Acraftespeciallyonelargerthanarowboatdesignedtonavigateonwater.objective[əbdʒektɪv]n.目的Somethingworkedtowardorstrivenfor;agoal.【近】aimambitiondesignendgoalintentintentionmarkmeaningobjectpointpurposetargetviewwhy.cruise[kruːz]n.巡航漫游Totravelaboutorjourneyover.invertebrate[ɪnvɜrtɪbrət]adj.无脊骨的无脊椎的Lackingabackboneorspinalcolumn;notvertebrate.【记】vertebrate(n/adj有脊椎动物)fauna[fɔːnə]n.动物群Animalsespeciallytheanimalsofaparticularregionorperiodconsideredasagroup.organism[ɔrgənɪzm]n.生物Anindividualformoflifesuchasaplantananimalabacteriumaprotistorafungus;abodymadeupoforgansorganellesorotherpartsthatworktogethertocarryonthevariousprocessesoflife.domelike[dəumlaik]adj.穹顶状的echo[ekəʊ]n.回声Repetitionofasoundbyreflectionofsoundwavesfromasurface.【近】repercussionreverberation.sounding[saʊndɪŋ]n.测探水深Aprobeoftheenvironmentforscientificobservation.penetrate[penɪtreɪt]v.穿透Toenterorforceawayinto;pierce.【近】breakthroughenterperforatepiercepuncture.【记】pen笔,etr=enter进入,ate吃-把笔吃了-刺穿【反】impervious不可穿透的,不能刺穿的dome[dəʊm]n.圆屋顶穹窿Astructureorotherobjectresemblingsuchahemisphericalrooforvault.【近】headnoddlepatepoll.crystalline[krɪstəlaɪn]adj.水晶的结晶性的Beingrelatingtoorcomposedofcrystalorcrystals.【近】clearcrystalclearlimpidlucidpellucidsee-throughtranslucenttransparent.pebble[pebl]n.小圆石小鹅卵石Asmallstoneespeciallyonewornsmoothbyerosiongypsum[dʒɪpsəm]n.石膏AwidespreadcolorlesswhiteoryellowishmineralCaSO4·2H2OusedinthemanufactureofplasterofParisvariousplasterproductsandfertilizers.deck[dek]n.舱面甲板Aplatformextendinghorizontallyfromonesideofashiptotheother.【近】bringdowncutdowndowndropfell¹flattenfloorgroundknockdownlevelprostratestrikedownthrow.peculiarity[pɪ‚kjuːlɪærətɪ]n.特质特性Anotableordistinctivefeatureorcharacteristic.【近】attributecharactercharacteristicfeaturemarkpropertyqualitysavortrait.sediment[sedɪmənt]n.沉淀物沉积Solidfragmentsofinorganicororganicmaterialthatcomefromtheweatheringofrockandarecarriedanddepositedbywindwaterorice.【近】depositdregoftenusedinpluralleesprecipitateprecipitation.layer[leɪər]n.层Ausuallyhorizontaldepositorexpanse;astratum:marine[mərɪːn]adj.海的Nativetoinhabitingorformedbythesea【近】maritimeoceanicpelagicthalassic.【记】submarine(n潜水艇)sub下面,marine海basin[beɪsn]n.盆;盆地Abroadtractoflandinwhichtherockstrataaretiltedtowardacommoncenter.【近】concavitydepressiondiphollowpit¹sagsinksinkhole.core[kɔː]n.核心Thecentralorinnermostpart【近】essencegistheartkernelmarrowmeatnubpithquintessenceroot¹soulspiritstuffsubstance.barrel[bærəl]n.圆筒Thecylindricalpartorhollowshaftofanyofvariousmechanisms【近】abundancemassmountainmuchplentyprofusionwealthworld.windblown[wɪndbləʊn]adj.被风吹的Blownordispersedbythewindsilt[sɪlt]n.淤泥Asedimentarymaterialconsistingofveryfineparticlesintermediateinsizebetweensandandclay.formulate[fɔrmjəleɪt]v.规划,构想Todeviseorinvent【近】concoctcontrivedevisedreamupfabricatehatchinventmakeupthinkup.hypothesisn.假设Somethingtakentobetrueforthepurposeofargumentor[haɪpɑθɪsɪs]investigation;anassumption【近】theory.【记】hypo在…下面,thesis(n论题;论文)-论题的背后-假设seawayn.海上航道Asearoute.crustal[krʌstl]adj.地壳的Oforrelatingtoacrustespeciallythatoftheearthorthemoon.landlockedadj.为陆地所包围的陆封的Entirelyoralmostentirelysurroundedbylandevaporate[ɪvæpəreɪt]v.蒸发消失Toconvertorchangeintoavapor.【近】boilawayvaporizevolatilize.【记】e出,vapor(n水蒸气;水汽)-出水汽-蒸发salinity[səlɪnətɪ]n.盐性;盐度thequalityorstateofbeingsalineextermination[ɪk‚stɜːmɪneɪʃn]n.消灭;根绝Togetridofbydestroyingcompletely;extirpate【近】annihilationeradicationextinctionextinguishmentextirpationliquidationobliterationtolerant[tɑlərənt]adj.容忍的,有耐力的Abletowithstandorendureanadverseenvironmentalcondition【近】broadbroad-mindedliberalopen-mindedprogressive.brine[braɪn]n.盐水Watersaturatedwithorcontaininglargeamountsofasaltespeciallyofsodiumchloridecalcium[kælsɪəm]n.钙Asilverymoderatelyhardmetallicelementthatconstitutesapproximately3percentoftheearthscrustandisabasiccomponentofmostanimalsandplants.【记】calc石头;或元素符号Casulfate[sʌlfet]n.硫酸盐AchemicalcompoundcontainingthebivalentgroupSO4precipitate[prɪsɪpɪteɪt]v.沉淀Tocauseasolidsubstancetobeseparatedfromasolution.【近】deposit.【记】pre提前,cip落下,itate-使提前落下-促进soluble[sɒljʊbl]adj.溶解的Thatcanbedissolvedespeciallyeasilydissolved:sodium[səʊdɪəm]n.钠Asoftlightextremelymalleablesilver-whitemetallicelementthatreactsexplosivelywithwaterisnaturallyabundantincombinedformsespeciallyincommonsaltandisusedintheproductionofawidevarietyofindustriallyimportantcompounds.chloride[klɔːraɪd]n.氯化物Abinarycompoundofchlorine.deluge[deljuːdʒ]n.大洪水Agreatflood.【近】alluvioncataclysmcataractdownpourfloodfreshetinundationNiagaraoverflowtorrentfault[fɔːlt]v.变动而产生断层Toshiftsoastoproduceafault.cascade[kæskeɪd]v.使瀑布似地落下Tofallorcausetofallinorasifinacascade.spectacular[spektækjələr]adj.壮观的Ofthenatureofaspectacle;impressiveorsensational.【近】dramatichistrionichistrionicalmelodramaticsensationaltheatrictheatrical.turbulent[tɜrbjələnt]adj.汹涌的Violentlyagitatedordisturbed;tumultuous:【近】dirtyheavyragingroiledroilyroughruggedstormytempestuoustumultuousuglyviolentwild【反】pacific(adj和平的)ooze[uːz]n.软泥淤泥Alayerofmudlikesedimentonthefloorofoceansandlakescomposedchieflyofremainsofmicroscopicseaanimals.gravel[grævl]n.砂砾Anunconsolidatedmixtureofrockfragmentsorpebbles.【记】grave(n墓穴;坟墓),l grave是用gravel堆积而成的mineral[mɪnərəl]n.矿物无机物Anaturallyoccurringhomogeneousinorganicsolidsubstancehavingadefinitechemicalcompositionandcharacteristiccrystallinestructurecolorandhardness.【记】源于mine(n矿)expedition[‚ekspɪdɪʃn]n.远征Ajourneyundertakenbyagroupofpeoplewithadefiniteobjective【近】pilgrimagesafaritourtrekvoyage.temperate[tempərət]adj.温和的有节制的Moderateindegreeorquality;restrained:【近】abstemiouscontinentsober.【记】temper(v使温和;n脾气),ate=克制的cohesiveness[cohiːsɪvnɪs]n.粘合聚合regularity[‚regjəlærətɪ]n.规则性匀称thequalityorstateofbeingregularasinbowelhabits【近】customarinesshabitualnessnormalcynormalityordinarinessprevalenceroutinenessusualness.cement[sɪment]n.水泥Abuildingmaterialmadebygrindingcalcinedlimestoneandclaytoafinepowderwhichcanbemixedwithwaterandpouredtosetasasolidmassorusedasaningredientinmakingmortarorconcrete.realm[relm]n.国土领土Afieldsphereorprovince:【近】ambitcompassextensionextentorbitpurviewrangereachscopespheresweepswing.monolithic[mɑnəʊlɪθɪk]adj.庞大的;整体的Massivesolidanduniformgarrison[gærɪsn]n.要塞,驻地Amilitarypostespeciallyonethatispermanentlyestablished.enforce[ɪnfɔːs]v.执行,强制Tocompelobservanceoforobedienceto【近】carryouteffectexecuteimplementinvoke.【记】force(n力量;vt强制)obsession[əbseʃn]n.妄想Acompulsiveoftenunreasonableideaoremotion.【近】fetishfixationmaniacohesion[kəʊhiːʒn]n.结合,内聚Theactprocessorconditionofcohering【近】adherenceadhesionbond.whereas[hweræz]conj.然而Whileonthecontrary.scattered[skætərd]adj.散乱的;散布的Tooccurorfallatwidelyspacedintervals.assemble[əsembl]v.集合;聚集Togathertogether;congregate【近】callclustercollect¹congregateconveneconvokegathergettogethergroupmusterroundupsummon.【记】as一再,semble和…相像-一再相像-聚集territorial[‚terɪtɔːrɪəl]adj.领土的地方的Oforrelatingtothegeographicareaunderagivenjurisdiction【近】regionalsectional.stark[stɑːk]adj.完全的,极端的Completeorutter;extreme【近】austerebleakdourgrimhardharshsevere.undeniableadj.不可否认的Difficultorimpossibletodeny;irrefutable:【近】certainhardinarguableincontestableincontrovertibleindisputableindubitableirrefutablepositivesureunassailableundisputableunquestionable.legion[lɪːdʒən]n.军团军队Alargemilitaryunittrainedforcombat;anarmy.【近】armycloudcrowddroveflockhordehostmassmobmultituderuck¹scorewed[wed]v.使结合Touniteclosely【近】coalescecombinecompoundconcreteconjoinconjugateconnectconsolidatecouplejoinlinkmarrymeldunifyuniteyoke.instinctn.本能Aninbornpatternofbehaviorthatischaracteristicofaspecies[ɪnstɪŋkt]andisoftenaresponsetospecificenvironmentalstimuli【近】aptitudeaptnessbentfacultyflairgeniusgiftheadknacktalentturn.imperative[ɪmperətɪv]n.驱使Aruleaprincipleoraninstinctthatcompelsacertainbehavior【近】burden¹chargecommitmentdutymustneedobligationresponsibility.exploitation[‚eksplɔɪteɪʃn]n.开发Theactofemployingtothegreatestpossibleadvantagefertile[fɜːtaɪl]adj.肥沃的,丰富的Highlyorcontinuouslyproductive;prolific【近】fecundfruitfulproductiveprolificrich.genius[dʒɪːnɪəs]n.天赋Astrongnaturaltalentaptitudeorinclination:【近】aptitudeaptnessbentfacultyflairgiftheadinstinctknacktalentturn.engender[ɪndʒendə]v.引起;产生Tobringintoexistence;giveriseto【近】begetbreedcreatefatherhatchmakeoriginateparentprocreateproducesirespawn.foster[fɑstə]v.培养Topromotethegrowthanddevelopmentof;cultivate【近】cultivatenourishnursenurture.【记】经过foster的人跑得fastergravitas实质,重要性Substance;weightinessworship[wɜrʃɪp]v.崇拜尊敬Thereverentloveanddevotionaccordedadeityanidolorasacredobject.【近】adoreidolizereverereverencevenerate.predispose[‚prɪːdɪspəʊz]v.使偏向于Tomakesusceptibleorliable【近】disposeinclineinfluencesway.imitator[ɪmɪteɪtər]n.模仿者Onewhomindlesslyimitatesanother:【近】echomimicparrot.continuatorn.继承者Onethatcontinuesespeciallyapersonwhocarriesontheworkofanother.novelty[nɑvltɪ]n.新颖新鲜Thequalityofbeingnovel;newness.【近】innovation.【记】源于novel(n小说;adj新奇的)consciously[kɑnʃəslɪ]adv.有意识地successor[səksesər]n.继承者Onethatsucceedsanother.speculative[spekjəleɪtɪv]adj.推测的Giventoconjectureorspeculation.【近】cogitativecontemplativedeliberativeexcogitativemeditativepensivereflectiveruminativethinkingthoughtful.Greco-Romanadj.希腊罗马的OforrelatingtobothGreeceandRome:sphere[sfɪə]n.球体Asphericalobjectorfigure【近】ambitcompassextensionextentorbitpurviewrangereachrealmscopesweepswing.sensibility[‚sensəbɪlətɪ]n.鉴赏力Theabilitytofeelorperceive【近】feelingsensationsensesensitivenesssensitivitysentiment.calibern.水平程度Degreeofworth;quality【近】meritqualitystaturevaluevirtueworth.infinitely[ɪnfɪlnɪtlɪ]adv.无限地;无穷地unify[juːnɪfaɪ]v.统一Tomakeintoorbecomeaunit;consolidate.【近】coalescecombinecompoundconcreteconjoinconjugateconnectconsolidatecouplejoinlinkmarrymeldunitewedyoke.【反】partition(v区分;分割)administrative[administrətɪv]adj.管理的;行政的Offororrelatingtoadministrationoradministrators【近】directorialexecutivemanagerialministerialsupervisory.fixation[fɪkseɪʃn]n.入神Anobsessivepreoccupation【近】fetishmaniaobsessioninnovative[ɪnəveɪtɪv]adj.创新的;革新的Markedbyorgiventoinnovations.【近】differentfreshinventivenewnewfanglednoveloriginalunfamiliarunprecedented.【反】derivative(adj引出的;派生的)、intellectual[‚ɪntəlektʃʊəl]n.知识分子Anintellectualperson.【近】brainintellectmindthinker.surpass[səpɑːs]v.超越胜过Tobeorgobeyondasindegreeorquality【近】bestbetter¹exceedexceloutdooutmatchoutrunoutshineoutstrippasstoptranscend.philosophical[fɪləsɑfɪkl]adj.哲学的Ofrelatingtoorbasedonasystemofphilosophy.esteem[ɪstiːm]v.尊重Toregardwithrespect【近】admireconsiderhonorregardrespectvalue.Colosseum[‚kɒləsɪəm]n.罗马圆形大剧场numerous[nuːmərəs]adj.很多的多数的Amountingtoalargenumber;many.【近】legionmanymultitudinousmyriad.inhabitant[ɪnhæbɪtənt]n.居民;居住者Onethatinhabitsaplaceespeciallyasapermanentresidentprior[praɪər]adj.在先的在前的Precedingintimeororder【近】advanceantecedentanteriorearlierprecedentprecedingprevious.concentration[‚kɒnsəntreɪʃn]n.集中theactoractionofconcentrating【近】confluenceconfluxconvergence.domesticatedadj.被驯养了的Totrainoradaptananimaloraplanttoliveinahumanenvironmentandbeofusetohumanbeings.millet[mɪlɪt]n.稷玉蜀黍之类栗AnannualgrassPanicummilaiceumcultivatedinEurasiaforitsgrainsandinNorthAmericaforhay.sorghum[sɔrgəm]n.高粱蜀黍AnOldWorldgrassSorghumbicolorseveralvarietiesofwhicharewidelycultivatedasgrainandforageorasasourceofsyrupdiffuse[dɪfjuːz]v.扩散;传播Tospreadaboutorscatter;disseminate.【近】circulatedispersedisseminatedistributeradiatescatterspreadstrew.【记】dif不同,fuse流,引线-向不同方向流-散射demonstrate[demənstreɪt]v.证明;展示Toshowclearlyanddeliberately;manifest:【近】displayevidenceevinceexhibitmanifestproclaimrevealshow.【记】de加强语义,monst显示一加强显示一证明receptiveness[rɪseptɪvnɪs]n.接受能力【近】open-mindednessopennessreceptivityresponsiveness.domestication[dəʊ‚mestɪkeɪʃn]n.驯养;驯化subsequently[sʌbsɪkwəntlɪ]adv.后来;随后【近】afterafterwardafterwardslaterlatterlynextulteriorlylivestock[laɪvstəʊk]n.家畜;牲畜Domesticanimalssuchascattleorhorsesraisedforhomeuseorforprofitespeciallyonafarm.domestic[dəʊmestɪk]adj.家庭的驯服的国内的Producedinorindigenoustoaparticularcountry【近】familialfamilyhomehomelyhousehold.chariot[tʃærɪət]n.双轮战车Anancienthorse-drawntwo-wheeledvehicleusedinwarracesandprocessions.traverse[trævərs]v.横过穿过Totravelorpassacrossoverorthrough.【近】crosspasstracktransit.【记】tra横,verse转一横过savannah[səvænə]n.大草原cavalry[kævlrɪ]n.骑兵Troopstrainedtofightonhorseback.thrive[θraɪv]v.繁荣茁壮成长Togrowvigorously;flourish【近】bloom¹blossomflourish.【反】languish(v憔悴;凋萎);wizen(v枯萎;消瘦);fail(v失败)intermediate[‚ɪntərmɪːdɪeɪtd]adj.中间的Lyingoroccurringbetweentwoextremesorinamiddlepositionorstate【近】centralmean³medialmedianmidmiddlemiddle-of-the-roadmidway.copper[kɒpə]n.铜SymbolCuAductilemalleablereddish-brownmetallicelementthatisanexcellentconductorofheatandelectricityandiswidelyusedforelectricalwiringwaterpipingandcorrosion-resistantpartseitherpureorinalloyssuchasbrassandbronzebronze[brɒnz]n.青铜Anyofvariousalloysofcopperandtininvariousproportionssometimeswithtracesofothermetals.metallurgy[metælədʒɪ]n.冶金Thesciencethatdealswithproceduresusedinextractingmetalsfromtheirorespurifyingandalloyingmetalsandcreatingusefulobjectsfrommetals.profound[prəfaʊnd]adj.极深的深厚的Thoroughgoing;far-reaching:【近】deepintensestrong.【记】pro向前,found底部深的【反】shallow(adj浅的;浅薄的)complexity[kəmpleksɪtɪ]n.复杂Thequalityorconditionofbeingcomplex.【近】complicationintricacy.blacksmithn.铁匠锻工Onethatforgesandshapesironwithananvilandhammer.hoe[həʊ]n.锄头Atoolwithaflatbladeattachedapproximatelyatarightangletoalonghandleusedforweedingcultivatingandgardening.【记】发明了锄头hoe不好容易hoe到自己的toe(n脚趾;足尖)warrior[wɑrɪər]n.战士武士Onewhoisengagedinorexperiencedinbattle.【近】belligerentcombatantfightersoldier.ritual[rɪtʃʊəl]adj.仪式的【近】ceremonialceremoniousformalliturgicalritualistic.ingenious[ɪndʒɪːnɪəs]adj.灵敏的精巧的Havingorarisingfromaninventiveorcunningmind;clever【近】creativeinnovativeinnovatoryinventiveoriginal.【反】prosaic(adj散文的;平凡的)furnace[fɜrnɪs]n.火炉熔炉Anenclosureinwhichenergyinanonthermalformisconvertedtoheatespeciallysuchanenclosureinwhichheatisgeneratedbythecombustionofasuitablefuel.carbon[kɑːbən]n.碳ore[ɔː]n.矿石Amineraloranaggregateofmineralsfromwhichavaluableconstituentespeciallyametalcanbeprofitablyminedorextracted.flee[flɪː]v.逃逃避Torunawayasfromtroubleordanger:【近】abscondbreakoutdecampescapeflygetawayrunaway.desiccation[‚desɪkeɪʃn]n.干燥theactorprocessofdesiccatingorthestateofbeingorbecomingdesiccatedarchaeologist[‚ɑːkɪɒlədʒɪst]n.考古学家opponent[əpəʊnənt]n.对手敌手Onethatopposesanotherorothersinabattlecontestcontroversyordebate.【近】adversaryantagonistopposeroppositionoppositionistresister.implement[ɪmplɪmənt]n.工具,器具Atooloraninstrumentusedindoingwork【近】instrumenttoolutensil.【记】im进入,ple充满,ment-进入充满的状态-实现demographic[dɛməɡræfɪk]adj.人口统计学的Oforrelatingtodemography.cultivated[kʌltɪveɪtɪd]adj.耕耘的栽植的Oforrelatingtocultivation;producedincultivation:【近】civilizedculturededucatedpolishedrefinedurbanewell-bred.【反】feral(adj野生的;未驯服的;野兽的)domesticate[domes·tikeɪt]v.驯养Totrainoradaptananimaloraplanttoliveinahumanenvironmentandbeofusetohumanbeings.【近】domesticizegentlemastertame.mild[maɪld]adj.温和的Warmandfullofsunshine;pleasant:【近】moderatetemperate.【反】acute(adj敏锐的;急性的)fascinating[fæsɪneɪtɪŋ]adj.迷人的Possessingthepowertocharmorallure;captivating.【近】attractivebewitchingenchantingengagingenticingfetchingglamorouslovelyprepossessingprettysweettakingtemptingwinningwinsome.temporary[tempərərɪ]adj.暂时的临时性Lastingusedservingorenjoyedforalimitedtime.【近】ephemeralevanescentfleetfleetingfugaciousfugitivemomentarypassingshort-livedtemporaltransienttransitory.ceremonial[‚serɪməʊnjəl]adj.正式的Ofappropriatetoorcharacterizedbyceremony;formalorritual.【近】ceremoniousformalliturgicalritualritualistic.permanent[pɜrmənət]adj.永久的固定的Lastingorremainingwithoutessentialchange:【近】abidingcontinuingdurableenduringlastinglong-lastinglong-livedlong-standingoldperdurableperennialpersistent.【反】evanescent(adj渐消失的;短暂的);interim(adj中间的;临时的);ephemeral(adj朝生暮死的;短暂的)sophisticated[səfɪstɪkeɪtɪd]adj.复杂精密的Verycomplexorcomplicated:【近】cerebralintellectualthoughtful.linguistic[lɪŋgwɪstɪk]adj.语言的Oforrelatingtolanguageorlinguistics.B.C.beforeChrist公元前...年A.D.annodominin.公元...年complex[kɒmpleks]n.综合设施,综合体Awholecomposedofinterconnectedorinterwovenparts【近】base¹headquartersstation.administrative[administrətɪv]adj.管理的;行政的【近】directorialexecutivemanagerialministerialsupervisory.edifice[edɪfɪs]n.大厦;大建筑物Abuildingespeciallyoneofimposingappearanceorsize【近】buildingpilestructure.grid[grɪd]n.格子,网状物Somethingresemblingaframeworkofcrisscrossedparallelbarsasinrigidityororganization:metropolis[mɪtrɑpəlɪs]n.大都市首府Amajorcityespeciallythechiefcityofacountryorregion:【近】citymunicipalitytremendous[trɪmendəs]adj.巨大的非常的Extremelylargeinamountextentordegree;enormous:【近】divinefabulousfantasticfantasticalgloriousmarveloussensationalsplendidsuperbterrificwonderful.obsidian[əbsɪdɪən]n.黑曜石Ausuallyblackorbandedhardvolcanicglassthatdisplaysshinycurvedsurfaceswhenfracturedandisformedbyrapidcoolingoflava.pinpointv.使突出,准确地确定Todirectattentionto【近】findlocatespot.【记】pin大头针,point指出shrine[ʃraɪn]n.圣坛,神殿Asitehallowedbyaveneratedobjectoritsassociations【近】sacrariumsanctoriumsanctuarysanctum.millennium[mɪlenɪəm]n.太平盛世一千年Aspanofonethousandyears.【记】mill=mile(n千米);enn=ann年,ium-一千年ingenuity[‚ɪndʒɪnuːətɪ]n.智巧精巧的设计Imaginativeandcleverdesignorconstruction【近】creativenesscreativityingeniousnessinventioninventivenessoriginality.foresightednessn.前瞻性Theexerciseofgoodjudgmentorcommonsenseinpracticalmatters【近】cautioncircumspectiondiscretionforehandednessforesightforethoughtforethoughtfulnessprecautionprudence.circumstantiallyadv.依照情况地implicate[ɪmplɪkeɪt]v.牵连;意味着Toinvolveorconnectintimatelyorincriminatingly【近】catchupembrangleembroilinvolvemixupsuck.【记】im进入,plic重叠,ate-进入重叠状态-使牵连coexist[‚kəʊɪgzɪst]v.共存Toexisttogetheratthesametimeorinthesameplace.lava[lɑːvə]n.火山岩Moltenrockthatreachestheearthssurfacethroughavolcanoorfissure.eliminate[ɪlɪmɪneɪt]v.除去Togetridof;remove【近】dropomitremove.【记】e出,limi界限一扔出界限一淘汰archaeological[ɑrkɪəlɑdʒɪkl]adj.考古学的predominant[prɪdɑmɪnənt]adj.优越的卓越的Havinggreatestascendancyimportanceinfluenceauthorityorforce【近】ascendantdominantprepotentprevailingregnantrulingsupreme.elite[eɪliːt]n.精英,中坚分子Agrouporclassofpersonsoramemberofsuchagrouporclassenjoyingsuperiorintellectualsocialoreconomicstatus【近】aristocracybluebloodcrèmedelacrèmeflowergentilitygentrynobilitypatriciatequalitysocietyupperclasswhoswho.flourish[flɜrɪʃ]v.繁荣;活跃Tobeinaperiodofhighestproductivityexcellenceorinfluence【近】flowershine.【记】源于flower-花一样的开放-繁荣apparently[appar·entlɪ]adv.显然地【近】evidentlyexternallyostensiblyostensivelyoutwardlyseeminglysuperficially.commodity[kəmɒdətɪ]n.有用的物品商品Somethingusefulthatcanbeturnedtocommercialorotheradvantage【近】goodusedinplurallinemerchandiseware.【记】com共同,mod=mode(n样式)-把样式共同摆出来-商店-商品exotic[ɪgzɒtɪk]adj.异国的外来的Fromanotherpartoftheworld;foreign【近】alienforeignstrange【记】ex外面-外面来的-奇异的【反】endemic(adj地方的;n地方病);indigenous(adj本土的);mundane(adj平凡的;世俗的)inhabitant[ɪnhæbɪtənt]n.居民Onethatinhabitsaplaceespeciallyasapermanentresidentmagnet[mægnɪt]n.磁铁有吸引力之物或人Apersonaplaceanobjectorasituationthatexertsattractionirrigate[ɪrɪgeɪt]v.灌溉Tosupplydrylandwithwaterbymeansofditchespipesorstreams;waterartificiallyfeedbackn.反应;反馈necessitate[nɪsesɪteɪt]v.需要;迫使Torequireorcompel.【近】askcallfordemandentailinvolverequiretake.【记】源于necessary(n必需品;adj必要的)coerce[kəʊɜːs]v.强制;强迫Toforcetoactorthinkinacertainwaybyuseofpressurethreatsorintimidation;compel.【近】compelconstrainforcemakeobligateobligepressure.【反】coercionary(adj强制的)-voluntary(adj自愿的)manufacturing[‚mænəfæktʃərɪŋ]n.制造业工业Tomakeorprocessarawmaterialintoafinishedproductespeciallybymeansofalarge-scaleindustrialoperation.precise[prɪsaɪs]adj.精确的Exactasinperformanceexecutionoramount;accurateorcorrect【近】categoricalclearclear-cutdecideddefiniteexplicitexpresspositivespecificunambiguousunequivocal.sincerity[sɪnsɪərəti]n.诚挚真实Thequalityorconditionofbeingsincere;genuinenesshonestyandfreedomfromduplicity.inactivity[‚ɪnæktɪvətɪ]n.静止休止状态,不活泼Alackofactionoractivity:【近】idlenessinactioninertnessinoperativenessstagnation.economical[ekənɑmɪkl]adj.经济的【近】cannycharyfrugalprovidentprudentsavingScotchsparingthrifty.aggressive[aggresɪv]adj.侵犯的挑衅的Inclinedtobehaveinahostilefashion【近】belligerentcombativecontentioushostilemilitant.exploit[ɪksplɔɪt]v.开拓;开采Toemploytothegreatestpossibleadvantage【近】abuseimposepresumeuse.【记】explore(v探险;探究)是为了exploitsophisticated[səfɪstɪkeɪtɪd]adj.复杂精密的Verycomplexorcomplicated【近】cerebralintellectualthoughtful.prosperity[prɑsperətɪ]n.繁荣成功Theconditionofbeingprosperous.【近】weal¹welfarewell-being.【记】源于prosper(v成功;兴隆)artifactn.人工制品;加工品;手工艺品Anobjectproducedorshapedby[ɑːtɪfækt]humancraftespeciallyatoolaweaponoranornamentofarchaeologicalorhistoricalinterest.【记】art艺术,ifact=infact事实上艺术事实上是人工制品pottery[pɑtərɪ]n.陶器Waresuchasvasespotsbowlsorplatesshapedfrommoistclayandhardenedbyheat.【记】pot陶器罐子sophistication[sə‚fɪstɪkeɪʃn]n.复杂;精密【近】adulterationcontaminationpollution.influential[‚ɪnflʊenʃl]adj.有影响的;有势力的Havingorexercisinginfluence.【近】consequentialimportantpowerfulweighty.paleontologist[‚peɪlɪɑntɑlədʒɪst]n.古生物学者demise[dɪmaɪz]n.死亡Death.【近】deathdeceasedissolutionextinctionpassingquietusrest¹.alteration[‚ɔːltəreɪʃn]n.变更改变Theactorprocedureofaltering.【近】changemodificationmutationpermutationvariation.plate[pleɪt]n.板块Inthetheoryofplatetectonicsoneofthesectionsintowhichtheearthscrustisdividedandthatisinconstantmotionrelativetootherplateswhicharealsoinmotion.tectonics[tektɑnɪks]n.构造学Thestudyoftheearthsstructuralfeaturescretaceous[krɪteɪʃəs]adj.白垩的;含白垩的OfbelongingtoordesignatingthegeologictimesystemofrocksandsedimentarydepositsofthethirdandlastperiodoftheMesozoicEracharacterizedbythedevelopmentoffloweringplantsandthedisappearanceofdinosaurs.Mesozoic[‚mesəʊzəʊɪk]adj.中生代的OfrelatingtoorbeingthethirderaofgeologictimeincludingtheTriassicPeriodtheJurassicPeriodandtheCretaceousPeriodandcharacterizedbythedevelopmentofflyingreptilesbirdsandfloweringplantsandtheappearanceandextinctionofdinosaurs.flourish[flɜrɪʃ]v.繁荣;活跃Togrowwellorluxuriantly;thrive:【近】bloom¹blossomthrive.【记】源于flower-花一样的开放-繁荣geochemistry[geckemɪstrɪ]n.地球化学Thechemistryofthecompositionandalterationsofthesolidmatteroftheearthoracelestialbody.frigid[frɪdʒɪd]adj.寒冷的严寒的Extremelycold【近】arcticborealfreezingfrostygelidglacialicypolarwintrybuffer[bʌfə]v.缓冲Toactasabufferfororbetween.geologicaladj.地质学的;地质的seawayn.海上航道,海道Aninlandwaterwayforoceanshipping.retreat[rɪtrɪːt]v.后退Theactorprocessofwithdrawingespeciallyfromsomethinghazardousformidableorunpleasant.【近】backbackpedalbacktrackfallbackretrocederetrograderetrogress.【记】re反,treat=tract拉-拉回-撤退【反】incursion(n袭击;侵入)basin[beɪsn]n.盆地Abroadtractoflandinwhichtherockstrataaretiltedtowardacommoncenter【近】concavitydepressiondiphollowpit¹sagsinksinkhole.lizard[lɪzərd]n.蜥蜴AnyofnumerousreptilesofthesuborderSauriaorLacertiliacharacteristicallyhavingascalyelongatedbodymovableeyelidsfourlegsandataperingtail.crocodile[krɒkədaɪl]n.鳄鱼AnyofvariouslargeaquaticreptileschieflyofthegenusCrocodylusnativetotropicalandsubtropicalregionsandhavingthickarmorlikeskinandlongtaperingjaws.torrid[tɑrɪd]adj.炎热的灼热的Parchedwiththeheatofthesun;intenselyhot.【近】ardentbakingblisteringboilingbroilingburningfieryheatedhotred-hotroastingscaldingscorchingsearingsizzlingsultrysweltering.livable[lɪvəbl]adj.适于居住的;能接受的Suitabletolivein;habitable:【近】habitableinhabitable.whereas[weəræz]conj.然而Whileonthecontrary.crippled[krɪpld]adj.跛腿的残废的cope[kəʊp]v.竞争;对付Tocontendwithdifficultiesandacttoovercomethemfluctuation[‚flʌktʃʊeɪʃn]n.波动;动摇;变动【反】invariance(n恒定性;不变性)hypothesis[haɪpɑθɪsɪs]n.假设Somethingtakentobetrueforthepurposeofargumentorinvestigation;anassumption.【近】theory.【记】hypo在…下面,thesis(n论题;论文)-论题的背后-假设insufficient[‚ɪnsəfɪʃnt]adj.不够的不充足的Notsufficient;inadequate.【近】deficientinadequatescarceshortshy¹underwanting.【记】sufficient(adj充分的;足够的)【反】surfeit(n过食v使饮食过度)dissatisfaction[dɪs‚sætɪsfækʃn]n.不满不平Theconditionorfeelingofbeingdispleasedorunsatisfied;discontent.【近】disappointmentdiscontentdiscontentmentdisgruntlementletdowboundary[baʊndərɪ]n.边界【近】borderborderlandfrontiermarch²marchland.【反】unrestraint(n无拘束;放纵)hypothesize[haɪpɑθəsaɪz]v.假设假定Toassertasahypothesis.【近】speculatetheorize.asteroid[æstərɔɪd]n.小行星AnyofnumeroussmallcelestialbodiesthatrevolvearoundthesunwithorbitslyingchieflybetweenMarsandJupiterandcharacteristicdiametersbetweenafewandseveralhundredkilometerscollide[kəlaɪd]v.碰撞Tocometogetherwithviolentdirectimpact.【近】bumpcrash.falloutn.放射性粒子的沉降Theslowdescentofminuteparticlesofdebrisintheatmospherefollowinganexplosionespeciallythedescentofradioactivedebrisafteranuclearexplosion.inhibit[ɪnhɪbɪt]v.禁止抑制Toholdback;restrain【近】bit²brakebridlecheckconstraincurbholdholdbackholddownholdinkeepkeepbackpullinrein【反】foment(vt煽动;激起);catalyze(vt催化);further(vt促进)photosynthesis[fəʊtəʊsɪnθɪsɪs]n.光合作用Theprocessingreenplantsandcertainotherorganismsbywhichcarbohydratesaresynthesizedfromcarbondioxideandwaterusinglightasanenergysource.Mostformsofphotosynthesisreleaseoxygenasabyproductepisode[epɪsəʊd]n.事件Anincidentoreventthatispartofaprogressionoralargersequence【近】circumstancedevelopmenteventhappeningincidentnewsoccasionoccurrencething.disruption[disrupʃn]n.瓦解;崩溃theactorprocessofbreakingapartorrupturing【近】breakdiscontinuancediscontinuationdiscontinuityinterruptionpausesuspension.eradicate[erad·ikeɪt]v.根除根绝Togetridofasifbytearingupbytheroots【近】abolishannihilateblotoutcleareraseexterminateextinguishextirpatekill¹liquidateobliterateremoveroot¹outorupruboutsnuffoutstampoutuprootwipeout.【记】e出,radic根-使根出来-根除adequacy[ædɪkwəsɪ]n.适当;足够;恰当Anadequatequantity【近】enoughsufficiency.variation[‚verɪeɪʃn]n.变更变化Theactprocessorresultofvarying.【近】alterationchangemodificationmutationpermutation.【反】uniformity(n一致)exhaustion[exhaustʃn]n.疲惫筋疲力尽Thestateofbeingexhausted;extremefatigue【近】fatiguetirednessweariness.disturbance[dɪstɜːbəns]n.扰乱忧虑Theactofdisturbing.【近】agitationcommotiondisorderhelter-skelterstir¹tumultturbulenceturmoiluproar.modification[mɑdɪfɪkeɪʃn]n.修改;缓和;改变Asmallalterationadjustmentorlimitation【近】alterationchangemutationpermutationvariation.fuel[fjuːəl]v.激起Tosupportorstimulatetheactivityorexistenceofrunoffn.径流Rainfallnotabsorbedbysoil.channel[tʃænl]n.水道海峡Thedeeperpartofariverorharborespeciallyadeepnavigablepassage.【近】centerconcentrateconvergefocalizefocus.outflown.流出Theactortheprocessofflowingout:【近】effluxgushoutpouroutpouringspate.interconnectv.互连;使互相连接Tobeconnectedwitheachother:twist[twɪst]v.扭转Towindtogethertwoormorethreadsforexamplesoastoproduceasinglestrand.【近】coilcorkscrewcurlentwinemeandersnakespiraltwineweavewind²wreathe.merge[mɜːdʒ]v.使合并Tocombineorunite:【近】admixamalgamateblendcomminglecommixfuseintermingleintermixminglemixstir¹.resemblance[rɪzembləns]n.相似处Thestateorqualityofresemblingespeciallysimilarityinappearanceorinexternalorsuperficialdetails【近】affinityalikenessanalogycomparisoncorrespondencelikenessparallelismsimilaritysimilitudeuniformityuniformness.geologist[dʒɪɑlədʒɪst]n.地质学者speakof谈到;论及relic[relɪk]n.遗物遗迹Somethingthathassurvivedthepassageoftimeespeciallyanobjectoracustomwhoseoriginalculturehasdisappearedcatastrophicadj.灾难的;激变的Ofrelatingtoorinvolvingacatastrophe.[‚kætəstrɒfɪkl]【近】calamitouscataclysmalcataclysmicdestructivedisastrousfatalfatefulruinous.equatorial[‚ekwətɔːrɪəl]adj.赤道的Ofrelatingtoorresemblingtheearthsequator.onrushing[ɑnrʌʃɪŋ]adj.猛冲的汹涌的flash[flæʃ]n.闪现Toappearoroccursuddenly【近】crackinstantminute¹momentsecond¹tricetwinkletwinklingwink.teardropn.泪珠Asingletear【近】tear²miniature[mɪnətʃʊr]adj.小规模的纤小的Beingonasmallorgreatlyreducedscale.【近】diminutivedwarfLilliputianmidgetminusculeminute²pygmytinywee.tide[taɪd]n.潮汐;浪潮Theperiodicvariationinthesurfaceleveloftheoceansandofbaysgulfsinletsandestuariescausedbygravitationalattractionofthemoonandsun.【近】currentdriftfloodflowfluxrushspatestreamsurge.enormous[enorməs]adj.巨大的Verygreatinsizeextentnumberordegree.【近】behemothBrobdingnagianBunyanesquecolossalcyclopeanelephantinegargantuangiantgigantesquegiganticherculeanheroichugeimmensejumbomammothmassivemassymastodonicmightymonstermonstrousmonumentalmountainousprodigiouspythonicstupendoustitanictremendousvast.speculate[spekjəleɪt]v.推测Toengageinacourseofreasoningoftenbasedoninconclusiveevidence.【近】hypothesizetheorize.adorn[ədɔːn]v.装饰Tolendbeautyto;decorate【近】bedeckdeck²outdecoratedressupembellishgarnishornamenttrim.crater[kreɪtə]n.碗状凹陷Abowl-shapeddepressionatthemouthofavolcanoorgeyserrim[rɪm]n.边轮缘Theborderedgeormarginofanobject【近】borderborderlinebrimbrinkedgeedgingfringemarginperipheryvergeproponent[prəpəʊnənt]n.建议者支持者Onewhoarguesinsupportofsomething;anadvocate.【记】源于prone(adj倾向于)倾向于一方的人-支持者【反】detractor(n诽谤者;恶意批评者)terrace[terəs]v.使成梯形地使有平台屋顶Toformahillsideorslopinglawnforexampleintoterraces.【记】ter=terrain(n地形),ace-梯田;天台conceivably[conceiv·ablɪ]adv.想得到地;可理解地shorelinen.海岸线recede[rɪsɪːd]v.后退Tomovebackorawayfromalimitpointormark【近】ebbretractretreatretrocederetrograderetrogress.【记】re反,cede走一反走一后退detractor[detractə]n.诽谤者;恶意批评者【记】de向下,tract拉,or人-把你从台上拉下来的人-贬低者【反】proponent(n支持者);apologist(n辩护者);extol(v赞美)-detract(v诽谤)carbonate[kɑrbənɪt]n.碳酸盐Asaltoresterofcarbonicacid.aside[əsaɪd]adv.在旁边Toortowardtheside【近】deviationdigressiondivagationdivergencedivergencyexcursionexcursusirrelevancyparenthesistangent.gully[gʌlɪ]n.小峡谷;水沟Adeepditchorchannelcutintheearthbyrunningwaterafteraprolongeddownpour.inconclusive[‚ɪnkənkluːsɪv]adj.非决定性的Notconclusive【近】ambiguousborderlinechancycloudeddoubtfuldubiousdubitableequivocalindecisiveindeterminateproblematicproblematicalquestionableuncertainunclearunsure.hint[hɪnt]n.线索,提示Aslightindicationorintimation【近】breathdashghosthairintimationsemblanceshadeshadowsoupçonstreaksuggestionsuspiciontastetingetouchtracewhiffwhisper.permafrost[pɜrməfrɔst]n.永久冻土层PermanentlyfrozensubsoiloccurringthroughoutthePolarRegionsandlocallyinperenniallyfrigidareas.site[saɪt]n.位置地点Theplacewhereastructureorgroupofstructureswasisoristobelocated【近】emplacementlocationlocusplacementpositionsituation.multiple[mʌltɪpl]adj.复合的Havingrelatingtoorconsistingofmorethanoneindividualelementpartorothercomponent;manifold.tidaladj.潮汐的Relatingtooraffectedbytides:[taɪdl]considerablyadv.相当地Toaconsiderableextent:【近】farmuchquitewell².hemisphere[hemɪ‚sfɪr]n.半球Eitherthenorthernorsouthernhalfoftheearthasdividedbytheequatorortheeasternorwesternhalfasdividedbyameridian.【记】hemi一半+sphere球Martian[mɑːʃjən]adj.火星的OforrelatingtotheplanetMarsoritshypotheticalinhabitants.distinctive[dɪstɪŋktɪv]adj.有特色的Servingtoidentify;distinguishing:【近】characteristicindividualpeculiartypicalvintage.interpretation[ɪn‚tɜrprɪteɪʃn]n.解释Theactorprocessofinterpreting.【近】clarificationconstructiondeciphermentelucidationexegesisexplanationexplicationexpositionilluminationillustration.colonize[kɑlənaɪz]v.殖民于开拓殖民地ToformorestablishacolonyorcoloniesinBeringStraitn.白令海峡AnarrowstretchofwaterseparatingAlaskafromSiberiaandconnectingtheArcticOceanwiththeBeringSea.ItisbelievedthatduringprehistorictimesthestraitformedalandbridgebywhichtheoriginalinhabitantsofNorthAmericaarrivedfromAsiaIceAgen.冰期Acoldperiodmarkedbyepisodesofextensiveglaciationalternatingwithepisodesofrelativewarmth.ice-freeadj.不结冰的Freeoficeandopentotravelornavigation:corridor[kɒrɪdɔː]n.走廊Anarrowhallwaypassagewayorgalleryoftenwithroomsorapartmentsopeningontoitglacier[gleɪʃər]n.冰川Ahugemassoficeslowlyflowingoveralandmassformedfromcompactedsnowinanareawheresnowaccumulationexceedsmeltingandsublimation.【记】glaci=icemidcontinentaladj.大陆中部的crumble[krʌmbl]v.失败,崩溃Togiveway;collapse【近】breakdownbreakupdecomposedisintegratedissolvefragmentfragmentize.paleoecologistn.古生态学家radiocarbon[reɪdɪəʊkɑrbən]n.放射性炭素Aradioactiveisotopeofcarbonespeciallycarbon14persuasively[pərsweɪsɪvlɪ]adv.口才好地;令人信服地retreat[rɪtrɪːt]n.撤退Theactorprocessofwithdrawingespeciallyfromsomethinghazardousformidableorunpleasant【近】fallbackpullbackpulloutretirementwithdrawal.【记】re反,treat=tract拉-拉回-撤退【反】incursion(n袭击;侵入)watercraftn.船只Aboatorship.prior[praɪər]adj.在先的在前的Precedingintimeororder【近】advanceantecedentanteriorearlierprecedentprecedingprevious.archaeologist[‚ɑːkɪɒlədʒɪst]n.考古学家geologist[dʒɪɑlədʒɪst]n.地质学者continentalshelf大陆架Asubmergedborderofacontinentthatslopesgraduallyandextendstoapointofsteeperdescenttotheoceanbottom.submerge[səbmɜrdʒ]v.使浸水淹没Tocoverwithwater;inundate.【近】dipdouseduckdunkimmergeimmersesousesubmerse.【记】sub下面,merge(v合并,吞没)-吞没下去-淹没AlaskaPeninsula[əlæskə][pɪnɪnsjələ]n.阿拉斯加半岛Apeninsulaofsouth-centraltosouthwestAlaska.ItisacontinuationoftheAleutianRangebetweentheBeringSeaandthePacificOcean.proponent[prəpəʊnənt]n.建议者支持者Onewhoarguesinsupportofsomething;anadvocate.【记】源于prone(adj倾向于)倾向于一方的人-支持者【反】detractor(n诽谤者;恶意批评者)theorize[θɪəraɪz]v.建立理论;推理Toproposeatheoryabout.【近】hypothesizespeculate.glaciatev.以冰覆盖Tocoverwithiceoraglacier.refuge[refjuːdʒ]n.庇护,避难所Aplaceprovidingprotectionorshelter.【近】asylumcovercovertharborhavenprotectionretreatsanctuaryshelter.document[dɒkjʊmənt]v.证明Tosupportanassertionoraclaimforexamplewithevidenceordecisiveinformationdeglaciation[diɡleiʃi:eiʃən]n.冰川消退sizable[saɪzəbl]adj.相当大的Ofconsiderablesize;fairlylarge【近】bigconsiderableextensivegoodgreathealthylargelarge-scale.vast[vɑːst]adj.巨大的广阔的Verygreatinareaorextent;immense.【近】behemothBrobdingnagianBunyanesquecolossalcyclopeanelephantineenormousgargantuangiantgigantesquegiganticherculeanheroichugeimmensejumbomammothmassivemassymastodonicmightymonstermonstrousmonumentalmountainousprodigiouspythonicstupendoustitanictremendous.deglaciate[diɡleiʃi:eit]v.解除冰河作用,冰消caribou[kærɪbuː]n.北美驯鹿AnyofseverallargereindeernativetonorthernNorthAmerica.brownbearn.AnyofseverallargebearsofthegenusUrsussuchasthegrizzlyandKodiakbearsinhabitingwesternNorthAmericaandnorthernEurasiaandhavingbrowntoyellowishfur.Brownbearsaresometimescategorizedasthesinglespeciesformerly[fɔrməlɪ]adv.以前;原来Atanearliertime;once.【近】alreadybeforeearliererstwhileoncepreviously.inhospitable[ɪnhɑspɪtəbl]adj.荒凉的,不毛的Unfavorabletolifeorgrowth;hostile:【近】forbiddingunhospitableuninviting.breeding[briːdɪŋ]n.生育生殖Productionofoffspringoryoung.【近】multiplicationprocreationproliferationpropagationreproductionspawning.colonization[‚kɒlənaɪzeɪʃn]n.殖民Theactorprocessofestablishingacolonyorcolonies.marine[mərɪːn]adj.海的Nativetoinhabitingorformedbythesea【近】maritimeoceanicpelagicthalassic.【记】submarine(n潜水艇)sub下面,marine海saltwateradj.盐水的海产的Inhabitingoroccurringinseawaterorsaltwaterimpetus[ɪmpɪtəs]n.推动促进Animpellingforce;animpulse【近】encouragementfillipimpulseincentiveinducementmotivationprodpushspurstimulantstimulationstimulatorstimulus.aggressivelyadv.侵略地;有闯劲地;攻击地inflexiblyadv.不屈地;执拗地convincinglyadv.令人信服地;有说服力地cite[saɪt]v.引用Toquoteasanauthorityorexample.【近】instancementionnamespecify.【记】citen传唤,引plausible[plɔːzəbl]adj.貌似真实的貌似有理的Seeminglyorapparentlyvalidlikelyoracceptable;credible【近】believablecolorablecrediblecreditable.【记】plaus鼓掌,ible-值得鼓掌的-似乎合理的navigational[‚nævɪgeɪʃnl]adj.航行的;航海的Oforrelatingtoseanavigation【近】marinemaritimenautical.simultaneously[saɪməltenɪəsli]adv.同时地Atthesametime【近】concurrentlysynchronouslytogether.isolated[aɪsətɪd]adj.孤立的隔离的Separatedfromothers;solitaryorsingular【近】aloneapartdetachedisolateloneremovedsolitary.implausible[ɪmplɔːzəbl]adj.难信的;不象真实的Difficulttobelieve;notplausible.【近】flimsyimprobableinconceivableincredibleshakythinunbelievableunconceivableunconvincingunsubstantialweak.【记】plausible(adj似是而非的)【反】believable(adj可信的;令人相信的);verisimilar(adj好象真实的)reachableadj.可达成的;可获得的[rɪːtʃəbl]incentive[ɪnsentɪv]n.动机Somethingsuchasthefearofpunishmentortheexpectationofrewardthatinducesactionormotivateseffort.【近】encouragementfillipimpetusimpulseinducementmotivationprodpushspurstimulantstimulationstimulatorstimulus.long-standingadj.长期存在的Oflongdurationorexistence【近】abidingcontinuingdurableenduringlastinglong-lastinglong-livedoldperdurableperennialpermanentpersistent.substantial[səbstænʃl]adj.丰富的Ample;sustaining【近】abundantamplebounteousbountifulcopiousgenerousheavyplenitudinousplenteousplentifulvoluminous.【记】源于substance(n物质)varied[verɪd]adj.不同的各式各样的Havingorconsistingofvariouskindsorforms;diverse.【近】assorteddiversdiversediversifiedheterogeneousmiscellaneousmixedmotleymultifariousmultiformsundryvariegatedvarious.reflection[rɪflekʃn]n.思考Mentalconcentration;carefulconsideration【近】brainworkcerebrationcogitationcontemplationdeliberationexcogitationmeditationruminationspeculationthought.scheme[skɪːm]n.方案Asystematicplanofaction.【近】blueprintdesigngameplanidealayoutplanprojectschemastrategy.reflective[rɪflektɪv]adj.熟虑的,思考的Characterizedbyorgiventomeditationorcontemplation;thoughtful【近】cogitativecontemplativedeliberativeexcogitativemeditativepensiveruminativespeculativethinkingthoughtful.justify[dʒʌstɪfaɪ]v.证明Todemonstrateorprovetobejustrightorvalid【近】excuserationalizevindicate.【记】源于just(adj正义的;公正的)intellectually[‚ɪntəlektʃʊəlɪ]adv.智力上copewith对付;处理paucity[pɔːsətɪ]n.少数缺乏Smallnessofnumber;fewness【近】defectdeficiencydeficitinadequacyinsufficiencylackpovertyscantinessscantnessscarcenessscarcityshortageshortcomingshortfallunderage¹.【反】slew(n大量);profusion(n丰富);plethora(n过剩)discipline[dɪsɪplɪn]n.教规Asetofrulesormethodsasthoseregulatingthepracticeofachurchormonasticorder.experimental[ek‚sperɪmentl]adj.实验的;根据实验的Relatingtoorbasedonexperiment:【近】pilottesttrial.strategy[strætɪdʒɪ]n.策略Aplanofactionresultingfromstrategyorintendedtoaccomplishaspecificgoal【近】blueprintdesigngameplanidealayoutplanprojectschemascheme.refreshing[rɪfreʃɪŋ]adj.新鲜宜人的,与众不同的Pleasantlyfreshanddifferent【近】bracingenergizingexhilarantexhilaratinginnervingintoxicatinginvigoratingreinvigoratingrenewingrestorativeroborantstimulatingtonic.void[vɔɪd]n.空间Anemptyspace【近】breakgaphiatusinterimlacuna.bridge[brɪdʒ]v.把...连结起来Tocrossbyorasifbyabridgemanner[mænər]n.方式Awayofdoingsomethingorthewayinwhichathingisdoneorhappens【近】fashionmethodmodemodusoperandistylesystemwaywise².systematic[‚sɪstɪmætɪkl]adj.有系统的体系的Ofcharacterizedbybasedonorconstitutingasystem.【近】methodicmethodicalorderlyregularsystematical.【记】system(n系统),atic【反】haphazard(adj偶然的)sound[saʊnd]adj.有识别力的Markedbyorshowingcommonsenseandgoodjudgment;levelheaded【近】balancedcommonsensiblecommonsensicaljudiciouslevelheadedprudentrationalreasonablesagacioussagesanesapientsensiblewell-foundedwell-groundedwise¹.【反】decrepit(adj衰老的)unsound(adj不健全的;谬误的)objective[əbdʒektɪv]adj.客观的Uninfluencedbyemotionsorpersonalprejudices【近】disinteresteddispassionateequitablefairfair-mindedimpartialindifferentjustnonpartisansquareunbiasedunprejudiced.utilitarian[‚juːtɪlɪterɪən]adj.有效用的Ofrelatingtoorintheinterestsofutility【近】functionalhandypracticablepracticalserviceableuseful.rarely[reəlɪ]adv.很少难得Notoften;infrequently:【近】infrequentlylittleoccasionallyseldomsporadically.tendency[tendənsɪ]n.趋向,可能性Acharacteristiclikelihood【近】bentbiascastdispositionleaningpartialitypenchantpredilectionpredispositionproclivitypronenesspropensitysquinttrendturn.evaluate[ɪvæljʊeɪt]v.评估评价Toexamineandjudgecarefully;appraise【近】appraiseassayassesscalculateestimategaugejudgerate¹sizeupvaluatevalue.contributory[contribjʊtərɪ]adj.贡献的,有助的Helpingtobringaboutaresult.【近】accessoryancillaryassistantauxiliarycollateralsubsidiarysupportive.considered[considəd]adj.考虑过的Reachedafterorcarriedoutwithcarefulthought;deliberate【近】advisedcalculatedstudiedstudious.revise[rɪvaɪz]v.修改Toreconsiderandchangeormodify【近】amendemendemendaterevampreworkrewrite.【记】re反复,vis看,e反复看-修改facilitate[fəsɪlɪteɪt]v.帮助;促进Tomakeeasyoreasier【近】easeexpedite.administrator[administreɪtə]n.管理人Onewhoadministersespeciallybusinessorpublicaffairs;anexecutive【近】administrantdirectorexecutivemanagerofficerofficialrequirement[rɪkwaɪərmənt]n.需求必要条件Somethingobligatory;aprerequisite.【近】conditionessentialmustnecessityneedpreconditionprerequisiterequisiteavailability[ə‚veɪləbɪlətɪ]n.可利用性immediate[ɪmɪːdɪət]adj.近的直接的Actingoroccurringwithouttheinterpositionofanotheragencyorobject;direct.【近】directfirsthandprimary.collaborative[kəlæbəretɪv]adj.合作的协力完成的【近】cooperativesynergeticsynergicsynergistic.practitioner[præktɪʃənər]n.从业者Onewhopracticessomethingespeciallyanoccupationaprofessionoratechnique.【记】源于practice(v/n实践)compelling[compelɪŋ]adj.非常有说服力的institute[ɪnstɪtjuːt]v.制定;开始Toinitiate;begin【近】approachbegincommenceembarkentergetoffinaugurateinitiatelaunchleadoffopensetaboutsetoutsettostarttakeontakeupundertake.【记】in进入,stitute站,建立-站进去;进入建立的状态-创立【反】rescind(v废除);abrogate(v取消废除);efface(v抹掉)inhibition[‚ɪnhɪbɪʃn]n.禁止Theactofinhibitingorthestateofbeinginhibited【近】checkcircumscriptionconstraintcramp²curblimitlimitationrestraintrestrictionstricturetrammel.inconsistency[‚ɪnkənsɪstənsɪ]n.不一致;前后矛盾Thestateorqualityofbeinginconsistent.【近】differencedisagreementdiscrepancediscrepancydisparitygapincompatibilityincongruity.【记】consistency(n连结;一致性;连贯性)con共同,sist站立-一致technician[teknɪʃn]n.技术人员Anexpertinatechniquevaguelyadv.不清晰地;模糊地definedadj.轮廓分明的;清晰的【反】vague(adj含糊的;不清楚的;暧昧的)perceivable[pərsɪːvəbl]adj.可感知的;可认识的【近】appreciabledetectablediscernibledistinguishablenoticeableobservablepalpableperceptibleponderablesensible.vulnerability[‚vʌlnərəbɪlətɪ]n.易受伤;弱点【近】exposureliabilityopennesssusceptibilitysusceptiblenessvulnerableness.unexploredadj.未经考察的;未经勘探的externally[externəlɪ]adv.外表上;外形上【近】apparentlyevidentlyostensiblyostensivelyoutwardlyseeminglysuperficially.stimulate[stɪmjəleɪt]v.刺激鼓舞Torousetoactivityorheightenedactionasbyspurringorgoading;excite【近】eggonexcitefomentgalvanizegoadimpelinciteinflameinspireinstigatemotivatemovepiqueprickprodpromptpropelprovokesetoffspurtouchofftriggerworkup.unbiasedadj.没有偏见的Withoutbiasorprejudice;impartial【近】disinteresteddispassionateequitablefairfair-mindedimpartialindifferentjustnonpartisanobjectivesquareunprejudiced.【记】un不,biased(adj有偏见的)没有偏见的emerge[ɪmɜːdʒ]v.浮现形成Tocomeintoexistence【近】appeararisecommencedawnoriginate.【记】merge(v吞没;合并)landmassn.大陆Alargeunbrokenareaoflandblaze[bleɪz]v.闪耀照耀Toshinebrightly.【近】beamburngleamglowincandesceradiateshine.alternate[ɔːltɜːnət]v.轮流交替Tooccurinsuccessiveturns【近】interchangerotate.drench[drentʃ]v.使湿透Towetthroughandthrough;soak.【近】dousesaturatesoaksoddensopsousewet.【反】desiccate(v干燥)barren[bærən]adj.贫瘠的荒芜的Lackingvegetationespeciallyusefulvegetation.【近】infertilesterileunfruitfulunproductive.【反】prolific(adj多产的;大量繁殖的)spore[spɔː]n.胚芽;种子Asmallusuallysingle-celledreproductivebodythatishighlyresistanttodesiccationandheatandiscapableofgrowingintoaneworganismproducedespeciallybycertainbacteriafungialgaeandnonfloweringplants.【近】seedtuber.【记】从pore毛孔里长出sporebreeze[briːz]n.微风Alightcurrentofair;agentlewind【近】zephyr.atrandom随便地;任意地flank[flæŋk]n.侧面Alateralpartorside【近】handside.toeholdn.踏脚尖的地方;小立足点Asmallindentationorledgeonwhichthetoeofashoecanfindsupportinclimbinglichen[lɪtʃn]n.地衣AfungususuallyoftheclassAscomycetesthatgrowssymbioticallywithalgaeresultinginacompositeorganismthatcharacteristicallyformsacrustlikeorbranchinggrowthonrocksortreetrunks.flora[flɔːrə]n.植物群Plantsconsideredasagroupespeciallytheplantsofaparticularcountryregionortime.alga[ælgə]n.藻类,海藻Anyofvariouschieflyaquaticeukaryoticphotosyntheticorganismsranginginsizefromsingle-celledformstothegiantkelp.Algaewereonceconsideredtobeplantsbutarenowclassifiedseparatelybecausetheylacktruerootsstemsleavesandembryos.fungus[fʌŋgəs]n.菌类;蘑菇AnyofnumerouseukaryoticorganismsofthekingdomFungiwhichlackchlorophyllandvasculartissueandrangeinformfromasinglecelltoabodymassofbranchedfilamentoushyphaethatoftenproducespecializedfruitingbodies.Thekingdomincludestheyeastsmoldssmutsandmushrooms.photosynthesisn.光合作用Theprocessingreenplantsandcertainotherorganismsbywhichcarbohydratesaresynthesizedfromcarbondioxideandwaterusing[fəʊtəʊsɪnθɪsɪs]lightasanenergysource.Mostformsofphotosynthesisreleaseoxygenasabyproduct.molecule[mɑlɪkjuːl]n.分子Thesmallestparticleintowhichanelementoracompoundcanbedividedwithoutchangingitschemicalandphysicalproperties;agroupoflikeordifferentatomsheldtogetherbychemicalforces.【近】bit¹crumbdab¹dashdotdramdropfragmentgrainiotajotminimmitemodicumortounceparticlescrap¹scrupleshredsmidgenspecktittletriflewhit.moisture[mɔɪstʃər]n.水分,湿气Diffusewetnessthatcanbefeltasvaporintheatmosphereorcondensedliquidonthesurfacesofobjects;dampness.mineral[mɪnərəl]adj.矿物的无机的Oforrelatingtominerals:【记】源于mine(n矿)symbiosis[‚sɪmbaɪəʊsɪs]n.共生合作关系Acloseprolongedassociationbetweentwoormoredifferentorganismsofdifferentspeciesthatmaybutdoesnotnecessarilybenefiteachmember.【记】sym=same,bio生化,sis生物共同生长-共生decomposition[‚diːkɒmpəzɪʃn]n.分解;腐烂Breakdownordecayoforganicmaterials.【近】breakdowndecaydeteriorationdisintegrationputrefactionputrescenceputridnessrotrottennessspoilageabundantly[abundntlɪ]adv.大量地充足地molten[məʊltən]adj.熔化的熔解的Madeliquidbyheat;melted:fern[fɜːn]n.蕨Anyofnumerousflowerlessseedlessvascularplantshavingrootsstemsandfrondsandreproducingbyspores.moss[mɒs]n.苔藓AnyofvariousgreenusuallysmallnonvascularplantsoftheclassMusciofthedivisionBryophytacrevice[krevɪs]n.裂缝Anarrowcrackoropening;afissureorcleft.【近】breakchinkcleavagecleftcrackfissureriftsplit.propagate[prɑpəgeɪt]v.繁殖增殖Tocauseanorganismtomultiplyorbreed【近】breedincreasemultiplyprocreateproliferatereproducespawn.fertilize[fɜrtlaɪz]v.使受精Tocausethefertilizationofanovumforexample.【近】enrichfecundate.coating[kəʊtɪŋ]n.被覆,涂层Alayerofasubstancespreadoverasurfaceforprotectionordecoration;acoveringlayer.nutrient[nuːtrɪənt]n.营养物滋养物Asourceofnourishmentespeciallyanourishingingredientinafood【近】alimentarynourishingnutritiousnutritive.afield[əfiːld]adv.远离着Awayfromoneshomeorusualenvironment【近】amissastrayawrywrong.evolve[ɪvɒlv]v.使发展进化Todevelopacharacteristicbyevolutionaryprocesses.【近】developelaborate.【记】e出,volve卷,转-转出来-发展;进化angiosperm[ændʒɪospɝm]n.被子植物Aplantwhoseovulesareenclosedinanovary;afloweringplant.vegetation[‚vedʒɪteɪʃn]n.植被Theplantsofanareaoraregion;plantlifetempting[temptɪŋ]adj.诱惑人的;吸引人的Havingstrongappeal;enticing:【近】attractivebewitchingenchantingengagingenticingfascinatingfetchingglamorouslovelyprepossessingprettysweettakingwinningwinsome.gossamer[gɑsəmər]adj.轻的Sheerlightdelicateortenuous【近】aerialaeryairydiaphanousetherealfilmygauzygossamerysheer²transparentvaporousvapory.dandelion[dændɪlaɪən]n.蒲公英AEurasianplantTaraxacumofficinaleofthecompositefamilyhavingmany-rayedyellowflowerheadsanddeeplynotchedbasalleaves.WidelynaturalizedasaweedinNorthAmericaitisusedinsaladsandtomakewine.milkweed[mɪlkwɪːd]n.马利筋属植物AnyofnumerousplantsofthegenusAsclepiashavingmilkyjuiceusuallyoppositeleavesvariouslycoloredflowersgroupedinumbelsandpodsthatsplitopentoreleaseseedswithdownytufts.dormant[dɔːmənt]adj.睡眠状态的;静止的Lyingasleeporasifasleep;inactive【近】abeyantinactivelatentquiescentsleeping.buoyant[bɔɪənt]adj.有浮力的Havingormarkedbybuoyancy【近】airybreezydebonairjaunty.【反】hangdog(adj低贱的);leaden(adj沉重的)coconutn.椰子Thelargebrownhard-shelledseedofthecoconutcontaining[kəʊkənʌt]whitefleshsurroundingapartiallyfluid-filledcentralcavity.vicissitude[vɪsɪsɪtuːd]n.变化变迁Achangeorvariation.【近】asperitydifficultyhardshiprigor.prolonged[prəlɔŋd]adj.延长的Tolengtheninextent.【近】chroniccontinuinglingeringpersistentprotracted.immersion[ɪmɜrʒn]n.沉浸Theactoraninstanceofimmersing【近】absorptionengrossmententhrallmentpreoccupationprepossession.nourish[nɜrɪʃ]v.滋养Toprovidewithfoodorothersubstancesnecessaryforlifeandgrowth;feed【近】cultivatefosternursenurture.encapsulate[ɪnkæpsjʊleɪt]v.装入胶囊封进内部Toencaseinorasifinacapsule.【记】capsule(n胶囊)stalk[stɔːk]n.茎;梗Astemormainaxisofaherbaceousplant【近】march¹stride.radiation[‚reɪdɪeɪʃn]n.发射Emissionandpropagationofenergyintheformofraysorwavesexposure[ɪkspəʊʒə]n.暴露Theconditionofbeingexposedespeciallytosevereweatherorotherforcesofnature【近】liabilityopennesssusceptibilitysusceptiblenessvulnerabilityvulnerableness.maintenance[meɪntənəns]n.保持Theactofmaintainingorthestateofbeingmaintained【近】alimentationalimonybreadbreadandbutterkeeplivelihoodlivingsubsistencesupportsustenanceupkeep.classify[klæsɪfaɪ]v.分类归类Toarrangeororganizeaccordingtoclassorcategory.【近】categorizeclassdistributegradegrouppigeonholeplacerangerank¹rate¹.【记】class(n级别),ify使…-分类continuous[kəntɪnjʊəs]adj.连续的Uninterruptedintimesequencesubstanceorextent【近】around-the-clockceaselessconstantcontinualendlesseternaleverlastingincessantinterminablenonstopongoingperpetualpersistentrelentlessround-the-clocktimelessunceasingunendingunfailinguninterruptedunremitting.invasion[ɪnveɪʒn]n.入侵Theactofinvadingespeciallytheentranceofanarmedforceintoaterritorytoconquer【近】forayincursioninroadraid.【记】invade(v(以武力)侵犯;(有害的东西大批)侵入)in进入,vade走一走进来-侵略visual[vɪʒʊəl]adj.看得见的Seenorabletobeseenbytheeye;visible【近】discernibleperceivableperceptibleseeableviewablevisible.porcelain[pɔrsəlɪn]n.瓷器Ahardwhitetranslucentceramicmadebyfiringapureclayandthenglazingitwithvariouslycoloredfusiblematerials;chinastatus[steɪtəs]n.地位Positionrelativetothatofothers;standing:【近】footingplacepositionrank¹situationstandingstation.【记】stat站,us我们-我们站的位置-地位ceramics[səræmɪks]n.制陶术;制陶业dynasty[daɪnəstɪ]n.朝代Afamilyorgroupthatmaintainspowerforseveralgenerationsutilitarian[‚juːtɪlɪterɪən]adj.实用的Exhibitingorstressingutilityoverothervalues;practical【近】functionalhandypracticablepracticalserviceableuseful.burial[berɪəl]n.埋葬Theactorprocessofburying【近】entombmentinhumationinterment.ritual[rɪtʃʊəl]n.宗教仪式Thebodyofceremoniesorritesusedinaplaceofworship【近】ceremonialceremonyliturgyobservanceofficeriteservice.earthenwaren.陶器;土器Potterymadefromaporousclaythatisfiredatrelativelylowtemperatures.Faiencedelftandmajolicaareexamplesofearthenware.stonewaren.粗陶器Aheavynonporousnontranslucentpotterysuchasjasperredindigenousindwellingingrainedinherentinnatenativenatural.【记】intr=intro向内,insic=inside(adv在里面)一内在的;本质的A.D.annodominin.公元...年instigate[ɪnstɪgeɪt]v.唆使;怂恿Tostirtoactionorfeeling【近】eggonexcitefomentgalvanizegoadimpelinciteinflameinspiremotivatemovepiqueprickprodpromptpropelprovokesetoffspurstimulatetouchofftriggerworkup.pigment[pɪgmənt]n.色素颜料Asubstanceusedascoloring.【近】colorcolorantcoloringdyedyestuffstaintincture.purify[pjʊrɪfaɪ]v.使纯净净化Toridofimpurities;cleanse.【近】clarifycleancleanserefine.【记】pur源于pure纯化【反】contaminate(v污染)cobalt[kəʊbɔːlt]n.钴Ahardbrittlemetallicelementfoundassociatedwithnickelsilverleadcopperandironoresandresemblingnickelandironinappearance.Itisusedchieflyformagneticalloyshigh-temperaturealloysandintheformofitssaltsforblueglassandceramicpigments.oxide[ɑksaɪd]n.氧化物Abinarycompoundofanelementoraradicalwithoxygen.unobtainableadj.难获得的manganese[mæŋgənɪːz]n.锰Agray-whiteorsilverybrittlemetallicelementoccurringinseveralallotropicformsfoundworldwideespeciallyintheorespyrolusiteandrhodochrositeandinnodulesontheoceanfloor.Itisalloyedwithsteeltoincreasestrengthhardnesswearresistanceandotherpropertiesandwithothermetalstoformhighlyferromagneticmaterialsore[ɔː]n.矿石Amineraloranaggregateofmineralsfromwhichavaluableconstituentespeciallyametalcanbeprofitablyminedorextracted.muted[mjuːtid]adj.柔和的Muteorsubdued;softenedstimulate[stɪmjəleɪt]v.刺激鼓舞Torousetoactivityorheightenedactionasbyspurringorgoading【近】eggonexcitefomentgalvanizegoadimpelinciteinflameinspireinstigatemotivatemovepiqueprickprodpromptpropelprovokesetoffspurtouchofftriggerworkup.ware[weə]n.器具Articlesofthesamegeneralkindmadeofaspecifiedmaterialorusedinaspecificapplication.Oftenusedincombination【近】commoditygoodusedinplurallinemerchandise.notablyadv.显著地特别地[nəʊtəblɪ]【近】awfullydreadfullyeminentlyexceedinglyexceptionallyextraextremelygreatlyhighlymostveryspout[spaʊt]n.喷口Atubemouthorpipethroughwhichliquidisreleasedordischarged【近】jet²sprayspurtsquirt.【记】sp=spill(v溢出),out-喷出whereas[weəræz]conj.然而Whileonthecontrary.adornment[adornmənt]n.装饰装饰品Somethingthatbeautifiesoradorns;anornament【近】decorationembellishmentgarnishmentgarnitureornamentornamentationtrimtrimming.phoenix[fɪːnɪks]n.凤凰AbirdinEgyptianmythologythatlivedinthedesertfor500yearsandthenconsumeditselfbyfirelatertoriserenewedfromitsashes【近】nonesuchnonpareilparagon.empress[emprɪs]n.皇后Thewifeorwidowofanemperorpomegranate[pʌmɪ‚grænɪt]n.石榴AdeciduousshruborsmalltreePunicagranatumnativetoAsiaandwidelycultivatedforitsediblefruitmandarinduck[mændərɪn]n.鸳鸯AnAsianduckAixgalericulatahavingbrightlycoloredplumageandacrestedhead.bliss[blɪs]n.福佑天赐的福Extremehappiness;ecstasy【近】beatitudeblessednesscheercheerfulnessfelicitygladnesshappinessjoyjoyfulness.pine[paɪn]n.松树AnyofvariousevergreentreesofthegenusPinushavingfasciclesofneedle-shapedleavesandproducingwoodyseed-bearingcones.Thesetreesarewidelycultivatedforornamentandshadeandfortheirtimberandresinoussapwhichyieldsturpentineandpinetar.【记】pin大头针,e-松树crane[kreɪn]n.鹤AnyofvariouslargewadingbirdsofthefamilyGruidaehavingalongnecklonglegsandalongbill.emblem[embləm]n.象征Anobjectorarepresentationthatfunctionsasasymbol.【近】attributesymbol.obscure[əbskjʊə]v.使含糊隐藏Tomakedimorindistinct【近】becloudbedimbefogblearblurclouddimdulleclipsefoggloommistobfuscateovercastovershadowshadow.【反】explicit(adj外在清楚的);elucidate(v阐明)secular[sekjʊlə]adj.世俗的非宗教的Notspecificallyrelatingtoreligionortoareligiousbody【近】lay²profanetemporalworldly.commissionedadj.受委任的服役的lyrical[lɪrɪkl]adj.感情丰富的Expressingdeeppersonalemotionorobservationsvanish[vænɪʃ]v.消失Topassoutofexistence.【近】disappearevanesceevaporatefadefadeout.incorporate[ɪnkɔrpəreɪt]v.混合Tocausetomergeorcombinetogetherintoaunitedwhole.【近】combineembodyintegrate.multiple[mʌltɪpl]adj.多样的Havingrelatingtoorconsistingofmorethanoneindividualelementpartorothercomponent;manifold.homelandn.本国故国;家乡Astateregionorterritorythatiscloselyidentifiedwithaparticularpeopleorethnicgroup.aristocrat[ærɪstəkræt]n.贵族Amemberofarulingclassorofthenobility.【记】a一个,ris=rise升起,to拼头,crat统治-一个抬着头的统治者-贵族constitute[kɒnstɪtjuːt]v.组成Tobetheelementsorpartsof;compose【近】composeformmakeup.【记】con一起,stitute建立-建立到一起-构成【反】abdicate(v退位;放弃(职位,权力等)variability[‚verɪəbɪlətɪ]n.变化性Thequalitystateordegreeofbeingvariableorchangeable.【记】vari=vary(v改变),ability-变化性millennium[mɪlenɪəm]n.一千年Aspanofonethousandyearsundergo[‚ʌndərgəʊ]v.经历Topassthrough;experience【近】experiencefeelgothroughhaveknowmeet¹withseesuffertasteof.intervention[‚ɪntərvenʃn]n.介入theactorfactofinterferingwithaconditiontomodifyitorwithaprocesstochangeitscourse【近】interferenceintrusionmeddlingobtrusion.immenselyadv.无限地;广大地fluctuatev.变动使波动Tocausetoriseandfallorvaryirregularly[flʌktʃʊeɪt]【记】flu流动-波动变化【反】stabilize(v稳定);remainsteady(保持稳定)interpret[ɪntɜrprɪt]v.解释Toexplainthemeaningof【近】construedecipherexplainexplicateexpoundspellout.instrumental[‚ɪnstrəmentl]adj.仪器的Ofrelatingtooraccomplishedwithaninstrumentoratool.【记】instrument(n工具;仪器;手段),al-用乐器演奏的measurement[meʒərmənt]n.尺寸;度量Thedimensionquantityorcapacitydeterminedbymeasuring【近】measuremensurationmetrology.interval[ɪntərvl]n.间隔;距离Theamountoftimebetweentwospecifiedinstantseventsorstates【近】gapinterspaceintersticeseparation.swing[swɪŋ]n.摆动摇动Thesweeporscopeofsomethingthatswings【近】ambitcompassextensionextentorbitpurviewrangereachrealmscopespheresweep.【记】源于sway(v摇摆)regime[reɪʒɪːm]n.政体Aformofgovernment【近】governancegovernmentrule.【记】reg统治,ime-政权fluctuation[‚flʌktʃʊeɪʃn]n.波动;变动aslightandnonheritablevariation【反】invariance(n恒定性;不变性)appreciablyadv.可察觉地明显地;相当地proxy[prɑksɪ]n.取代物Apersonauthorizedtoactforanother;anagentorasubstitutesubstance[sʌbstəns]n.物质Amaterialofaparticularkindorconstitution.【近】beingessenceessentialitynaturequintessencetexture.property[prɑpərtɪ]n.性质Acharacteristictraitorpeculiarityespeciallyoneservingtodefineordescribeitspossessor.【近】attributecharactercharacteristicfeaturemarkpeculiarityqualitysavortrait.ambient[æmbɪənt]adj.周围的Surrounding;encirclingsystematicadj.有系统的体系的Ofcharacterizedbybasedonorconstitutingasystem.[‚sɪstɪmætɪkl]【近】methodicmethodicalorderlyregularsystematical.【记】system(n系统),atic【反】haphazard(adj偶然的)hence[hens]adv.因此Forthisreason;thereforedate[deɪt]v.确定...的年代Todeterminethedateof【近】gooutsee.reconstruct[‚rɪːkənstrʌkt]v.重建Toconstructagain.【近】rebuildreclaimreconditionrehabilitatereinstaterejuvenaterenovaterestituterestore.core[kɔː]n.核心Thecentralorinnermostpart【近】essencegistheartkernelmarrowmeatnubpithquintessenceroot¹soulspiritstuffsubstance.calcite[kælsaɪt]n.方解石AcommoncrystallineformofnaturalcalciumcarbonateCaCO3thatisthebasicconstituentoflimestonemarbleandchalk.embed[ɪmbed]v.使插入深留Tofixfirmlyinasurroundingmass【近】entrenchfastenfixinfixingrainlodgeroot¹.layer[leɪər]v.分层堆积Todivideorformintolayerstropical[trɑpɪkl]adj.热带的OfoccurringinorcharacteristicoftheTropics【近】tropic.Peruvian[pəruːvjən]adj.秘鲁的秘鲁人的nonetheless[nʌnðəles]adv.虽然如此但是Nevertheless;however.【近】allthesamehoweverneverthelessstillyet.significantlyadv.意味深长地;值得注目地abundantly[abun·dntlɪ]adv.大量地充足地striking[straɪkɪŋ]adj.惹人注目的Arrestingtheattentionandproducingavividimpressiononthesightorthemind【近】arrestingboldconspicuouseye-catchingmarkednoticeableobservableoutstandingpointedprominentpronouncedremarkablesalientsignal.chaotic[keɪɒtɪk]adj.混乱的无秩序的Characterizedbyphysicalconfusion:【近】confuseddisorderedhelter-skelterhiggledy-piggledytopsy-turvyupside-down.erratic[ɪrætɪk]adj.不稳定的无规律的Lackingconsistencyregularityoruniformity【近】capriciouschangeablefantasticfantasticalficklefreakishinconsistentinconstantmercurialtemperamentalticklishuncertainunpredictableunstableunsteadyvariablevolatilewhimsical.【记】err漫游-飘忽不定的complexity[kəmpleksɪtɪ]n.复杂Thequalityorconditionofbeingcomplex【近】complicationintricacy.simulation[‚sɪmjəleɪʃn]n.模拟Representationoftheoperationorfeaturesofoneprocessorsystemthroughtheuseofanother【近】copyersatzimitationpinchbeck.【记】simul像internal[ɪntɜrnl]adj.内在的Ofrelatingtoorlocatedwithinthelimitsorsurface;inner.【近】inlyinginnerinsideinterior.external[exter·nl]adj.外部的Relatingtoexistingonorconnectedwiththeoutsideoranouterpart;exterior【近】apparentostensibleostensiveoutwardseemingsuperficial.deliberation[dɪ‚lɪbəreɪʃn]n.商议Discussionandconsiderationofallsidesofanissue【近】conferenceconsultationcounselparley.invoke[ɪnvəʊk]v.借助Toresortto;useorapply【近】carryouteffectenforceexecuteimplement.【记】in进入,voke喊-进门大喊-恳求accurate[ækjərət]adj.准确的;精确的Conformingexactlytofact;errorless【近】correcterrorlessexactpreciserightrigorous.dramatic[drəmætɪk]adj.引人注目的Arrestingorforcefulinappearanceoreffect【近】histrionichistrionicalmelodramaticsensationalspectaculartheatrictheatrical.landmassn.板块Alargeunbrokenareaofland.demonstrate[demənstreɪt]v.论证证明Toshowtobetruebyreasoningoradducingevidence;prove【近】displayevidenceevinceexhibitmanifestproclaimrevealshow.【记】de加强语义,monst显示一加强显示一证明accountfor对...负有责任relatively[relətɪvlɪ]adv.相对地比较而言Inarelativemanner;incomparisonwithsomethingelse:medieval[‚medɪːvl]adj.中世纪的RelatingorbelongingtotheMiddleAgesproductivity[prɑdəktɪvətɪ]n.生产力Thequalityofbeingproductive【近】fecundityfertilityfruitfulnessproductivenessprolificacyprolificnessrichness.rural[rʊərəl]adj.乡下的,农村的Ofrelatingtoorcharacteristicofthecountry.【近】arcadianbucoliccampestralcountrypastoralprovincialrustic.cultivation[‚kʌltɪveɪʃn]n.耕作耕种Theactofcultivating【近】civilizationculturerefinement.fen[fen]n.沼泽;沼池Lowflatswampyland;abogormarsh.【近】bogmarshmarshlandmiremorassmuskegquagquagmireslough¹swampswamplandwetland.Dutch[dʌtʃ]adj.荷兰的OforrelatingtotheNetherlandsoritspeopleorculturereclamation[‚rekləmeɪʃn]n.开垦Theactorprocessofreclaimingspectacular[spektækjələr]adj.引人注目的;惊人的Ofthenatureofaspectacle;impressiveorsensational.【近】dramatichistrionichistrionicalmelodramaticsensationaltheatrictheatrical.reclaimv.开垦开拓Tobringintoorreturntoasuitableconditionforuseas[rɪkleɪm]cultivationorhabitation【近】rebuildreconditionreconstructrehabilitatereinstaterejuvenaterenovaterestituterestore.【记】re反,claim喊一喊回来-回收;开垦sleepy[slɪːpɪ]adj.不活跃的,安静的Inactive;quiet:【近】hypnoticnarcoticopiatesedativeslumberoussomnifacientsomniferoussomnificsomnolentsoporific.peasant[peznt]n.农夫Amemberoftheclassconstitutedbysmallfarmersandtenantssharecroppersandlaborersonthelandwheretheyformthemainlaborforceinagriculture.accumulation[ə‚kjuːmjʊleɪʃn]n.堆积;积聚Theactofgatheringoramassingasintoaheaporpile【近】aggregationamassmentassemblagecollectioncongeriescumulationgatheringmass.surplus[sɜːpləs]n.剩余Anamountoraquantityinexcessofwhatisneeded.【近】excessfatglutoverageoverflowovermuchoverrunoverstockoversupplysuperfluitysurplusage.【记】sur超过,plus加-剩余的merchant[mɜrtʃənt]n.商人Onewhoseoccupationisthewholesalepurchaseandretailsaleofgoodsforprofit.【近】businesspersondealermerchandiserspeculatortradertradesmantrafficker.facilitate[fəsɪlɪteɪt]v.帮助;促进Tomakeeasyoreasier:【近】easeexpedite.intrinsic[ɪntrɪnzɪk]adj.本身的;固有的Oforrelatingtotheessentialnatureofathing;inherent.【近】built-incongenitalconnaturalconstitutionalelementalinborninbredindigenousindwellingingrainedinherentinnatenativenatural.【记】intr=intro向内,insic=inside(adv在里面)一内在的;本质的【反】extraneous(adj无关的;外来的)woolenn.毛织品Fabricorclothingmadefromwool.Oftenusedinthepluraltextilen.纺织品Aclothespeciallyonemanufacturedbyweavingor[tekstaɪl]knitting;afabric.utilize[juːtlaɪ]v.利用Toputtouseespeciallytofindaprofitableorpracticalusefor【近】actuateapplyemployexerciseexploitimplementpracticeuse.【记】ut=use,ilize-利用cottage[kɒtɪdʒ]n.农舍小屋Asmallsingle-storiedhouseespeciallyinthecountryplentiful[plentɪfʊl]adj.许多的丰富的Existingingreatquantityoramplesupply.【近】abundantamplebounteousbountifulcopiousgenerousheavyplenitudinousplenteoussubstantialvoluminous.ravage[rævɪdʒ]n.大破坏毁灭Theactorpracticeofpillagingdestroyingordevastating【近】desolatedevastatewaste.【记】v彻底毁灭rage(n狂怒)的人ravage世界spin[spɪn]v.纺织Todrawoutandtwistfibersintothread.【近】drawoutelongateextendlengthenprolongprolongateprotractstretchout.weave[wɪːv]v.编织Tomakeclothbyinterlacingthethreadsoftheweftandthewarponaloom.【近】falterlurchreelstaggerstumbleteetertotterwobble.linen[lɪnɪn]n.亚麻布Threadmadefromfibersoftheflaxplant.scant[skænt]adj.不充分的不足的Barelysufficient:【近】exiguousmeagerpoorpunyscantyskimpysparesparsestingythin.remuneration[rɪ‚mjuːnəreɪʃn]n.酬报酬劳Somethingsuchasapaymentthatremunerates.【近】compensationearningsemolumentfeehirepaysalarystipendwage.supplement[sʌplɪmənt]v.补充Toprovideorformasupplementto.【近】complementcompletefillinoroutroundofforout.meager[miːgər]adj.不足的;贫乏的Deficientinquantityfullnessorextent;scanty.【近】exiguouspoorpunyscantscantyskimpysparesparsestingythin.rye[raɪ]n.裸麦黑麦AcerealgrassSecalecerealewidelycultivatedforitsgrain.Baltic[bɔːltɪk]adj.波罗的海的OforrelatingtotheBalticSeatheBalticStatesoraBaltic-speakingpeople.Portugaln.葡萄牙handicraft[hændɪkræft]n.手工艺Acraftoranoccupationrequiringskilleduseofthehands.Flandersn.佛兰德AhistoricalregionofnorthwestEuropeincludingpartsofnorthernFrancewesternBelgiumandsouthwestNetherlandsalongtheNorthSea.Formanycenturiesitenjoyedvirtualindependenceandgreatprosperityasacenteroftheclothindustry.TheHapsburgwarsintheLowCountriescausedtheeventualdivisionoftheregionwhichsufferedheavydamageduringbothWorldWars.smelt[smelt]v.精炼;冶炼Tomeltorfuseoresinordertoseparatethemetallicconstituents.【区】melt(v熔化-用热、压力等使固态转化为液态)mine[maɪn]v.开采Toextractoreormineralsfromtheearth.marshal[mɑːʃl]v.汇集;配置Toarrangeplaceorsetinmethodicalorder【近】mobilizemusterorganizerally.capital[kæpɪtl]n.资产Materialwealthusedoravailableforuseintheproductionofmorewealth.【近】assetusedinpluralfortunemean³usedinpluralresourceusedinpluralwealthwherewithal.banking[bæŋkɪŋ]n.银行业务Thebusinessofabank.financier[faɪnænsɪər]n.财政家;金融家Onewhoisoccupiedwithorexpertinlarge-scalefinancialaffairs.【近】capitalist.Informal:moneyman.promissory[prɑmɪsərɪ]adj.约定的约定支付的Containinginvolvingorhavingthenatureofapromise.Antwerpn.安特卫普exaggeratev.夸张夸大Torepresentasgreaterthanisactuallythecase;[ɪgzædʒəreɪt]overstate【近】hyperbolizeinflatemagnifyoverchargeoverstate.【反】minimize(v最小化;减少)Amsterdamn.阿姆斯特丹equivalent[equiv·a·lent]adj.相等的Equalasinvalueforceormeaning.【近】equaleven¹identicalsametantamount.【记】equ平等,val力量-力量平等的guilder[gɪldər]n.荷兰盾basicunitofcurrencyinNetherlandsNetherlandsAntillesandSuriname.currency[kʌrənsɪ]n.货币Moneyinanyformwheninactualuseasamediumofexchangeespeciallycirculatingpapermoney.【近】cashlucremoney.authorize[ɔːθəraɪz]v.授权给;批准Tograntauthorityorpowerto.【近】accreditcommissionempowerenableentitlelicensequalify.loan[ləʊn]n.贷款Asumofmoneylentatinterest.【近】advancelend.infusion[ɪnfjuːʒn]n.注入Somethinginfusedorintroduced:stem[stem]v.起源于Tohaveortakeoriginordescent.【近】arisecomederiveemanateflowissueoriginateproceedrisespringupspring.vessel[vesl]n.船Acraftespeciallyonelargerthanarowboatdesignedtonavigateonwaterstorage[stɔːrɪdʒ]n.保管储藏Theactofstoringgoodsorthestateofbeingstored.jointstockn.合资,合股Stockorcapitalfundsofacompanyheldjointlyorincommonbyitsowners.decline[dɪklaɪn]n.下降;衰退Todeteriorategradually;fail.【近】degeneratedeterioratefadefailflag²languishsinkwanewasteawayweaken.inhabitant[ɪnhæbɪtənt]n.居民Onethatinhabitsaplaceespeciallyasapermanentresidentassess[əses]v.估价Toestimatethevalueofpropertyfortaxation.【近】appraiseassaycalculateestimateevaluategaugejudgerate¹sizeupvaluatevalue.provision[prəvɪʒn]n.条款Astipulationorqualificationespeciallyaclauseinadocumentoranagreementinflux[ɪnflʌks]n.流入,注入Aflowingin【记】flux(v熔化;流出)【反】exodus(n大批离去)vital[vaɪtl]adj.重要的Necessarytocontinuedexistenceoreffectiveness;essential【近】basicconstitutionalconstitutiveessentialfundamentalintegral.【记】vit生命,al极其重要的;充满活力的elite[eɪliːt]n.精华;中坚分子Agrouporclassofpersonsoramemberofsuchagrouporclassenjoyingsuperiorintellectualsocialoreconomicstatus【近】aristocracybluebloodcrèmedelacrèmeflowergentilitygentrynobilitypatriciatequalitysocietyupperclasswhoswho.shape[ʃeɪp]v.形成;塑造Togiveaparticularformto;create【近】assemblebuildconstructfabricatefashionforge¹framemakemanufacturemoldproduceputtogether.adopt[ədɒpt]v.采取Totakeandfollowacourseofactionforexamplebychoiceorassent【近】embraceespousetakeontakeup.【记】ad朝向,opt选择-通过选择-采纳distinctive[dɪstɪŋktɪv]adj.有特色的出众的Characteristicortypical:【近】characteristicindividualpeculiartypicalvintage.unfavorablyadv.不利地twist[twɪst]v.扭转Towindtogethertwoormorethreadsforexamplesoastoproduceasinglestrand【近】contortdeformdisfiguredistortmisshape.statuary[stætʃʊərɪ]n.雕像Theartofmakingstatues.geometric[‚dʒɪəʊmetrɪk]adj.几何学的Oforrelatingtogeometryanditsmethodsandprinciples.perspective[pərspektɪv]n.看法Subjectiveevaluationofrelativesignificance;apointofview【近】lookoutoutlookpanoramaprospectscenesightviewvista.renaissancen.文艺复兴Thehumanisticrevivalofclassicalartarchitecture[rəneɪsəns]literatureandlearningthatoriginatedinItalyinthe14thcenturyandlaterspreadthroughoutEurope.【近】reactivationrebirthrenascencerenewalresurgenceresurrectionresuscitationrevitalizationrevivalrevivification.three-dimensional[dimenʃənl]adj.三维的Ofrelatingtohavingorexistinginthreedimensionsrepresentation[‚reprɪzenteɪʃn]n.代表Somethingthatrepresents.【近】delineationdepictiondescriptionexpressionportrayal.kneel[nɪːl]v.跪下Togodownorrestononeorbothknees.exhibit[ɪgzɪbɪt]v.展现Toshowoutwardly;display【近】brandishdisplaydisportexposeflashflauntparadeshowoffsport.【记】ex出,hibit坚持-坚持拿出来-展览frontality[frənˈtælɪtɪ]n.(绘画或其它艺术作品中的)正面描绘isolation[‚aɪsəleɪʃn]n.隔离;孤立Theactofisolating【近】insulationsegregationseparationsequestration.context[kɒntekst]n.来龙去脉背景Thecircumstancesinwhichaneventoccurs;asetting【记】con共同,text编织-共同编织上下文rigid[rɪdʒɪd]adj.僵硬的,呆板的Markedbyalackofflexibility;rigorousandexacting【近】adamantadamantinebrassbounddie-hardgrimimplacableincompliantinexorableinflexibleintransigentironobduraterelentlessremorselessstubbornunbendableunbendinguncompliantuncompromisingunrelentingunyielding.【反】pliable(adj易曲折的;柔韧的)decorative[dekərətɪv]adj.装饰性的Servingtodecorateorembellish;ornamental.cult[kʌlt]n.礼拜祭仪Theformalmeansofexpressingreligiousreverence;religiousceremonyandritual.being[biːɪŋ]n.存在;生命Somethingsuchasanobjectanideaorasymbolthatexistsisthoughttoexistorisrepresentedasexisting.【近】bodycreaturehomohumanhumanbeingindividuallifemanmortalpartypersonpersonagesoul.manifest[mænɪfest]v.表明表现Toshowordemonstrateplainly;reveal【近】bodyforthembodyexteriorizeexternalizeincarnatematerializeobjectifypersonalizepersonifysubstantiate.【反】latent(adj潜在的);occult(adj神秘的)recipient[rɪsɪpɪənt]n.接受者Onethatreceivesorisreceptive.ritual[rɪtʃʊəl]n.仪式宗教仪式Thebodyofceremoniesorritesusedinaplaceofworship【近】ceremonialceremonyliturgyobservanceofficeriteservice.interact[ɪntərækt]v.互相作用;互动Toactoneachotherdivine[dɪvaɪn]adj.神的Ofrelatingtoemanatingfromorbeingtheexpressionofadeity【近】deificgodlikegodlyheavenlyholy.deceased[deceased]adj.已故的Nolongerliving;dead【近】asleepdeaddefunctdepartedextinctgonelatelifeless.enclose[ɪnkləʊz]v.装入Tocontainespeciallysoastoenveloporshelter【近】cagecoopinorupfenceinimmuremewuppen²shutinshutupwallinorup.【记】close(v包围;关闭)rectangular[rektæŋgjələr]adj.矩形的Havingtheshapeofarectangle.shrine[ʃraɪn]n.圣物箱Acontainerorreceptacleforsacredrelics;areliquary.【近】sacrariumsanctoriumsanctuarysanctum.【记】原指圣物箱-装圣物的容器shrine经常shine(v照耀)niche[nɪːʃ]n.壁龛Arecessinawallasforholdingastatueoranurn.【近】place.setting[setɪŋ]n.位置Thepositiondirectionorwayinwhichsomethingsuchasanautomaticcontrolisset.【近】localescenesitestage.monumental[mɑnjəməntl]adj.纪念碑的Ofresemblingorservingasamonument.【近】bigconsequentialconsiderablehistoricimportantlargematerialmeaningfulsignificantsubstantial.gatewayn.大门通道Somethingthatservesasanentranceorameansofaccesspylon[paɪlɑn]n.塔门Alargestructureorgroupofstructuresmarkinganentranceorapproach.pillar[pɪlər]v.用柱支持Tosupportordecoratewithpillarsorapillar.【反】derelict(n流浪者)-pillarofsociety(社会栋梁)pillar[pɪlər]n.柱子Aslenderfreestandingverticalsupport;acolumnblock[blɒk]n.石块木块Asolidpieceofahardsubstancesuchaswoodhavingoneormoreflatsides.【近】static[stætɪk]adj.静态的Havingnomotion;beingatrest;quiescent【反】oscillatory(adj摆动的)grind[graɪnd]n.磨研磨Tocrushpulverizeorreducetopowderbyfrictionespeciallybyrubbingbetweentwohardsurfaces【近】braycrushgranulatemillpowderpulverizetriturate.squat[skwɒt]v.蹲下Tositinacrouchingpositionwithkneesbentandthehamsrestingonorneartheheels【近】crouchhuddlehunchhunkerdown.originality[ərɪdʒənælətɪ]n.创造力;独创性Thequalityofbeingoriginal.【近】creativenesscreativityingeniousnessingenuityinventioninventiveness.【反】banality(n平凡;陈腐)capacity[capasətɪ]n.能力AInnatepotentialforgrowthdevelopmentoraccomplishment;faculty.【近】abilitycapabilitycompetencecompetencyfacultymight.frontal[frʌntl]adj.前面的正面的Ofrelatingtodirectedtowardorsituatedatthefront【近】façadefacefrontfrontage.Architecture:frontispiece.layer[leɪər]n.层Asinglethicknessofamaterialcoveringasurfaceorforminganoverlyingpartorsegmentframe[freɪm]n.框;结构Tobuildbyputtingtogetherthestructuralpartsof;construct【近】assemblebuildconstructfabricatefashionforge¹makemanufacturemoldproduceputtogethershape.elevate[elɪveɪt]v.举起;提高Tomovesomethingtoahigherplaceorpositionfromalowerone;lift【近】boostheavehoistliftpickupraiserear²takeupupholdupliftupraiseuprear.【记】e(出),lev(举起),ave一举出一升高portray[pɔrtreɪ]v.画;描写Todepictorrepresentpictorially;makeapictureof【近】delineatedepictdescribeexpressimagelimnpicturerenderrepresentshow.robin[rɑbɪn]n.旅鸫ANorthAmericansongbirdTurdusmigratoriushavingarust-redbreastandgrayandblackupperplumage.perplex[pəpleks]v.使困惑Toconfuseortroublewithuncertaintyordoubt【近】addlebefuddlebewilderconfoundconfusediscombobulatedizzyfuddlejumblemixupmuddlemystifypuzzle.initiate[ɪnɪʃɪeɪt]v.开始Tosetgoingbytakingthefirststep;begin【近】approachbegincommenceembarkentergetoffinaugurateinstitutelaunchleadoffopensetaboutsetoutsettostarttakeontakeupundertake.【记】initial(adj最初的n词首大写字母)orient[ɔːrɪənt]v.确定方向Todeterminethebearingsof【记】ori=rise升起,ent一原指太阳升起的navigate[nævɪgeɪt]v.航行Tovoyageoverwaterinaboatorship;sail.【近】guidejockeymaneuverpilotsteer.【记】navi船;参navigation(n航海,航空)orientation[‚ɔːrɪenteɪʃn]n.定方位方向Theactoforientingorthestateofbeingoriented【近】bearingoftenusedinplurallocationpositionsituation.navigation[‚nævɪgeɪʃn]n.航行Thetheoryandpracticeofnavigatingespeciallythechartingofacourseforashiporanaircraft.cage[keɪdʒ]v.关进笼内Toputorconfineinorasifinacage【近】coopinorupenclosefenceinimmuremewuppen²shutinshutupwallinorup.migratory[maɪgrətɔrɪ]adj.迁移的Characterizedbymigration;undergoingperiodicmigration【近】migrantmigrationaltransmigratory.【反】sedentary(adj久坐的;不移栖的)restless[restlɪs]adj.不安宁的Notabletorestrelaxorbestill【近】uneasyunquietunsettled.【反】quiescence(n静止)flutter[flʌtər]v.摆动鼓翼Toflybyaquicklightflappingofthewings【近】flickerflitflitterhover.starling[stɑrlɪŋ]n.星椋鸟AnyofvariousOldWorldpasserinebirdsofthefamilySturnidaecharacteristicallyhavingashorttailpointedwingsanddarkofteniridescentplumageespeciallySturnusvulgariswidelynaturalizedinNorthAmerica.overcast[‚əʊvərkɑːst]adj.阴天的阴暗的Coveredorobscuredaswithcloudsormist【近】becloudbedimbefogblearblurclouddimdulleclipsefoggloommistobfuscateobscureovershadowshadow.preposterous[prɪpɑstərəs]adj.不合理的Contrarytonaturereasonorcommonsense;absurd.【近】obsceneoutrageousridiculousshockingunconscionableunreasonable.【反】commonsensical(adj明白事理的,有基本常识的)stationary[steɪʃnərɪ]adj.不动的Notmoving.【近】immobilemotionlessstillstock-stillunmoving.【反】peripatetic(adj逍遥学派的;走来走去的)disorient[dɪsɔːrɪent]v.使失去方向感使迷惑Tocauseapersonforexampletoexperiencedisorientation.artificial[‚ɑːtɪfɪʃl]adj.人造的,假的Madebyhumanbeings;producedratherthannatural.【近】manmademanufacturedsynthetic.compensate[kɒmpenseɪt]v.补偿Tooffset;counterbalance.【近】balancecounteractcounterbalancecounterpoisecountervailmakeupoffsetsetoff.Biological[bi·ologikl]adj.生物学的Ofrelatingtocausedbyoraffectinglifeorlivingorganisms.precise[prɪsaɪs]adj.精确的Exactasinperformanceexecutionoramount;accurateorcorrect【近】accuratecorrecterrorlessexactrightrigorous.planetarium[‚plænɪterɪəm]n.天象仪Anopticaldeviceforprojectingimagesofcelestialbodiesandotherastronomicalphenomenaontotheinnersurfaceofahemisphericaldome.essentially[essen·tial·lɪ]adv.实质上【近】basicallyfundamentally.domelike[dəumlaik]adj.半球形的,穹顶状的dome[dəʊm]n.圆屋顶苍穹Ahemisphericalrooforvault.【近】headnoddlepatepoll.rotate[rəʊteɪt]v.旋转Toturnaroundonanaxisorcenter【近】circlecircumvolvegyrateorbitrevolveturnwheel.accumulate[əkjuːmjʊleɪt]v.积聚累积Togatherorpileup;amass.【近】accrueagglomerateaggregateamasscollect¹cumulategarnergatherhivepileuprollup.【反】dissipate(v使消散,浪费)cue[kjuː]n.提示Ahintorsuggestion.【近】cluehintintimationsuggestion.magnetism[mægnɪtɪzm]n.磁性Theclassofphenomenaexhibitedbyamagneticfield.【近】allureallurementappealattractionattractivenesscallcharismacharmdrawenchantmententicementfascinationglamourlurewitchery.landmark[lændmɑrk]n.地标Aprominentidentifyingfeatureofalandscape.coastlinen.海岸线Theshapeoutlineorboundaryofacoast.sonar[səʊnɑr]n.声纳声波定位仪Asystemusingtransmittedandreflectedunderwatersoundwavestodetectandlocatesubmergedobjectsormeasurethedistancetothefloorofabodyofwater.contradictory[‚kɑntrədɪhtərɪ]adj.矛盾的Involvingofthenatureoforbeingacontradiction【近】antipodalantipodeanantitheticalantonymicantonymouscontraryconverse²counterdiametricdiametricalopposingoppositepolarreverse.mechanism[mekənɪzm]n.机械结构Amachineormechanicalappliance【近】agencyagentinstrumentinstrumentalityinstrumentationintermediarymean³usedinpluralmediumorgan.sensory[sensrɪ]adj.知觉的感觉的Oforrelatingtothesensesorsensation.【近】sensationalsensitivesensorialsensualsensuous.display[dɪspleɪ]v.表现Topresentorholduptoview【近】barediscloseexposerevealshowunclotheuncoverunmaskunveil.directional[dɪrekʃənl]adj.方向的Oforindicatingdirectioninadequate[ɪnædɪkwət]adj.不充分的Notadequatetofulfillaneedormeetarequirement;insufficient.【近】deficientinsufficientscarceshortshy¹underwanting.simulate[sɪmjəleɪt]v.假装模仿Tohaveortakeontheappearanceformorsoundof;imitate【近】copyduplicateimitatereplicatereproduce.encounter[ɪnkaʊntə]v.遇见Ameetingespeciallyonethatisunplannedunexpectedorbrief【近】accostconfrontfacefront.distract[dɪstrækt]v.转移分心Tocausetoturnawayfromtheoriginalfocusofattentionorinterest;divert【近】agitatebotherdiscomposedisquietdisturbflurryflusterperturbrockruffleshakeuptossunsettleupset.innate[ɪneɪt]adj.先天的;天生的Possessedatbirth;inborn【近】congenitalhereditaryinborninheritednative.【记】in里面,nate出生-出生时就在身体里面的-天生的bearing[beərɪŋ]n.方向OftenbearingsAwarenessofonespositionorsituationrelativetoonessurroundingsstructure[strʌktʃər]v.建筑组织Togiveformorarrangementto【近】buildcomposeconfigureformpatternshape.versus[vɜrsəs]prep.对;与...相对Asthealternativetoorincontrastwithclarify[klærɪfaɪ]v.使明晰Tomakeclearoreasiertounderstand;elucidate【近】clearupelucidateilluminateillustrate.【记】clar=clear(adj清楚的,明白的),ify使…-澄清【反】obfuscate(v使模糊)contrastingadj.形成鲜明对比的截然不同的extensive[ɪkstensɪv]adj.多方面的广泛的Largeinextentrangeoramount【近】all-aroundall-inclusiveall-roundbroadbroad-spectrumcomprehensiveexpansiveextendedfar-rangingfar-reachinggeneralglobalinclusivelargeoverallsweepingwide-rangingwide-reachingwidespread.hypothesizev.假设假定Toassertasahypothesis.[haɪpɑθəsaɪz]【近】speculatetheorize.surmise[sɜrmaɪz]v.推测;猜测Toinfersomethingwithoutsufficientlyconclusiveevidence.【近】conjectureguessinferspeculatesuppose.【记】sur下面,mise放-放下想法-推测impose[ɪmpəʊz]v.把...强加于;加于Toobtrudeorforceoneselfforexampleonanotherorothers【近】assessexactlevyput.【记】im进入,pose放-把你放在一个被强迫的状态-强制实行signalern.信号装置overly[əʊvərlɪ]adv.过度地极度地Toanexcessivedegree:【近】overmuchunduly.nestling[nestlɪŋ]n.刚孵出的雏鸟;幼小动物Abirdtooyoungtoleaveitsnest.songbirdn.燕雀AbirdespeciallyoneofthesuborderOscinesofpasserinebirdshavingamelodioussongorcall.cheep[tʃiːp]n.吱吱的叫声Afaintshrillsoundlikethatofayoungbird;achirppeep[pɪːp]n.吱吱声啾啾声Touttershortsofthigh-pitchedsoundslikethoseofababybird;cheep【近】blushglanceglimpsepeek.【记】ee与眼睛有关hawk[hɔːk]n.鹰AnyofvariousbirdsofpreyoftheorderFalconiformesandespeciallyofthegeneraAccipiterandButeocharacteristicallyhavingashorthookedbillandstrongclawsadaptedforseizing【近】hucksterpeddlevend.raccoon[rəkuːn]n.浣熊AcarnivorousNorthAmericanmammalProcyonlotorhavinggrayish-brownfurblackmasklikefacialmarkingsandablack-ringedbushytaildefenselessadj.无防御的;不能自卫的【近】helplessunprotected.tape[teɪp]n.磁带Ataperecordingswallow[swɑləʊ]n.燕子Anyofvarioussmallgracefulswift-flyingpasserinebirdsofthefamilyHirundinidaehavinglongpointedwingsausuallynotchedorforkedtailandalargemouthforcatchingflyinginsectsandnotedfortheirregularmigrationsinlargenumbersoftenoverlongdistancesartificial[‚ɑːtɪfɪʃl]adj.人工的人造的Madebyhumanbeings;producedratherthannatural【近】manmademanufacturedsynthetic.predator[predətər]n.掠夺者食肉动物Anorganismthatlivesbypreyingonotherorganismswarbler[wɔrblər]n.莺AnyofvarioussmallNewWorldsongbirdsofthefamilyParulidaemanyofwhichhavebrightlycoloredplumageormarkingsastheredstartandthechatversus[vɜrsəs]prep.对;与...相对Asthealternativetoorincontrastwithconceal[kənsiːl]v.隐蔽Tokeepfrombeingseenfoundobservedordiscovered;hide【近】cloakcoverupenshroudhide¹hushupmaskshroudveil.【反】evince(v表明);unearth(v发现)vulnerable[vʌlnərəbl]adj.易受伤害的易受攻击的Susceptibletoattack【近】assailableattackablepregnablevincible.【记】vulner=wound(n创伤),able-易受伤的significantlyadv.值得注目地hypothesis[haɪpɑθɪsɪs]n.假设Atentativeexplanationthataccountsforasetoffactsandcanbetestedbyfurtherinvestigation;atheory.【近】theory.【记】hypo在…下面,thesis(n论题;论文)-论题的背后-假设evolve[ɪvɒlv]v.使发展Todeveloporachievegradually【近】developunfold.【记】e出,volve卷,转-转出来-发展;进化property[prɑpərtɪ]n.性质Acharacteristictraitorpeculiarityespeciallyoneservingtodefineordescribeitspossessor.【近】attributecharactercharacteristicfeaturemarkpeculiarityqualitysavortrait.yield[jɪːld]v.生产Togiveforthbyorasifbyanaturalprocessespeciallybycultivation【近】beargiveproduce.predictionn.预言Somethingforetoldorpredicted;aprophecy[prɪdɪkʃn]【近】forecastoutlookprognosisprognosticationprojection.predation[prɪdeɪʃn]n.动物的捕食行为Theactorpracticeofplunderingormaraudingvictimize[vɪktɪmaɪz]v.使牺牲使受害Tomakeavictimof【近】immolatesacrifice.【记】vic=vice(n罪恶),timize罪恶的行为是使受骗上当pinpointv.确认Tolocateoridentifywithprecisionderive[dɪraɪv]v.得到Toobtainorreceivefromasource【近】drawgettake.offspringn.子孙Theprogenyordescendantsofapersonananimaloraplantconsideredasagroup【近】childdescendantprogenyscion.intensity[ɪntensətɪ]n.强度Exceptionallygreatconcentrationpowerorforce.【近】depthoftenusedinpluralferociousnessferocityfiercenessfurypitchseverityvehemencevehemencyviolence.【反】palliate(v减轻)parental[pərentl]adj.父母亲的Ofrelatingtoorcharacteristicofaparent.deprive[dɪpraɪv]v.剥夺;使丧失Totakesomethingawayfrom【近】dispossessdivestrobstrip¹.sibling[sɪblɪŋ]n.兄弟姐妹;同胞Oneoftwoormoreindividualshavingoneorbothparentsincommon;abrotherorsister.【记】sib(n亲属),ling小-兄弟姐妹vigorous[vɪgərəs]adj.精力旺盛的Strongenergeticandactiveinmindorbody;robust【近】activebriskdynamicdynamicalenergeticforcefulkineticlivelysprightlystrenuous.starve[stɑːv]v.使挨饿Tocausetostarve【反】sate(v使饱足);surfeit(v使饮食过度)youngster[jʌŋstər]n.幼兽Ayounganimal【近】bud¹childinnocentjuvenilemoppettot¹.secure[sɪkjʊr]v.得到Togetpossessionof;acquire【近】acquirecomebygaingetobtainprocurewin【反】unfasten(v解开;放松)advantageousadj.有利的Affordingadvantage;beneficial.[‚ædvənteɪdʒəs]【近】beneficbeneficentbeneficialbenignantfavorablegoodhelpfulprofitablepropitioussalutarytowarduseful.【记】advantage(n优势;利益)apparently[appar·entlɪ]adv.显然地【近】evidentlyexternallyostensiblyostensivelyoutwardlyseeminglysuperficially.exaggerated[exag·geratɪd]adj.夸张的Toenlargeorincreasetoanabnormaldegreepropagate[prɑpəgeɪt]v.繁殖增殖Tocauseanorganismtomultiplyorbreed【近】breedcultivategrowraise.reproductive[‚rɪːprədʌktɪv]adj.再生的;生殖的Oforrelatingtoreproduction【近】procreantprocreative.overall[əʊvərɔːl]adv.总的来说Onthewhole;generally【近】all-aroundall-inclusiveall-roundbroadbroad-spectrumcomprehensiveexpansiveextendedextensivefar-rangingfar-reachinggeneralglobalinclusivelargesweepingwide-rangingwide-reachingwidespread.otherwise[ʌðərwaɪz]adv.否则Underothercircumstancesdistribute[dɪstrɪbjuːt]v.分发;散布;分配Tospreadordiffuseoveranarea;scatter【近】circulatedispersedisseminatehandout.【记】dis分开,tribute给予-分开给-分配adaptation[‚ædæpteɪʃn]n.适应Theactorprocessofadapting【近】accommodationadaptionadjustmentconformation.expectation[‚ekspekteɪʃn]n.期待;指望Theactofexpecting【近】anticipationexpectanceexpectancy.well-fed营养充足的;肥胖的Adequatelyorproperlynourishedoutweighv.比...更重要Tobemoresignificantthan;exceedinvalueorimportancebalancecompensatecounterbalancecounterpoisecountervailneutralizeoffsetredeemsetoff.geneticallyadv.从基因方面;从遗传学角度disadvantageous[‚dɪsædvɑːnteɪdʒəs]adj.不利的Detrimental;unfavorable【近】adversenegativeunadvantageousunfavorableunsatisfactoryuntoward.right-handedadj.惯用右手的Usingtherighthandmoreskillfullyoreasilythantheleft.left-handedadj.惯用左手的Usingthelefthandmoreskillfullyoreasilythantheright.【近】ambidextrousdisingenuousinsinceremalafide.prehistory[‚prɪːhɪstrɪ]n.史前时代史Historyofhumankindintheperiodbeforerecordedhistory.versus[vɜrsəs]prep.对;与...相对Asthealternativetoorincontrastwith:dominance[dɒmɪnəns]n.优势;支配Theconditionorfactofbeingdominant.【近】ascendanceascendancydominationparamountcypredominancepreeminencepreponderancepreponderancyprepotencysupremacy.stencil[stensl]n.模版蜡纸Asheetasofplasticorcardboardinwhichadesiredletteringordesignhasbeencutsothatinkorpaintappliedtothesheetwillreproducethepatternonthesurfacebeneath.【记】源于pencil(n铅笔)也是用来写字的Tasmanian.塔斯马尼亚岛AnislandofsoutheastAustraliaseparatedfromthemainlandbyBassStrait.ItwasdiscoveredbyAbelTasmanin1642andrenamedinhishonorin
1853.TasmaniajoinedAustraliain1901stencil[stensl]v.用模板印刷;用蜡纸印Tomarkwithastencil.spray[spreɪ]v.喷洒喷涂Todischargespraysofliquid【近】bespatterdashslopsloshspattersplashsplatterswash.palm[pɑːm]n.手掌手心Theinnersurfaceofthehandthatextendsfromthewristtothebaseofthefingerspredominant[prɪdɑmɪnənt]adj.优越的Havinggreatestascendancyimportanceinfluenceauthorityorforce【近】ascendantdominantprepotentprevailingregnantrulingsupreme.furnish[fɜrnɪʃ]v.提供Tosupply;give【近】accouterappointequipfit¹fitoutorupgearoutfitrigturnout.engravingn.雕刻Theartortechniqueofonethatengraves.[engravɪŋ]befit[bɪfɪt]v.适合于Tobesuitabletoorappropriatefor【近】becomebehoovesuit.tip[tɪp]n.顶端Theendofapointedorprojectingobject【近】aciculaacuminationapexcuspmucromucronationpoint.depict[dɪpɪkt]v.描述;描写Torepresentinapictureorsculpture【近】delineatedescribeexpressimagelimnpictureportrayrenderrepresentshow.【记】de加强语义,pict画一加强画一描绘pic是picture的缩写muscular[mʌskjələr]adj.强壮的肌肉发达的Havingwell-developedmuscles【近】athleticbrawnyburlyhusky²robustsinewysturdy.【记】源于muscle(n肌肉)noticeably[nəʊtɪsəblɪ]adv.引人注目地;显著地Neanderthaladj.穴居人的,尼安特人的OfhavingtodowithorresemblingNeanderthalman.skeleton[skelɪtn]n.骨骼Theinternalstructurecomposedofboneandcartilagethatprotectsandsupportsthesoftorganstissuesandotherpartsofavertebrateorganism;endoskeleton.【近】draftoutlineroughsketch.fracture[fræktʃər]n.破碎Theconditionofhavingbeenbrokenorruptured【近】breakriftriveshattershiver²smashsplintersunder.warrior[wɑrɪər]n.战士武士Onewhoisengagedinorexperiencedinbattle.【近】belligerentcombatantfightersoldier.Negevn.内盖夫AhillydesertregionofsouthernIsrael.AssignedtoIsraelafterthepartitionofPalestinein1948ithasvariousmineralresources.multiple[mʌltɪpl]adj.复合的Havingrelatingtoorconsistingofmorethanoneindividualelementpartorothercomponent;manifold.heal[hɪːl]v.治愈Torestoretohealthorsoundness;cure【近】cureremedy.【反】fester(v溃烂;化脓)rib[rɪb]n.肋骨Oneofaseriesoflongcurvedbonesoccurringin12pairsinhumanbeingsandextendingfromthespinetoortowardthesternum.【近】banterchaffjokejosh.reveal[rɪvɪːl]v.透露显示Tobringtoview;show【近】baredisclosedisplayexposeshowunclotheuncoverunmaskunveil.neolithic[‚nɪːəlɪθɪk]adj.新石器时代的;早先的Oforrelatingtotheculturalperiodbeginningaround10000b.c.intheMiddleEastandlaterelsewherecharacterizedbythedevelopmentofagricultureandthemakingof[kraɪtɪərɪən]bebasedpebble[pebl]n.小圆石小鹅卵石Asmallstoneespeciallyonewornsmoothbyerosion.identical[aɪdentɪkl]adj.完全相同的Beingthesame【近】equalequivalenteven¹sametantamount.preferential[‚prefərenʃl]adj.选择的优先的Ofrelatingtoorgivingadvantageorpreference【近】favorablepartial.cerebral[serɪbrəl]adj.脑的Oforrelatingtothebrainorcerebrum【近】intellectiveintellectualmentalpsychicpsychicalpsychological.hemisphere[hemɪ‚sfɪr]n.半球大脑半球Eitherofthelateralhalvesofthecerebrum;acerebralhemisphere【记】hemi一半+sphere球asymmetricaladj.不均匀的;不对称的Havingnobalanceorsymmetry.【近】asymmetricirregular.specimen[spesɪmən]n.样品标本Anindividualanitemorapartrepresentativeofaclassgenusorwhole【近】caseexampleillustrationinstancerepresentativesample.initiate[ɪnɪʃɪeɪt]v.开始Tosetgoingbytakingthefirststep;begin【近】approachbegincommenceembarkentergetoffinaugurateinstitutelaunchleadoffopensetaboutsetoutsettostarttakeontakeupundertake.【记】initial(adj最初的n词首大写字母)setup[setʌp]n.安排组织Thewayinwhichsomethingisconstitutedarrangedorplanned.dominant[dɑmɪnənt]adj.占优势的Exercisingthemostinfluenceorcontrol.【近】commandingcontrollingdominatingdominativegoverningparamountpreponderantregnantreigningruling.【反】recessive(adj隐性的)cast[kɑːst]v.投抛Tothrowsomethingespeciallysomethinglight【近】emitirradiateprojectradiateshedthrow.interfere[‚ɪntərfɪr]v.妨碍Tocomebetweensoastobeahindranceoranobstacle【近】buttinhornininterlopemeddle.prevalence[prevələns]n.流行盛行Theconditionofbeingprevalent【近】customarinesshabitualnessnormalcynormalityordinarinessregularityroutinenessusualness.vulnerableadj.易受伤害的Susceptibletophysicalinjury.[vʌlnərəbl]【近】assailableattackablepregnablevincible.【记】vulner=wound(n创伤),able-易受伤的【反】safe(adj安全的)replica[replɪkə]n.复制品Acopyorreproductionofaworkofartespeciallyonemadebytheoriginalartist【近】carboncopycopyduplicatefacsimileimagelikenessreduplicationreplicationreproductionsimulacrum.skeletal[skelɪtl]adj.骨骼的Ofrelatingtoformingorofthenatureofaskeleton【近】cadaverousdrawnemaciatedgauntshrunkenwasted.theatrical[θɪætrɪkl]adj.剧场的戏剧性的Ofrelatingtoorsuitablefordramaticperformanceorthetheater.【近】dramaticdramaturgicdramaturgicalhistrionichistrionicaltheatricthespian.【记】theatr=theater(n剧场),ical-戏剧的;矫揉造作的【反】natural(adj自然的);restrained(adj受限制的)watershedn.分水岭,转折点Acriticalpointthatmarksadivisionorachangeofcourse;aturningpoint【近】basin.【记】water水,shed(v脱落;n分水岭)phrase[freɪz]v.用短语表达Toexpressorallyorinwriting【近】couchexpressformulateputword.mute[mjuːt]adj.无声的Refrainingfromproducingspeechorvocalsound.【近】aphonicdumbinarticulatespeechlessvoiceless.【反】amplify(v扩大)periodizationn.对历史的时期划分conceal[kənsiːl]v.隐蔽隐藏Tokeepfrombeingseenfoundobservedordiscovered;hide【近】cloakcoverupenshroudhide¹hushupmaskshroudveil.【反】evince(v表明);unearth(v发现)paradox[pærədɑks]n.似非而是的论点Aseeminglycontradictorystatementthatmaynonethelessbetrue【记】para旁边,dox观点-旁门左道的观点-矛盾的话modest[mɑdɪst]adj.适度的Moderateorlimitedinsizequantityorrange;notextreme【近】moderatepopularreasonable.organ[ɔːgən]n.风琴Aninstrumentconsistingofanumberofpipesthatsoundtoneswhensuppliedwithairandakeyboardthatoperatesamechanismcontrollingtheflowofairtothepipes.【近】agencyarmbranchdepartmentdivisionwing.accompaniment[əkʌmpənɪmənt]n.伴奏Avocalorinstrumentalpartthatsupportsanotheroftensolopart.【近】associateattendantcompanionconcomitant.spectator[spekteɪtə]n.观众Anobserverofanevent【近】beholderbystanderlooker-onobserveronlookerwatcher.era[ɪərə]n.时代;时期Aperiodoftimeasreckonedfromaspecificdateservingasthebasisofitschronologicalsystem【近】agedayepochperiodtimeoftenusedinplural.elaborate[ɪlæbərət]adj.精细的精心的Plannedorexecutedwithpainstakingattentiontonumerouspartsordetails.【近】complicatedfancyintricate.【记】e出,labor(n劳动)一劳动出来的一精致复杂的【反】abstract(adj抽象的;摘要的);simplify(vt单一化;简化)aural[ɔːrəl]adj.耳的;听觉的Ofrelatingtoorperceivedbytheear.craft[krɑːft]v.精巧地制作Tomakebyhand【近】abilityadeptnessartcommandexpertiseexpertnessknackmasteryproficiencyskilltechnique.narrative[nærətɪv]n.叙述故事Anarratedaccount;astory【近】accountchronicledescriptionhistorynarrationreportstatementstoryversioncomposition[‚kɒmpəzɪʃn]n.作品;作曲Theartoractofcomposingamusicalorliterarywork.【近】opuspieceproductionwork.symphony[sɪmfənɪ]n.交响乐Anextendedpieceinthreeormoremovementsforsymphonyorchestraessentiallyalarge-scalecomplexsonata.【近】accordconcertconcordharmonytune.【记】sym=same,pho声音,ny不同的乐器产生相同的声音-交响乐orchestra[ɔrkɪstrə]n.管弦乐队Alargegroupofmusicianswhoplaytogetheronvariousinstrumentsusuallyincludingstringswoodwindsbrassinstrumentsandpercussioninstruments.premiere[premɪə]n.初次的演出Thefirstpublicperformanceasofamovieorplay.【记】源于premier(adj第一的;首要的composer[compozə]n.作曲家Onethatcomposesespeciallyapersonwhocomposesmusic.score[skɔː]n.乐谱;配乐Thewrittenformofacompositionfororchestralorvocalpartseithercompleteorforaparticularinstrumentorvoice.【近】armycloudcrowddroveflockhordehostlegionmassmobmultituderuck¹swarmthrong.screeningn.电影的放映Apresentationofamovie.triumph[traɪəmf]n.凯旋胜利Thefactofbeingvictorious;victoryorconquest.【近】conquestvictorywin.overshadowv.使失色Tomakeinsignificantbycomparison;dominate.【近】becloudbedimbefogblearblurclouddimdulleclipsefoggloommistobfuscateobscureovercastshadow.aesthetic[iːsθetɪkl]adj.美学的;艺术的Relatingtothephilosophyortheoriesofaesthetics.【近】artistictastefultasty.simultaneously[saɪməltenɪəsli]adv.同时地【近】concurrentlysynchronouslytogetherprojection[prədʒekʃn]n.放映Theprocessofprojectingafilmedimageontoascreenorotherviewingsurface.【近】bulgejutknobknotoverhangprotrusionprotuberance.startling[stɑrtlɪŋ]adj.令人吃惊的Causingmomentaryshock:【近】astonishingastoundingelectrifyingjoltingsurprising.convert[kənvɜːt]v.转变Tochangesomethingintoanotherformsubstancestateorproduct;transform【近】metamorphosemutatetransfiguretransformtranslatetransmogrifytransmutetransposetransubstantiate.suppress[səpres]v.压制Tocurtailorprohibittheactivitiesof.【近】chokeoffcrushextinguishputdownquashquellquenchsquashsquelch.innovation[‚ɪnəʊveɪʃn]n.革新创新Theactofintroducingsomethingnew【近】novelty.【记】novation(n更新);novel(n小说adj新奇的;新颖的)format[fɔrmæt]n.格式结构Thearrangementofdataforstorageordisplayutilize[juːtlaɪ]v.利用Toputtouseespeciallytofindaprofitableorpracticalusefor【近】actuateapplyemployexerciseexploitimplementpracticeuse.【记】ut=use,ilize-利用norm[nɔːm]n.基准标准Astandardmodelorpatternregardedastypical【近】commonplaceordinaryruleusual.perspective[pərspektɪv]n.看法Subjectiveevaluationofrelativesignificance;apointofview【近】lookoutoutlookpanoramaprospectscenesightviewvista.strain[streɪn]n.种Akindorsort【近】effortendeavorexertionpainusedinpluralstrivingstruggletroublewhile.Informal:elbowgrease.novelty[nɑvltɪ]n.新鲜新奇Thequalityofbeingnovel;newness【近】freshnessinnovativenessnewfanglednessnewnessoriginality.【记】源于novel(n小说;adj新奇的)【反】banal(adj平凡陈腐的);timeworn(adj陈旧的)inadequacy[ɪnædɪkwəsɪ]n.不充分;不完全Thequalityorconditionofbeinginadequate【近】defectdeficiencydeficitinsufficiencylackpaucitypovertyscantinessscantnessscarcenessscarcityshortageshortcomingshortfallunderage¹.synchronization[‚sɪŋkrənəzeɪʃn]n.校准;同时性;同步amplification[‚æmplɪfɪkeɪʃn]n.扩大Theactorresultofamplifyingenlargingorextending【近】aggrandizementaugmentaugmentationboostbuildupenlargementescalationgrowthhikeincreasejumpmultiplicationproliferationraiseriseswellupsurgeupswingupturn.fragile[frædʒaɪl]adj.易碎的;脆的Easilybrokendamagedordestroyed;frail.【近】decrepitdelicatefeebleflimsyfrailinfirminsubstantialpunyunsoundunsubstantialweakweakly【记】flag=fract断裂,ile易…的-易碎的invariably[ɪnverɪəblɪ]adv.不变地一定地evaluation[ɪ‚væljʊeɪʃn]n.评价【近】appraisalappraisementassessmentestimateestimationjudgmentvaluation.flaw[flɔː]n.裂隙;缺点Adefectorshortcominginsomethingintangible【近】blemishbugdefectfaultimperfectionshortcoming.telecommunicationn.电传视讯电磁通信远距离通信Oftentelecommunicationsusedwithasing.verbThescienceandtechnologyofcommunicationatadistancebyelectronictransmissionofimpulsesasbytelegraphcabletelephoneradioortelevisionwireless[waɪərlɪs]adj.无线的无线电讯的Havingnowiresavenue[ævənjuː]n.途径Ameansofaccessorapproach【近】boulevarddriveexpresswayfreewayhighwaypathroadroadwayroutestreetsuperhighwaythoroughfarethruwayturnpikeway.exploitationn.开发;利用Theactofemployingtothegreatestpossible[‚eksplɔɪteɪʃn]advantagecollaboration[kə‚læbəreɪʃn]n.合作【近】coactioncooperationsynergyteamwork.broadcast[brɔːdkɑːst]n.广播;散布Totransmitaradioortelevisionprogramforpublicorgeneraluse【近】advertiseblaze²blazonbruitcirculatedisseminatenoisepromulgatepropagatespread.programming[prəʊgræmɪŋ]n.编制程序;节目编排Thedesigningschedulingorplanningofaprogram.asset[æset]n.资产Ausefulorvaluablequalitypersonorthing;anadvantageoraresource【近】capitalfortunemean³usedinpluralresourceusedinpluralwealthwherewithal.revitalize[‚rɪːvaɪtəlaɪz]v.使恢复生气使复兴Toimpartnewlifeorvigorto【近】freshenrefreshreinvigoraterejuvenaterenewrestorerevivify.release[rɪlɪːs]v.公演,上映Toissueforperformancesalepublicationordistributionrough[rʌf]adj.粗略的Notperfectedcompletedorfullydetailed【近】preliminarysketchytentativeunfinishedunperfectedunpolished.track[træk]n.一段音乐Adistinctselectionfromasoundrecordingsuchasaphonographrecordorcompactdiskusuallycontaininganindividualworkorpartofalargerworkdual[djuːəl]adj.两的Composedoftwousuallylikeorcomplementaryparts;double【近】biformbinarydoubledupleduplexduplicategeminatetwofold.【记】du二takeaccountof考虑到;体谅wire[waɪər]v.用电报传送Tosendbytelegraphconversion[kənvɜːʃn]n.转变Theactofconverting.【近】changechangeovermetamorphosismutationshifttransfigurationtransformationtranslationtransmogrificationtransmutationtransubstantiation.virtually[vɜrtʃəlɪ]adv.事实上Infactortoallpurposes;practicallyprohibitive[prəʊhɪbətɪv]adj.禁止的抑制的Prohibiting;forbidding【记】源于prohibit(v禁止;阻止)swift[swɪft]adj.迅速的Movingorcapableofmovingwithgreatspeed;fast【近】briefexpeditiousfastflyinghastyhurriedquickrapidshortspeedy.enormouslyadv.巨大地alter[ɔːltə]v.改变Tochangeormakedifferent;modify【近】changemodifymutateturnvarydam[dæm]n.水坝Abarrierconstructedacrossawaterwaytocontrolthefloworraisethelevelofwater【近】barblockimpedeobstruct.parallel[pærəlel]n.相匹敌之物Onethatcloselyresemblesorisanalogoustoanother【近】analoguecongenercorrelatecorrelativecorrespondentcounterpartmatch.【记】para旁边,llel中有三条平行线-平行的contradiction[‚kɑntrədɪkʃn]n.矛盾Inconsistency;discrepancy【近】antagonismantithesiscontradistinctioncontrapositioncontrarietycontrarinessoppositionpolarity.distract[dɪstrækt]v.转移Tocausetoturnawayfromtheoriginalfocusofattentionorinterest;divert【近】agitatebotherdiscomposedisquietdisturbflurryflusterperturbrockruffleshakeuptossunsettleupset.coordinate[kəʊɔːdɪneɪt]v.使同等,协调Tobecoordinate【近】accommodateattuneconformharmonizeintegrateproportionreconciletune.【记】co共同,ordin=order顺序-有共同顺序-协调的比较好profitable[prɑfɪtəbl]adj.有利润的Yieldingprofit;advantageousorlucrative【近】advantageousbeneficbeneficentbeneficialbenignantfavorablegoodhelpfulpropitioussalutarytowarduseful.superior[suːpɪərɪə]adj.上好的Ofahighernatureorkind【近】acebannerblue-ribbonbragcapitalchampionexcellentfine¹first-classfirst-rateprimequalitysplendidsuperbterrifictiptoptop.vastly[vɑːstlɪ]adv.广大地许多intenseadj.非常的强烈的Possessingordisplayingadistinctivefeaturetoan[ɪntens]extremedegree【近】deepprofoundstrong.variable[verɪəbl]adj.易变的不定的Inconstant;fickle.【近】capriciouschangeableerraticfantasticfantasticalficklefreakishinconsistentinconstantmercurialtemperamentalticklishuncertainunpredictableunstableunsteadyvolatilewhimsical.【反】immutable(adj不可改变的)landformn.地形,地貌Oneofthefeaturesthatmakeuptheearthssurfacesuchasaplainmountainorvalleyexogenous[ɛksɑdʒɪnəs]adj.外因的;外生的Derivedordevelopedfromoutsidethebody;originatingexternallyarid[ærɪd]adj.干燥的不毛的Lackingmoistureespeciallyhavinginsufficientrainfalltosupporttreesorwoodyplants【近】anhydrousbone-drydrymoisturelessserewaterless.【反】damp(adj潮湿的)sustain[səsteɪn]v.供养;维持Tokeepinexistence;maintain.【近】keepupmaintainpreserve.Tigrisn.底格里斯河AriverofsouthwestAsiarisingineasternTurkeyandflowingabout1850km1150misoutheastthroughIraqtotheEuphratesRiver.Itwasamajortransportationrouteinancienttimes.Euphratesn.幼发拉底河AriverofsouthwestAsiaflowingabout2735km1700mifromcentralTurkeythroughSyriaandintoIraqwhereitjoinstheTigrisRivertoformtheShattalArab.ItswaterswereamajorsourceofirrigationfortheflourishingcivilizationsofancientMesopotamia.silt[sɪlt]n.淤泥Asedimentarymaterialconsistingofveryfineparticlesintermediateinsizebetweensandandclay.discharge[dɪstʃɑːdʒ]n.流出Theamountorrateofemissionorejection【近】dismissalterminationintervention[‚ɪntərvenʃn]n.介入【近】interferenceintrusionmeddlingobtrusion.riverbasinn.河流盆地,流域Thelandareadrainedbyariveranditstributaries.dam[dæm]n.水坝Abarrierconstructedacrossawaterwaytocontrolthefloworraisethelevelofwater.【近】barblockimpedeobstruct.drasticallyadv.大大地;彻底地potentially[pətenʃlɪ]adv.潜在地irrigationn.灌溉[‚ɪrɪgeɪʃn]humidity[hjuːmɪdətɪ]n.湿气湿度Dampnessespeciallyoftheair.stream[strɪːm]n.溪流川Aflowofwaterinachannelorbedasabrookrivuletorsmallriver【近】currentdriftfloodflowfluxrushspatesurgetide.originate[ərɪdʒəneɪt]v.产生;来自Tocomeintobeing;start【近】arisebegincommencestart.endogenous[endɒdʒɪnəs]adj.内长的;内生的Producedorgrowingfromwithin.spring[sprɪŋ]n.小溪Asmallstreamofwaterflowingnaturallyfromtheearth.【近】beginningbirthcommencementdawngenesisinceptionnascencenascencyonsetopeningoriginoutsetstart.limestonen.石灰石AcommonsedimentaryrockconsistingmostlyofcalciumcarbonateCaCO3usedasabuildingstoneandinthemanufactureoflimecarbondioxideandcement.massif[mæsiːf]n.山丘Alargemountainmassorcompactgroupofconnectedmountainsforminganindependentportionofarange.AtlasMountainsn.阿特拉斯山脉AsystemofrangesandplateausofnorthwestAfricaextendingfromsouthwestMoroccotonorthernTunisiabetweentheSaharaDesertandtheMediterraneanSeaandrisingto
4167.8m13665ft.Morocco[mərɑkəʊ]n.摩洛哥basaltic[bəsɔːltɪk]adj.玄武岩的notably[nəʊtəblɪ]adv.显著地特别地【近】awfullydreadfullyeminentlyexceedinglyexceptionallyextraextremelygreatlyhighlymostvery.drain[dreɪn]v.注入Todischargesurfaceorexcesswaterinland[ɪnlənd]adj.内陆的Ofrelatingtoorlocatedintheinteriorpartofacountryorregion.evaporate[ɪvæpəreɪt]v.使蒸发Toconvertorchangeintoavapor【近】disappearevanescefadefadeoutvanish.【记】e出,vapor(n水蒸气;水汽)-出水汽-蒸发streambedn.河床Thechannelthroughwhichanaturalstreamofwaterrunsorusedtorun.occasionally[əkeɪʒnəlɪ]adv.偶尔间或Nowandthen;fromtimetotime.【近】betimesintermittentlyperiodicallysometimessporadically.sedimentn.沉淀物沉积Materialthatsettlestothebottomofaliquid;lees[sedɪmənt]【近】depositdregoftenusedinpluralleesprecipitateprecipitation.【记】sedi坐,ment一坐下去的东西-沉淀物fraction[frækʃn]n.小部分Asmallpart;abithydrological[haɪdrəlɑdʒɪkəl]adj.水文学的recharge[‚rɪːtʃɑrdʒ]v.再装载Tochargeagainespeciallytoreenergizeastoragebatteryfreshwatern.淡水waterthatisnotsaltydweller[dwelər]n.居民extraction[extrakʃn]n.抽出取出Theactofextractingortheconditionofbeingextracted.【近】ancestrybirthbloodbloodlinedescentfamilygenealogylinelineageoriginparentagepedigreeseedstock.vague[veɪg]adj.含糊的Notclearlyexpressed;inexplicit【近】blearblearycloudydimfaintfoggyfuzzyhazyindefiniteindistinctmistyobscureshadowyunclearundistinct.【反】lucid(adj清晰的);well-defined(adj定义明确的);trenchant(adj清晰的);express(adj急速的;明确的)unevenadj.不均匀的不平均的Notconsistentoruniform【近】erraticinconsistentpatchyspottyunsteadyvariable.pore[pɔː]n.细孔Aspaceinrocksoilorunconsolidatedsedimentthatisnotoccupiedbymineralmatterandthatallowsthepassageorabsorptionoffluidsjoint[dʒɔɪnt]n.裂缝Afractureorcrackinarockmassalongwhichnoappreciablemovementhasoccurred.unconsolidatedn.未合并的Notyetconsolidatedunsolidifiedn.不牢固的fracture[fræktʃər]n.破碎Theconditionofhavingbeenbrokenorruptured【近】breakriftriveshattershiver²smashsplintersunder.weatheringn.侵蚀,风化Anyofthechemicalormechanicalprocessesbywhichrocksexposedtotheweatherundergochangesincharacterandbreakdown.saturate[sætʃəreɪt]v.浸透Toimbueorimpregnatethoroughly【近】dousedrenchsoaksoddensopsousewet.【记】satur=sate满足,ate-使水满足-浸透【反】dehydrate(v使脱水)aquifern.含水土层地下蓄水层Anundergroundbedorlayerofearthgravelorporousstonethatyieldswater【记】aqui水,fer带来-带来水的-含水土层porous[pɔːrəs]adj.多孔的Fulloforhavingpores.【记】por孔,ous多-多孔的sedimentary[‚sedɪmentərɪ]adj.沉积的;沉淀性的Oforrelatingtorocksformedbythedepositionofsediment.sandstone[sændstəʊn]n.砂岩Asedimentaryrockformedbytheconsolidationandcompactionofsandandheldtogetherbyanaturalcementsuchassilica.conglomerate[kənglɒməreɪt]n.砾岩Arockconsistingofpebblesandgravelembeddedincement【记】con共同,glomer球,团-共同聚集变成球-聚集lime[laɪm]n.石灰Anyofvariousmineralandindustrialformsofcalciumoxidedifferingchieflyinwatercontentandpercentageofconstituentssuchassilicaaluminaandiron.Alsocalledquicklimecrack[kræk]n.裂缝Aslightnarrowspace【近】breakchinkcleavagecleftcrevicefissureriftsplit.【记】源于breakcavity[kævətɪ]n.洞Ahollow;ahole【近】holehollowpocketvacuityvoid.gravel[grævl]n.砂砾;砂砾层Anunconsolidatedmixtureofrockfragmentsorpebbles.【记】grave(n墓穴;坟墓),l grave是用gravel堆积而成的yield[jɪːld]n.生产量Anamountyieldedorproduced;aproduct.【近】outputproduction.immobile[ɪməʊbl]adj.不动的固定的Immovable;fixed.【近】motionlessstationarystillstock-stillunmoving.seep[sɪːp]v.渗出Topassslowlythroughsmallopeningsorpores;ooze【近】bleedexudeleachoozepercolatetranspiretransudeweep.saline[seɪlaɪn]adj.盐的;含盐分的Ofrelatingtoorcontainingsalt;saltysalty[sɔːltɪ]adj.有盐分的Ofcontainingorseasonedwithsalt【近】blueearthyoff-colorprovocativeracyrisquéscabrousspicysuggestive.equilibrium[‚ɪːkwɪlɪbrɪəm]n.平衡Aconditioninwhichallactinginfluencesarecanceledbyothersresultinginastablebalancedorunchangingsystem.【近】balancecounterpoiseequipoisestasis.【记】equi平等,libr=balance(v平衡)-平衡mineral[mɪnərəl]adj.矿物的无机的Oforrelatingtominerals【记】源于mine(n矿)periodic[‚pɪrɪɑdɪk]adj.周期的定期的Havingormarkedbyrepeatedcycles.【近】cycliccyclicalisochronalisochronousperiodicalrecurrent.hinder[haɪndər]v.妨碍;阻碍Tobeorgetinthewayof【近】bogdownencumberholdbackimpedeobstruct.【记】hind(adj后边的;后面的),er-使得落在后面-阻碍settlement[setlmənt]n.定居Theactorprocessofsettling.【近】accommodationarrangementcompromisegive-and-takemediumtribe[traɪb]n.部落部族Aunitofsocialorganizationconsistingofanumberoffamiliesclansorothergroupswhoshareacommonancestrycultureandleadership.【近】clanfamilyhousekindredlineagestock.inhabitant[ɪnhæbɪtənt]n.居民;居住者Onethatinhabitsaplaceespeciallyasapermanentresidentconsistently[consistəntlɪ]adv.一贯地;固守地【近】commonlycustomarilyfrequentlygenerallyhabituallynaturallynormallyoftenregularlyroutinelytypicallyusually.storm[stɔːm]n.暴风雨(雪)Anatmosphericdisturbancemanifestedinstrongwindsaccompaniedbyrainsnoworotherprecipitationandoftenbythunderandlightning.【近】barragebombardmentburstcannonadefusilladehail¹salvoshowervolley.permanent[pɜrmənət]adj.永久的不变的Lastingorremainingwithoutessentialchange【近】abidingcontinuingdurableenduringlastinglong-lastinglong-livedlong-standingoldperdurableperennialpersistent.【反】evanescent(adj渐消失的;短暂的);interim(adj中间的;临时的);ephemeral(adj朝生暮死的;短暂的)enclosed[enclozd]adj.与世隔绝的intact[ɪntækt]adj.尚未被人碰过的完整的Remainingsoundentireoruninjured;notimpairedinanyway.【近】entireflawlessgoodperfectsound²unblemishedunbrokenundamagedunharmedunhurtunimpaireduninjuredunmarredwhole.【记】in不,tact接触-未接触过的widespreadadj.分布广泛的普遍的Spreadorscatteredoveraconsiderableextent【近】all-aroundall-inclusiveall-roundbroadbroad-spectrumcomprehensiveexpansiveextendedextensivefar-rangingfar-reachinggeneralglobalinclusivelargeoverallsweepingwide-rangingwide-reaching.destructive[destructɪv]adj.破坏的;毁灭性的Causingorwreakingdestruction;ruinous【近】calamitouscataclysmalcataclysmiccatastrophicdisastrousfatalfatefulruinous.complex[kɒmpleks]adj.复杂的Consistingofinterconnectedorinterwovenparts;composite【近】byzantinecomplicatedconvoluteddaedalDaedalianelaborateintricateinvoluteinvolvedknottylabyrinthinetangled.humannessn.人性interaction[‚ɪntərərækʃn]n.交互作用Theactorprocessofinteracting.【记】intel相互,action作用-相互作用=interplaysustain[səsteɪn]v.维持Tokeepinexistence;maintain【近】bearcarrysupport.fairly[ferlɪ]adv.相当地Moderately;rather【近】prettyrather.constantlyadv.不断地;时常地association[ə‚səʊsɪeɪʃn]n.交往联系Theactofassociatingorthestateofbeingassociated.【近】affiliationalliancecombinationconjunctionconnectioncooperationpartnership.relatively[relətɪvlɪ]adv.相对地相当地Inarelativemanner;incomparisonwithsomethingelseexpectation[‚ekspekteɪʃn]n.期待Theactofexpecting【近】anticipationexpectanceexpectancy.bind[baɪnd]v.捆,绑Totieorsecureaswitharopeorcord【近】affiliateallyassociatecombineconjoinconnectjoinlinkrelate.bond[bɒnd]n.结合Aunitingforceortie;alink【近】knotligamentligaturelinknexustievinculumyoke.expressive[ɪkspresɪv]adj.表达的Ofrelatingtoorcharacterizedbyexpression【近】eloquentmeaningmeaningfulsignificant.instrumental[‚ɪnstrəmentl]adj.仪器的可做为手段的Servingasameansoranagency;implemental【记】instrument(n工具;仪器;手段),al-用乐器演奏的invest[ɪnvest]v.投入Todevotemorallyorpsychologicallyastoapurpose;commit【近】inaugurateinductinitiateinstallinstate.commit[kəmɪt]v.委托Toputintrustorcharge;entrust【近】bindchargeobligatepledge.acceptancen.接受;欢迎;赞同Theactorprocessofaccepting[acceptəns]【近】approbationapprovalfavor.companionship[kəmpænjənʃɪp]n.友谊;伴侣关系Therelationshipofcompanions;fellowship.【近】companyfellowshipsociety.cooperate[kəʊɒpəreɪt]v.合作Toworkoracttogethertowardacommonendorpurpose.【近】collaborate.【记】co共同,operate(v操作)-共同操作-合作【反】stonewall(vi妨碍;阻碍)occasionally[əkeɪʒnəlɪ]adv.偶尔间或Nowandthen;fromtimetotime.【近】betimesintermittentlyperiodicallysometimessporadically.competitor[kəmpetɪtə]n.竞争者Onethatcompeteswithanotherasinsportsorbusiness;arival.【近】competitioncontendercontestantcorrivalopponentrival.endow[ɪndaʊ]v.赋予Toequiporsupplywithatalentorquality【近】dowerenduegiftgirdinvest.【反】divest(v剥夺)sociologistn.社会学家distinction[dɪstɪŋkʃn]n.区别Theconditionorfactofbeingdissimilarordistinct;difference【近】differencediscrepancediscrepancydisparitydissimilaritydissimilitudedivaricationdivergencedivergencyunlikeness.distinguish[dɪstɪŋgwɪʃ]v.区别Toperceiveasbeingdifferentordistinct.【近】descrydiscernmakeoutpickoutspot.【记】dis分开,sting刺-以刺眼的记号明白分开-区分intimate[ɪntɪmət]adj.亲密的Markedbycloseacquaintanceassociationorfamiliarity【近】chummyclosefamiliarfriendly.【记】inti里面,mate(n配偶vt使配对vi成配偶)-亲密的cohesive[cohiːsɪv]adj.粘着的predominate[prɪdɑmɪneɪt]v.占主导地位;占优势Tobeoforhavegreaterquantityorimportance;preponderate【近】dominatepreponderateprevailreignrule.entail[ɪnteɪl]v.使必需;使承担Tohaveimposeorrequireasanecessaryaccompanimentorconsequence【近】askcallfordemandinvolvenecessitaterequiretake.impersonal[ɪmpɜrsnl]adj.客观的非个人的Havingnopersonalreferenceorconnection【近】detacheddisinteresteddispassionateindifferentneutral.【记】im不,person(n人,角色),al-没有个人感情的-冷淡的perceive[pərsɪːv]v.察觉;意识到Tobecomeawareofdirectlythroughanyofthesensesespeciallysightorhearing【近】apprehendfeelintuitsense.【记】per全部,ceive抓住-全部抓住-发觉evolve[ɪvɒlv]v.发展进化Todeveloporachievegradually【近】developunfold.【记】e出,volve卷,转-转出来-发展;进化setting[setɪŋ]n.背景Thecontextandenvironmentinwhichasituationisset;thebackground.【近】localescenesitestage.coworkern.共同工作者;同事Onethatworkswithanother;afellowworkergripe[graɪp]n.抱怨Acomplaint【近】complaintgrievance.【记】gripe=growripe变得成熟-又老了一岁,很多人会抱怨gossip[gɑsɪp]n.闲话Rumorortalkofapersonalsensationalorintimatenature【近】gossipryhearsayreportrumortalebearingtattletittle-tattlewordenhance[ɪnhɑːns]v.提高Tomakegreaterasinvaluebeautyorreputation;augment【近】aggravatedeepenheightenintensifyredouble.likelihood[laɪklɪhʊd]n.可能性Thestateofbeingprobable;probability【近】chanceoddspossibilityprobabilityprospectusedinplural.mill[mɪl]v.乱闯Tomovearoundinchurningconfusion【近】braycrushgranulategrindpowderpulverizetriturate.disperse[dɪspɜːs]v.分散Todriveofforscatterindifferentdirections【近】circulatediffusedisseminatedistributeradiatescatterspreadstrew.【记】dis向四面八方,sper分散,se散发【反】focus(v聚集);aggregate(v聚集)initiate[ɪnɪʃɪeɪt]v.开始Tosetgoingbytakingthefirststep;begin【近】approachbegincommenceembarkentergetoffinaugurateinstitutelaunchleadoffopensetaboutsetoutsettostarttakeontakeupundertake.【记】initial(adj最初的n词首大写字母)rapport[ræpɔː]n.关系Relationshipespeciallyoneofmutualtrustoremotionalaffinity.【近】accordagreementconcordconcordanceconcurrenceconsonanceharmonytuneunity.sizeup估计...的大小;符合要求;品评proximity[prɑksɪmətɪ]n.接近亲近Thestatequalitysenseorfactofbeingnearornext;closenesssubtle[sʌtl]adj.微妙的Soslightastobedifficulttodetectoranalyze;elusive.【近】delicatefine¹nice.【反】palpable(adj可触知的;明显的)interlockingadj.连锁的【记】interlock(v连锁;使紧密接合);inter互相,lock(n/v锁)【反】independent(adj独立自治的;无党派的)fundamental[‚fʌndəmentl]adj.基本的重要的Oforrelatingtothefoundationorbase;elementary【近】basicelementalelementaryessentialprimitiveultimateunderlying.critical[krɪtɪkl]adj.决定性的Formingorhavingthenatureofaturningpoint;crucialordecisive【近】acuteclimactericcrucialdesperatedire.socialization[‚səʊʃələzeɪʃn]n.社会化breeding[briːdɪŋ]n.生育生殖Productionofoffspringoryoung.【近】multiplicationprocreationproliferationpropagationreproductionspawning.norm[nɔːm]n.基准标准Astandardmodelorpatternregardedastypical【近】commonplaceordinaryruleusual.mediate[miːdɪeɪt]v.调解Tointervenebetweentwoormoredisputantsinordertobringaboutanagreementasettlementoracompromiseoneness[wʌnnɪs]n.整体;统一Theconditionofbeingundivided;wholeness【近】completenessentiretyintegritytotalitywholeness.solidarity[‚sɑlɪdærətɪ]n.团结Aunionofinterestspurposesorsympathiesamongmembersofagroup;fellowshipofresponsibilitiesandinterests【近】onenessunionunity.overall[əʊvərɔːl]adj.总的全面的Regardedasawhole;general【近】all-aroundall-inclusiveall-roundbroadbroad-spectrumcomprehensiveexpansiveextendedextensivefar-rangingfar-reachinggeneralglobalinclusivelargesweepingwide-rangingwide-reachingwidespread.well-beingn.幸福Thestateofbeinghealthyhappyorprosperous;welfare.implication[‚ɪmplɪkeɪʃn]n.含意暗示Theactofimplyingortheconditionofbeingimplied【近】hintinklingsuspicionundercurrentundertone.command[kəmɑːnd]v.命令;控制,指挥Todirectwithauthority;giveordersto【近】bidchargedirectenjoininstructordertell.【记】com一起,mand命令dispense[dɪspens]v.分发;分配Todealoutinpartsorportions;distribute【近】dealoutdistributedividedoleoutparceloutportionoutrationoutshare.【记】dis分开,pense(n包装费用)-分开费用-分配ostracize[ɑstrəsaɪz]v.排斥Toexcludefromagroup【近】banishdeportexileexpatriateexpeltransport.【反】takein(接收);welcome(v欢迎);include(v包括);embrace(n/v拥抱)deviate[diːvɪeɪt]v.脱离出轨Toturnasidefromacourseorway【近】departdigressdivergestrayswerveveer.【记】de离开,via道路-离开道路的-偏离shun[ʃʌn]v.避开避免Toavoiddeliberately;keepawayfrom.【近】avoidburkebypasscircumventdodgeduckeludeescapeeschewevadegetaround.【反】seekactively(积极寻找);haunt(v经常拜访)frequent(v时常出入)structure[strʌktʃər]v.建筑组织Togiveformorarrangementto【近】buildcomposeconfigureformpatternshape.elicit[ɪlɪsɪt]v.引出Tobringordrawoutsomethinglatent;educe【近】drawouteduceevokesummon.【记】e出,licit引一引出conform[kənfɔːm]v.符合Tobringintoagreementorcorrespondence;makesimilar【近】acclimateacclimatizeaccommodateadaptadjustfashionfit¹reconcilesquaresuittailor.【记】con共同,form形状-有共同的形状-一致;符合carrier[kærɪə]n.运送者Onethattransportsorconveys【近】bearerconveyercourierenvoymessengerrunnertransporter.enforcern.实施者delicate[delɪkət]adj.细致优雅的Pleasingtothesensesespeciallyinasubtleway【近】choicedaintyelegantexquisitefine¹.elaborate[ɪlæbərət]adj.精细的Plannedorexecutedwithpainstakingattentiontonumerouspartsordetails【近】byzantinecomplexcomplicatedconvoluteddaedalDaedalianintricateinvoluteinvolvedknottylabyrinthinetangled.【记】e出,labor(n劳动)一劳动出来的一精致复杂的【反】abstract(adj抽象的;摘要的);simplify(vt单一化;简化)evaluate[ɪvæljʊeɪt]v.评估赋值评价Toexamineandjudgecarefully;appraise【近】appraiseassayassesscalculateestimategaugejudgerate¹sizeupvaluatevalue.opposing[əpozɪŋ]adj.相对的Actingagainstorinopposition:【近】adversarialadverseantagonisticantipatheticopposedoppositional.detract[dɪtrækt]v.转移;使分心Todrawortakeaway;divert【近】belittledecrydenigratedeprecatedepreciatederogatediscountdisparagedowngrademinimizerundownslighttalkdown.enforce[ɪnfɔːs]v.强迫;执行Tocompelobservanceoforobedienceto:【近】carryouteffectexecuteimplementinvoke.【记】force(n力量;vt强制)discourage[dɪskʌrɪdʒ]v.阻碍Totrytopreventbyexpressingdisapprovalorraisingobjections.【近】deterdissuadedivert.offending[əfendɪŋ]adj.惹事生非的Tocausedispleasureangerresentmentorwoundedfeelingsincommend[kəmend]v.称赞;推荐Toexpressapprovalof;praise【近】acclaimapplaudcomplimentlaudpraise.【记】com共同,mend修改,改进-大家一起改进错误,这是多么值得称赞的举动啊【反】censure(v/n责难);berate(vt严厉指责)pathologyn.病状Theanatomicorfunctionalmanifestationsofadisease[pəθɑlədʒɪ]【记】path不好的感觉,ology学科-病理学【反】normal(adj正常的)reproduction[‚rɪːprədʌkʃn]n.生殖Thesexualorasexualprocessbywhichorganismsgenerateothersofthesamekind.【近】breedingmultiplicationprocreationproliferationpropagationspawning.coordinate[kəʊɔːdɪneɪt]v.调整,协调tofunctiontogetherinaconcertedway【近】accommodateattuneconformharmonizeintegrateproportionreconciletune.predictable[prɪdɪktəbl]adj.可预言的consequentlyadv.结果Asaresult;therefore.timing[taɪmɪŋ]n.适时定时Theartoroperationofregulatingoccurrencepaceorcoordinationtoachievethemostdesirableeffectsasinmusicthetheaterathleticsormechanics.rhythm[rɪðm]n.旋律节奏Movementorvariationcharacterizedbytheregularrecurrenceoralternationofdifferentquantitiesorconditions:【近】beatcadencecadencymeasuremeterswing.periodic[‚pɪrɪɑdɪk]adj.周期的定期的Havingormarkedbyrepeatedcycles.【近】cycliccyclicalisochronalisochronousperiodicalrecurrent.solar[səʊlər]adj.太阳的日光的Ofrelatingtoorproceedingfromthesunlunar[luːnər]adj.阴历的月的Ofinvolvingcausedbyoraffectingthemoon.chronobiology[krɑnobaɪɑlədʒi]n.时间生物学Thestudyoftheeffectsoftimeandrhythmicalphenomenaonlifeprocesses.emerge[ɪmɜːdʒ]v.形成Tocomeintoexistence【近】appeararisecommencedawnoriginate【记】merge(v吞没;合并)normallyadv.正常地[nɔrməlɪ]【近】commonlyconsistentlycustomarilyfrequentlygenerallyhabituallynaturallyoftenregularlyroutinelytypicallyusually.constantlyadv.不断地metabolize[mɪtæbəlaɪz]v.产生代谢变化Toundergochangebymetabolism.enzyme[enzaɪm]n.酶Anyofnumerousproteinsorconjugatedproteinsproducedbylivingorganismsandfunctioningasbiochemicalcatalysts.hormone[hɔrməʊn]n.荷尔蒙;激素Asubstanceusuallyapeptideorsteroidproducedbyonetissueandconveyedbythebloodstreamtoanothertoeffectphysiologicalactivitysuchasgrowthormetabolism.【记】horm冲动,兴奋-荷尔蒙external[externl]adj.外部的客观的Relatingtoexistingonorconnectedwiththeoutsideoranouterpart;exterior.【近】apparentostensibleostensiveoutwardseemingsuperficial.cue[kjuː]n.暗示信号Ahintorsuggestion.【近】cluehintintimationsuggestion.internal[ɪntɜrnl]adj.内在的Ofrelatingtoorlocatedwithinthelimitsorsurface;inner.【近】inlyinginnerinsideinterior.timer[taɪmər]n.定时器Atimepieceespeciallyoneusedformeasuringandsignalingtheendoftimeintervalsasonastove.eukaryote[jʊkæriət]n.真核生物Asingle-celledormulticellularorganismwhosecellscontainadistinctmembrane-boundnucleus.category[kætɪgərɪ]n.种类Aspecificallydefineddivisioninasystemofclassification;aclass【近】classclassificationorderset².organism[ɔrgənɪzm]n.生物有机体Anindividualformoflifesuchasaplantananimalabacteriumaprotistorafungus;abodymadeupoforgansorganellesorotherpartsthatworktogethertocarryonthevariousprocessesoflife.bacteria[bæktɪərɪə]n.细菌(单数bacterium)AnyoftheunicellularprokaryoticmicroorganismsoftheclassSchizomyceteswhichvaryintermsofmorphologyoxygenandnutritionalrequirementsandmotilityandmaybefree-livingsaprophyticorpathogenicthelattercausingdiseaseinplantsoranimals.algae[ældʒi]n.水藻,海藻Anyofvariouschieflyaquaticeukaryoticphotosyntheticorganismsranginginsizefromsingle-celledformstothegiantkelp.Algaewereonceconsideredtobeplantsbutarenowclassifiedseparatelybecausetheylacktruerootsstemsleavesandembryos.apparentlyadv.显然地[appar·entlɪ]【近】evidentlyexternallyostensiblyostensivelyoutwardlyseeminglysuperficially.normal[nɔrml]adj.正常的Conformingwithadheringtoorconstitutinganormstandardpatternlevelortype;typical【近】averagecommoncommonplacegeneralordinarytypicalusualfungus[fʌŋgəs]n.菌类;蘑菇AnyofnumerouseukaryoticorganismsofthekingdomFungiwhichlackchlorophyllandvasculartissueandrangeinformfromasinglecelltoabodymassofbranchedfilamentoushyphaethatoftenproducespecializedfruitingbodies.Thekingdomincludestheyeastsmoldssmutsandmushrooms.intentionallyadv.有意地;故意地geophysical[‚dʒɪːəʊfɪzɪkl]adj.地球物理学的orbit[ɔrbɪt]v.绕...轨道而行;盘旋Torevolvearoundacenterofattraction【近】circlecircumvolvegyraterevolverotateturnwheel.shuttle[ʃʌtl]n.太空飞船Aspaceshuttleattest[ətest]v.证实证明Tobearwitness;givetestimony【近】authenticatebackupbearoutconfirmcorroborateevidencejustifysubstantiatetestifytovalidateverifywarrant.【记】at一再,test作证明-证明,证实crayfish[kreɪfɪʃ]n.鳌虾AnyofvariousfreshwatercrustaceansofthegeneraCambarusandAstacusresemblingalobsterbutconsiderablysmaller.compoundadj.合成的混合的Consistingoftwoormoresubstances[kɒmpaʊnd]ingredientselementsorparts.【近】complexcomposite.【反】separate(v分开)horseshoe[hɔrʃʃuː]n.马蹄铁AflatU-shapedmetalplatefittedandnailedtothebottomofahorseshoofforprotection.crab[kræb]n.螃蟹AnyofvariouspredominantlymarinecrustaceansofthedivisionBrachyurawithintheorderDecapodacharacterizedbyabroadflattenedcephalothoraxcoveredbyahardcarapacewithasmallabdomenconcealedbeneathitshortantennaeandfivepairsoflegsofwhichtheanteriorpairarelargeandpincerlike.【近】complainerfaultfindergrouchgrowlergrumblergrumpmurmurermuttererwhiner.persistent[pərsɪstənt]adj.持续的,持久的Existingorremaininginthesamestateforanindefinitelylongtime;enduring【近】abidingcontinuingdurableenduringlastinglong-lastinglong-livedlong-standingoldperdurableperennialpermanent.deprive[dɪpraɪv]v.剥夺Totakesomethingawayfrom【近】dispossessdivestrobstrip¹.circadian[sɝkedɪən]adj.生理节奏的;以24小时为周期的Relatingtoorexhibitingapproximately24-hourperiodicity.duration[djʊəreɪʃn]n.持续时间;为期Aperiodofexistenceorpersistence【近】spanstretchtermtime.precision[prɪsɪʒn]n.精密精确Thestateorqualityofbeingprecise;exactness【近】accuracyaccuratenesscorrectnessexactitudeexactnessprecisenessrightness.subject[sʌbʒɪkt]v.使受到Toexposetosomething【近】enslaveenthrallsubjugate.considerable[considərəbl]adj.相当的Largeinamountextentordegree:【近】bigextensivegoodgreathealthylargelarge-scalesizable.shift[ʃɪft]v.变动改变Tochangepositiondirectionplaceorform【近】avertdeflectdeviatedivertpivotswingturnveer.disorient[dɪsɔːrɪent]v.使失去方向感使迷惑Tocauseapersonforexampletoexperiencedisorientation.mismatch[mɪsmætʃ]n.错误的结合Tomatchunsuitablyorinaccuratelypersist[pərsɪst]v.持续Tocontinueinexistence;last【近】abidecontinueenduregoonholdoutlast²remainstay¹.【记】per完全,sist固定不变-坚持不懈jetlag时差reset[‚rɪːset]v.重新设定Tochangethereadingofsynchronize[sɪŋkrənaɪz]v.使同步Tocausetooccuroroperatewithexactcoincidenceintimeorrate【近】coincideconcur.additionally[addiʃnəlɪ]adv.此外;同时【近】alsobesidesfurtherfurthermoreitemlikewisemoremoreoverstilltooyet.nevertheless[nevərθəles]adv.然而虽然如此Inspiteofthat;nonetheless;however【近】allthesamehowevernonethelessstillyet.moreover[mɔːrəʊvər]adv.而且;此外Beyondwhathasbeenstated;besides【近】additionallyalsobesidesfurtherfurthermoreitemlikewisemorestilltooyet.isolation[‚aɪsəleɪʃn]n.隔离;孤立Thequalityorconditionofbeingisolated【近】insulationsegregationseparationsequestration.enduring[enduərɪŋ]adj.持久的;耐久的Lasting;continuing;durable【近】abidingcontinuingdurablelastinglong-lastinglong-livedlong-standingoldperdurableperennialpermanentpersistent.【反】ephemeral(adj朝生暮死的;短暂的);transitory(adj短时间的)disorientation[dɪsɔrɪɛnteʃən]n.迷失方向;迷惘Lossofonessenseofdirectionpositionorrelationshipwithonessurroundings.【记】orient(n东方;adj东方的;上升的vt确定方向)reversal[rɪvɜːsl]n.翻转;逆转Theactoraninstanceofreversing【近】inversiontranspositionturnaboutturnaround.【记】源于reverse(n相反;adj相反的;v颠倒),re反,verse转sensitivity[sɛnsətɪvəti]n.敏感灵敏性Thequalityorconditionofbeingsensitive.【近】feelingsensibilitysensitiveness.fluctuatev.变动Tovaryirregularly.[flʌktʃʊeɪt]【记】flu流动-波动变化【反】stabilize(v稳定);remainsteady(保持稳定)approximate[əprɒksɪmət]adj.大约的Almostexactorcorrect【近】approachborderonoruponchallengerivalvergeon.【记】ap一再,proxim接近-大约的uninterruptedadj.不间断的连续的【近】around-the-clockceaselessconstantcontinualcontinuousendlesseternaleverlastingincessantinterminablenonstopongoingperpetualpersistentrelentlessround-the-clocktimelessunceasingunendingunfailingunremitting.regulate[regjəleɪt]v.控制;校准Tocontrolordirectaccordingtoruleprincipleorlaw【近】controlgovern.【记】reg统治,ulate-管制align[əlaɪn]v.调准,校正Toadjustpartsofamechanismforexampletoproduceaproperrelationshipororientation【近】allyconfederatefederateleague.【记】a一条,lign=line线-在一条直线上-结盟,排列,校准perceptual[pərseptʃəl]adj.知觉的Ofbasedonorinvolvingperception.stimulus[stɪmjələs]n.刺激(pl:stimuli)Somethingcausingorregardedascausingaresponse【近】encouragementfillipimpetusimpulseincentiveinducementmotivationprodpushspurstimulantstimulationstimulator.verbalize[vɜrbəlaɪz]v.以言语表现Toexpressoneselfinwords【近】articulatecommunicateconveydeclareexpresssaystatetalktellutter¹ventvocalizevoice.questionnaire[‚kwestʃəner]n.调查表问卷Aprintedformcontainingasetofquestionsespeciallyoneaddressedtoastatisticallysignificantnumberofsubjectsasawayofgatheringinformationforasurvey.naturalistic[‚nætʃrəlɪstɪk]adj.自然论的Ofrelatingtoorbeinginaccordancewiththedoctrinesofnaturalism【近】lifelikenaturalrealistictruetrue-lifetruthful.andsoforth等等prior[praɪər]adj.更重要的优先的Precedinginimportanceorvalue:【近】advanceantecedentanteriorearlierprecedentprecedingprevious.duration[djʊəreɪʃn]n.持续时间;为期Aperiodofexistenceorpersistence【近】dayoftenusedinpluralexistencelifelifetimespanterm.uniformlyadv.一致地;均匀地neonate[nɪːəʊneɪt]n.婴儿Anewborninfantespeciallyonelessthanfourweeksold【近】babebabybambinoinfantnewbornnursling.blink[blɪnk]v.眨眼睛tocloseandopentheeyeinvoluntarily【近】bat¹nictatenictitatetwinklewink.quantify[kwɑntɪfaɪ]v.定量Todetermineorexpressthequantityofdiffuse[dɪfjuːz]adj.散开的;弥漫的Widelyspreadorscattered;notconcentrated【近】long-windedperiphrasticpleonasticprolixredundantverbosewordy.【记】dif不同,fuse流,引线-向不同方向流-散射accurate[ækjərət]adj.准确的;精确的Conformingexactlytofact;errorless【近】correcterrorlessexactpreciserightrigorous.potent[pəʊtənt]adj.有力的有效的Exertingorcapableofexertingstrongphysiologicalorchemicaleffects【近】mightypowerfulpuissant.identify[aɪdentɪfaɪ]v.识别鉴定Toascertaintheoriginnatureordefinitivecharacteristicsof【近】pinpointplacerecognize.investigator[ɪnvestɪgeɪtər]n.调查者Oneespeciallyadetectivewhoinvestigates.【近】inquirerinquisitorproberquerierquesterquestionerresearcher.observational[ɑbzərveʃnəl]adj.观察的;观测的assessment[assessmənt]n.估价;评价Theactofassessing;appraisal.【近】appraisalappraisementestimateestimationevaluationjudgmentvaluation.overgeneralizev.过度概括conclusive[concluːsɪv]adj.决定性的最后的Servingtoputanendtodoubtquestionoruncertainty;decisive【近】authoritativedecisivedefinitivedeterminativefinal.sophisticated[səfɪstɪkeɪtɪd]adj.复杂的Verycomplexorcomplicated【近】adulteratedalloyeddoctoredimpureloaded.respiration[‚respəreɪʃn]n.呼吸Theactorprocessofinhalingandexhaling;breathing【近】breath.monitor[mɑnɪtər]n.监视器Ausuallyelectronicdeviceusedtorecordregulateorcontrolaprocessorsystem.suck[sʌk]v.吮吸Todrawnourishment;sucklepermit[pəmɪt]v.允许容许Toallowthedoingofsomething;consentto【近】empowerenable.motion[məʊʃn]n.运动;动作Theactorprocessofchangingpositionorplace【近】movemovementstir¹.precise[prɪsaɪs]adj.精确的Exactasinperformanceexecutionoramount;accurateorcorrect【近】accuratecorrecterrorlessexactrightrigorous.numerical[nuːmerɪkl]adj.数字的Oforrelatingtoanumberorseriesofnumbersquantifiable[kwɑntɪfaɪəbl]adj.可以计量的indicator[ɪndɪkeɪtər]n.指示器Aninstrumentusedtomonitortheoperationorconditionofanengineafurnaceanelectricalnetworkareservoiroranotherphysicalsystem;ameterorgauge.【近】badgeevidenceindexindicationmanifestationmarknotesignsignificationstampsymptomtokenwitness.heighten[haɪtn]v.增高提高Toraiseorincreasethequantityordegreeof;intensify【近】aggravatedeepenenhanceintensifyredouble.apparatus[‚æpəreɪtəs]n.仪器器械Anapplianceordeviceforaparticularpurpose【近】accoutermentoftenusedinpluralequipmentgearmaterialusedinpluralmaterieloutfitparaphernaliarigtacklethingusedinpluralturnout.pacifier[pæsɪfaɪər]n.橡皮奶头Arubberorplasticnippleorteethingringforababytosuckorchewon.vogue[vəʊg]n.时尚流行Popularacceptanceorfavor;popularity【近】crazefadfashionfurormoderagestyletrendhabituation[həbɪtʃʊeʃən]n.习惯Theprocessofhabituatingorthestateofbeinghabituated.dishabituation[dɪshəbɪtjʊeɪʃən]n.解除习惯decline[dɪklaɪn]n.下降;衰退Toslopedownward;descend【近】atrophydecadencedeclensiondeclinationdegeneracydegenerationdeterioration.responsiveness[rɪspɑnsɪvnɪs]n.有应答;热诚【近】open-mindednessopennessreceptivenessreceptivity.paradigm[pærədaɪm]n.范例Anexamplethatservesaspatternormodel.【近】beauidealexampleexemplaridealmirrormodelpatternstandard.【记】para旁边,dig挖,m-在旁边挖井给大家水喝-榜样auditory[ɔdətɔri]adj.耳朵的;听觉的Oforrelatingtohearingtheorgansofhearingorthesenseofhearingolfactory[ɒlfæktrɪ]adj.嗅觉的Ofrelatingtoorcontributingtothesenseofsmell.【记】ol=oil,factory油场会发出气味-嗅觉的evokedpotentialn.诱发电位anelectricalresponseesp.inthecerebralcortexasrecordedfollowingstimulationofaperipheralsensereceptororiginate[ərɪdʒəneɪt]v.产生Tocomeintobeing;start【近】arisebegincommencestart.elicit[ɪlɪsɪt]v.引出Tobringordrawoutsomethinglatent;educe【近】drawouteduceevokesummon.【记】e出,licit引一引出preceding[prɪsɪːdɪŋ]adj.在前的在先的;Existingorcomingbeforeanotherorothersintimeplacerankorsequence;previous.【近】advanceantecedentanteriorearlierprecedentpreviousprior.discriminate[dɪskrɪmɪneɪt]v.区别辨别Toperceivethedistinguishingfeaturesof;recognizeasdistinct【近】characterizedifferentiatedistinguishindividualizemarksetapartsignalizesingularize.【记】crimin=crime(n罪行)-区别对待有罪的人-辨别,歧视【反】confound(vt使混淆;挫败)Electro-pref.(前缀)电Electricityphysiological[‚fɪzɪəlɑdʒɪkl]adj.生理学的;生理学上的Oforrelatingtophysiology.consistently[consistəntlɪ]adv.一贯地;固守地【近】commonlycustomarilyfrequentlygenerallyhabituallynaturallynormallyoftenregularlyroutinelytypicallyusually.occasionally[əkeɪʒnəlɪ]adv.偶尔间或Nowandthen;fromtimetotime.【近】betimesintermittentlyperiodicallysometimessporadically.permanent[pɜrmənət]adj.永久的固定的不变的Lastingorremainingwithoutessentialchange【近】abidingcontinuingdurableenduringlastinglong-lastinglong-livedlong-standingoldperdurableperennialpersistent.【反】evanescent(adj渐消失的;短暂的);interim(adj中间的;临时的);ephemeral(adj朝生暮死的;短暂的)accuracy[ækjʊrəsɪ]n.正确;精确性Precision;exactness【近】accuratenesscorrectnessexactitudeexactnessprecisenessprecisionrightness.commercial[kəmɜːʃl]adj.商业的商品化的Oforrelatingtocommerceaccuse[əkjuːz]v.控告;指责Tochargewithashortcomingoranerror.【近】arraignchargedenounceincriminateindicttax.commission[kəmɪʃn]n.委员会【近】errandmission.【记】com共同,miss=mit送-共同送东西到指定处-委托regulator[regjəleɪtər]n.调整者;管理者Onethatregulatescriticize[krɪtɪsaɪz]v.批评Tojudgethemeritsandfaultsof;analyzeandevaluate【近】blamecensurefaultrap¹.intentionallyadv.有意地;故意地unintentionallyadv.非故意地;非存心地construction[construkʃn]n.构架Astructuresuchasabuildingframeworkormodel.【近】clarificationdeciphermentelucidationexegesisexplanationexplicationexpositionilluminationillustrationinterpretation.tactics[tæktɪks]n.策略手段Aprocedureorsetofmaneuversengagedintoachieveanendanaimoragoal.centerv.集中Tobeconcentrated;cluster【近】channelconcentrateconvergefocalizefocus.exaggeration[ɪg‚zædʒəreɪʃn]n.夸张夸大【近】hyperbolehyperbolismoverstatementtalltalk.ill-equippedadj.设备简陋的Poorlyorinadequatelyequippedclaim[kleɪm]n.主张Astatementofsomethingasafact;anassertionoftruth【近】affirmationallegationassertionasseverationavermentdeclarationstatement.verify[verɪfaɪ]v.查证检验Todetermineortestthetruthoraccuracyofasbycomparisoninvestigationorreference【近】authenticatebearoutconfirmcorroboratedemonstrateendorseestablishevidenceproveshowsubstantiatevalidate.【记】ver真实,ify证明…的真相offset[ɔfset]v.弥补Anagentanelementorathingthatbalancescounteractsorcompensatesforsomethingelse.【近】balancecompensatecounterbalancecounterpoisecountervailneutralizeoutweighredeemsetoff.counterbalance[‚kaʊntəbæləns]v.使平衡;抵消Toopposewithanequalforce;offset.【近】balancecompensatecounterpoisecountervailneutralizeoffsetoutweighredeemsetoff.【记】balance(n/v平衡)disclaimer[disclaimə]n.放弃不承诺Arepudiationordenialofresponsibilityorconnection.【近】contradictiondenialdisaffirmancedisaffirmationnegationrejectionqualification[‚kwɑlɪfɪkeɪʃn]n.限制条件Arestrictionormodification【近】conditionprovisionprovisoreservationspecificationstipulationtermoftenusedinplural.cereal[sɪərɪəl]n.麦片Afoodpreparedfromanyoftheseplantsespeciallyabreakfastfoodmadefromcommerciallyprocessedgrain.【记】ce赛,real真正小麦、荞麦、燕麦和玉米比赛谁是真的谷物nutritional[nuːtrɪʃənl]adj.营养的【近】alimentarynutritive.interpret[ɪntɜrprɪt]v.理解Toconceivethesignificanceof;construe【近】construereadtake.readily[redɪlɪ]adv.容易地Inamannerindicatingorconnotingease;easilyformat[fɔrmæt]n.形式Thearrangementofdataforstorageordisplay.nevertheless[nevərθəles]adv.然而虽然如此Inspiteofthat;nonetheless;however【近】allthesamehowevernonethelessstillyetfantasy[fæntəsɪ]n.幻想Thecreativeimagination;unrestrainedfancy【近】daydreamdreamfancyfictionfigmentillusionphantasmphantasmareverievision.orient[ɔːrɪənt]v.使朝向Tofocusthecontentofastoryorfilmforexampletowardtheconcernsandinterestsofaspecificgroup.【记】ori=rise升起,ent一原指太阳升起的feature[fɪːtʃər]v.展示Togivespecialattentionto;displaypublicizeormakeprominent【近】conceiveenvisageenvisionfancyfantasizeimageimaginepictureseethinkvisionvisualize.adept[ædept]adj.熟练的内行的Veryskilled.【近】crackexpertmastermasterfulmasterlyprofessionalproficientskilledskillful.【记】ad朝向,ept能力-有能力-老练的setting[setɪŋ]n.背景Thecontextandenvironmentinwhichasituationisset;thebackground.【近】localescenesitestage.rational[ræʃənl]adj.理性的合理的Consistentwithorbasedonreason;logical【近】consequentintelligentlogicalreasonable.appeal[əpiːl]n.感染力Thepowerofattractingorofarousinginterest【近】allureallurementattractionattractivenesscallcharismacharmdrawenchantmententicementfascinationglamourluremagnetismwitchery.【记】ap一再,peal=pull拉-一再拉-吸引celebrity[sɪlebrətɪ]n.名人Afamousperson.【近】herolionluminarynamenotablepersonagepersonality.【反】obscurity(n身份低微的人)intention[ɪntenʃn]n.意图目的Anaimthatguidesaction;anobjective【近】aimambitiondesignendgoalintentmarkmeaningobjectobjectivepointpurposetargetviewwhy.positively[pɑzətɪvlɪ]adv.无疑地;肯定地;【近】absolutelycertainlydoubtlessdoubtlesslyundoubtedly.perceive[pərsɪːv]v.察觉;感知Tobecomeawareofdirectlythroughanyofthesensesespeciallysightorhearing.【近】apprehendfeelintuitsense.【记】per全部,ceive抓住-全部抓住-发觉attribute[ətrɪbjuːt]n.属性,特点Aqualityorcharacteristicinherentinorascribedtosomeoneorsomething.【近】charactercharacteristicfeaturemarkpeculiaritypropertyqualitysavortrait.transfer[trænsfɜr]v.转移Toconveyorcausetopassfromoneplacepersonorthingtoanother【近】deliverfurnishgivehandhandoverprovidesupplyturnover.automatically[‚ɔːtəmætɪklɪ]adv.自动地;无意识地animate[ænɪmeɪt]v.推动,驱动Toimpartmotionoractivityto.【近】cheeronemboldenencourageinspireinspiritmotivate.【记】anim生命,精神,ate表动作-使有生命conflateadj.把两段文章合并Tocombinetwovarianttextsforexampleintoonewhole【记】con一起,flat吹气-吹到一起-合并blend[blend]v.使混和Tocombineormixsothattheconstituentpartsareindistinguishablefromoneanother【近】admixamalgamatecomminglecommixfuseintermingleintermixmergeminglemixstir¹.regarding[rɪgɑrdɪŋ]prep.关于;就...而论Inreferenceto;withrespectto;concerningknowledgeable[nɑlɪdʒəbl]adj.有知识的博学的Possessingorshowingknowledgeorintelligence;perceptiveandwell-informed.credible[kredəbl]adj.可信的;可靠的Worthyofconfidence;reliable.【近】believablecolorablecreditableplausible.validate[vælɪdeɪt]v.证实确认Toestablishthesoundnessof;corroborate【近】authenticatebearoutconfirmcorroboratedemonstrateendorseestablishevidenceproveshowsubstantiateverify.endorse[ɪndɔːs]v.支持赞同Togiveapprovaloforsupporttoespeciallybypublicstatement;sanction【近】advocatebackchampiongetbehindplumpforrecommendsidewithstandbehindstandbysupportuphold.【记】dorse背-在背后签字表示同意approve[əpruːv]v.赞成同意Toshowfeelorexpressapproval【近】allowapprobateauthorizeconsentendorseletpermitsanction【记】ap一再,prove测试,证明-证明可行-赞成desirable[dɪzaɪərəbl]adj.值得向往的;令人满意Worthhavingorseekingasbybeingusefuladvantageousorpleasingnutrient[nuːtrɪənt]n.营养物Asourceofnourishmentespeciallyanourishingingredientinafood.【近】alimentarynourishingnutritiousnutritive.nutritious[nuːtrɪʃəs]adj.有营养成分的营养的Providingnourishment;nourishing.【近】alimentarynourishingnutrientnutritive.immaturity[‚ɪmətjʊərətɪ]n.未成熟;未成年evaluation[ɪ‚væljʊeɪʃn]n.评价【近】appraisalappraisementassessmentestimateestimationjudgmentvaluation.slightly[slaɪtlɪ]adv.轻微地;稍微地Toasmalldegreeorextent;somewhatMayan[maɪən]adj.玛雅人的OforrelatingtotheMayatheirculturetheirlanguagesorthelanguagegrouptowhichitbelongs.ecological[‚iːkəlɒdʒɪkl]adj.生态的jungle[dʒʌŋgl]n.热带植丛Landdenselyovergrownwithtropicalvegetation.【近】catscradleentanglementknotlabyrinthmazemeshoftenusedinpluralmorassskeinsnarl²tangleweb.tropical[trɑpɪkl]adj.热带的OfoccurringinorcharacteristicoftheTropics.【近】tropic.inaccurate[ɪnækjərət]adj.错误的;不准确的Mistakenorincorrect;notaccurate【近】erroneousfallaciousfalseincorrectmistakenoffunsounduntruewrong.equatorial[‚ekwətɔːrɪəl]adj.赤道的Ofrelatingtoorresemblingtheearthsequator.humid[hjuːmɪd]adj.潮湿的Containingorcharacterizedbyahighamountofwaterorwatervapor【近】muggysoggystickysultry.equator[equatə]n.赤道Theimaginarygreatcirclearoundtheearthssurfaceequidistantfromthepolesandperpendiculartotheearthsaxisofrotation.ItdividestheearthintotheNorthernHemisphereandtheSouthernHemisphere.latitude[lætɪtuːd]n.纬度Theangulardistancenorthorsouthoftheearthsequatormeasuredindegreesalongameridianasonamaporglobe.term[tɜːm]v.把...称为Todesignate;call.【近】baptizecallchristendenominatedesignatedubentitlenamestyletitle.Yucatann.尤卡坦半岛ApeninsulamostlyinsoutheastMexicobetweentheCaribbeanSeaandtheGulfofMexico.TheregionincludesmanyMayanandToltecsitesandisseparatedfromwesternCubabytheYucatánChannel.peninsula[pɪnɪnsjələ]n.半岛Apieceoflandthatprojectsintoabodyofwaterandisconnectedwiththemainlandbyanisthmus.【记】pen笔,insula岛像铅笔一样的岛-半岛millimeter[mɪlɪmɪːtər]n.公厘毫米onethousandthofameterdense[dens]adj.密集的Crowdedcloselytogether;compact【近】closecompact¹crowdedpackedthicktight.variable[verɪəbl]adj.易变的不定的Inconstant;fickle.【近】alterablechangeablefluidinconstantmutableuncertainunsettledunstableunsteadyvariant【反】immutable(adj不可改变的)presumably[prɪzuːməblɪ]adv.推测上大概hurricane[hʌrɪkən]n.飓风AseveretropicalcycloneoriginatingintheequatorialregionsoftheAtlanticOceanorCaribbeanSeatravelingnorthnorthwestornortheastfromitspointoforiginandusuallyinvolvingheavyrains.paradoxicallyadv.反常地archaeologist[‚ɑːkɪɒlədʒɪst]n.考古学家freshwateradj.淡水的Ofrelatingtolivinginorconsistingofwaterthatisnotsaltyelevation[‚elɪveɪʃn]n.海拔,高度Theheightofathingaboveareferencelevel;altitude.【近】altitudeheight.【记】elevate(vt举起;提拔)lev举起;【反】debasement(n降低)sufficiently[səfɪʃntlɪ]adv.十分地sinkholen.排水口coastal[koʊstl]adj.沿岸的沿海的karstn.喀斯特地形Anareaofirregularlimestoneinwhicherosionhasproducedfissuressinkholesundergroundstreamsandcaverns.porous[pɔːrəs]adj.多孔的Fulloforhavingpores.【记】por孔,ous多-多孔的【反】impermeable(adj不能渗透的);impenetrable(adj难以渗透的)sponge[spʌndʒ]n.海绵AnyofnumerousaquaticchieflymarineinvertebrateanimalsofthephylumPoriferacharacteristicallyhavingaporousskeletoncomposedoffibrousmaterialorsiliceousorcalcareousspiculesandoftenformingirregularlyshapedcoloniesattachedtoanunderwatersurface.【近】drunkdrunkardinebriatesottippler.limestonen.石灰石AcommonsedimentaryrockconsistingmostlyofcalciumcarbonateCaCO3usedasabuildingstoneandinthemanufactureoflimecarbondioxideandcement.initially[ɪnɪʃəlɪ]adv.最初terrain[təreɪn]n.地带地形Anareaofland;ground【近】countrydistrictregionterritoryexcavate[ekskəveɪt]v.挖掘;发掘Tomakeaholein;hollowout【近】digscoopshovel.【记】ex出,cav=cave(n洞)-挖出大洞-挖掘modify[mɑdɪfaɪ]v.更改修改Tochangeinformorcharacter;alter.【近】alterchangemutateturnvary.plug[plʌg]v.堵塞Tofillaholetightlywithorasifwithaplug;stopup.【近】blockchokeclogclosecongestcorkfillstop.leak[lɪːk]n.漏洞,裂缝Acrackorflawthatpermitssomethingtoescapefromorenteracontainerorconduit【近】breakcomeoutgetoutouttranspire.plaster[plɑːstə]v.涂以灰泥Tocovercoatorrepairwithplaster.【近】bedaubbesmeardab¹daubsmearsmirchsmudge.reservoir[rezəvwɑː]n.蓄水库Anaturalorartificialpondorlakeusedforthestorageandregulationofwater.【近】backlogcachehoardinventorynesteggreservestockstockpilestoretreasure.catchment[kætʃmənt]n.集水Acatchingorcollectingofwaterespeciallyrainwater.basin[beɪsn]n.盆地Abroadtractoflandinwhichtherockstrataaretiltedtowardacommoncenter【近】concavitydepressiondiphollowpit¹sagsinksinkhole.dike[daɪk]n.堤;坝Anembankmentofearthandrockbuilttopreventfloodsprolonged[prəlɔŋd]adj.延长的;拖延的exhaust[ɪgzɔːst]v.用尽Todrainofresourcesorproperties;deplete:【近】consumedraindrawdowneatupexpendfinishplayoutrunthroughspenduseup【记】ex出,haust拉-拉出-耗尽comprise[kəmpraɪz]v.包含Toinclude;contain【近】comprehendcontainembodyembraceencompasshaveincludeinvolvesubsumetakein.climaticallyadv.气候上density[densətɪ]n.密度Thequantityofsomethingperunitmeasureespeciallyperunitlengthareaorvolume【近】compactnesssoliditythickness.productivityn.生产力Thequalityofbeingproductive.[prɑdəktɪvətɪ]【近】fecundityfertilityfruitfulnessproductivenessprolificacyprolificnessrichness.numerous[nuːmərəs]adj.很多的Amountingtoalargenumber;many【近】legionmanymultitudinousmyriad.irrigation[‚ɪrɪgeɪʃn]n.灌溉croplandn.农田,耕地Landthatisfitorusedforgrowingcrops.disastrous[disastrəs]adj.损失惨重的;悲伤的Accompaniedbyorcausingdistressordisaster;calamitous.【近】calamitouscataclysmalcataclysmiccatastrophicdestructivefatalfatefulruinous.comparatively[kəmpærətɪvlɪ]adv.比较地;相当地pastoralism[pæstrəlɪzm]n.田园风格畜牧主义Asocialandeconomicsystembasedontheraisingandherdingoflivestock.livestock[laɪvstəʊk]n.家畜;牲畜Domesticanimalssuchascattleorhorsesraisedforhomeuseorforprofitespeciallyonafarm.archaeological[ɑrkɪəlɑdʒɪkl]adj.考古学的Thesystematicstudyofpasthumanlifeandculturebytherecoveryandexaminationofremainingmaterialevidencesuchasgravesbuildingstoolsandpottery.emerge[ɪmɜːdʒ]v.出现,发生Tocomeintoexistence【近】appeararisecommencedawnoriginate.【记】merge(v吞没;合并)steppe[step]n.大草原Avastsemiaridgrass-coveredplainasfoundinsoutheastEuropeSiberiaandcentralNorthAmerica.Eurasian.欧亚大陆ThelandmasscomprisingthecontinentsofEuropeandAsia.dominate[dɑmɪneɪt]v.支配在...中占主要地位Toenjoyacommandingcontrollingpositionin【近】predominatepreponderateprevailreignrule.millennium[mɪlenɪəm]n.一千年Aspanofonethousandyearsprestigen.名望威望Thelevelofrespectatwhichoneisregardedbyothers;[prestɪːʒ]standing.【近】distinctioneminenceeminencyfamegloryillustriousnesslustermarknotabilitynotepreeminenceprominenceprominencyrenown.warfaren.战争冲突Thewagingofwaragainstanenemy;armedconflict.【近】belligerencyconflictconfrontationhostilityusedinpluralstrifestrugglewar.militaristic[‚mɪlɪtərɪstɪk]adj.军国主义的【近】bellicosemartialmilitarywarlike.profound[prəfaʊnd]adj.极深的深远的Thoroughgoing;far-reaching【近】deepintensestrong.【记】pro向前,found底部深的【反】shallow(adj浅的;浅薄的)domesticate[domestikeɪt]v.驯养;驯化Totrainoradaptananimaloraplanttoliveinahumanenvironmentandbeofusetohumanbeings.【近】domesticizegentlemastertame.carnivore[kɑːnɪvɔː]n.食肉动物Aflesh-eatinganimal.【记】carn肉,vor吃-吃肉的动物-食肉动物exploit[ɪksplɔɪt]v.充分利用Toemploytothegreatestpossibleadvantage【近】abuseimposepresumeuse.【记】explore(v探险;探究)是为了exploitagriculturalist[‚ægrɪkʌltʃrəlɪst]n.农学家secure[sɪkjʊr]v.得到Togetpossessionof;acquire【近】acquirecomebygaingetobtainprocurewin【反】unfasten(v解开;放松)necessity[nɪsesətɪ]n.必需品Somethingnecessary【近】conditionessentialmustneedpreconditionprerequisiterequirementrequisitesinequanon.extensive[ɪkstensɪv]adj.粗放的广泛的Oforrelatingtothecultivationofvastareasoflandwithaminimumoflabororexpense.【近】all-aroundall-inclusiveall-roundbroadbroad-spectrumcomprehensiveexpansiveextendedfar-rangingfar-reachinggeneralglobalinclusivelargeoverallsweepingwide-rangingwide-reachingwidespread.terrain[təreɪn]n.地带地形Anareaofland;ground:【近】areaarenabailiwickcircledepartmentdomainfieldorbitprovincerealmscenesubjectterritoryworld.tendency[tendənsɪ]n.趋向Aninclinationtosomething【近】bentbiascastdispositionleaningpartialitypenchantpredilectionpredispositionproclivitypronenesspropensitysquinttrendturn.nomadism[nəumædizəm]n.游牧生活territory[terɪtɔrɪ]n.领土Anareaofland;aregion.【近】areaarenabailiwickcircledepartmentdomainfieldorbitprovincerealmscenesubjectterrainworldlinguistic[lɪŋgwɪstɪk]adj.语言的Oforrelatingtolanguageorlinguistics.Mongolian.蒙古striking[straɪkɪŋ]adj.引人注目的Arrestingtheattentionandproducingavividimpressiononthesightorthemind【近】arrestingboldconspicuouseye-catchingmarkednoticeableobservableoutstandingpointedprominentpronouncedremarkablesalientsignal.ancestral[ænsestrəl]adj.祖先的;祖传的Ofrelatingtoorevolvedfromanancestororancestors.【近】hereditaryinheritedpatrimonial.pastoral[pæstərəl]adj.田园生活的Oforrelatingtothecountryorcountrylife;rural.【近】arcadianbucoliccampestralcountryprovincialruralrustic.Indo-European[‚ɪndəʊ-]印欧语系的;印欧语系AfamilyoflanguagesconsistingofmostofthelanguagesofEuropeaswellasthoseofIrantheIndiansubcontinentandotherpartsofAsia.expansionist[expanʃənɪst]n.扩张主义者;领土扩张论者Anatolian.安纳托利亚TheAsianpartofTurkey.ItisusuallyconsideredsynonymouswithAsiaMinor.foragev.征集粮食,劫掠Tocollectforagefrom;stripoffoodorsupplies:【近】combransackrummagescour¹.[fɑrɪdʒ]stock[stɒk]n.家畜Alltheanimalskeptorraisedonafarm;livestock.【近】ancestrybirthbloodbloodlinedescentextractionfamilygenealogylinelineageoriginparentagepedigreeseed.breed[briːd]v.养育,使繁殖Toproduceoffspring;givebirthtoorhatch.【近】increasemultiplyprocreateproliferatepropagatereproducespawn.portability[pɔrtəbɪlətɪ]n.可携带;轻便accumulate[əkjuːmjʊleɪt]v.积聚累积Togatherorpileup;amass【近】accrueagglomerateaggregateamasscollect¹cumulategarnergatherhivepileuprollup.【反】dissipate(v使消散,浪费)surplus[sɜːpləs]n.剩余盈余过剩Anamountoraquantityinexcessofwhatisneeded.【近】excessfatglutoverageoverflowovermuchoverrunoverstockoversupplysuperfluitysurplusage.【记】sur超过,plus加-剩余的variation[‚verɪeɪʃn]n.变更变化Theactprocessorresultofvarying.【近】alterationchangemodificationmutationpermutation.portable[pɔrtəbl]adj.可携带的Carriedormovedwithease:【记】port拿,运,able-能拿的-轻便的byandlarge大体上;基本上self-sufficiency自给自足inhibit[ɪnhɪbɪt]v.禁止Toholdback;restrain.【近】bit²brakebridlecheckconstraincurbholdholdbackholddownholdinkeepkeepbackpullinreinbackinoruprestrain.【反】foment(vt煽动;激起);catalyze(vt催化);further(vt促进)inequality[‚ɪnɪkwɑlətɪ]n.不平衡;不平等Theconditionofbeingunequal.【近】disparitydisproportiondisproportionateness.conquestn.战胜征服Theactorprocessofconquering[kɒŋkwest]【近】triumphvictorywin.hereditary[hɪredɪtərɪ]adj.世袭的;遗传的Descendingfromanancestortoalegalheir;passingdownbyinheritance.【近】ancestralinheritedpatrimonial.hierarchy[haɪərɑrkɪ]n.统治集团Abodyofpersonshavingauthoritysteep[stɪːp]adj.过分的Excessive;stiff【近】abruptboldprecipitoussheer².domestication[dəʊ‚mestɪkeɪʃn]n.驯养;驯化far-reachingadj.广泛的,深远的Havingawiderangeinfluenceoreffect【近】all-aroundall-inclusiveall-roundbroadbroad-spectrumcomprehensiveexpansiveextendedextensivefar-ranginggeneralglobalinclusivelargeoverallsweepingwide-rangingwide-reachingwidespread.graze[greɪz]v.放牧Tofeedonherbageinafieldoronpastureland.【近】brush¹flickkissshaveskim.【记】源于grass(n草);raze(v夷为平地)羊graze就会razecomparatively[kəmpærətɪvlɪ]adv.比较地;相当地inhabitant[ɪnhæbɪtənt]n.居民;居住者Onethatinhabitsaplaceespeciallyasapermanentresidentrelocate[‚rɪːləʊkeɪt]v.移动Tomoveorbemovedtoanewplace【近】moveremovetransfer.manufacture[mænjʊfæktʃe]n.制造Theactcraftorprocessofmanufacturingproductsespeciallyonalargescale.【近】assemblebuildconstructfabricatefashionforge¹framemakemoldproduceputtogethershape.distribute[dɪstrɪbjuːt]v.分发;散布Tospreadordiffuseoveranarea;scatter【近】circulatediffusedispersedisseminateradiatescatterspreadstrew.【记】dis分开,tribute给予-分开给-分配egalitarian[ɪ‚gælɪteərɪən]adj.平等主义的Affirmingpromotingorcharacterizedbybeliefinequalpoliticaleconomicsocialandcivilrightsforallpeople【记】equal(adj相等的)neolithic[‚nɪːəlɪθɪk]adj.新石器时代的Oforrelatingtotheculturalperiodbeginningaround10000b.c.intheMiddleEastandlaterelsewherecharacterizedbythedevelopmentofagricultureandthemakingofpolishedstoneimplementsattainment[ətenmənt]n.成就Somethingsuchasanaccomplishmentorachievementthatisattained.【近】accomplishmentachievementacquirementacquisitioneffortfeat.leatherbackn.棱皮龟ThelargestlivingseaturtleDermochelyscoriaceafoundintropicalwatersandhavingatoughleatherycarapacewithsevenlongitudinalridges.reptilian[reptɪlɪən]adj.爬虫类的Oforrelatingtoreptilesreptile[reptl]n.爬虫动物Anyofvariouscold-bloodedusuallyegg-layingvertebratesoftheclassReptiliasuchasasnakelizardcrocodileturtleordinosaurhavinganexternalcoveringofscalesorhornyplatesandbreathingbymeansoflungs.contradiction[‚kɑntrədɪkʃn]n.矛盾Inconsistency;discrepancy.【近】antagonismantithesiscontradistinctioncontrapositioncontrarietycontrarinessoppositionpolarity.nonetheless[nʌnðəles]adv.虽然如此但是Nevertheless;however.【近】allthesamehoweverneverthelessstillyetmaintain[meɪnteɪn]v.维持,保持Tokeepuporcarryon;continue【近】keepuppreservesustain.feat[fɪːt]n.壮举Anotableactordeedespeciallyanactofcourage;anexploit.【近】accomplishmentachievementacquirementacquisitionattainmenteffort.adaptation[‚ædæpteɪʃn]n.适应Theactorprocessofadapting.【近】accommodationadaptionadjustmentconformation.apparently[appar·entlɪ]adv.显然地【近】evidentlyexternallyostensiblyostensivelyoutwardlyseeminglysuperficially.internal[ɪntɜrnl]adj.内在的Ofrelatingtoorlocatedwithinthelimitsorsurface;inner.【近】inlyinginnerinsideinterior.by-productn.副产品【近】derivationderivativedescendantoffshootoutgrowthspinoff.cellular[seljʊlə]adj.细胞的Ofrelatingtoorresemblingacell.metabolism[mɪtæbəlɪzm]n.新陈代谢Thecomplexofphysicalandchemicalprocessesoccurringwithinalivingcellororganismthatarenecessaryforthemaintenanceoflife.Inmetabolismsomesubstancesarebrokendowntoyieldenergyforvitalprocesseswhileothersubstancesnecessaryforlifearesynthesized.bask[bɑːsk]v.晒太阳;感到温暖Toexposeoneselftopleasantwarmth.【近】indulgeluxuriaterevelrollrollickwallow.muscle[mʌsl]n.肌肉Acontractileorganconsistingofaspecialbundleofmuscletissuewhichmovesaparticularbonepartorsubstanceofthebody【近】brawnmightpotencepotencypowerpowerfulnesspuissancesinewstrengththewounce[aʊns]n.盎司AunitofweightintheU.S.CustomarySystemanavoirdupoisunitequalto
437.5grains
28.35grams.【近】bit¹crumbdab¹dashdotdramdropfragmentgrainiotajotminimmitemodicummoleculeortparticlescrap¹scrupleshredsmidgenspecktittletriflewhit.proportionately[prəpɔrʃnətlɪ]adv.相称地;成比例地sheer[ʃɪə]adj.全然的;绝对的Completelysuchwithoutqualificationorexception【近】absoluteall-outarrantcompleteconsummatecrashingdamneddeaddownrightflatout-and-outoutrightperfectplainpurethoroughthoroughgoingtotalunboundedunequivocalunlimitedunmitigatedunqualifiedunrelievedunreservedutter².bulk[bʌlk]n.大小;体积Sizemassorvolumeespeciallywhenverylarge.【近】amplitudemagnitudemasssizevolumeoftenusedinplural.loggerhead[lɒgəhed]n.蠵龟,红海龟Aloggerheadturtle.muscular[mʌskjələr]adj.肌肉的Ofrelatingtoorconsistingofmuscle【近】athleticbrawnyburlyhusky²robustsinewysturdy.【记】源于muscle(n肌肉)supplement[sʌplɪmənt]v.补充增补Toprovideorformasupplementto.【近】complementcompletefillinoroutroundofforout.blubber[blʌbə]n.鲸脂;鲸油Thethicklayeroffatbetweentheskinandthemusclelayersofwhalesandothermarinemammalsfromwhichanoilisobtained.【近】bawlcryhowlkeen²sobwailweepyowl.equivalent[ɪkwɪvələnt]n.同等物Somethingthatisessentiallyequaltoanother【近】coequalcolleaguecompeerequalfellowpeer².【记】equ平等,val力量-力量平等的saturated[sætʃəreɪtɪd]adj.饱和的渗透的Unabletoholdorcontainmore;full.fibrousadj.纤维的Havingconsistingoforresemblingfibers.[faɪbrəs]insulation[ɪnsəleɪʃn]n.隔离Theactofinsulatingorthestateofbeinginsulated.【近】isolationsegregationseparationsequestration.flipper[flɪpər]n.肢;手Awideflatlimbasofasealwhaleorotheraquaticmammaladaptedforswimming.blade[bleɪd]n.叶片状物Aflatthinpartorsection【近】edge.compromise[kɒmprəmaɪz]v.妥协Tosettlebyconcessions【近】concede.aerodynamic[‚eərəʊdaɪnæmɪk]adj.流线型的Styledwithdistinctivelyroundededgessoastoreducewinddragandtherebyincreasefuelefficiency.Usedespeciallyofautomobilesandvans.vessel[vesl]n.脉管Aductcanalorothertubethatcontainsorconveysabodyfluidcountercurrentn.逆流Acurrentthatflowsinanoppositedirectiontotheflowofanothercurrent.transfer[trænsfɜr]v.转移Toconveyorcausetopassfromoneplacepersonorthingtoanother.【近】moverelocateremove.outgoing[aʊtgəʊɪŋ]adj.外出的Goingoutoraway;departing:【近】communicablecommunicativeexpansiveextravertedextrovertedgregariousunreserved.【记】out出去,going去-总是出去-好交际的ingoing[ɪngəʊɪŋ]adj.进入的Goingin;enteringsteam[stɪːm]n.蒸气Thevaporphaseofwater【近】animationenergyforcemightpotencypowerpuissancesprightlinessstrength.radiator[reɪdɪeɪtər]n.散热器Aheatingdeviceconsistingofaseriesofconnectedpipestypicallyinsideanuprightmetalstructurethroughwhichsteamorhotwateriscirculatedsoastoradiateheatintothesurroundingspace.coil[kɔɪl]v.卷盘绕Towindinconcentricringsorspirals【近】corkscrewcurlentwinemeandersnakespiraltwinetwistweavewind²wreathe.gull[gʌl]n.鸥海鸥AnyofvariouschieflycoastalaquaticbirdsofthefamilyLaridaehavinglongwingswebbedfeetathickslightlyhookedbeakandusuallygrayandwhiteplumage.【近】butt³dupefoollambpushovervictim.floe[fləʊ]n.大浮冰Anicefloe.【记】海上flow着一个floehatchlingn.新孵化的鸟、两栖动物、鱼或爬行动物Anewlyhatchedbirdamphibianfishorreptile.conserve[kənsɜːv]v.保存Toprotectfromlossorharm;preserve【近】husbandpreservesave.mode[məʊd]n.模式Amannerwayormethodofdoingoracting【近】fashionmannermethodmodusoperandistylesystemwaywise².immense[ɪmens]adj.极大的Extremelylarge;huge.【近】behemothBrobdingnagianBunyanesquecolossalcyclopeanelephantineenormousgargantuangiantgigantesquegiganticherculeanheroichugejumbomammothmassivemassymastodonicmightymonstermonstrousmonumentalmountainousprodigiouspythonicstupendoustitanictremendousvast.【记】im不,mense=measure(vt测量;调节)-不能测量的-巨大的rush[rʌʃ]n.匆促Asuddenforwardmotion.【近】hastehastinesshurriednessprecipitanceprecipitancyprecipitatenessprecipitationrashness.distantlyadv.关系较远地;遥远地remarkable[rɪmɑrkəbl]adj.不平常的显著的Attractingnoticeasbeingunusualorextraordinary.【近】arrestingboldconspicuouseye-catchingmarkednoticeableobservableoutstandingpointedprominentpronouncedsalientsignalstriking.【记】re再,mark记号,able-再做记号-值得注意的sophisticated[səfɪstɪkeɪtɪd]adj.复杂精密的Verycomplexorcomplicated【近】cerebralintellectualthoughtful.switch[swɪtʃ]v.转换Tomakeorundergoashiftoranexchange【近】changeshift.version[vɜːʃn]n.某种形式Aparticularformorvariationofanearlierororiginaltype【近】accountchronicledescriptionhistorynarrationnarrativereportstatementstory.geologicallyadv.从地质角度intervaln.间隔Theamountoftimebetweentwospecifiedinstantsevents[ɪntərvl]orstates【近】gapinterspaceintersticeseparation.cretaceous[krɪteɪʃəs]adj.白垩的OfbelongingtoordesignatingthegeologictimesystemofrocksandsedimentarydepositsofthethirdandlastperiodoftheMesozoicEracharacterizedbythedevelopmentoffloweringplantsandthedisappearanceofdinosaurs.Permianadj.二叠纪的OfbelongingtoordesignatingthegeologictimesystemofrocksandsedimentarydepositsoftheseventhandlastperiodofthePaleozoicEra.perish[perɪʃ]v.消失死亡Topassfromexistence;disappeargradually【近】deceasedemisedepartdiedropexpiregopassawaypassonsuccumb.Informal:popoff.【反】survive(v幸存;生还)marine[mərɪːn]adj.海的Oforrelatingtothesea【近】maritimeoceanicpelagicthalassic.【记】submarine(n潜水艇)sub下面,marine海inprogress进展hypothesis[haɪpɑθɪsɪs]n.假设Somethingtakentobetrueforthepurposeofargumentorinvestigation;anassumption.fluctuation[‚flʌktʃʊeɪʃn]n.波动【反】invariance(n恒定性;不变性)cooperation[kəʊ‚ɒpəreɪʃn]n.合作Theactorpracticeofcooperating【近】affiliationallianceassociationcombinationconjunctionconnectionpartnership.【记】co共同,operation(n操作)predator[predətər]n.食肉动物Anorganismthatlivesbypreyingonotherorganismsmechanism[mekənɪzm]n.生物反应Theinvoluntaryandconsistentresponseofanorganismtoagivenstimulus【近】agencyagentinstrumentinstrumentalityinstrumentationintermediarymean³usedinpluralmediumorgan.extended[extendɪd]adj.广大的长期的Enlargedorbroadinmeaningscopeorinfluence【近】all-aroundall-inclusiveall-roundbroadbroad-spectrumcomprehensiveexpansiveextensivefar-rangingfar-reachinggeneralglobalinclusivelargeoverallsweepingwide-rangingwide-reachingwidespread.accountfor说明;对...负有责任;证明simultaneousadj.同时的Happeningexistingordoneatthesametime.[‚saɪməlteɪnɪəs]【近】coincidentcontemporary.【记】simult与此同时paleontologist[‚peɪlɪɑntɑlədʒɪst]n.古生物学者episode[epɪsəʊd]n.插曲,事件Anincidentoreventthatispartofaprogressionoralargersequence【近】circumstancedevelopmenteventhappeningincidentnewsoccasionoccurrencething.recur[rɪkɜr]v.再发生Tohappencomeuporshowupagainorrepeatedly【近】reappearreoccur.periodically[pɪrɪɑdɪklɪ]adv.周期性地【近】betimesintermittentlyoccasionallysometimessporadically.drastic[dræstɪk]adj.激烈的Severeorradicalinnature;extremerecurrent[rɪkɜrənt]adj.一再发生的;周期性的Occurringorappearingagainorrepeatedly【近】cycliccyclicalisochronalisochronousperiodicperiodical.companion[kəmpænjən]n.一对中的一个Oneofapairorsetofthings;amate【近】counterpartdoubleduplicatefellowmatchmatetwin.【记】company(n公司,陪伴)orbit[ɔrbɪt]n.轨道Thepathofacelestialbodyoranartificialsatelliteasitrevolvesaroundanotherbody.【近】circlecircuitcycleroundtourturn.meteor[mɪːtɪər]n.流星Abrighttrailorstreakthatappearsintheskywhenameteoroidisheatedtoincandescencebyfrictionwiththeearthsatmospheredevastation[‚devəsteɪʃn]n.蹂躏;荒废【近】banedestructionhavocruinruinationundoingwrack¹wreckwreckage.asteroid[æstərɔɪd]n.小行星AnyofnumeroussmallcelestialbodiesthatrevolvearoundthesunwithorbitslyingchieflybetweenMarsandJupiterandcharacteristicdiametersbetweenafewandseveralhundredkilometers.collide[kəlaɪd]v.碰撞Tocometogetherwithviolentdirectimpact.diameter[daɪæmɪtə]n.直径Astraightlinesegmentpassingthroughthecenterofafigureespeciallyofacircleorsphereandterminatingattheperiphery.【记】dia穿过,meter测量-穿过圆心可测量圆的面积的线-直径spew[spjuː]v.放出;喷出Tosendorforceoutinorasifinastream;ejectforcefullyorinlargeamounts【近】belchdisgorgeejecteructeruptexpel.debris[deɪbriː]n.碎片;残骸Thescatteredremainsofsomethingbrokenordestroyed;rubbleorwreckage.【近】rubbleruinwrack²wreckwreckage.particle[pɑrtɪkl]n.粒子Averysmallpieceorpart;atinyportionorspeck.【近】bit¹crumbdab¹dashdotdramdropfragmentgrainiotajotminimmitemodicummoleculeortouncescrap¹scrupleshredsmidgenspecktittletriflewhit.photosynthesis[fəʊtəʊsɪnθɪsɪs]n.光合作用Theprocessingreenplantsandcertainotherorganismsbywhichcarbohydratesaresynthesizedfromcarbondioxideandwaterusinglightasanenergysource.Mostformsofphotosynthesisreleaseoxygenasabyproductstarvation[stɑrveɪʃn]n.饥饿Theactorprocessofstarving.herbivore[hɜːbɪvɔː]n.草食动物Ananimalthatfeedschieflyonplants.rareearthelementn.稀土元素anyofaseriesofmetallicelementsofwhichtheoxidesareclassedasrareearthsandwhichincludetheelementsofthelanthanideseriesandsometimesyttriumandscandium—calledalsorareearthmetaliridium[aɪrɪdɪəm]n.铱Averyhardandbrittleexceptionallycorrosion-resistantwhitish-yellowmetallicelementoccurringinplatinumoresandusedprincipallytohardenplatinumandinhigh-temperaturematerialselectricalcontactsandwear-resistantbearings.crust[krʌst]n.地壳presumably[prɪzuːməblɪ]adv.推测上大概atmospheric[‚ætməsferɪk]adj.大气的Ofrelatingtoorexistingintheatmosphere.【近】aerialairypneumatic.sedimentary[‚sedɪmentərɪ]adj.沉积的;沉淀性的Ofcontainingresemblingorderivedfromsediment.span[spæn]v.横跨跨越Toextendacrossinspaceortime【近】extentlengthreachstretchboundary[baʊndərɪ]n.边界Somethingthatindicatesaborderorlimit【近】borderborderlandfrontiermarch²marchland.tertiary[tɜːʃərɪ]adj.第三纪的OfbelongingtoorbeingthegeologictimesystemofrocksandsedimentarydepositsofthefirstperiodoftheCenozoicEraextendingfromtheCretaceousPeriodoftheMesozoicEratotheQuaternaryPeriodoftheCenozoicEracharacterizedbytheappearanceofmodernfloraandofapesandotherlargemammalsbrieflyadv.暂时地;简要地preciselyadv.精确地准确地Inaprecisemanner[prɪsaɪslɪ]【近】even¹exactlyjust.anomaly[anomalɪ]n.不规则Deviationordeparturefromthenormalorcommonorderformorrule【近】aberranceaberrancyaberrationabnormalitydeviancedeviancydeviationirregularitypreternaturalnessunnaturalness.【记】a非,不,nomal正常-不正常-异常crater[kreɪtə]n.火山口Abowl-shapeddepressionatthemouthofavolcanoorgeyser.disintegrate[dɪsɪntɪgreɪt]v.碎裂;分解,瓦解Tobecomereducedtocomponentsfragmentsorparticles【近】breakdownbreakupcrumbledecomposedissolvefragmentfragmentize.【记】integr=intact完整的intense[ɪntens]adj.非常的强烈的Possessingordisplayingadistinctivefeaturetoanextremedegree【近】deepprofoundstrong.quartz[kwɔːts]n.石英AveryhardmineralcomposedofsilicaSiO2foundworldwideinmanydifferenttypesofrocksincludingsandstoneandgranite.Varietiesofquartzincludeagatechalcedonychertflintopalandrockcrystal.regularity[‚regjəlærətɪ]n.一致性规律性【近】customarinesshabitualnessnormalcynormalityordinarinessprevalenceroutinenessusualness.continental[‚kɒntɪnentl]adj.大陆的洲的Ofrelatingtoorcharacteristicofacontinentduration[djʊəreɪʃn]n.持续时间Continuanceorpersistenceintime【近】dayoftenusedinpluralexistencelifelifetimespanterm.severity[sɪverətɪ]n.严肃;严厉Thestateorqualityofbeingsevere.【近】depthoftenusedinpluralferociousnessferocityfiercenessfuryintensitypitchvehemencevehemencyviolence.meteorite[mːɪtɪəraɪt]n.陨星Astonyormetallicmassofmatterthathasfallentotheearthssurfacefromouterspace.evolutionary[‚evəluːʃənərɪ]adj.发展的;进化的irreversible[‚ɪrɪvɜrsəbl]adj.不可逆的Impossibletoreverse【近】irrevocableunalterable.glacier[glæsɪə]n.冰河Ahugemassoficeslowlyflowingoveralandmassformedfromcompactedsnowinanareawheresnowaccumulationexceedsmeltingandsublimation.【记】glaci=icesnowfalln.降雪降雪量hexagonal[heksægənl]adj.六角形的;六边形的Havingsixsides.crystal[krɪstl]n.水晶结晶Ahomogenoussolidformedbyarepeatingthree-dimensionalpatternofatomsionsormoleculesandhavingfixeddistancesbetweenconstituentparts.compact[kɒmpækt]v.使紧密;压紧Topressorjoinfirmlytogether【近】compressconstrictconstringesqueeze.【记】com共同,pact打包,压紧-共同压紧-紧凑的grain[greɪn]n.颗粒Arelativelysmalldiscreteparticulateorcrystallinemass【近】bit¹crumbdab¹dashdotdramdropfragmentiotajotminimmitemodicummoleculeortounceparticlescrap¹scrupleshredsmidgenspecktittletriflewhit.lessen[lesn]v.减少缩小Tomakeless;reduce.【近】abatedecreasediminishdraindwindleebbletuppeteroutrebatereducetailawayorofftaperoff.compactionn.压紧Theprocessofcompactingorthestateofbeingcompacted.dense[dens]adj.密集的Crowdedcloselytogether;compact【近】closecompact¹crowdedpackedthicktight.refreezev.再冰冻;再结冰granular[grænjələr]adj.由小粒而成的;粒状的Composedorappearingtobecomposedofgranulesorgrains.【近】coarsegrainygrittyrough.recrystallizev.再结晶intermediate[‚ɪntərmɪːdɪeɪtd]n.中间产物Asubstanceformedasanecessarystageinthemanufactureofadesiredendproduct【近】brokergo-betweenintercederintercessorintermediaryintermediatormediatormiddleman.flake[fleɪk]n.扁薄的一层Aflatthinpieceorlayer;achip.firn[fɪrn]n.粒雪,万年雪Granularpartiallyconsolidatedsnowthathaspassedthroughonesummermeltseasonbutisnotyetglacialice.Alsocalledoldsnowgranule[grænjuːl]n.小粒颗粒Asmallgrainorpellet;aparticle【记】gran=grain颗粒interlockv.使连锁;使连扣Tobecomeunitedorjoinedcloselyasbyhookingordovetailing.precipitation[prɪ‚sɪpɪteɪʃn]n.降水Anyformofwatersuchasrainsnowsleetorhailthatfallstotheearthssurface【近】depositdregoftenusedinpluralleesprecipitatesediment.calve[kɑːv]v.崩解Tobreakatanedgesothataportionseparates.Usedofaglacieroraniceberg.chunk[tʃʌnk]n.大块Athickmassorpiece【近】clodclumpgob¹hunchlump¹nuggetwad.iceberg[aɪsbɜrg]n.冰山Amassivefloatingbodyoficebrokenawayfromaglacier.Onlyabout10percentofitsmassisabovethesurfaceofthewater.surplus[sɜːpləs]adj.过剩的剩余的Beingmorethanorinexcessofwhatisneededorrequired【近】detropexcessextrasparesupererogatorysuperfluoussupernumerary.【记】sur超过,plus加-剩余的transform[trænsfɔrm]v.转换改变Tochangemarkedlytheappearanceorformof【近】convertmetamorphosemutatetransfiguretranslatetransmogrifytransmutetransposetransubstantiate.classify[klæsɪfaɪ]v.分类Toarrangeororganizeaccordingtoclassorcategory【近】assortcategorizeclassgrouppigeonholeseparatesortout.【记】class(n级别),ify使…-分类temperate[tempərət]adj.温带的Characterizedbymoderatetemperaturesweatherorclimate;neitherhotnorcold【近】conservativediscreetmoderatereasonablerestrained.【记】temper(v使温和;n脾气),ate=克制的polaradj.极地的Oforrelatingtoapole.[pəʊlər]【近】arcticborealfreezingfrigidfrostygelidglacialicywintry.hydrological[haɪdrəlɑdʒɪkəl]adj.水文学的deceive[dɪsiːv]v.欺骗蒙蔽Topracticedeceit.【近】beguilebetraybluffcozendeludedouble-crossdupefoolhoodwinkhumbugmisleadtakeintrick.freshwateradj.淡水的Antarctica[æntɑrktɪkə]n.南极洲awesome[ɔːsəm]adj.引起敬畏的可怕的Inspiringawe【近】exceptionalextraordinarymagnificentoutstandingpreeminentrareremarkablesingulartoweringuncommonunusual.hypothetical[haɪpəθɛtɪkl]adj.假设的假定的Suppositional;uncertain.【近】conjecturalhypotheticinferentialpresumptivesupposedsuppositionalsuppositioussupposititioussuppositive.drasticallyadv.大大地;激烈地static[stætɪk]adj.静态的;静止的Havingnomotion;beingatrest;quiescent.【反】oscillatory(adj摆动的)tremendous[trɪmendəs]adj.巨大的Extremelylargeinamountextentordegree;enormous【近】behemothBrobdingnagianBunyanesquecolossalcyclopeanelephantineenormousgargantuangiantgigantesquegiganticherculeanheroichugeimmensejumbomammothmassivemassymastodonicmightymonstermonstrousmonumentalmountainousprodigiouspythonicstupendoustitanicvast.formation[fɔrmeɪʃn]n.构造,结构Themannerorstyleinwhichsomethingisformed;structure【近】arrangementcategorizationclassificationdeploymentdisposaldispositiondistributiongroupinglayoutlineuporderorganizationplacementsequence.【记】form(n/v形状;形成)therebyadv.因此Bythatmeans;becauseofthatengulfv.卷入吸进Toswallowuporoverwhelmbyorasifbyoverflowing[ɪngʌlf]andenclosing:elevation[‚elɪveɪʃn]n.海拔Theheightofathingaboveareferencelevel;altitude.【近】altitudeheight.offset[ɔfset]v.弥补抵消Anagentanelementorathingthatbalancescounteractsorcompensatesforsomethingelse.【近】balancecompensatecounterbalancecounterpoisecountervailneutralizeoutweighredeemsetoff.usable[juːzəbl]adj.可用的Thatcanbeused【近】accessibleemployableopenoperableoperativepracticableutilizable.mainstay[meɪnsteɪ]n.支柱;中流砥柱Achiefsupporturban[ɜːbən]adj.都市的Ofrelatingtoorlocatedinacity.【近】citymetropolitanmunicipal.【反】bucolic(adj乡村的)caravan[kærəvæn]n.旅行队Acompanyoftravelersjourneyingtogetherasacrossadesertorthroughhostileterritory.negotiate[nɪgəʊʃɪeɪt]v.应付处理Tosucceedingoingoverorcopingwith【近】clearhurdlesurmount.restrict[rɪstrɪkt]v.限制约束Tokeeporconfinewithinlimitsrange[reɪndʒ]n.山脉Anextendedgrouporseriesespeciallyaroworchainofmountains.【近】ambitcompassextensionextentorbitpurviewreachrealmscopespheresweepswing.geology[dʒɪɑlədʒɪ]n.地质概况Thestructureofaspecificregionoftheearthscrust.limestone[laɪmston]n.石灰石AcommonsedimentaryrockconsistingmostlyofcalciumcarbonateCaCO3usedasabuildingstoneandinthemanufactureoflimecarbondioxideandcement.sandstone[sændstəʊn]n.沙岩Asedimentaryrockformedbytheconsolidationandcompactionofsandandheldtogetherbyanaturalcementsuchassilica.deposit[dɪpɒzɪt]n.沉积物Aconcentrationofmineralmatterorsedimentinalayerveinorpocket【近】dregoftenusedinpluralleesprecipitateprecipitationsediment.metallic[mɪtælɪk]adj.金属的Ofrelatingtoorhavingthecharacteristicsofametal.ore[ɔː]n.矿石Amineraloranaggregateofmineralsfromwhichavaluableconstituentespeciallyametalcanbeprofitablyminedorextracted.obsidian[əbsɪdɪən]n.黑曜石Ausuallyblackorbandedhardvolcanicglassthatdisplaysshinycurvedsurfaceswhenfracturedandisformedbyrapidcoolingoflava.jade[dʒeɪd]n.玉石Eitheroftwodistinctmineralsnephriteandjadeitethataregenerallypalegreenorwhiteandareusedmainlyasgemstonesorincarving.【近】baggagehussyslatternsluttart²trampwantonwenchwhore.Turkistann.土耳其斯坦Ahistoricalregionofwest-centralAsiaextendingeastfromtheCaspianSeatotheborderofChinaandsouthfromtheAralSeaintoAfghanistan.IthaslongbeenacrossroadsfortradeandconquestbetweenEastandWest.MuchoftheregionisnowpartoftheU.S.S.R.lapis[lepɪs]n.石头;宝石lazuli[læzjulai]n.天青石Afghanistan[æfgænəstæn]n.阿富汗Alandlockedcountryofsouthwest-centralAsia.Mostlyaridandmountainousthecountrydependsonagriculture;itsmineralwealthislargelyundeveloped.SinceancienttimesAfghanistanhasbeencrisscrossedbyinvasionroutes.Kabulisthecapitalandthelargestcity.Population
13051358.trace[treɪs]v.跟踪;查出Toascertainthesuccessivestagesinthedevelopmentorprogressof【近】tracktrail.expedition[‚ekspɪdɪʃn]n.远征,考察Ajourneyundertakenbyagroupofpeoplewithadefiniteobjective【近】pilgrimagesafaritourtrekvoyage.Sumeriann.闪族人;闪族语Amemberofanancientpeopleprobablyofnon-Semiticoriginwhoestablishedanationofcity-statesinSumerinthefourthmillenniumB.C.thatisoneoftheearliestknownhistoriccivilizations.merchant[mɜrtʃənt]n.商人Onewhoseoccupationisthewholesalepurchaseandretailsaleofgoodsforprofit.【近】businesspersondealermerchandiserspeculatortradertradesmantrafficker.Persia[pə:ʃə]n.波斯Arabia[əreibiə]n.阿拉伯grain[greɪn]n.谷物;谷粒Thefruitsofcerealgrassesespeciallyafterhavingbeenharvestedconsideredasagroup.【近】bit¹crumbdab¹dashdotdramdropfragmentiotajotminimmitemodicummoleculeortounceparticlescrap¹scrupleshredsmidgenspecktittletriflewhit.timber[tɪmbər]n.木材木料Treesorwoodedlandconsideredasasourceofwood.balkbeamrafter.【记】源于lumber(n木材)gem[dʒem]n.珠宝宝石Apearlormineralthathasbeencutandpolishedforuseasanornament.【近】pearlprize¹treasure.reliance[rɪlaɪəns]n.信任Thefaithconfidenceortrustfeltbyonewhorelies;dependence【近】beliefconfidencedependencefaithtrust.artisan[‚ɑːtɪzæn]n.工匠;技工Askilledmanualworker;acraftsperson.【记】arti技术,san人;参partisan(n游击队,党徒)pieceworkn.计件工作Workpaidforaccordingtothenumberofunitsturnedout.tutelage[tuːtlɪdʒ]n.指导Thecapacityoractivityofatutor;instructionorteaching.【近】educationinstructionpedagogicspedagogyschoolingteachingtrainingtuitiontutoring.blur[blɜː]v.使模糊Tobecomeindistinct.【近】becloudbedimbefogblearclouddimdulleclipsefoggloommistobfuscateobscureovercastovershadowshadow.laborv.劳动,工作Towork;toil【近】drivefagmoilstrain¹strivesweattoiltravailtugwork.sidebyside肩并肩地;一起modest[mɑdɪst]adj.谦逊的Freefromshowinessorostentation;unpretentious.【近】moderatepopularreasonable.establishment[ɪstæblɪʃmənt]n.法制,秩序Anarrangedorderorsystemespeciallyalegalcode.【近】businesscompanyconcerncorporationenterprisefirm²house.guild[gɪld]n.协会,同业工会Anassociationofpersonsofthesametradeorpursuitsformedtoprotectmutualinterestsandmaintainstandards.【近】associationclubconfederationcongressfederationfellowshipfraternityleagueorderorganizationsocietysororityunion.sect[sekt]n.派别;宗派Asmallfactionunitedbycommoninterestsorbeliefs.【近】confessioncreeddenominationfaithpersuasionreligion.assume[əsjuːm]v.认为,采取Totakeon;adopt【近】positpostulatepremisepresumepresupposesuppose.【记】as朝向,sume拿,取-拿住-承担(责任、职务)kinship[kɪnʃɪp]n.血族关系Connectionbybloodmarriageoradoption;familyrelationship.bound[baʊnd]adj.有义务的Beingunderlegalormoralobligation【近】bouncejumpleapspring.mutual[mjuːtʃʊəl]adj.相互的;共有的Havingthesamerelationshipeachtotheother【近】commoncommunalconjointgeneraljointpublic.contract[kɒntrækt]n.合约契约Anagreementbetweentwoormorepartiesespeciallyonethatiswrittenandenforceablebylaw.【近】agreementbondcompact²conventioncovenantpact.【记】con共同,tract拉-拉到一起-收缩;把人拉到一起-签合同repudiate[rɪpjuːdɪeɪt]v.拒绝接受Torejectthevalidityorauthorityofdenydisacknowledgedisavowdisclaimdisownrejectrenounce.【记】re反,pudi=put放,ate-反过来放掉-抛弃【反】espouse(v嫁娶;支持);uphold(v支持)conceptualize[concep·tu·alaɪz]v.使概念化Toformaconceptorconceptsofandespeciallytointerpretinaconceptualwaymode[məʊd]n.样式模式Amannerwayormethodofdoingoracting【近】conditionsituationstatestatus.craft[krɑːft]n.技艺手艺Anoccupationortraderequiringmanualdexterityorskilledartistry.【近】abilityadeptnessartcommandexpertiseexpertnessknackmasteryproficiencyskilltechnique.ideologicallyadv.思想体系上;意识形态上egalitarian[ɪ‚gælɪteərɪən]adj.平等主义的Affirmingpromotingorcharacterizedbybeliefinequalpoliticaleconomicsocialandcivilrightsforallpeople【记】equal(adj相等的)essentially[essen·tial·lɪ]adv.实质上;本来【近】basicallyfundamentally.association[ə‚səʊsɪeɪʃn]n.协会公会社团Anorganizedbodyofpeoplewhohaveaninterestanactivityorapurposeincommon;asociety.【近】clubconfederationcongressfederationfellowshipfraternityguildleagueorderorganizationsocietysororityunion.maintenance[meɪntənəns]n.保持Theactofmaintainingorthestateofbeingmaintained【近】alimentationalimonybreadbreadandbutterkeeplivelihoodlivingsubsistencesupportsustenanceupkeep.standard[stændərd]n.标准水平Anacknowledgedmeasureofcomparisonforquantitativeorqualitativevalue;acriterion.【近】benchmarkcriteriongaugemarkmeasuretesttouchstoneyardstick.further[fɜrðər]v.促进;助长Tohelptheprogressof;advance【近】advanceforwardpromote.surplus[sɜːpləs]n.剩余盈余Anamountoraquantityinexcessofwhatisneeded.【近】excessfatglutoverageoverflowovermuchoverrunoverstockoversupplysuperfluitysurplusage.【记】sur超过,plus加-剩余的domestic[dəʊmestɪk]adj.国内的Oforrelatingtoacountrysinternalaffairs【近】homeinternalnationalnative.primarily[praɪmərəlɪ]adv.主要地Chiefly;mainly:shepherd[ʃepərd]n.看护者指导者Onewhocaresforandguidesagroupofpeopleasaministerorteacher【近】conductordirectorescortguideleadleaderpilotusher.tribal[traɪbl]adj.部落的;种族的Ofrelatingtoorcharacteristicofatribe.confederacy[kənfedərəsɪ]n.联盟邦联Aunionofpersonspartiesorstates;aleague.【近】allianceAnschlussbloccartelcoalitionconfederationfederationleagueorganizationunion.【记】con共同,feder联盟multiplicity[‚mʌltɪplɪsətɪ]n.多数多样Thestateofbeingvariousormanifold【近】diversenessdiversificationdiversityheterogeneityheterogeneousnessmiscellaneousnessmultifariousnessmultiformityvariegationvarietyvariousness.quasi[kwɑːzɪ]adj.类似的;半的Havingalikenesstosomething;resemblingfellowship[feləʊʃɪp]n.团体友谊Friendship;comradeship【近】chumminessclosenesscompanionshipcomradeshipfamiliarityfriendshipintimacy.worship[wɜrʃɪp]n.崇拜尊敬Thereverentloveanddevotionaccordedadeityanidolorasacredobject【近】adorationdevotionlove.flourish[flɜrɪʃ]v.繁荣;活跃Togrowwellorluxuriantly;thrive【近】bloom¹blossomthrive.【记】源于flower-花一样的开放-繁荣laissez-faire[leiseifεər]adj.自由放任的harmony[hɑrmənɪ]n.协调和睦Apleasingcombinationofelementsinawhole【近】accordagreementconcordconcordanceconcurrenceconsonancerapporttuneunity.【反】imbroglio(n杂乱的一团;纠葛;纷扰);discord(n不一致)consensus[kənsensəs]n.一致;共识Generalagreementoraccord【近】unanimityunanimousness.【记】con共同,sens感觉,us我们-我们有共同的感觉-意见一致minimizev.将...减到最少Toreducetothesmallestpossibleamountextentsizeordegree.[mɪnɪmaɪz]【近】belittledecrydenigratedeprecatedepreciatederogatedetractdiscountdisparagedowngraderundownslighttalkdown.【记】min表示小【反】exaggerate(v夸大;夸张);overestimate(v评价过高);inflate(v使膨胀)mercantile[mɜːkəntaɪl]adj.商业的贸易的Oforrelatingtomerchantsortrade.【记】源于merchant(n商人)peculiar[pɪkjuːlɪər]adj.奇特的Distinctfromallothers【近】bizarrecrankycuriouseccentricerraticfreakishidiosyncraticoddoutlandishquaintqueerquirkysingularstrangeunnaturalunusualweirdstance[stɑːns]n.看法,观点Mentalposture;pointofview【近】attitudeoutlookpositionposture.typical[tɪpɪkl]adj.典型的Exhibitingthequalitiestraitsorcharacteristicsthatidentifyakindclassgrouporcategory【近】characteristicdistinctiveindividualpeculiarvintage.individualistic[ɪndɪvɪdjʊəlɪstɪk]adj.个人主义的【近】egocentricegoisticegoistical.calculating[kælkjʊleɪtɪŋ]adj.慎重的;精明的Shrewd;crafty.【近】designingscheming.adaptive[adaptɪv]adj.适合的;适应的Tendingtodesignedforsuitablefororhavingacapacityforadaptation【近】adaptableadjustableelasticflexiblemalleablepliablepliantsupple.tribespeople[traɪbzpipl]n.部落成员Thepeopleofonesowntribeweigh[weɪ]v.斟酌Tochoosecarefullyordeliberately【近】chewonorovercogitateconsidercontemplatedeliberateentertainexcogitatemeditatemullmuse¹ponderreflectrevolveruminatestudythinkthinkoutthinkoverthinkthroughturnover.crucial[kruːʃl]adj.决定性的重要的Extremelysignificantorimportant【近】acuteclimactericcriticaldesperatedire.【记】cruc=cross(十字)-十字路口-关键的【反】inconsequential(adj无关紧要的)bondn.结合契约Abindingagreement;acovenant[bɒnd]【近】agreementcompact²contractconventioncovenantpact.informal[ɪnfɔrml]adj.非正式的Notformalorceremonious;casual【近】casualeasyeasygoingnaturalrelaxedspontaneousunceremoniousunrestrained.cement[sɪment]v.接合Tobindwithorasifwithcement【反】fracture(n/v破裂)tolerance[tɑlərəns]n.宽容忍耐Thecapacityfororthepracticeofrecognizingandrespectingthebeliefsorpracticesofothers.【近】forbearancelong-sufferingpatienceresignation.aristocratic[‚ærɪstəkrætɪkl]adj.贵族的【近】blue-bloodedelitehighbornhighbrednoblepatricianthoroughbredsuperiority[sə‚pɪrɪɔrətɪ]n.优越优势【近】arrogancehaughtinesshauteurinsolenceloftinesslordlinessoverbearingnesspresumptionpridepridefulnessproudnesssuperciliousness.ethic[eθɪk]n.道德规范Atheoryorasystemofmoralvalues【近】ethicalitymoralusedinpluralmorality.steady[stedɪ]adj.稳定的沉着的Freeoralmostfreefromchangevariationorfluctuation;uniform【近】fixedimmobileimmovablestationarysteadfastunmovableunmoving.loyalty[lɔɪəltɪ]n.忠诚Thestateorqualityofbeingloyal.【近】affectionattachmentdevotionfondnesslikinglove.【记】源于loyal(adj忠诚的)【反】perfidy(n不诚实;背信)entrepreneurial[‚ɑntrəprənɜːrɪəl]adj.企业家的pastoralist[ˈpɑːstərəlɪst]n.放牧人,养大群牛羊等的土地持有者pasture[pæstʃər]n.牧场草地Groundonwhichsuchvegetationgrowsespeciallythatwhichissetasideforusebydomesticgrazinganimals.assertion[əsɜːʃn]n.断言Somethingdeclaredorstatedpositivelyoftenwithnosupportorattemptatproof.【近】affirmationallegationasseverationavermentclaimdeclarationstatement.wholly[həʊlɪ]adv.全部统统Completely;entirely【近】absolutelyallaltogethercompletelydeadentirelyflatfullyjustperfectlyquitethoroughlytotallyutterlywell².empire[empaɪə]n.帝国Apoliticalunithavinganextensiveterritoryorcomprisinganumberofterritoriesornationsandruledbyasinglesupremeauthority.literallyadv.实在地不加夸张地Really;actuallyfiguratively[fɪgjərətɪvli]adv.比喻地;象征性地shift[ʃɪft]v.交换Toexchangeonethingforanotherofthesameclass【近】changeswitch.populous[pɑpjələs]adj.人口多的Containingmanypeopleorinhabitants;havingalargepopulation.intrinsically[ɪntrɪnsɪkəlɪ]adv.从本质上fragile[frædʒaɪl]adj.易碎的;脆的Easilybrokendamagedordestroyed;frail.【近】decrepitdelicatefeebleflimsyfrailinfirminsubstantialpunyunsoundunsubstantialweakweakly.【记】flag=fract断裂,ile易…的-易碎的undermine[ʌndɚmaɪn]v.渐渐破坏Toweakeninjureorimpairoftenbydegreesorimperceptibly;sap【近】attenuatedebilitatedevitalizeenervateenfeeblesap²undounnerveweaken.【记】under下,mine(v挖矿)-在下面挖-暗中破坏【反】reinforce(v加强);bolster(v支持);undergird(v加强…的底部)monetary[mʌnɪtərɪ]adj.货币的;金钱的Oforrelatingtomoney.【近】financialfiscalpecuniary.erode[ɪrəʊd]v.腐蚀侵蚀Tocausetodiminishdeteriorateordisappearasifbyeatingintoorwearingaway【近】bitecorrodeeatgnawwearwearaway.【记】e出,rode咬-咬掉-腐蚀seafarer[sɪː‚ferə]n.船员水手Asailorormariner【近】jackuppercasejack-tarmarinernavigatorsailorseadogseaman.circumvent[‚sɜːkəmvent]v.绕开Togoaround;bypass【近】bypasscircumnavigatedetourgoaroundskirt.【记】circum绕圈,vent去,来-来回绕圈-用计谋回避【反】confront(v使面临)VascodaGama达·伽马voyage[vɔɪɪdʒ]n.航行航程Ajourneybyseatoaforeignordistantland.【近】expeditionpilgrimagesafaritourtrek.permit[pəmɪt]v.允许容许Toallowthedoingofsomething;consenttoallowapprobateapproveauthorizeconsentendorseletsanction.armed[ɑːmd]adj.武装的Tosupplyorequiponeselfwithweaponrypredator[predətər]n.掠夺者Onethatvictimizesplundersordestroysespeciallyforonesowngainprowl[praʊl]v.潜行于;在...搜寻Toroamthroughstealthilyasinsearchofpreyorplunder【近】creepglidelurkmousepussyfootskulkslideslinkslipsnakesneaksteal.【记】pro前,owl(n猫头鹰)晚上无声飞行觅食的动物-偷偷找barren[bærən]n.贫瘠地Atractofunproductivelandoftenwithascrubbygrowthoftrees.Oftenusedintheplural.【近】badlandsdesert¹wastewastelandwilderness.【记】1)bar=bare光光的-一无所有的-不毛的【反】prolific(adj多产的;大量繁殖的)peripheral[pərɪfrəl]adj.周边的Relatedtolocatedinorconstitutinganouterboundaryorperiphery.【记】peri周围dealings[dɪːlɪŋ]n.交易Transactionsorrelationswithothersusuallyinbusiness.authority[ɔːθɒrətɪ]n.权威权力Thepowertoenforcelawsexactobediencecommanddetermineorjudge.【近】commandcontroldominationdominionjurisdictionmasterymightpowerprerogativesovereigntysway.insecure[‚ɪnsɪkjʊr]adj.不坚固的Notfirmorfixed;unsteady【近】infirmprecariousshakytotteringtotteryunstableunsteadyunsureweakwobbly.【记】secure(adj安全可靠的;放心的;无虑的)anxious[æŋkʃəs]adj.忧虑的Uneasyandapprehensiveaboutanuncertaineventormatter;worried.【近】agitatedconcerneddistressednervoussolicitousuneasyunsettled.rare[reə]adj.稀有的罕见的Infrequentlyoccurring;uncommon【近】infrequentoccasionalscarcesporadicuncommonunusual.decorative[dekərətɪv]adj.装饰性的Servingtodecorateorembellish;ornamentalnaturally[nætʃərlɪ]adv.自然地天生地Bynature;inherently【近】commonlyconsistentlycustomarilyfrequentlygenerallyhabituallynormallyoftenregularlyroutinelytypicallyusually.available[availəbl]adj.可用的Presentandreadyforuse;athand;accessible【近】acquirableattainablegettableobtainableprocurable.partial[pɑrʃl]adj.部分的Ofrelatingtobeingoraffectingonlyapart;nottotal;incomplete【近】fractionalfragmentarypart.【记】part部分,只喜欢一部分人-偏袒的unbreakableadj.打不破的Impossibletobreak;abletowithstandroughusagecontrast[kɒntrɑːst]v.使对比Tosetinoppositioninordertoshoworemphasizedifferences【近】counterpoint.uphold[ʌphəʊld]v.鼓励赞成Tomaintainoraffirmagainstopposition【近】advocatebackchampionendorsegetbehindplumpforrecommendsidewithstandbehindstandbysupport.【反】abrogate(v废除);impugn(v打击)associate[əsəʊʃɪeɪt]n.朋友;同事Apersonunitedwithanotherorothersinanactanenterpriseorabusiness;apartnerorcolleague【近】affiliateallycohortcolleagueconfederatecopartnerfellowpartner.evaluation[ɪ‚væljʊeɪʃn]n.评价【近】appraisalappraisementassessmentestimateestimationjudgmentvaluation.bypassv.绕过Toavoidanobstaclebyusinganalternativechannelpassageorroute.【近】circumnavigatecircumventdetourgoaroundskirt.【记】by旁边,pass经过-从旁边经过-绕过revenue[revənuː]n.收入收益Yieldfrompropertyorinvestment;income.【记】re反,ven=vent来,ue-反回来的东西-收入unevenlyadv.不均衡地distribute[dɪstrɪbjuːt]v.散布;分配Tobedistributive【近】circulatediffusedispersedisseminateradiatescatterspreadstrew.【记】dis分开,tribute给予-分开给-分配centralize[sɛntrəlaɪz]n.集中Tocometogetheratacenter;concentrate.stability[stəbɪlətɪ]n.稳定性Resistancetochangedeteriorationordisplacement【近】fastnessfirmnesshardnesssecuritysoundnessstablenesssteadinessstrengthsturdinesssureness.【反】inconstancy(n反复无常)territory[terɪtɔrɪ]n.领土Thelandandwatersunderthejurisdictionofagovernment.【近】countrydistrictregionterrain.periodic[‚pɪrɪɑdɪk]adj.周期的Havingormarkedbyrepeatedcycles.【近】cycliccyclicalisochronalisochronousperiodicalrecurrent.table[teɪbl]n.表Anorderlyarrangementofdataespeciallyoneinwhichthedataarearrangedincolumnsandrowsinanessentiallyrectangularform.【近】charttabulation.recurrence[rɪkɜrəns]n.再发生【记】re反,cur跑,rence一跑回来-重现【近】reappearancereoccurrencereturn.propertyn.性质Acharacteristictraitorpeculiarityespeciallyoneservingtodefineordescribeitspossessor.[prɑpərtɪ]【近】attributecharactercharacteristicfeaturemarkpeculiarityqualitysavortrait.element[elɪmənt]n.要素Asubstancecomposedofatomshavinganidenticalnumberofprotonsineachnucleus.Elementscannotbereducedtosimplersubstancesbynormalchemicalmeans.【近】basicessentialfundamentalrudimentoftenusedinplural.atomic[ətɒmɪk]adj.原子的Oforrelatingtoanatomoratoms.proton[prəʊtɑn]n.质子Astablepositivelychargedsubatomicparticleinthebaryonfamilyhavingamass1836timesthatoftheelectronnucleus[nuːklɪəs]n.原子核Thepositivelychargedcentralregionofanatomcomposedofprotonsandneutronsandcontainingalmostallofthemassoftheatom.【近】bud¹embryogermkernelseedspark¹.monumental[mɑnjəməntl]adj.不朽的Ofoutstandingsignificance【近】bigconsequentialconsiderablehistoricimportantlargematerialmeaningfulsignificantsubstantial.illustrate[ɪləstreɪt]v.阐明Toclarifyasbyuseofexamplesorcomparisons.【近】clarifyclearupelucidateilluminate.【记】源于luster(n光彩;光泽vt使有光泽)-说明interplayn.互相作用Reciprocalactionandreaction;interactionprediction[prɪdɪkʃn]n.预言Theactofpredicting.【近】forecastoutlookprognosisprognosticationprojection.identify[aɪdentɪfaɪ]v.识别鉴定Toascertaintheoriginnatureordefinitivecharacteristicsof【近】pinpointplacerecognize.descriptive[dɪskrɪptɪv]adj.描述性的Involvingorcharacterizedbydescription;servingtodescribe.【近】delineativegraphicrepresentative.proposal[prəpəʊzl]n.提议Aplanthatisproposed.【近】propositionsubmissionsuggestion.similarity[sɪməlærəti]n.相似点Thequalityorconditionofbeingsimilar;resemblance.【近】affinityalikenessanalogycomparisoncorrespondencelikenessparallelismresemblancesimilitudeuniformityuniformness.【记】similar(adj相似的);根simi相似mass[mæs]n.质量Themeasureofthequantityofmatterthatabodyoranobjectcontains.Themassofthebodyisnotdependentongravityandthereforeisdifferentfrombutproportionaltoitsweight.【近】accumulationaggregationamassmentassemblagecollectioncongeriescumulationgathering.successive[səksesɪv]adj.连续的Followinginuninterruptedorder;consecutive【近】consecutivesequentsequentialserialsubsequentsuccessional.interval[ɪntərvl]n.间隔Theamountoftimebetweentwospecifiedinstantseventsorstates.【近】gapinterspaceintersticeseparation.horizontal[‚hɒrɪzɒntl]adj.水平的Paralleltoorintheplaneofthehorizon.【近】decumbentflatprocumbentproneprostraterecumbent.【记】horizon(n地平线;视野)【反】plumb(adj垂直的)row[rəʊ]n.行Aseriesofobjectsplacednexttoeachotherusuallyinastraightline.【近】columnfilelinequeuerank¹stringtier.alkali[ælkəlaɪ]n.碱Acarbonateorhydroxideofanalkalimetaltheaqueoussolutionofwhichisbitterslipperycausticandcharacteristicallybasicinreactions.automatically[‚ɔːtəmætɪklɪ]adv.自动地assemble[əsembl]v.集合;聚集Togathertogether;congregate【近】clustercollect¹congregateconveneforgathergathergettogethergroupmuster.【记】as一再,semble和…相像-一再相像-聚集vertical[vɜrtɪkl]adj.垂直的Beingorsituatedatrightanglestothehorizon;upright.【近】perpendicularplumbupright.column[kɒləm]n.纵队,列Agroupofpeopleorthingsarrangedinarow【近】filelinequeuerank¹row¹stringtier.forerunnern.先驱Onethatprecedesasintime;apredecessor.【近】ancestorantecedentprecursorpredecessorprogenitor.【记】fore前,runner(n奔跑者;信使)chemist[kemɪst]n.化学家Ascientistspecializinginchemistry.naturally[nætʃərlɪ]adv.自然地天生地Bynature;inherently.【近】commonlyconsistentlycustomarilyfrequentlygenerallyhabituallynormallyoftenregularlyroutinelytypicallyusually.sufficiently[səfɪʃntlɪ]adv.十分地farsightedadj.有远见的Planningprudentlyforthefuture;foresighted【近】foresightedprescientvisionary.indicate[ɪndɪkeɪt]v.指出;显示Toshowthewaytoorthedirectionof;pointout【近】markreadrecordregistershow.assume[əsjuːm]v.以为;认为Totakeforgranted;suppose【近】positpostulatepremisepresumepresupposesuppose.【记】as朝向,sume拿,取-拿住-承担(责任、职务)indium[ɪndiəm]n.铟Asoftmalleablesilvery-whitemetallicelementfoundprimarilyinoresofzincandtinusedasaplatingoversilverinmakingmirrorsinplatingaircraftbearingsandincompoundsformakingtransistors.previously[prɪːvɪəslɪ]adv.以前【近】alreadybeforeearliererstwhileformerlyonce.assign[əsaɪn]v.把...归于Toascribe;attribute【近】accreditascribeattributechargecreditimputelay¹refer.arsenic[ɑːsnɪk]n.砷AsAhighlypoisonousmetallicelementhavingthreeallotropicformsyellowblackandgrayofwhichthebrittlecrystallinegrayisthemostcommon.Arsenicanditscompoundsareusedininsecticidesweedkillerssolid-statedopingagentsandvariousalloys.selenium[sɪlɪːnɪəm]n.硒Anonmetallicelementredinpowderformblackinvitreousformandmetallicgrayincrystallineformresemblingsulfurandobtainedprimarilyasabyproductofelectrolyticcopperrefining.cadmium[kædmɪəm]n.镉Asoftbluish-whitemetallicelementoccurringprimarilyinzinccopperandleadoresthatiseasilycutwithaknifeandisusedinlow-frictionfatigue-resistantalloyssoldersdentalamalgamsnickel-cadmiumstoragebatteriesnuclearreactorshieldsandinrustproofelectroplating.tin[tɪn]n.锡Amalleablesilverymetallicelementobtainedchieflyfromcassiterite.Itisusedtocoatothermetalstopreventcorrosionandisapartofnumerousalloyssuchassoftsolderpewtertypemetalandbronze.subsequent[sʌbsɪkwənt]adj.后来的Followingintimeororder;succeeding.【近】afterlaterposteriorulterior.tellurium[tɛˈlʊərɪəm]n.碲Abrittlesilvery-whitemetallicelementusuallyfoundincombinationwithgoldandothermetalsproducedcommerciallyasabyproductoftheelectrolyticrefiningofcopperandusedtoalloystainlesssteelandleadinceramicsandintheformofbismuthtellurideinthermoelectricdevices.iodine[aɪədaɪn]n.碘Alustrousgrayish-blackcorrosivepoisonoushalogenelementhavingradioactiveisotopesespeciallyI131usedasamedicaltracerandinthyroiddiseasediagnosisandtherapy.Iodinecompoundsareusedasgermicidesantisepticsanddyes.anomaly[anom·alɪ]n.异常Deviationordeparturefromthenormalorcommonorderformorrule【近】aberranceaberrancyaberrationabnormalitydeviancedeviancydeviationirregularitypreternaturalnessunnaturalness.【记】a非,不,nomal正常-不正常-异常relative[relətɪv]adj.比较的相对的Consideredincomparisonwithsomethingelse【近】comparative.abundance[əbʌndəns]n.丰富;充足Agreatorplentifulamount.【记】参考abound(v丰富),und-波浪isotope[aɪsəʊtəʊp]n.同位素Oneoftwoormoreatomshavingthesameatomicnumberbutdifferentmassnumbers.neutron[njuːtrɒn]n.中子Anelectricallyneutralsubatomicparticleinthebaryonfamilyhavingamass1839timesthatoftheelectronstablewhenboundinanatomicnucleusandhavingameanlifetimeofapproximately
1.0×103secondsasafreeparticle.Itandtheprotonformnearlytheentiremassofatomicnuclei.hence[hens]adv.因此Forthisreason;thereforerespect[rɪspekt]n.方面Aparticularaspectfeatureordetail【近】angle²aspectfacetframeofreferencehandlight¹phaseregardside.【反】deride(v嘲弄;嘲笑)aluminum[əlʊmɪnəm]n.铝Asilvery-whiteductilemetallicelementthemostabundantintheearthscrustbutfoundonlyincombinationchieflyinbauxite.Havinggoodconductiveandthermalpropertiesitisusedtoformmanyhardlightcorrosion-resistantalloys.analogous[ənæləɡəs]adj.类似的Similaroralikeinsuchawayastopermitthedrawingofananalogy.【近】alikecomparablecorrespondingequivalentlike²parallelsimilaruniform.designate[dezɪgneɪt]v.命名Togiveanameortitleto;characterize.【近】baptizecallchristendenominatedubentitlenamestyletermtitle.isolate[aɪsəleɪt]v.分离Toseparateasubstanceoutofacombinedmixture.【近】closeoffcutoffinsulatesecludesegregateseparatesequester.【记】源于island(n岛)-孤立状态【反】group(v聚合;聚集);amalgamate(v合并)gallium[gælɪəm]n.镓Araremetallicelementthatisliquidnearroomtemperatureexpandsonsolidifyingandisfoundasatraceelementincoalbauxiteandotherminerals.Itisusedinsemiconductortechnologyandasacomponentofvariouslow-meltingalloys.correspondence[‚kɒrɪspɒndəns]n.相符Theactfactorstateofagreeingorconforming.【近】accordanceagreementchimeconformanceconformationconformitycongruencecongruityharmonizationharmonykeeping.germanium[dʒɜrmeɪnɪəm]n.锗Abrittlecrystallinegray-whitemetalloidelementwidelyusedasasemiconductorasanalloyingagentandcatalystandincertainopticalglasses.gaseous[gæsɪəs]adj.气态的Ofrelatingtoorexistingasagas.classification[‚klæsɪfɪkeɪʃn]n.分类Theactorresultofclassifying.【近】categoryclassorderset².scheme[skɪːm]n.方案Asystematicplanofaction.【近】blueprintdesigngameplanidealayoutplanprojectschemastrategy.residual[rɪzɪdjʊəl]adj.剩余的Remainingasaresidue.nitrogen[naɪtrədʒən]n.氮AnonmetallicelementthatconstitutesnearlyfourfifthsoftheairbyvolumeoccurringasacolorlessodorlessalmostinertdiatomicgasN2invariousmineralsandinallproteinsandusedinawidevarietyofimportantmanufacturesincludingammonianitricacidTNTandfertilizers.separate[sepəreɪt]v.使分离Toremovefromamixtureorcombination;isolate.【近】closeoffcutoffinsulateisolatesecludesegregatesequester.【反】amalgamate(v使合并);compound(v混合);meld(v混合);concoct(v调合);serried(adj密集的);integrate(vt使成整体)substance[sʌbstəns]n.物质Amaterialofaparticularkindorconstitution【近】materialmatterstuff.argon[ɑːgɒn]n.氩AcolorlessodorlessinertgaseouselementconstitutingapproximatelyonepercentofEarthsatmospherefromwhichitiscommerciallyobtainedbyfractionationforuseinelectriclightbulbsfluorescenttubesandradiovacuumtubesandasaninertgasshieldinarcweldingdeposit[dɪpɒzɪt]n.堆积物Somethingdepositedespeciallybyanaturalprocess【近】dregoftenusedinpluralleesprecipitateprecipitationsediment.helium[hɪːlɪəm]n.氦Acolorlessodorlessinertgaseouselementoccurringinnaturalgasandwithradioactiveores.Itisusedasacomponentofartificialatmospheresandlasermediaasarefrigerantasaliftinggasforballoonsandasasuperfluidincryogenicresearch.spectrum[spektrəm]n.光谱Thedistributionofenergyemittedbyaradiantsourceasbyanincandescentbodyarrangedinorderofwavelengths.【记】spect看,rum-看到颜色-光谱postulate[pɑstʃəleɪt]v.假定Toassumeorassertthetruthrealityornecessityofespeciallyasabasisofanargument.【近】assumepositpremisepresumepresupposesuppose.neon[nɪːɑn]n.氖NeArareinertgaseouselementoccurringintheatmospheretotheextentof18partspermillionandobtainedbyfractionaldistillationofliquidair.Itiscolorlessbutglowsreddishorangeinanelectricdischargeandisusedindisplayandtelevisiontubes.krypton[krɪptɑn]n.氪Awhitishinertgaseouselementusedchieflyingasdischargelampsandfluorescentlampsxenon[zinɑn]n.氙Acolorlessodorlesshighlyunreactivegaseouselementfoundinminutequantitiesintheatmosphereextractedcommerciallyfromliquefiedairandusedinstroboscopicbactericidalandlaser-pumpinglamps.interpretation[ɪn‚tɜrprɪteɪʃn]n.解释Theactorprocessofinterpreting【近】clarificationconstructiondeciphermentelucidationexegesisexplanationexplicationexpositionilluminationillustration.requirement[rɪkwaɪərmənt]n.需求要求Somethingthatisrequired;anecessity【近】conditionessentialmustnecessityneedpreconditionprerequisiterequisitesinequanon.interaction[‚ɪntərərækʃn]n.交互作用Theactorprocessofinteracting.【记】intel相互,action作用-相互作用=interplayunwillingadj.不愿意的勉强的Donegivenorsaidreluctantly【近】aversedisinclinedindisposedloathreluctant.handle[hændl]v.处理Tocopewithordisposeof【近】manipulateply²wield.【记】hand(手),le一把手experimental[ek‚sperɪmentl]adj.实验的;根据实验的Relatingtoorbasedonexperiment:【近】pilottesttrial.variable[verɪəbl]adj.易变的不定的Likelytochangeorvary;subjecttovariation;changeable.【近】alterablechangeablefluidinconstantmutableuncertainunsettledunstableunsteadyvariant【反】immutable(adj不可改变的)superior[suːpɪərɪə]adj.上好的较好的Ofahighernatureorkind.【近】acebannerblue-ribbonbragcapitalchampionexcellentfine¹first-classfirst-rateprimequalitysplendidsuperbterrifictiptoptop.hypothesize[haɪpɑθəsaɪz]v.假设假定Toassertasahypothesis.【近】speculatetheorize.generate[dʒenəreɪt]v.产生Tobringintobeing;giveriseto【近】bringbringaboutbringoncauseeffecteffectuateinduceingenerateleadtomakeoccasionresultinsecuresetoffstir¹uptouchofftrigger.reveal[rɪvɪːl]v.透露显示Tobringtoview;show【近】demonstratedisplayevidenceevinceexhibitmanifestproclaimshow.acceptance[acceptəns]n.接受Thestateofbeingacceptedoracceptable.【近】approbationapprovalfavor.hub[hʌb]n.中心Acenterofactivityorinterest;afocalpoint【近】centerfocusheadquartersheartseat.rotate[rəʊteɪt]v.旋转Tocausetoturnonanaxisorcenter【近】circlecircumvolvegyrateorbitrevolveturnwheel.satellite[sætəlaɪt]n.卫星Acelestialbodythatorbitsaplanet;amoon【近】adherentcohortdisciplefollowerhenchmanminionpartisansupporter.numerous[nuːmərəs]adj.很多的Amountingtoalargenumber;many.【近】legionmanymultitudinousmyriad.asteroid[æstərɔɪd]n.小行星AnyofnumeroussmallcelestialbodiesthatrevolvearoundthesunwithorbitslyingchieflybetweenMarsandJupiterandcharacteristicdiametersbetweenafewandseveralhundredkilometers.Alsocalledminorplanetplanetoidcomet[kɒmɪt]n.彗星Acelestialbodyobservedonlyinthatpartofitsorbitthatisrelativelyclosetothesunhavingaheadconsistingofasolidnucleussurroundedbyanebulouscomaupto
2.4millionkilometers
1.5millionmilesindiameterandanelongatedcurvedvaportailarisingfromthecomawhensufficientlyclosetothesun.Cometsarethoughttoconsistchieflyofammoniamethanecarbondioxideandwater.meteoroid[mɪːtɪərɔɪd]n.流星体Asolidbodymovinginspacethatissmallerthananasteroidandatleastaslargeasaspeckofdust.estimate[estɪmeɪt]v.估计判断Tocalculateapproximatelytheamountextentmagnitudepositionorvalueofsomething.【近】approximateplaceputreckonset¹.mass[mæs]n.质量Themeasureofthequantityofmatterthatabodyoranobjectcontains.Themassofthebodyisnotdependentongravityandthereforeisdifferentfrombutproportionaltoitsweight.【近】amplitudebulkmagnitudesizevolumeoftenusedinplural.solar[səʊlər]adj.太阳的Ofrelatingtoorproceedingfromthesuncollectivelyadv.全体地;共同地[kəlektɪvlɪ]remain[rɪmeɪn]v.剩下Tobeleftaftertheremovallosspassageordestructionofothers【近】abidebidelingerstay¹tarrywaitdistance[dɪstəns]n.距离Theextentofspacebetweentwoobjectsorplaces;aninterveningspace【近】lengthspacestretch.mercury[mɜːkjʊrɪ]n.水星Thesmallestoftheplanetsandtheonenearestthesunhavingasiderealperiodofrevolutionaboutthesunof
88.0daysatameandistanceof
58.3millionkilometers
36.2millionmilesandameanradiusofapproximately2414kilometers1500miles.Venus[viːnəs]n.金星Thesecondplanetfromthesunhavinganaverageradiusof6052kilometers3760milesamass
0.815timesthatofEarthandasiderealperiodofrevolutionaboutthesunof
224.7daysatameandistanceofapproximately
108.1millionkilometers
67.2millionmiles.Mars[mɑːz]n.火星Thefourthplanetfromthesunhavingasiderealperiodofrevolutionaboutthesunof687daysatameandistanceof
227.8millionkilometers
141.6millionmilesandameandiameterofapproximately6726kilometers4180miles.Jupiter[dʒuːpɪtə]n.木星Thefifthplanetfromthesunthelargestandmostmassiveinthesolarsystemhavingasiderealperiodofrevolutionaboutthesunof
11.86yearsatameandistanceof777millionkilometers483millionmilesameandiameterofapproximately138000kilometers86000milesandamassapproximately318timesthatofEarth.Saturn[sætən]n.土星Thesixthplanetfromthesunandthesecondlargestinthesolarsystemhavingasiderealperiodofrevolutionaboutthesunof
29.5yearsatameandistanceofabout1425000000kilometers886000000milesameandiameterofapproximately119000kilometers74000milesandamass95timesthatofEarth.Uranus[jʊərənəs]n.天王星Theseventhplanetfromthesunrevolvingaboutitevery
84.07yearsatadistanceofapproximately2869millionkilometers1790millionmileshavingameanequatorialdiameterof52290kilometers32480milesandamass
14.6timesthatofEarth.Neptune[neptjuːn]n.海王星Theeighthplanetfromthesunhavingasiderealperiodofrevolutionaroundthesunof
164.8yearsatameandistanceof
4.5billionkilometers
2.8billionmilesameanradiusof24000kilometers15000milesandamass
17.2timesthatofEarth.Pluton.冥王星Theninthandusuallyfarthestplanetfromthesunhavingasiderealperiodofrevolutionaboutthesunof
248.4years
4.5billion[pluːtəʊ]kilometersor
2.8billionmilesdistantatperihelionand
7.4billionkilometersor
4.6billionmilesataphelionandadiameterlessthanhalfthatofEarth.gravitational[‚grævɪteɪʃənl]adj.引力的【记】gravitation(n地心吸力;引力作用);gravitate(v受重力作用)planet[plænɪt]n.行星Anonluminouscelestialbodylargerthananasteroidoracometilluminatedbylightfromastarsuchasthesunaroundwhichitrevolves.Inthesolarsystemtherearenineknownplanets:MercuryVenusEarthMarsJupiterSaturnUranusNeptuneandPlutomaintain[meɪnteɪn]v.保持Tokeepinanexistingstate;preserveorretain【近】keepretainstaywith.elliptical[ɪlɪptɪkl]adj.椭圆的【反】palpable(adj可触知的;明显的)orbit[ɔrbɪt]n.运行轨道Thepathofacelestialbodyoranartificialsatelliteasitrevolvesaroundanotherbody.【近】circlecircuitcycleroundtourturn.terrestrial[tɪrestrɪəl]adj.地球的OforrelatingtoEarthoritsinhabitants.【近】earthboundearthenearthlyearthymundaneseculartelluriantellurictemporalterreneworldly.Jovian[ˈdʒəʊvɪən]adj.木星的OfrelatingtoorresemblingJupiter.category[kætɪgərɪ]n.范畴Ageneralclassofideastermsorthingsthatmarkdivisionsorcoordinationswithinaconceptualscheme【近】classclassificationorderset².mystery[mɪstərɪ]n.神秘的事物;谜Somethingthatisnotfullyunderstoodorthatbafflesoreludestheunderstanding;anenigma:【近】conundrumenigmaperplexitypuzzlepuzzlerriddle.diameter[daɪæmɪtə]n.直径Astraightlinesegmentpassingthroughthecenterofafigureespeciallyofacircleorsphereandterminatingattheperiphery.【记】dia穿过,meter测量-穿过圆心可测量圆的面积的线-直径quarter[kwɔːtə]n.四分之一Oneoffourequalparts.【近】quartern.hence[hens]adv.因此Forthisreason;thereforegiantn.巨物Apersonorthingofgreatsize.[dʒaɪənt]【近】behemothGoliathjumboleviathanmammothmonstertitan.relative[relətɪv]adj.相对的Dependentonorinterconnectedwithsomethingelse;notabsolute【近】comparative.outer[aʊtər]adj.外部的Locatedontheoutside;external.inner[ɪnər]adj.内部的Locatedoroccurringfartherinside【近】inlyinginsideinteriorinternal.correlation[‚kɒrəleɪʃn]n.相互关系Anactofcorrelatingortheconditionofbeingcorrelated【近】connectioninterconnectioninterdependenceinterrelationshiplinklinkagerelationrelationshiptie-in.dimension[dɪmenʃn]n.方面Aspect;element【近】extentmagnitudemeasureproportionoftenusedinpluralsize.【记】measure(n尺寸;测量;vt测量)differ[dɪfə]v.不一致;不同Tobedissimilarorunlikeinnaturequalityamountorform【近】disagreedivergevary.markedly[mɑrkɪdlɪ]adv.显著地;明显地density[densətɪ]n.密度Thequantityofsomethingperunitmeasureespeciallyperunitlengthareaorvolume.【近】compactnesssoliditythickness.composition[‚kɒmpəzɪʃn]n.构成Themannerinwhichsuchpartsarecombinedorrelated.【近】accommodationarrangementcompromisegive-and-takemediumsettlement.whereas[hweræz]conj.然而Whileonthecontrary.float[fləʊt]v.飘浮Toremainsuspendedwithinoronthesurfaceofafluidwithoutsinking.【近】driftwash.variation[‚verɪeɪʃn]n.变更Thestateorfactofbeingvaried【近】differencevariance.【反】uniformity(n一致)responsibleadj.作为根源或原因的Beingasourceorcause.[rɪspɑnsəbl]【近】accountableamenableanswerableliable.substance[sʌbstəns]n.物质Amaterialofaparticularkindorconstitution.【近】materialmatterstuff.divide[dɪvaɪd]v.分类划分Toseparateandgroupaccordingtokind;classify【近】breakdetachdisjoindisjointdisunitedivorcepartseparatesplitup.mostly[məʊstlɪ]adv.主要地;大部分Forthegreatestpart;mainly.dense[dens]adj.稠密的Havingrelativelyhighdensity.【近】closecompact¹crowdedpackedthicktight.rocky[rɑkɪ]adj.岩石的Consistingofcontainingoraboundinginrockorrocks.【近】ailingindisposedlowmean²off-colorsickly.metallic[mɪtælɪk]adj.金属的Ofrelatingtoorhavingthecharacteristicsofametal.minor[maɪnər]adj.较小的Lesserorsmallerinamountextentorsize.【近】inferiorjuniorlesserlowlower²minor-leaguepettysecondarysmallsubalternsubordinateunder.percentage[pərsentɪdʒ]n.比例Aproportionorshareinrelationtoawhole;aparthydrogen[haɪdrədʒən]n.氢Acolorlesshighlyflammablegaseouselementthelightestofallgasesandthemostabundantelementintheuniverseusedintheproductionofsyntheticammoniaandmethanolinpetroleumrefininginthehydrogenationoforganicmaterialsasareducingatmosphereinoxyhydrogentorchesandinrocketfuels.helium[hɪːlɪəm]n.氦Acolorlessodorlessinertgaseouselementoccurringinnaturalgasandwithradioactiveores.Itisusedasacomponentofartificialatmospheresandlasermediaasarefrigerantasaliftinggasforballoonsandasasuperfluidincryogenicresearch.varyingadj.不同的ammonia[əməʊnjə]n.氨AcolorlesspungentgasNH3extensivelyusedtomanufacturefertilizersandawidevarietyofnitrogen-containingorganicandinorganicchemicals.methane[miːθeɪn]n.甲烷AnodorlesscolorlessflammablegasCH4themajorconstituentofnaturalgasthatisusedasafuelandisanimportantsourceofhydrogenandawidevarietyoforganiccompounds.atmosphere[ætmə‚sfɪə]n.大气层ThegaseousmassorenvelopesurroundingacelestialbodyespeciallytheonesurroundingEarthandretainedbythecelestialbodysgravitationalfield.【近】ambianceclimateenvironmentmediummilieumiseenscènesurroundingsworld.comparison[compærɪsn]n.比较Theactofcomparingortheprocessofbeingcompared.【近】affinityalikenessanalogycorrespondencelikenessparallelismresemblancesimilaritysimilitudeuniformityuniformness.meager[miːgər]adj.不足的,稀少的Deficientinquantityfullnessorextent;scanty【近】exiguouspoorpunyscantscantyskimpysparesparsestingythin.atbest至多;充其量retain[rɪteɪn]v.保持Tokeeporholdinaparticularplaceconditionorposition.【近】holdholdbackkeepkeepbackreservewithhold.molecule[mɑlɪkjuːl]n.分子Thesmallestparticleintowhichanelementoracompoundcanbedividedwithoutchangingitschemicalandphysicalproperties;agroupoflikeordifferentatomsheldtogetherbychemicalforces【近】bit¹crumbdab¹dashdotdramdropfragmentgrainiotajotminimmitemodicumortounceparticlescrap¹scrupleshredsmidgenspecktittletriflewhit.evaporate[ɪvæpəreɪt]v.消失Topassoffinorasvapor.【近】boilawayvaporizevolatilize.【记】e出,vapor(n水蒸气;水汽)-出水汽-蒸发velocity[vɪlɑsətɪ]n.速度Avectorquantitywhosemagnitudeisabodysspeedandwhosedirectionisthebodysdirectionofmotion.【近】pacespeedtempogravity[grævətɪ]n.地心引力ThenaturalforceofattractionexertedbyacelestialbodysuchasEarthuponobjectsatornearitssurfacetendingtodrawthemtowardthecenterofthebody.【近】gravenesssedatenesssobrietysolemnitysolemnnessstaidness.【记】grav重【反】levity(n轻率;轻浮;不稳定)consequentlyadv.结果Asaresult;thereforemotion[məʊʃn]n.运动Theactorprocessofchangingpositionorplace【近】movemovementstir¹.acquire[əkwaɪə]v.获得取得Togainpossessionof【近】comebygaingetobtainprocuresecurewin.comparatively[kəmpærətɪvlɪ]adv.比较地;相当地slightly[slaɪtlɪ]adv.轻微地Toasmalldegreeorextent;somewhat.carbon[kɑːbən]n.碳Anaturallyabundantnonmetallicelementthatoccursinmanyinorganicandinallorganiccompoundsexistsfreelyasgraphiteanddiamondandasaconstituentofcoallimestoneandpetroleumandiscapableofchemicalself-bondingtoformanenormousnumberofchemicallybiologicallyandcommerciallyimportantmolecules.dioxide[daɪɒksaɪd]n.二氧化物Acompoundwithtwooxygenatomspermolecule.infinitesimally[infinitesiməli]adv.极小地;微不足道地portion[pɔrʃn]n.部分Asectionorquantitywithinalargerthing;apartofawhole【近】divisionmemberpartpiecesectionsegmentsubdivision.orderly[ɔrdərlɪ]adj.有秩序的整齐的Havingasystematicarrangement【近】methodicmethodicalregularsystematicsystematical.astronomer[əstrɒnəmə]n.天文学家Onethatspecializesinastronomy.conclude[kənkluːd]v.推断Toarriveatalogicalconclusionorendbytheprocessofreasoning;inferonthebasisofconvincingevidence:【近】deducedeductdrawgatherinferjudgeunderstand.【记】con全部,clude关闭-嘴全部闭上-结束(讨论)【反】begin(v开始);embarkon(开始)essentially[essen·tial·lɪ]adv.实质上;本来【近】basicallyfundamentally.hypothesize[haɪpɑθəsaɪz]v.假设假定Toformahypothesis.【近】speculatetheorize.primordial[praɪmɔrdɪəl]adj.原始的;最初的Beingorhappeningfirstinsequenceoftime;original.【近】earliestfirstinitialmaidenoriginalpioneerprimaryprime.【记】prim(adj最早的),ord=order顺序,ialdust[dʌst]n.尘埃Particlesofmatterregardedastheresultofdisintegration【近】besprinklepowdersprinkle.condense[kəndens]v.使浓缩Toreducethevolumeorcompassof.【近】inspissatethicken.【记】con全部,dense(adj密集的;浓厚的)-全部变浓-浓缩【反】rarefy(v稀释)void[vɔɪd]adj.没有的Completelylacking;devoid【近】bareblankclearemptyvacantvacuous.explanation[‚ekspləneɪʃn]n.解释;说明Somethingthatservestoexplainorclarify:【近】clarificationconstructiondeciphermentelucidationexegesisexplicationexpositionilluminationillustrationinterpretation.eventually[even·tu·allɪ]adv.最后Atanunspecifiedfuturetimecloseness[kləʊsnɪs]n.接近【近】chumminesscompanionshipcomradeshipfamiliarityfellowshipfriendshipintimacy.relatively[relətɪvlɪ]adv.相对地相当地Inarelativemanner;incomparisonwithsomethingelsetypicallyadv.代表性地;典型地【近】commonlyconsistentlycustomarilyfrequentlygenerallyhabituallynaturallynormallyoftenregularlyroutinelyusually.consistently[consistəntlɪ]adv.一贯地;固守地【近】commonlycustomarilyfrequentlygenerallyhabituallynaturallynormallyoftenregularlyroutinelytypicallyusually.noticeably[nəʊtɪsəblɪ]adv.引人注目地;显著地compose[kəmpəʊz]v.组成Tomakeuptheconstituentpartsof;constituteorform【近】constituteformmakeup.【记】com一起,pose放-把各个部分放到一起-组成【反】discombobulate(vt使混乱;使困惑)immense[ɪmens]adj.极广大的Extremelylarge;huge.【近】behemothBrobdingnagianBunyanesquecolossalcyclopeanelephantineenormousgargantuangiantgigantesquegiganticherculeanheroichugejumbomammothmassivemassymastodonicmightymonstermonstrousmonumentalmountainousprodigiouspythonicstupendoustitanictremendousvast.【记】im不,mense=measure(vt测量;调节)-不能测量的-巨大的particle[pɑrtɪkl]n.粒子Averysmallpieceorpart;atinyportionorspeck.【近】bit¹crumbdab¹dashdotdramdropfragmentgrainiotajotminimmitemodicummoleculeortouncescrap¹scrupleshredsmidgenspecktittletriflewhit.formation[fɔrmeɪʃn]n.构造形成Theactorprocessofformingsomethingoroftakingform【近】arrangementcategorizationclassificationdeploymentdisposaldispositiondistributiongroupinglayoutlineuporderorganizationplacementsequence.【记】form(n/v形状;形成)overlandadj.陆路的陆上的Accomplishedtraversingorpassingoverthelandinsteadoftheoceanprofitable[prɑfɪtəbl]adj.有利润的有利益的Yieldingprofit;advantageousorlucrative【近】advantageousbeneficbeneficentbeneficialbenignantfavorablegoodhelpfulpropitioussalutarytowarduseful.commercial[kəmɜːʃl]adj.商业的Oforrelatingtocommercetie[taɪ]n.联系Somethingthatconnectsorunites;alink【近】bondknotligamentligaturelinknexusvinculumyoke.impetus[ɪmpɪtəs]n.刺激;推动力Animpellingforce;animpulse.【近】encouragementfillipimpulseincentiveinducementmotivationprodpushspurstimulantstimulationstimulatorstimulus.【记】im进入,pet追求,us我们-进入追求我们的状态,因为受了刺激,因为看到我们都去了哈佛-推动力secure[sɪkjʊr]v.得到Togetpossessionof;acquire【近】acquirecomebygaingetobtainprocurewin.【反】unfasten(v解开;放松)establish[ɪstæblɪʃ]v.建立确立Tosetup;found【近】constitutecreatefoundinstituteorganizeoriginatesetupstart.somewhatadv.相当Tosomeextentordegree;rather.distrust[dɪstrʌst]v.不信任Tohavenoconfidencein.【近】doubtmisdoubtmistrustquestionwonder.account[əkaʊnt]n.帐户Aformalbankingbrokerageorbusinessrelationshipestablishedtoprovideforregularservicesdealingsandotherfinancialtransactions.【近】bill¹checkinvoicereckoningstatement.figure[fɪgə]n.人物Apersonespeciallyawell-knownone【近】designdevicemotifmotivepattern.Venicen.威尼斯AcityofnortheastItalyonisletswithinalagoonintheGulfofVeniceawideinletofthenorthernAdriaticSea.MarcoPolon.马可波罗(意大利旅行家)willingness[wɪlɪŋnɪs]n.自愿;乐意immensity[ɪmensətɪ]n.广大,巨大Thequalityorstateofbeingimmense.【近】enormousnesshugenessimmensenessprodigiousnessstupendousnesstremendousnessvastness.contact[kɒntækt]n.联系Connectionorinteraction;communication【近】contingencetouch.【记】con共同,tact接触-共同接触irresistible[‚ɪrɪzɪstəbl]adj.不可抵抗的Impossibletoresist【记】resist(vt抵抗;忍得住)promising[prɑmɪsɪŋ]adj.有希望的前途有望的Likelytodevelopinadesirablemanner.【近】cheeringencouraginghearteninghopefullikely.maintain[meɪnteɪn]v.维持;使继续Tokeepuporcarryon;continue【近】keepretainstaywith.chief[tʃiːf]adj.主要的Mostimportantorinfluential.【近】capitalcardinalfirstforemostkeyleadingmainmajornumberoneparamountpremierprimaryprimeprincipaltop.technological[tɛknəlɑdʒɪkl]adj.技术的Relatingtoorinvolvingtechnologyespeciallyscientifictechnologymaritime[mærɪtaɪm]adj.航运的Oforrelatingtomarineshippingornavigation.【近】marinenauticalnavigational.context[kɒntekst]n.背景Thecircumstancesinwhichaneventoccurs;asetting.【记】con共同,text编织-共同编织上下文navigable[nævɪgəbl]adj.可航行的Sufficientlydeeporwidetoprovidepassageforvessels【近】negotiablepassable.Mediterranean[‚medɪtəreɪnɪən]n.地中海TheregionsurroundingtheMediterraneanSea.SomeofthemostancientcivilizationsflourishedintheregionwhichwasdominatedformillenniumsbyPhoeniciaCarthageGreeceSicilyandRome.Baltic[bɔːltɪk]n.波罗的海extent[ɪkstent]n.范围区域Therangemagnitudeordistanceoverwhichathingextends【近】distanceexpanseexpansionreachspacespreadstretchsweep.continent[kɒntɪnənt]n.大陆陆地OneoftheprincipallandmassesoftheearthusuallyregardedasincludingAfricaAntarcticaAsiaAustraliaEuropeNorthAmericaandSouthAmerica.vast[vɑːst]adj.广阔的Verygreatinareaorextent;immense【近】behemothBrobdingnagianBunyanesquecolossalcyclopeanelephantineenormousgargantuangiantgigantesquegiganticherculeanheroichugeimmensejumbomammothmassivemassymastodonicmightymonstermonstrousmonumentalmountainousprodigiouspythonicstupendoustitanictremendous.finance[faɪnæns]v.供给...经费;负担经费Toprovideorraisethefundsorcapitalfor【近】backcapitalizefundgrubstakestakesubsidize.scheme[skɪːm]n.方案Asystematicplanofaction.【近】blueprintdesigngameplanidealayoutplanprojectschemastrategy.sheer[ʃɪə]adj.全然的Completelysuchwithoutqualificationorexception【近】absoluteall-outarrantcompleteconsummatecrashingdamneddeaddownrightflatout-and-outoutrightperfectplainpurethoroughthoroughgoingtotalunboundedunequivocalunlimitedunmitigatedunqualifiedunrelievedunreservedutter².scale[skeɪl]n.规模Arelativelevelordegree【近】decorticateparepeelskinstrip¹.investment[ɪnvestmənt]n.投资Anamountinvested【近】beleaguermentbesiegementblockadesiege.expansion[expanʃn]n.扩充Theactorprocessofexpanding【近】enlargementextensionspread.reflect[rɪflekt]v.反映Tomanifestasaresultofonesactions【近】imagemirror.【记】re反,flect折-光线反折-反射,在大脑中反射-思考spice[spaɪs]n.香料Anyofvariouspungentaromaticplantsubstancessuchascinnamonornutmegusedtoflavorfoodsorbeverages.【近】condimentflavorflavoringseasonerseasoning.【记】源于species(n种类),多种东西混合形成spicesought-afteradj.受欢迎的commodity[kəmɒdətɪ]n.日用品商品Somethingusefulthatcanbeturnedtocommercialorotheradvantage.【近】goodusedinplurallinemerchandiseware.【记】com共同,mod=mode(n样式)-把样式共同摆出来-商店-商品dramaticallyadv.引人注目地improve[ɪmpruːv]v.改良,改善Toraisetoamoredesirableormoreexcellentqualityorcondition;makebetter【近】ameliorateamendbetter¹helpmeliorateupgrade.taste[teɪst]n.味道Thissenseincombinationwiththesensesofsmellandtouchwhichtogetherreceiveasensationofasubstanceinthemouth.【近】flavorrelishsaporsavorsmack²tangzest.manufacture[mænjʊfæktʃe]v.制造Tomakeorprocessarawmaterialintoafinishedproductespeciallybymeansofalarge-scaleindustrialoperation.【近】assemblebuildconstructfabricatefashionforge¹framemakemoldproduceputtogethershape.perfume[pərfjuːm]n.香水Asubstancethatemitsanddiffusesafragrantodorespeciallyavolatileliquiddistilledfromflowersorpreparedsynthetically.【近】aromabouquetfragranceredolencescent.【记】per向四面八方,fume气味-香气向四面八方散-芳香medicine[medsɪn]n.药Anagentsuchasadrugusedtotreatdiseaseorinjury.【近】drugmedicamentmedicationpharmaceutical.high-priced高价的【近】costlydearexpensivehigh.bulk[bʌlk]n.大小;大批;体积Sizemassorvolumeespeciallywhenverylarge.【近】amplitudemagnitudemasssizevolumeoftenusedinplural.justify[dʒʌstɪfaɪ]v.证明合理Todemonstrateorprovetobejustrightorvalidsail[seɪl]v.航行Tomoveacrossthesurfaceofwaterespeciallybymeansofasailingvessel.【近】flowglideroll.principal[prɪnsəpl]adj.主要的Firsthighestorforemostinimportancerankworthordegree;chief【近】capitalcardinalchieffirstforemostkeyleadingmainmajornumberoneparamountpremierprimaryprimetop.【记】源于prim(adj最早的,最好的)【反】subordinate(adj次要的)seagoingadj.航海的,适于海上航行的Madeorusedforoceanvoyages;seafaring.throughout[θruːaʊt]prep.自始至终贯穿Intothroughorduringeverypartof;allthrough【近】aroundoverroundthrough.galley[gælɪ]n.单层甲板大帆船Alargeusuallysingle-deckedmedievalshipofshallowdraftpropelledbysailsandoarsandusedasamerchantshiporwarshipintheMediterranean.primarily[praɪmərəlɪ]adv.起初Atfirst;originally.oar[ɔː]n.桨Alongthinusuallywoodenpolewithabladeatoneendusedtoroworsteeraboat.oarsman[ɔrzmən]n.划手划桨者Amanwhorowsespeciallyanexpertinrowing;arower.relatively[relətɪvlɪ]adv.相对地Inarelativemanner;incomparisonwithsomethingelseshallow[ʃæləʊ]adj.浅的Measuringlittlefrombottomtotoporsurface;lackingphysicaldepth.【近】shoal.【记】shal,low低的-浅的【反】profound(adj深刻的;造诣深的)hull[hʌl]n.壳船体Theframeorbodyofashipexclusiveofmastsenginesorsuperstructure.unstableadj.不牢固的不稳定的Notfirmlyplaced;unsteady【近】precariousricketyshakytotteringtotteryunsteadywobbly.rough[rʌf]adj.狂暴的,汹涌的Characterizedbyviolentmotion;turbulent【近】dirtyheavyragingroiledroilyruggedstormytempestuoustumultuousturbulentuglyviolentwild.hence[hens]adv.因此Forthisreason;thereforeunsuitableadj.不适合的【近】ill-suitedinappropriateinaptunfitunsuited.voyage[vɔɪɪdʒ]n.航行Ajourneybyseatoaforeignordistantland【近】expeditionpilgrimagesafaritourtrek.coastlinen.海岸线Theshapeoutlineorboundaryofacoastcrossing[krɒsɪŋ]n.横穿处Aplaceatwhichariverrailroadorhighwayforexamplemaybecrossed【近】crosswisethwarttransversaltransversetraverse.shipbuildern.造船工程师vessel[vesl]n.船Acraftespeciallyonelargerthanarowboatdesignedtonavigateonwater.operate[ɑpəreɪt]v.进行军事或海上活动Tocarryonamilitaryornavalactionorcampaign.【近】functiongoruntakework.caravel[kærəvəl]n.轻快帆船AnyofseveraltypesofsmalllightsailingshipsespeciallyonewithtwoorthreemastsandlateensailsusedbytheSpanishandPortugueseinthe15thand16thcenturies.cargo[kɑːgəʊ]n.货物Thefreightcarriedbyashipanaircraftoranothervehicle.【近】burden¹freighthaulloadmultiple[mʌltɪpl]adj.复合的Havingrelatingtoorconsistingofmorethanoneindividualelementpartorothercomponent;manifold.mast[mɑːst]n.桅杆Atallverticalsparsometimessectionedthatrisesfromthekeelordeckofasailingvesseltosupportthesailsandrunningrigging.sail[seɪl]n.帆Apieceoffabricsewntogetherandfittedtothesparsandriggingofavesselsoastoconverttheforceofthewindintoforwardmotionofthevessel.【近】boltbucketbustledartdashfestinateflashfleetflitflyhastehastenhurryhustlepelt²racerocketrunrushscootscour²shootspeedsprinttear¹trotwhirlwhiskwhizwingzipzoom.thrust[θrʌst]n.猛推,冲Topushordrivequicklyandforcibly【近】butt¹pushshove.triangular[traɪæŋgjələr]adj.三角形的Ofrelatingtoorshapedlikeatriangle.lateen[lætin]adj.大三角帆的Beingrelatingtoorriggedwithatriangularsailhungonalongyardthatisattachedatanangletothetopofashortmast.maneuver[mənuːvə]v.操纵,控制Todirectthroughaseriesofmovementsorchangesincourse【近】guidejockeynavigatepilotsteer.astrolabe[æstrəʊleɪb]n.星盘Amedievalinstrumentnowreplacedbythesextantthatwasonceusedtodeterminethealtitudeofthesunorothercelestialbodies.【记】astro星,lab实验室-在实验室中用的星盘instrument[ɪnstrəmənt]n.仪器Adeviceforrecordingmeasuringorcontrollingespeciallysuchadevicefunctioningaspartofacontrolsystem.【近】implementtoolutensil.navigation[‚nævɪgeɪʃn]n.海上交通Travelortrafficbyvesselsespeciallycommercialshipping.calculate[kælkjʊleɪt]v.计算Toascertainbycomputation;reckon【近】castciphercomputefigurereckon.latitude[lætɪtuːd]n.纬度Theangulardistancenorthorsouthoftheearthsequatormeasuredindegreesalongameridianasonamaporglobe.【近】elbowroomleewaymarginplayroomscope.【记】lati宽度,tude-纬度,引申为自由很宽longitude[lɒndʒɪtjuːd]n.经度AngulardistanceontheearthssurfacemeasuredeastorwestfromtheprimemeridianatGreenwichEnglandtothemeridianpassingthroughapositionexpressedindegreesorhoursminutesandseconds.magnetic[mægnetɪk]adj.有磁性的Oforrelatingtomagnetismormagnets【记】来自magnet(n吸铁石)compass[kʌmpəs]n.指南针AdeviceusedtodeterminegeographicdirectionusuallyconsistingofamagneticneedleorneedleshorizontallymountedorsuspendedandfreetopivotuntilalignedwiththemagneticfieldofEarth.【近】ambitcircuitcircumferenceperimeterperiphery.【记】com共同,pass通过-指南针的针,和磁场的线,共同通过一个方向obliterate[əblɪtəreɪt]v.除去Todoawaywithcompletelysoastoleavenotrace【近】abolishannihilateblotoutcleareradicateeraseexterminateextinguishextirpatekill¹liquidateremoveroot¹outorupruboutsnuffoutstampoutuprootwipeout.【记】ob去掉,liter字,ate一擦掉(文字)【反】inexpurgate(v无法除去)refine[rɪfaɪn]v.提炼精炼tofreeassugaroroilfromimpuritiesorunwantedmaterial【近】perfectpolishsmooth.【记】源于fine(adj美好的;纯粹的)precise[prɪsaɪs]adj.精确的Exactasinperformanceexecutionoramount;accurateorcorrect【近】accuratecorrecterrorlessexactrightrigorous.sailor[seɪlər]n.船员;水手Onewhoservesinanavyorworksonaship.【近】jackuppercasejack-tarmarinernavigatorseadogseafarerseaman.Informal:salttar.trace[treɪs]v.描画Todrawalineorfigure;sketch;delineate【近】tracktrail.reasonable[rɪːznəbl]adj.合理的适当的Governedbyorbeinginaccordancewithreasonorsoundthinking【近】balancedcommonsensiblecommonsensicaljudiciouslevelheadedprudentrationalsagacioussagesanesapientsensiblesound²well-foundedwell-groundedwise¹.accuracy[ækjʊrəsɪ]n.正确;准确Precision;exactness.【近】accuratenesscorrectnessexactitudeexactnessprecisenessprecisionrightness.institutional[ɪnstɪtuʃənl]adj.基本原理的Oforrelatingtotheprinciplesorinstitutesofasubjectsuchaslaw.practical[præktɪkl]adj.实际的实用性的Ofrelatingtogovernedbyoracquiredthroughpracticeoractionratherthantheoryspeculationorideals【近】functionalhandypracticableserviceableusefulutilitarian.norm[nɔːm]n.基准标准Astandardmodelorpatternregardedastypical【近】commonplaceordinaryruleusual.code[kəʊd]n.法典Asystematicallyarrangedandcomprehensivecollectionoflaws.consulate[kɒnsjʊlət]n.领事任期Theofficetermofofficeorjurisdictionofaconsul.originate[ərɪdʒəneɪt]v.产生;来自Tocomeintobeing;start【近】arisebegincommencestart.Mediterranean[‚medɪtəreɪnɪən]n.地中海TheregionsurroundingtheMediterraneanSea.SomeofthemostancientcivilizationsflourishedintheregionwhichwasdominatedformillenniumsbyPhoeniciaCarthageGreeceSicilyandRome.region[rɪːdʒən]n.区域地区Alargeusuallycontinuoussegmentofasurfaceorspace;area【近】countrydistrictterrainterritoryacceptance[acceptəns]n.接受,赞同Thestateofbeingacceptedoracceptable.【近】acquiescenceagreementassentconsentnodyes.normative[nɔrmətɪv]adj.标准化的Ofrelatingtoorprescribinganormorstandarddefine[dɪfaɪn]v.阐释Todescribethenatureorbasicqualitiesof;explainauthority[ɔːθɒrətɪ]n.权力Thepowertoenforcelawsexactobediencecommanddetermineorjudge.【近】commandcontroldominationdominionjurisdictionmasterymightpowerprerogativesovereigntysway.protocol[prəʊtəkɑl]n.礼仪Acodeofcorrectconduct【近】ceremoniousnessceremonyformalitypunctiliousness.structure[strʌktʃər]n.体系Theinterrelationorarrangementofpartsinacomplexentity【近】buildingedificepile.engagement[engagemənt]n.约定Theactofengagingorthestateofbeingengaged.【近】assurancecovenantguaranteeguarantypledgeplight²promisesolemnwordvowwarrantwordwordofhonor.sea-lanen.海上航线Apermanentorcommonlyusedsearoute.thus[ðʌs]adv.如此Inthismannerelement[elɪmənt]n.要素Afundamentalessentialorirreducibleconstituentofacompositeentity.【近】basicessentialfundamentalrudimentoftenusedinplural.inplace在适当的位置;适当seaward[sɪːwərd]adv.朝海向海Towardoratthesea.adventure[ədventʃə]n.冒险Anundertakingorenterpriseofahazardousnature.【近】empriseenterpriseventure.stimulus[stɪmjələs]n.刺激Somethingcausingorregardedascausingaresponse.【近】encouragementfillipimpetusimpulseincentiveinducementmotivationprodpushspurstimulantstimulationstimulator.obstacle[ɑbstəkl]n.障碍Onethatopposesstandsinthewayoforholdsupprogress.【近】barbarricadebarrierblockblockagecloghamperhindrancehurdleimpedimentobstructionsnagstoptraversewall.blockv.阻塞Tostoporimpedethepassageoformovementthrough;[blɒk]obstruct【近】bardamimpedeobstruct.invest[ɪnvest]v.投资Tocommitmoneyorcapitalinordertogainafinancialreturn【近】inaugurateinductinitiateinstallinstate.venture[ventʃər]n.冒险Anundertakingthatisdangerousdaringorofuncertainoutcome.【近】adventureempriseenterprise.navigate[nævɪgeɪt]v.驾驶;航行Toplanrecordandcontrolthecourseandpositionofashiporanaircraft.【近】guidejockeymaneuverpilotsteer.【记】navi船;参navigation(n航海,航空)artificially[‚ɑːtɪfɪʃlli]adv.人工地quantity[kwɑntətɪ]n.数量Anexactamountornumber.【近】amountbodybudgetbulkcorpusquantum.considerably[kənsɪdərəbli]adv.相当地Toaconsiderableextent:【近】farmuchquitewell².capacity[capasətɪ]n.能力Innatepotentialforgrowthdevelopmentoraccomplishment;faculty【近】abilitycapabilitycompetencecompetencyfacultymight.map[mæp]v.给…绘图Tomakeamapof【近】blueprintdesignlayoutplansetout.lane[leɪn]n.航道Aprescribedcourseforshipsoraircraftinstructions[ɪnstrʌkʃn]n.操作指南Detaileddirectionsonprocedurecrucial[kruːʃl]adj.重要的Extremelysignificantorimportant:【近】conclusivedecidingdecisivedeterminative.【记】cruc=cross(十字)-十字路口-关键的【反】inconsequential(adj无关紧要的)vary[verɪ]v.改变Toundergoorshowchange【近】alterchangemodifymutateturn.density[densətɪ]n.浓密Thequalityorconditionofbeingdense.【近】compactnesssoliditythickness.vegetation[‚vedʒɪteɪʃn]n.植被Theplantsofanareaoraregion;plantlifeappearance[əpɪərəns]n.外貌Outwardaspect【近】aspectlookmien.various[verɪəs]adj.不同的Ofdiversekinds【近】assorteddiversdiversediversifiedheterogeneousmiscellaneousmixedmotleymultifariousmultiformsundryvariedvariegated.condition[kəndɪʃn]n.环境Amodeorstateofbeing【近】circumstanceoftenusedinpluralenvironment.relatively[relətɪvlɪ]adv.相对地Inarelativemanner;incomparisonwithsomethingelse:indistinct[‚ɪndɪstɪŋkt]adj.难于辨别或理解的Difficulttounderstandormakeoutconspicuous[kənspɪkjʊəs]adj.模糊的,不清晰的Hazyvague【近】arrestingboldeye-catchingmarkednoticeableobservableoutstandingpointedprominentpronouncedremarkablesalientsignalstriking.【记】con共同,spic看,uous多-有很多地方都可以让大家看到-显著的【反】nondescript(adj无可名状的;难以区别的;无特征的)varied[verɪd]adj.不同的各式各样的Havingorconsistingofvariouskindsorforms;diverse【近】assorteddiversdiversediversifiedheterogeneousmiscellaneousmixedmotleymultifariousmultiformsundryvariegatedvarious.constantlyadv.不断地;时常地visual[vɪʒʊəl]adj.视觉的Oforrelatingtothesenseofsight【近】discernibleperceivableperceptibleseeableviewablevisible.signal[sɪgnl]n.信号Anindicatorsuchasagestureorcoloredlightthatservesasameansofcommunication【近】gesticulationgestureindicationmotionsign.【反】unremarkable(adj寻常的;不明显的)detect[dɪtekt]v.察觉Todiscoverorascertaintheexistencepresenceorfactof.【近】descrydiscerndistinguishmarkmindnotenoticeobserveremarksee.predator[predətər]n.食肉动物Anorganismthatlivesbypreyingonotherorganisms.amphibian[amphib·iən.两栖动物Acold-bloodedsmooth-skinnedvertebrateoftheclassn]Amphibiasuchasafrogorsalamanderthatcharacteristicallyhatchesasanaquaticlarvawithgills.Thelarvathentransformsintoanadulthavingair-breathinglungs.frog[frɒg]n.蛙AnyofnumeroustaillessaquaticsemiaquaticorterrestrialamphibiansoftheorderAnuraandespeciallyofthefamilyRanidaecharacteristicallyhavingasmoothmoistskinwebbedfeetandlonghindlegsadaptedforleaping.toad[təʊd]n.蟾蜍AnyofnumeroustaillessamphibianschieflyofthefamilyBufonidaerelatedtoandresemblingthefrogsbutcharacteristicallymoreterrestrialandhavingabroaderbodyandrougherdrierskin.reptile[reptl]n.爬虫动物Anyofvariouscold-bloodedusuallyegg-layingvertebratesoftheclassReptiliasuchasasnakelizardcrocodileturtleordinosaurhavinganexternalcoveringofscalesorhornyplatesandbreathingbymeansoflungs.【记】rept=creep(v爬),ile-爬的东西-爬行动物lizard[lɪzərd]n.蜥蜴AnyofnumerousreptilesofthesuborderSauriaorLacertiliacharacteristicallyhavingascalyelongatedbodymovableeyelidsfourlegsandataperingtail.camouflage[kæmʊflɑːʒ]v.伪装掩蔽Toconcealbytheuseofdisguiseorbyprotectivecoloringorgarmentsthatblendinwiththesurroundingenvironment.【近】disguisedissembledissimulatemaskmasquerade.【记】camou=camera(n照相机)掩饰的象照片一样chameleon[kəmiːljən]n.避役AnyofvarioustropicalOldWorldlizardsofthefamilyChamaeleonidaecharacterizedbytheirabilitytochangecolor.striking[straɪkɪŋ]adj.引人注目的Arrestingtheattentionandproducingavividimpressiononthesightorthemind.【近】arrestingboldconspicuouseye-catchingmarkednoticeableobservableoutstandingpointedprominentpronouncedremarkablesalientsignal.dull[dʌl]adj.不鲜明的Notbrightorvivid.Usedofacolor【近】dimflatlacklusterlusterlessmat.【反】perspicuous(adj明白的;明了的);resplendent(adj辉煌灿烂的);trenchant(adj锋利的)riot[raɪət]n.极度丰富Aprofusion【近】affraybrawlbroil²donnybrookfrayfree-for-allmeleerow²ructiontumult.【记】源于roar(v/n吼叫)【反】sedate(adj安静的;v使镇静)carnival[kɑːnɪvl]n.嘉年华会,狂欢节AfestivalmarkedbymerrymakingandfeastingduringtheseasonjustbeforeLent.signal[sɪgnl]v.发信号Torelateormakeknownbysignals【近】gesticulategesturemotionsignsignalize.【反】unremarkable(adj寻常的;不明显的)aggression[əgreʃn]n.侵犯,侵略Theactofinitiatinghostilitiesorinvasion.【近】assailmentassaultattackattemptoffenseoffensiveonrushonsetonslaughtstrike.【记】ag=ad朝前,gress走,ion名词后缀-超前走-侵略readiness[rɪːdɪnɪs]n.准备就绪,愿意【近】preparationpreparedness.mate[meɪt]v.使交配;使配对Tobepairedforreproducing;breed.【近】bedcopulatecouplehavesleepwithtake.takeintoaccount重视;考虑perform[pəfɔːm]v.表演Toenactafeatorrolebeforeanaudience.【近】actoutdodramatizeenactgivepresent²putonstage.favorable[feɪvərəbl]adj.有利的Advantageous;helpful【近】advantageousbeneficbeneficentbeneficialbenignantgoodhelpfulprofitablepropitioussalutarytowarduseful.【反】untoward(adj不吉利的;事与愿违的)male[meɪl]adj.属于雄性的Ofrelatingtoordesignatingthesexthathasorganstoproducespermatozoaforfertilizingova.【近】machomanfulmanlikemanlymannishmasculinevirile.paradise[pærədaɪs]n.极乐Astateofdelight.【近】ecstasyheavenraptureseventhheaventransport.limelight[laɪmlaɪt]n.众人注目的中心Afocusofpublicattentiondisplay[dɪspleɪ]v表现Topresentorholduptoview.【近】brandishdisportexhibitexposeflashflauntparadeshowoffsport.spectacularadj.壮观的,引人注目的Ofthenatureofaspectacle;impressiveorsensational.[spektækjələr]【近】dramatichistrionichistrionicalmelodramaticsensationaltheatrictheatrical.plumage[pluːmɪdʒ]n.鸟类羽毛Thecoveringoffeathersonabird.【记】plum羽毛,age-羽毛setting[setɪŋ]n.背景Thecontextandenvironmentinwhichasituationisset;thebackground.【近】miseenscènescenesceneryset².female[fɪːmeɪl]n.雌性动物Amemberofthesexthatproducesovaorbearsyoung.【近】distafffemininewomanishwomanly.butterfly[bʌtəflaɪ]n.蝴蝶AnyofvariousinsectsoftheorderLepidopteracharacteristicallyhavingslenderbodiesknobbedantennaeandfourbroadusuallycolorfulwings.spot[spɒt]n.位置Alocation;alocale【近】locationlocusplacepoint.penetrate[penɪtreɪt]v.穿透Topierceorenterintosomething;makeawayinorthroughsomething.【近】comeinentergoin.patternedadj.有图案的spotlightn.射光圈Astrongbeamoflightthatilluminatesonlyasmallareausedespeciallytocenterattentiononastageperformer.filter[fɪltər]v.透过Topassthroughorasifthroughafilter【记】fil丝,ter表示东西-用丝编织的东西-过滤器canopy[kænəpɪ]n.树荫Theuppermostlayerinaforestformedbythecrownsofthetrees.branch[brɑːntʃ]n.树枝Asecondarywoodystemorlimbgrowingfromthetrunkormainstemofatreeorshruborfromanothersecondarylimb.【近】armforkoffshoot.wavelengthn.波长Thedistancebetweenonepeakorcrestofawaveoflightheatorotherenergyandthenextcorrespondingpeakorcrest.【记】wave波,length长波长predominate[prɪdɑmɪneɪt]v.占...中的绝大多数Tobeoforhavegreaterquantityorimportance;preponderate【近】dominatepreponderateprevailreignrule.maximally[mæksɪməlɪ]adv.最大地yellowish[jeləʊɪʃ]adj.淡黄色的带黄色的Somewhatyellow;tingedwithyellow.greenish[grɪːnɪʃ]adj.呈绿色的;微绿的Somewhatgreen.Australian[ɑstreɪlɪən]adj.澳洲的澳大利亚的turkey[tɜrkɪ]n.火鸡ArelatedbirdAgriocharisocellataofMexicoandCentralAmericabrilliantlycoloredandhavingeyelikespotsonitstail.【近】assfoolidiotimbecilejackassmooncalfmoronnincompoopninnynitwitsimplesimpletonsoftheadtomfool.【记】源于Turkey土耳其,火鸡原产于土耳其地区scrubland[skrʌblənd]n.灌木丛林地Anareaoflandthatisuncultivatedandcoveredwithsparsestuntedvegetation.coast[kəʊst]n.海岸Landnexttothesea;theseashore【近】driftslide.bare[beə]adj.赤裸的Lackingtheusualorappropriatecoveringorclothing;naked【近】baldnakednude.collar[kɒlə]n.颈间,脖围Arestrainingoridentifyingbandofleathermetalorplasticputaroundtheneckofananimal.【近】apprehensionarrestseizure.looselyadv.松弛地hanging[hæŋɪŋ]adj.悬挂在外的Projectingdownward;overhanging【近】danglypendulouspensile.courtship[kɔːtʃɪp]n.求爱Theactprocessorperiodofcourting.【近】addressoftenusedinpluralsuit.aggressive[aggresɪv]adj.侵犯的侵略的Inclinedtobehaveinahostilefashion.【近】belligerentcombativecontentioushostilemilitant.【反】even-meaning(adj性格温和的)enlarge[ɪnlɑːdʒ]v.扩大;放大Tomakelarger;addto.【近】aggrandizeamplifyaugmentboostbuildbuildupburgeonescalateexpandextendgrowincreasemagnifymountmultiplyproliferateriserunupsnowballsoarswellupsurgewaxinflatev.使充气Tofillsomethingwithairorgassoastomakeitswell.[ɪnfleɪt]【近】exaggeratehyperbolizemagnifyoverchargeoverstate.【反】minimize(vt将…减到最少)sac[sæk]n.囊Apouchorpouchlikestructureinaplantorananimalsometimesfilledwithfluid.fling[flɪŋ]v.猛冲Tomovequicklyviolentlyorimpulsively.【近】castdartdashheavehurlhurtlelaunchpitchshootshy²slingthrowtoss.pendulous[pendʒələs]adj.松垂的Hangingloosely;suspendedsoastoswingorsway.【近】danglyhangingpensile.apparatus[‚æpəreɪtəs]n.器官Agrouporsystemoforgansthatcollectivelyperformaspecificfunctionorprocessutter[ʌtər]v.发出Tosendforthwiththevoice【近】articulatecommunicateconveydeclareexpresssaystatetalktellventverbalizevocalizevoice.【记】源于outer,说出的repel[rɪpel]v.拒绝Torefusetoaccept;reject【近】beatofffendoffkeepoffparryrepulsewardoff.【记】re反,pel推-反推-击退;反感impressive[ɪmpresɪv]adj.给人深刻印象的Makingastrongorvividimpression;strikingorremarkable【近】affectingmovingpoignantstirringtouching.spectrum[spektrəm]n.光谱Thedistributionofenergyemittedbyaradiantsourceasbyanincandescentbodyarrangedinorderofwavelengths【记】spect看,rum-看到颜色-光谱illuminate[ɪluːmɪneɪt]v.照亮Toprovideorbrightenwithlight【近】illumeilluminelight¹lighten¹.【反】obfuscate(vt使模糊;使迷乱)inhabit[ɪnhæbɪt]v.居住于栖息Toliveorresidein.【近】occupypeoplepopulate.tend[tend]v.倾向Tohaveatendency【近】inclinelean¹slantsquinttrend.piercing[pɪrsɪŋ]adj.刺骨的,刺穿的rhinocerosn.犀牛Anyofseverallargethick-skinnedherbivorousmammalsof[raɪnɑsrəs]thefamilyRhinocerotidaeofAfricaandAsiahavingoneortwouprighthornsonthesnout.hornbill[ˈhɔːnˌbɪl]n.犀鸟characterize[kærəktəraɪz]v.描述..的性质或特性Todescribethequalitiesorpeculiaritiesof【近】calldesignatelabelnamestyletagterm.unmistakableadj.不会弄错的Impossibletomistakeormisinterpret;obvious【近】cleardistinctsharpunambiguousunequivocal.gibbon[gɪbən]n.长臂猿AnyofseveralsmallarborealapesofthegenusHylobatesofsoutheastAsiaandtheEastIndieshavingaslenderbodylongarmsandnotail.denselyadv.浓密地wooded[wʊdɪd]adj.有树荫的Coveredwithtreesorwoodscomparison[compærɪsn]n.比较Theactofcomparingortheprocessofbeingcompared.【近】affinityalikenessanalogycorrespondencelikenessparallelismresemblancesimilaritysimilitudeuniformityuniformness.impediment[ɪmpedɪmənt]n.阻碍Somethingthatimpedes;ahindranceoranobstruction【近】barbarricadebarrierblockblockagecloghamperhindrancehurdleobstacleobstructionsnagstoptraversewall.obstruct[əbstrʌkt]v.阻隔Toblockorfillapassagewithobstaclesoranobstacle【近】barblockdamimpede.【记】ob反,struct建造一建造反效果的东西一阻塞【反】facilitate(v使容易);abet(v教唆)unocclude(adj空的)-obstructed(adj堵塞的)riflebird[raɪfəlbɚd]n.风鸟AnyofseveralbirdsofparadiseofthegeneraCraspedophoraandPtilorisofAustraliaandNewGuinea.exploit[ɪksplɔɪt]v.利用Toemploytothegreatestpossibleadvantage【近】actuateapplyemployexerciseimplementpracticeuseutilize.【记】explore(v探险;探究)是为了exploitmode[məʊd]n.方式Amannerwayormethodofdoingoracting【近】fashionmannermethodmodusoperandistylesystemwaywise².simultaneouslyadv.同时地Atthesametime:[saɪməltenɪəsli]【近】concurrentlysynchronouslytogether.extremely[extreme·lɪ]adv.很非常地【近】awfullydreadfullyeminentlyexceedinglyexceptionallyextragreatlyhighlymostnotablyvery.ritualize[rɪtʃuəlaɪz]v.仪式化Toengageinritualism.noticeable[nəʊtɪsəbl]adj.引人注目的Evident;observable【近】apparentclearclear-cutcrystalcleardistinctevidentmanifestobservableobviouspatentplainpronouncedvisible.confuse[kənfjuːz]v.使迷惑Tocausetobeunabletothinkwithclarityoractwithintelligenceorunderstanding;throwoff.【近】addlebefuddlebewilderconfounddiscombobulatedizzyfuddlejumblemixupmuddlemystifyperplexpuzzle.imitate[ɪmɪteɪt]v.模仿Tocopytheactionsappearancemannerismsorspeechof;mimic【近】copyduplicatereplicatereproducesimulate.reveal[rɪvɪːl]v.透露显示Tobringtoview;show【近】baredisclosedisplayexposeshowunclotheuncoverunmaskunveil.contrast[kɒntrɑːst]v.使对比Toshowdifferenceswhencompared【近】counterpoint.obstruction[əbstrʌkʃn]n.阻塞物Onethatobstructs;anobstacle.【近】barbarricadebarrierblockblockagecloghamperhindrancehurdleimpedimentobstaclesnagstoptraversewall.resistance[rɪzɪstəns]n.抵抗Theactoraninstanceofresistingorthecapacitytoresist.【近】oppositionrenitencerenitency.intensity[ɪntensətɪ]n.强度Theamountordegreeofstrengthofelectricitylightheatorsoundperunitareaorvolume.【近】depthoftenusedinpluralferociousnessferocityfiercenessfurypitchseverityvehemencevehemencyviolence.【反】palliate(v减轻)orangutan[ɔːræŋuːtæn]n.猩猩AnarborealanthropoidapePongopygmaeusofBorneoandSumatrahavingashaggyreddish-browncoatverylongarmsandnotail.hinder[haɪndər]v.妨碍;阻碍Tointerferewithactionorprogress.【近】bogdownencumberholdbackimpedeobstruct.【记】hind(adj后边的;后面的),er-使得落在后面-阻碍symbiotic[‚sɪmbaɪɑtɪk]adj.共栖的interaction[‚ɪntərərækʃn]n.交互作用Theactorprocessofinteracting【记】intel相互,action作用-相互作用=interplayparasitism[pærəsaɪtɪzm]n.寄生Thecharacteristicbehaviorormodeofexistenceofaparasiteorparasiticpopulationcommensalism[kəmɛnsəlɪzəm]n.共生Asymbioticrelationshipbetweentwoorganismsofdifferentspeciesinwhichonederivessomebenefitwhiletheotherisunaffected.mutualism[mjuːtjʊəlɪzm]n.互利共生Anassociationbetweenorganismsoftwodifferentspeciesinwhicheachmemberbenefits.factor[fæktər]n.因素Onethatactivelycontributestoanaccomplishmentaresultoraprocess【近】buildingblockcomponentconstituentelementingredientintegrantpart.structure[strʌktʃər]n.结构Somethingmadeupofanumberofpartsthatareheldorputtogetherinaparticularway【近】buildingedificepile.biological[bi·olog·i·kl]adj.生物学的Ofrelatingtocausedbyoraffectinglifeorlivingorganisms.community[kəmjuːnətɪ]n.共生动物群Agroupofplantsandanimalslivingandinteractingwithoneanotherinaspecificregionunderrelativelysimilarenvironmentalconditions.【近】peoplepublicsociety.【记】commun=common(adj公共的),ity表状态-公共状态-社区organism[ɔrgənɪzm]n.生物Anindividualformoflifesuchasaplantananimalabacteriumaprotistorafungus;abodymadeupoforgansorganellesorotherpartsthatworktogethertocarryonthevariousprocessesoflife.potentially[pətenʃlɪ]adv.潜在地predator[predətər]n.食肉动物Anorganismthatlivesbypreyingonotherorganisms.prey[preɪ]n.猎物Ananimalhuntedorcaughtforfood;quarry.【近】casualtyvictim.parasite[pærəsaɪt]n.寄生生物Anorganismthatgrowsfeedsandisshelteredonorinadifferentorganismwhilecontributingnothingtothesurvivalofitshost.【近】bloodsuckerhanger-onleechsponge【记】para旁边,site坐-坐在旁边的人-食客寄生虫derive[dɪraɪv]v.得到Toobtainorreceivefromasource【近】drawgettake.associate[əsəʊʃɪeɪt]n.伙伴Acompanion;acomrade.【近】affiliateallycohortcolleagueconfederatecopartnerfellowpartner.【记】as朝向,soci(同伴,社会)-成为同伴-联合tapewormn.绦虫AnyofvariousribbonlikeoftenverylongflatwormsoftheclassCestodathatlackanalimentarycanalandareparasiticintheintestinesofvertebratesincludinghumanbeings.intestine[ɪntestɪn]n.肠Theportionofthealimentarycanalextendingfromthestomachtotheanusandinhumanbeingsandothermammalsconsistingoftwosegmentsthesmallintestineandthelargeintestine.Oftenusedintheplural.absorb[əbsɔːb]v.吸收Totakesomethinginthroughorasthroughporesorinterstices.【近】drinkimbibesoakupsopuptakeup.【反】emit(v发射,喷出);radiate(v发射,辐射);reflect(v反射);exude(v渗出)nutrient[nuːtrɪənt]n.营养物Asourceofnourishmentespeciallyanourishingingredientinafood.【近】alimentarynourishingnutritiousnutritive.selection[sɪlekʃn]n.选择Theactoraninstanceofselectingorthefactofhavingbeenselected.【近】choiceelectionoptionpreference.favor[feɪvər]n.偏爱Tobepartialto;indulgealikingfor【近】approvecountenanceholdwith.feedon以...为食物defensive[defen·sɪv]adj.防卫的Intendedtowithstandordeteraggressionorattacktoxic[tɑksɪkl]adj.有毒的Ofrelatingtoorcausedbyatoxinorotherpoison【近】mephiticmephiticalpoisonpoisonoustoxicantvenomousvirulent.【记】tox毒,ic-有毒的【反】beneficial(adj有益的)fungal[fʌŋgl]adj.真菌的Ofrelatingtoresemblingorcharacteristicofafungus.bacterial[bæktɪrɪəl]adj.细菌的Relatingtoorcausedbybacteriapredatory[predətɔrɪ]adj.捕食生物的Livingbypreyingonotherorganismsvertebrate[vɜrtɪbrɪt]n.脊椎动物AmemberofthesubphylumVertebrataaprimarydivisionofthephylumChordatathatincludesthefishesamphibiansreptilesbirdsandmammalsallofwhicharecharacterizedbyasegmentedspinalcolumnandadistinctwell-differentiatedheadimmune[ɪmjuːn]adj.免疫的Ofrelatingtoorhavingimmunitytoinfectionbyaspecificpathogen.【近】imperviousinsusceptibleproofresistantresistiveunsusceptible.multiple[mʌltɪpl]adj.复合的Havingrelatingtoorconsistingofmorethanoneindividualelementpartorothercomponent;manifolddefensen.防御保卫Theactofdefendingagainstattackdangerorinjury.【近】guardpreservationprotectionprotectorsafeguardsecurityshieldward.internaladj.内在的Ofrelatingtoorlocatedwithinthelimitsorsurface;inner.[ɪntɜrnl]【近】inlyinginnerinsideinterior.attimes有时不时overrun[‚əʊvə‚rʌn]v.泛滥Torunover;overflow.【近】exceedoverreachoverstepsurpasstranscend.expanse[ɪkspæns]n.宽阔的区域Awideandopenextentasofsurfacelandorsky【近】distanceexpansionextentreachspacespreadstretchsweep.cattle[kætl]n.牛AnyofvariousmammalsofthegenusBosincludingcowssteersbullsandoxenoftenraisedformeatanddairyproducts.myxoma[mɪksəʊmə]n.粘液瘤Abenigntumormostoftenfoundintheheartthatiscomposedofconnectivetissueembeddedinmucus.virus[vaɪərəs]n.病毒AnyofvarioussimplesubmicroscopicparasitesofplantsanimalsandbacteriathatoftencausediseaseandthatconsistessentiallyofacoreofRNAorDNAsurroundedbyaproteincoat.Unabletoreplicatewithoutahostcellvirusesaretypicallynotconsideredlivingorganisms.【近】banecankercontagionpoisontoxinvenom.deliberately[dɪlɪbərətli]adv.慎重地;故意地蓄意地【反】summarily(adv概要地;草率地)spread[spred]v.传播散布Todistributewidely【近】circulatediffusedispersedisseminatedistributeradiatescatterstrew.mosquito[məskɪːtəʊ]n.蚊子Anyofvarioustwo-wingedinsectsofthefamilyCulicidaeinwhichthefemaleofmostspeciesisdistinguishedbyalongproboscisforsuckingblood.Somespeciesarevectorsofdiseasessuchasmalariaandyellowfever.devastate[devəsteɪt]v.毁坏Tolaywaste;destroy.【近】desolateravagewaste.【记】de坏,vast(adj辽阔的;大量的;巨额的)-大量弄坏-破坏deadly[dedlɪ]adj.致命的Causingortendingtocausedeath【近】banefulmalignantnoxiousperniciouspestilentpestilentialvirulent.offspringn.后代Theprogenyordescendantsofapersonananimaloraplantconsideredasagroup【近】childdescendantprogenyscion.apparently[əpærəntli]adv.显然地【近】evidentlyexternallyostensiblyostensivelyoutwardlyseeminglysuperficially.genotype[dʒenəʊtaɪp]n.遗传型;基因型Thegeneticconstitutionofanorganismoragroupoforganisms.genetic[dʒɪnetɪk]adj.遗传的Oforrelatingtogeneticsorgenesresist[rɪzɪst]v.抵抗Toremainfirmagainsttheactionseffectsorforceof;withstand【近】buckchallengecontestdisputeopposetraverse.【记】re反,sist站-反站-反抗【反】acquiesce(v默许);capitulate(v有条件投降)meanwhile[mɪːnhwaɪl]adv.同时Atthesametimestrain[streɪn]n.同种Agroupoforganismsofthesamespecieshavingdistinctivecharacteristicsbutnotusuallyconsideredaseparatebreedorvariety:【近】pressurestresstension.perish[perɪʃ]v.毁灭Tobringtodestruction;destroy【近】deceasedemisedepartdiedropexpiregopassawaypassonsuccumb.【反】survive(v幸存;生还)infect[ɪnfekt]v.传染;感染Tocommunicateapathogenordiseaseto【近】cankerenvenompoison.thus[ðʌs]adv.如此Inthismannerstabilize[steɪbɪlaɪz]v.使稳定Tomakestableorsteadfast.【近】balancecounterbalanceequalizesteady.【反】fluctuate(v使波动)significantly[sɪgnɪfɪkəntli]adv.值得注目地affect[əfekt]v.影响Tohaveaninfluenceonoreffectachangein【近】gettoimpressmovestriketouch.commensaladj.共栖的,共生的Ofrelatingtoorcharacterizedbyasymbiotic[kəmɛnsl]relationshipinwhichonespeciesisbenefitedwhiletheotherisunaffected.obtain[əbteɪn]v.获得Tosucceedingainingpossessionofastheresultofplanningorendeavor;acquire.【近】acquirecomebygaingetprocuresecurewin.inadvertently[ɪnədvɝtntli]adv.不注意地expose[ɪkspəʊz]v.使暴露Tomakevisible【近】baredisclosedisplayrevealshowunclotheuncoverunmaskunveil.flush[flʌʃ]v.飞出Todartoutorflyfromcover.graze[greɪz]v.放牧Tofeedonherbageinafieldoronpastureland.【近】brush¹flickkissshaveskim.【记】源于grass(n草);raze(v夷为平地)羊graze就会razehinder[haɪndər]v.妨碍;阻碍Tobeorgetinthewayof【近】bogdownencumberholdbackimpedeobstruct.【记】hind(adj后边的;后面的),er-使得落在后面-阻碍symbiosis[‚sɪmbaɪəʊsɪs]n.共生Acloseprolongedassociationbetweentwoormoredifferentorganismsofdifferentspeciesthatmaybutdoesnotnecessarilybenefiteachmember.【记】sym=same,bio生化,sis生物共同生长-共生legume[legjuːm]n.豆科植物Aplantofthepeafamily.nitrogen[naɪtrədʒən]n.氮AnonmetallicelementthatconstitutesnearlyfourfifthsoftheairbyvolumeoccurringasacolorlessodorlessalmostinertdiatomicgasN2invariousmineralsandinallproteinsandusedinawidevarietyofimportantmanufacturesincludingammonianitricacidTNTandfertilizersflowering[flaʊərɪŋ]adj.有花的;开花的pollinator[pɑlɪnetɚ]n.传粉媒介传粉昆虫association[ə‚səʊsɪeɪʃn]n.联系Theactofassociatingorthestateofbeingassociated.【近】affiliationalliancecombinationconjunctionconnectioncooperationpartnership.carbohydrate[‚kɑːbəʊhaɪdreɪt]n.碳水化合物Anyofagroupoforganiccompoundsthatincludessugarsstarchescellulosesandgumsandservesasamajorenergysourceinthedietofanimals.Thesecompoundsareproducedbyphotosyntheticplantsandcontainonlycarbonhydrogenandoxygenusuallyintheratio1:2:
1.【记】carbo碳,hydr水-碳水化合物organic[ɔrgænɪk]adj.有机的Ofrelatingtoorderivedfromlivingorganisms【近】naturalunadulterated.compound[kɒmpaʊnd]n.化合物Apuremacroscopicallyhomogeneoussubstanceconsistingofatomsorionsoftwoormoredifferentelementsindefiniteproportionsthatcannotbeseparatedbyphysicalmeans.Acompoundusuallyhaspropertiesunlikethoseofitsconstituentelements.【近】combinationcompositeconjugationunificationunionunity.【反】separate(v分开)enzyme[enzaɪm]n.酶Anyofnumerousproteinsorconjugatedproteinsproducedbylivingorganismsandfunctioningasbiochemicalcatalysts.catalyst[kætəlɪst]n.催化剂Asubstanceusuallyusedinsmallamountsrelativetothereactantsthatmodifiesandincreasestherateofareactionwithoutbeingconsumedintheprocess.【近】fermentleavenleaveningyeast.【记】cata下面,lyst=least少-沉淀到下面,量很小的东西-催化剂【反】inhibitor(n抑制剂);catalyze(vt催化)-retard(vt延迟;使减速)/prevent(v防止;预防)eventually[even·tu·al·lɪ]adv.最后Atanunspecifiedfuturetimeenrich[ɪnrɪtʃ]v.使肥沃Toaddfertilizerto【近】fecundatefertilize.pollen[pɑlən]n.花粉Thefinepowderlikematerialconsistingofpollengrainsthatisproducedbytheanthersofseedplants.disperse[dɪspɜːs]v.散开传播Tomoveindifferentdirections;scatter.【近】circulatediffusedisseminatedistributeradiatescatterspreadstrew.【记】dis向四面八方,sper分散,se散发【反】focus(v聚集);aggregate(v聚集);channel(vt引导)efficientlyadv.效率高地;有效地bull[bʊl]n.公牛Anadultmalebovinemammal.horn[hɔːn]n.角Oneofthehardusuallypermanentstructuresprojectingfromtheheadofcertainmammalssuchascattlesheepgoatsorantelopesconsistingofabonycorecoveredwithasheathofkeratinousmaterial.acacia[əkeɪʃə]n.金合欢属植物AnyofvariousoftenspinytreesorshrubsofthegenusAcaciainthepeafamilyhavingalternatebipinnatelycompoundleavesorleavesrepresentedbyflattenedleafstalksandheadsorspikesofsmallflowers.genus[dʒɪːnəs]n.种,属Ataxonomiccategoryrankingbelowafamilyandaboveaspeciesandgenerallyconsistingofagroupofspeciesexhibitingsimilarcharacteristics.IntaxonomicnomenclaturethegenusnameisusedeitheraloneorfollowedbyaLatinadjectiveorepithettoformthenameofaspecies.hollow[hɑləʊ]adj.空的Havingacavitygaporspacewithin【近】emptyidleotiosevacantvain.thorn[θɔːn]n.带刺植物Anyofvariousshrubstreesorwoodyplantsbearingsharpwoodyspines.【近】needleprickpricklespine.secrete[sɪkrɪːt]v.分泌Togenerateandseparateasubstancefromcellsorbodilyfluids【近】burycacheconcealensconcehide¹occult.【记】源于secret(adj秘密的),e-隐藏,记住还有“分泌”的意思【反】absorb(v吸收)tip[tɪp]n.尖端Theendofapointedorprojectingobject.【近】aciculaacuminationapexcuspmucromucronationpoint.leaflet[lɪːflɪt]n.小叶Asmallleaforleaflikepart.protein[prəʊtɪːn]n.蛋白质Anyofagroupofcomplexorganicmacromoleculesthatcontaincarbonhydrogenoxygennitrogenandusuallysulfurandarecomposedofoneormorechainsofaminoacids.Proteinsarefundamentalcomponentsofalllivingcellsandincludemanysubstancessuchasenzymeshormonesandantibodiesthatarenecessaryfortheproperfunctioningofanorganism.Theyareessentialinthedietofanimalsforthegrowthandrepairoftissueandcanbeobtainedfromfoodssuchasmeatfisheggsmilkandlegumes.virtually[vɜrtʃəlɪ]adv.事实上实质上Infactortoallpurposes;practicallysting[stɪŋ]v.刺叮Topierceorwoundpainfullywithorasifwithasharp-pointedstructureororganasthatofcertaininsects.【近】biteburnsmart.herbivore[hɜːbɪvɔː]n.草食动物Ananimalthatfeedschieflyonplants.clip[klɪp]v.剪Tocutcutofforcutoutwithorasifwithshearssurrounding[səraʊndɪŋ]adj.周围的;附近的vegetationn.植物Theplantsofanareaoraregion;plantlife[‚vedʒɪteɪʃn]remove[rɪmuːv]v.迁移Totransferorconveyfromoneplacetoanother【近】maneuvermoveshifttransfer.【记】re,move(n/v移动)-移开compete[kəmpiːt]v.竞争Tostrivewithanotherorotherstoattainagoalsuchasgaininganadvantageorwinningavictory【近】contendcontestemulaterivalvie.【记】com共同,pet追求-共同追求一个目标-竞争interplayn.互相作用Reciprocalactionandreaction;interaction.highlightv.强调,使显得重要Tomakeprominent;emphasize.【近】accentaccentuateemphasizefeatureitalicizeplayuppointupstressunderlineunderscore.diverse[daɪvɜːs]adj.不同的Differingonefromanother.【近】assorteddiversdiversifiedheterogeneousmiscellaneousmixedmotleymultifariousmultiformsundryvariedvariegatedvarious.exclude[ɪkskluːd]v.排除Topreventfrombeingincludedconsideredoraccepted;reject【近】barcountoutdebareliminateexceptkeepoutruleoutshutout.【记】ex出,clude关闭-关出去-排斥disruptive[dɪsrʌptɪv]adj.分裂性的Relatingtocausingorproducedbydisruption.【近】disquietingdistressfuldistressingdisturbingintrusiveperturbingtroublesometroublousunsettlingupsettingworrisome.digest[daɪdʒest]v.消化Toconvertfoodintosimplerchemicalcompoundsthatcanbeabsorbedandassimilatedbythebodyasbychemicalandmuscularactioninthealimentarycanal.【近】absorbassimilateimbibetakeup.intervention[‚ɪntərvenʃn]n.介入【近】interferenceintrusionmeddlingobtrusion.alter[ɔːltə]v.改变Tochangeormakedifferent;modify【近】changemodifymutateturnvary.declinen.下降,减少Adownwardmovement.[dɪklaɪn]【近】atrophydecadencedeclensiondeclinationdegeneracydegenerationdeterioration.indefensiblyadv.无法辩护地;不能防御地substantially[səbstænʃəlɪ]adv.本质上unintentionallyadv.非故意地;非存心地partially[pɑrʃəlɪ]adv.部分地Toadegree;nottotally.decay[dɪkeɪ]n.腐烂Tobreakdownintocomponentparts;rot.【近】breakdowndecompositiondeteriorationdisintegrationputrefactionputrescenceputridnessrotrottennessspoilage.demonstrate[demənstreɪt]v.表明Toshowclearlyanddeliberately;manifest【近】displayevidenceevinceexhibitmanifestproclaimrevealshow.【记】de加强语义,monst显示一加强显示一证明wholly[həʊlɪ]adv.完全地Completely;entirely【近】absolutelyallaltogethercompletelydeadentirelyflatfullyjustperfectlyquitethoroughlytotallyutterlywell².destructive[dɪstrʌktɪv]adj.破坏性的Causingorwreakingdestruction;ruinous【近】calamitouscataclysmalcataclysmiccatastrophicdisastrousfatalfatefulruinous.massive[mæsɪv]adj.大量的Largeincomparisonwiththeusualamount【近】behemothBrobdingnagianBunyanesquecolossalcyclopeanelephantineenormousgargantuangiantgigantesquegiganticherculeanheroichugeimmensejumbomammothmassymastodonicmightymonstermonstrousmonumentalmountainousprodigiouspythonicstupendoustitanictremendousvast.mere[mɪə]adj.仅仅的Small;slight【近】very.rarity[rerətɪ]n.稀有罕见Thequalityorstateofbeingrare;infrequencyofoccurrence【反】frequency(n频率;频繁性出现的情况)stemv.起源于Tohaveortakeoriginordescent.[stem]【近】arisecomederiveemanateflowissueoriginateproceedrisespringupspring.industrialize[ɪndʌstrɪəlaɪz]v.工业化Tobecomeindustrial.Netherlandsn.荷兰AcountryofnorthwestEuropeontheNorthSea.Scandinavian[‚skændɪneɪvjən]adj.斯堪的纳维亚的OforrelatingtoScandinaviaortoitspeopleslanguagesorcultures.Denmarkn.丹麦AcountryofnorthernEuropeonJutlandandadjacentislands.Norwayn.挪威AcountryofnorthernEuropeinthewesternpartoftheScandinavianPeninsula.Swedenn.瑞典AcountryofnorthernEuropeontheeasternScandinavianPeninsula.lag[læg]v.落后Tofailtokeepupapace;straggle.【近】delaydetainhangupholdupretardsetbackslowdownorupstall².【记】身上长了两条lag,而不是leg所以走得比较慢-落后considerably[kənsɪdərəbli]adv.相当地【近】farmuchquitewell².coal[kəʊl]n.煤Anaturaldarkbrowntoblackgraphitelikematerialusedasafuelformedfromfossilizedplantsandconsistingofamorphouscarbonwithvariousorganicandsomeinorganiccompounds.undoubtedly[ʌndaʊtɪdlɪ]adv.无庸置疑地【近】absolutelycertainlydoubtlessdoubtlesslypositively.inhabitant[ɪnhæbɪtənt]n.居民Onethatinhabitsaplaceespeciallyasapermanentresidentexhibit[ɪgzɪbɪt]v.展现Toshowoutwardly;display【近】demonstratedisplayevidenceevincemanifestproclaimrevealshow.【记】ex出,hibit坚持-坚持拿出来-展览moderate[mɑdrət]adj.中等的Ofmediumoraveragequantityorextent.【近】acceptableadequateallrightaveragecommondecentfairfairishgoodishpassablerespectablesatisfactorysufficienttolerable.course[kɔːs]n.过程,进展Onwardmovementinaparticulardirection;progress.【近】chainconsecutionorderprocessionprogressionroundrunsequenceseriesstringsuccessionsuitetrain.density[densətɪ]n.人口密度Thenumberofindividualssuchasinhabitantsorhousingunitsperunitofarea.【近】compactnesssoliditythickness.vary[verɪ]v.改变Toundergoorshowchange【近】alterchangemodifymutateturn.whereas[weəræz]conj.然而Whileonthecontrary.capital[kæpɪtl]n.资本,资源Humanresourcesconsideredintermsoftheircontributionstoaneconomy【近】assetusedinpluralfortunemean³usedinpluralresourceusedinpluralwealthwherewithal.characteristic[‚kærəktərɪstɪk]n.特性Afeaturethathelpstoidentifytellapartordescriberecognizably;adistinguishingmarkortrait.【近】attributecharacterfeaturemarkpeculiaritypropertyqualitysavortrait.advantage[ədvɑːntɪdʒ]v.有利于Toaffordprofitorgainto;benefit.【近】availbenefitprofitserve.percentage[pərsentɪdʒ]n.比例Aproportionorshareinrelationtoawhole;apartliteracy[lɪtərəsɪ]n.读写能力Theconditionorqualityofbeingliterateespeciallytheabilitytoreadandwrite.enormous[ɪnɔrməs]adj.巨大的Verygreatinsizeextentnumberordegree.【近】behemothBrobdingnagianBunyanesquecolossalcyclopeanelephantinegargantuangiantgigantesquegiganticherculeanheroichugeimmensejumbomammothmassivemassymastodonicmightymonstermonstrousmonumentalmountainousprodigiouspythonicstupendoustitanictremendousvast.niche[nɪːʃ]n.合适的环境Asituationoranactivityspeciallysuitedtoapersonsinterestsabilitiesornature【近】place.evolve[ɪvɒlv]v.发展Toundergogradualchange;develop【近】developelaborate.【记】e出,volve卷,转-转出来-发展;进化current[kʌrənt]n.趋势潮流Ageneraltendencymovementorcourse.【近】driftfloodflowfluxrushspatestreamsurgetide.immediate[ɪmɪːdɪət]adj.直接的Actingoroccurringwithouttheinterpositionofanotheragencyorobject;direct【近】adjacentclosecontiguousnearnearbynighproximate.implication[‚ɪmplɪkeɪʃn]n.含意Somethingthatisimplied【近】hintinklingsuspicionundercurrentundertone.significant[sɪgnɪfɪkənt]adj.重要的Havingorlikelytohaveamajoreffect;important【近】bigconsequentialconsiderablehistoricimportantlargematerialmeaningfulmonumentalsubstantial.merchant[mɜrtʃənt]adj.商业的Oforrelatingtomerchantsmerchandiseorcommercialtrade【近】businesspersondealermerchandiserspeculatortradertradesmantrafficker.marine[mərɪːn]n.船舶Themercantileornavalshipsorshippingfleetofacountry【近】maritimeoceanicpelagicthalassic.【记】submarine(n潜水艇)sub下面,marine海shipbuildingn.造船Theartorbusinessofdesigningandconstructingships.fishery[fɪʃərɪ]n.渔业Theindustryoroccupationdevotedtothecatchingprocessingorsellingoffishshellfishorotheraquaticanimals.【记】fish鱼,ery=ary表场所-渔场mercantile[mɜːkəntaɪl]adj.商业的贸易的Oforrelatingtomerchantsortrade.【记】源于merchant(n商人)harbor[hɑrbər]n.港湾海港Ashelteredpartofabodyofwaterdeepenoughtoprovideanchorageforships.【近】asylumcovercoverthavenprotectionrefugeretreatsanctuaryshelter.steamshipn.汽船轮船Alargevesselpropelledbyoneormoresteam-drivenscrewspropellersorpaddles.eventually[ɪvɛntʃuəli]adv.最后AtanunspecifiedfuturetimeRotterdamn.鹿特丹港市AcityofsouthwestNetherlandsontheRhine-Meusedeltasouth-southeastofTheHague.Charteredin1328itwasamajorcommercialpowerduringthe16thand17thcenturiesandistodayathrivingportaccessibleviacanaltooceangoingvessels.Amsterdam[æmstɚdæm]n.阿姆斯特丹TheconstitutionalcapitalandlargestcityoftheNetherlandsinthewesternpartofthecountryontheIjaninletoftheIjsselmeer.LinkedtotheNorthSeabyashipcanalthecityhasanimportantstockexchangeandisamajorcenterofthediamond-cuttingindustry.exceptional[ɪksɛpʃənl]adj.例外的Beinganexception;uncommon.【近】extraordinarymagnificentoutstandingpreeminentrareremarkablesingulartoweringuncommonunusual.【记】exception(n除外;异议)ex出,cept拿走-除外【反】prosaic(adj散文的;平凡的);commonplace(adj平凡的)transit[trænsɪt]n.运输Conveyanceofpeopleorgoodsfromoneplacetoanotherespeciallyonalocalpublictransportationsystem.【近】carriageconveyancetransporttransportation.overseasadj.海外的Ofrelatingtooriginatinginorsituatedincountriesacrossthesea.foodstuffn.食品;粮食Asubstancethatcanbeusedorpreparedforuseasfood.【近】alimentbreadcomestibledietedibleesculentfarefoodmeatnourishmentnurturenutrimentnutritionpabulumpapprovenderprovisionusedinpluralsustenancevictual.【记】stuff(n原料vt塞满;填充)tobacco[təbækəʊ]n.烟草AnyofvariousplantsofthegenusNicotianaespeciallyN.tabacumnativetotropicalAmericaandwidelycultivatedforitsleaveswhichareusedprimarilyforsmoking.grain[greɪn]n.谷物Thefruitsofcerealgrassesespeciallyafterhavingbeenharvestedconsideredasagroup.admirable[ædmərəbl]adj.值得赞扬的;令人钦佩的Deservingadmiration.【近】commendablecreditabledeservingestimableexemplaryhonorablelaudablemeritoriouspraiseworthyreputablerespectableworthy.【记】admire(v赞美;羡慕)commercial[kəmɜːʃl]adj.商业的Oforrelatingtocommercewithrespectto关于sound[saʊnd]n.海峡Alongrelativelywidebodyofwaterlargerthanastraitorachannelconnectinglargerbodiesofwater.strait[streɪt]n.海峡Anarrowchanneljoiningtwolargerbodiesofwater.separate[sepəreɪt]v.分隔Tosetorkeepapart;disunite【近】breakdetachdisjoindisjointdisunitedividedivorcepartsplitup.【反】amalgamate(v使合并);compound(v混合);meld(v混合);concoct(v调合);serried(adj密集的);integrate(vt使成整体)payment[peɪmənt]n.付款Theactofpayingorthestateofbeingpaid.【近】compensationconsiderationrecompenseremuneration.kronan.冰岛克朗AbasicunitofcurrencyinIcelandabolish[əbɒlɪʃ]v.废止;废除Todoawaywith;annul.toll[təʊl]n.通行费Afixedchargeortaxforaprivilegeespeciallyforpassageacrossabridgeoralongaroad.【近】chargeexactionfee.due[djuː]n.会费Achargeorfeeformembershipasinaclubororganization.【近】arrearagearrearsdebtindebtednessliabilityobligation.shift[ʃɪft]n.转换Achangefromonepersonorconfigurationtoanother;asubstitution【近】changecommutationexchangeinterchangesubstitutionswitchtradetransposition.significant[sɪgnɪfɪkənt]adj.有意义的Havingorexpressingameaning;meaningful.【近】eloquentexpressivemeaningmeaningful.port[pɔːt]n.港Aplaceonawaterwaywithfacilitiesforloadingandunloadingships.【近】addressairbearingdemeanormannermienpresencestyle.Copenhagen[kəupənheiɡən]n.哥本哈根ThecapitalandlargestcityofDenmarkintheextremeeasternpartofthecountryontheeasterncoastofSjaelland.Itwasatradingandfishingcenterbythe11thcenturyandbecamethecapitalin
1443.Population
482937.institution[‚ɪnstɪtuːʃn]n.机构Anestablishedorganizationorfoundationespeciallyonededicatedtoeducationpublicserviceorculture.【近】constitutioncreationestablishmentfoundationorganizationoriginationstart-up.pose[pəʊz]v.提出Tosetforthinwords;propound【近】advanceofferproposepropoundputforwardsetforthsubmitsuggest.barrier[bærɪə]n.障碍Somethingimmaterialthatobstructsorimpedes【近】barbarricadeblockblockagecloghamperhindrancehurdleimpedimentobstacleobstructionsnagstoptraversewall.relatively[relətɪvlɪ]adv.相当地Inarelativemanner;incomparisonwithsomethingelsepeacefully[pɪːsflɪ]adv.平静地;和平地progressive[prəgresɪv]adj.进步的Promotingorfavoringprogresstowardbetterconditionsornewpoliciesideasormethods【近】advancedforwardprecocious.democratization[dɪ‚mɒkrətaɪzeɪʃn]n.民主化reasonably[rɪːdnəblɪ]adv.适度地,相当地govern[gʌvn]v.统治Tomakeandadministerthepublicpolicyandaffairsof;exercisesovereignauthorityin【近】reignrule.notable[nəʊtəbl]adj.著名的Worthyofnoteornotice;remarkable【近】celebrateddistinguishedeminentfamedfamousgreatillustriousnotedpreeminentprestigiousprominentredoubtablerenowned.corruption[kərʌpʃən]n.腐败Theactorprocessofcorrupting.【近】bestialitydepravityflagitiousnessimmoralityperversionturpitudevicevillainousnessvillainywickedness.grandiose[grændɪəʊs]adj.浮夸的Characterizedbyfeignedoraffectedgrandeur;pompous.【近】augustbaronialgrandimposinglordlymagnificmagnificentmajesticnobleprincelyregalroyalsplendidstatelysublimesuperb.【反】trivial(adj琐细的;微不足道的)liberal[lɪbərəl]adj.自由的Notlimitedtoorbyestablishedtraditionalorthodoxorauthoritarianattitudesviewsordogmas;freefrombigotry.protectionist[prətekʃənɪst]n.贸易保护主义者peasant[peznt]n.农夫Amemberoftheclassconstitutedbysmallfarmersandtenantssharecroppersandlaborersonthelandwheretheyformthemainlaborforceinagriculture.landownern.土地所有者地主Onethatownslanddefinite[defɪnɪt]adj.明确的Clearlydefined;explicitlyprecise【近】categoricalclearclear-cutdecidedexplicitexpresspositiveprecisespecificunambiguousunequivocal.【记】define(vt定义;详细说明)【反】indeterminate(adj不确定的;模糊的)orientation[‚ɔːrɪenteɪʃn]n.适应,导向Anadjustmentoradaptationtoanewenvironmentsituationcustomorsetofideas【近】bearingoftenusedinplurallocationpositionsituation.division[dɪvɪʒn]n.区分Theactorprocessofdividing.【近】detachmentdisjunctiondisjuncturedisseverancedissevermentdisuniondivorcedivorcementpartingpartitionseparationseverancesplit.stakeout[steɪk]v.监督Tokeepundersurveillance.specialization[‚speʃələzeɪʃn]n.专门化Theactofspecializingortheprocessofbecomingspecializedcommerce[kɒmɜːs]n.商业Thebuyingandsellingofgoodsespeciallyonalargescaleasbetweencitiesornations【近】businessindustrytradetradingtraffic.【记】com共同,merce=merchant(n商人)-共同经商-商业notorious[nəʊtɔːrɪəs]adj.臭名昭著的Knownwidelyandusuallyunfavorably;infamous【近】commoninfamous.fluctuation[‚flʌktʃʊeɪʃn]n.波动prosperity[prɑsperətɪ]n.繁荣Theconditionofbeingprosperous.【近】weal¹welfarewell-being.【记】源于prosper(v成功;兴隆)butter[bʌtə]n.奶油黄油Asoftyellowishorwhitishemulsionofbutterfatwaterairandsometimessaltchurnedfrommilkorcreamandprocessedforuseincookingandasafood.plentiful[plentɪfʊl]adj.许多的丰富的Existingingreatquantityoramplesupply.【近】abundantamplebounteousbountifulcopiousgenerousheavyplenitudinousplenteoussubstantialvoluminous.overtake[‚əʊvərteɪk]v.赶上Topassaftercatchingupwith.【近】catchup.influential[‚ɪnflʊenʃl]adj.有影响的Havingorexercisinginfluence.【近】consequentialimportantpowerfulweighty.military[mɪlɪtrɪ]adj.军事的Performedorsupportedbythearmedforces【近】martialsoldierly.extraordinary[ɪkˈstrɔːrdəneri]adj.非凡的Beyondwhatisordinaryorusual【近】exceptionalmagnificentoutstandingpreeminentrareremarkablesingulartoweringuncommonunusual.【记】extra超过,ordinary(adj普通的)-超出普通的-非凡的【反】quotidian(adj每日发作的;平凡的);prosaic(adj散文的;平凡的)predictable[prɪdɪktəbl]adj.可预言的disruption[dɪsrʌpʃən]n.分裂;崩溃【近】isorderingdisorganizationupset.margin[mɑːdʒɪn]n.边缘Anedgeandtheareaimmediatelyadjacenttoit;aborder【近】borderborderlinebrimbrinkedgeedgingfringeperipheryrimverge.stability[stəbɪlətɪ]n.稳定性Thestateorqualityofbeingstable【近】durabilityfirmnessintegritysoliditysoundnessstrengthwholeness.【反】inconstancy(n反复无常)outputn.输出生产量Anamountproducedormanufacturedduringa[aʊtpʊt]certaintime.【近】productionyield.Conventional[kənvɛnʃənl]adj.传统的Basedonorinaccordancewithgeneralagreementuseorpractice;customary【近】button-downconformistestablishmentarianorthodoxstraighttraditional.【反】outlandish(adj外国气派的;奇异的);offbeat(adj不规则的)yawn[jɔːn]v.打哈欠Toopenthemouthwidewithadeepinhalationusuallyinvoluntarilyfromdrowsinessfatigueorboredom.【近】gape.【记】因为yawn所以yaw(v偏航)alertness[əlɝtnɪs]n.活泼;灵活【近】vigilancewakefulnesswarinesswatchfulness.reverse[rɪvɜrs]v.倒转Toturnormoveintheoppositedirection【近】liftrecallrepealrescindrevoke.oxygen[ɑksɪdʒən]n.氧Anonmetallicelementconstituting21percentoftheatmospherebyvolumethatoccursasadiatomicgasO2andinmanycompoundssuchaswaterandironore.Itcombineswithmostelementsisessentialforplantandanimalrespirationandisrequiredfornearlyallcombustion.shallow[ʃæləʊ]adj.微弱的Markedbyinsufficientinhalationofair;weak【近】cursoryone-dimensionalsketchyskin-deepsuperficialuncritical.【记】shal,low低的-浅的【反】profound(adj深刻的;造诣深的)accompany[əkʌmpənɪ]v.陪同伴随Tobeorgowithasacompanion【近】attendcompanioncompanyescort.【记】ac朝…方向,company同伴,公司investigation[ɪn‚vestɪgeɪʃn]n.调查;研究Adetailedinquiryorsystematicexamination【近】analysisexaminationinspectionreviewsurvey.connection[kənekʃn]n.关系Anassociationorarelationship【近】correlationinterconnectioninterdependenceinterrelationshiplinklinkagerelationrelationshiptie-in.confirm[kənfɜːm]v.证实Tosupportorestablishthecertaintyorvalidityof;verify.【近】authenticatebearoutcorroboratedemonstrateendorseestablishevidenceproveshowsubstantiatevalidateverify.【记】con共同,firm(v使牢固;使坚定)-共同坚定-证实frequently[frɪːkwəntlɪ]adv.频繁地Atfrequentintervals;often.【近】commonlyconsistentlycustomarilygenerallyhabituallynaturallynormallyoftenregularlyroutinelytypicallyusually.primary[praɪmərɪ]adj.小学的Oforrelatingtoaprimaryschool:【近】earliestfirstinitialmaidenoriginalpioneerprimeprimordial.kindergarten[kɪndəgɑːtn]n.幼儿园Aprogramorclassforfour-year-oldtosix-year-oldchildrenthatservesasanintroductiontoschool.flaw[flɔː]n.破绽Adefectinalegaldocumentthatcanrenderitinvalid【近】blemishbugdefectfaultimperfectionshortcoming.physiological[‚fɪzɪəlɑdʒɪkl]adj.生理的Beinginaccordwithorcharacteristicofthenormalfunctioningofalivingorganism.predict[prɪdɪkt]v.预言Toforetellsomething;prophesy【近】callforecastforetellprognosticateproject.muscle[mʌsl]n.肌肉Acontractileorganconsistingofaspecialbundleofmuscletissuewhichmovesaparticularbonepartorsubstanceofthebody【近】brawnmightpotencepotencypowerpowerfulnesspuissancesinewstrengththewoftenusedinplural.tension[tenʃn]n.张力Aforcetendingtostretchorelongatesomething【近】pressurestrain¹stress.【记】tens伸展,ion-伸展出的状态-紧张conductance[kəndʌktəns]n.传导性Ameasureofamaterialsabilitytoconductelectriccharge;thereciprocaloftheresistance.detect[dɪtekt]v.发现Todiscoverorascertaintheexistencepresenceorfactof【近】descrydiscerndistinguishmarkmindnotenoticeobserveremarksee.indicate[ɪndɪkeɪt]v.指出;象征Toserveasasignsymptomortokenof;signify【近】markreadrecordregistershow.castv.转向Toturnordirect[kɑːst]【近】aimdirectheadlevelpointset¹trainturnzeroin.trigger[trɪgər]v.触发引起Tosetoff;initiate【近】eggonexcitefomentgalvanizegoadimpelinciteinflameinspireinstigatemotivatemovepiqueprickprodpromptpropelprovokesetoffspurstimulatetouchoffworkup.carbon[kɑːbən]n.碳dioxide[daɪɒksaɪd]n.二氧化物Acompoundwithtwooxygenatomspermolecule.normal[nɔrml]adj.正常的Conformingwithadheringtoorconstitutinganormstandardpatternlevelortype;typical【近】averagecommoncommonplacegeneralordinarytypicalusual.mixture[mɪkstʃər]n.混合物Somethingproducedbymixing【近】assortmentconglomerationgallimaufryhodgepodgejumblemedleymélangemiscellanymishmashmixedbagoliopatchworkpotpourrisalmagundivariety.suppress[səpres]v.抑制Tocurtailorprohibittheactivitiesof.【近】chokeoffcrushextinguishputdownquashquellquenchsquashsquelch.remain[rɪmeɪn]v.保持不变Tocontinueinthesamestateorcondition【近】abidecontinueenduregoonholdoutlast²persiststay¹.demonstrate[demənstreɪt]v.表明Topresentbyexperimentsexamplesorpracticalapplication;explainandillustrate【近】authenticatebearoutconfirmcorroborateendorseestablishevidenceproveshowsubstantiatevalidateverify.【记】de加强语义,monst显示一加强显示一证明sufficiently[səfɪʃntlɪ]adv.十分地;充分地vigorous[vɪgərəs]adj.有力的,强劲的Markedbyordonewithforceandenergy【近】activebriskdynamicdynamicalenergeticforcefulkineticlivelysprightlystrenuous.implication[‚ɪmplɪkeɪʃn]n.含意暗示Animpliedmeaning;implicitsignificance【近】hintinklingsuspicionundercurrentundertone.completely[kəmplitli]adv.完全地【近】absolutelyallaltogetherdeadentirelyflatfullyjustperfectlyquitethoroughlytotallyutterlywell²wholly.assist[əsɪst]v.协助帮助Togivehelporsupporttoespeciallyasasubordinateorsupplement;aid【近】abetaidboosthelpoutrelievesuccor.【记】as朝向,sist站立-站在你一边-帮助biological[baɪəlɑdʒɪkl]adj.生物的Ofrelatingtocausedbyoraffectinglifeorlivingorganisms.hiccup[hɪkəp]n.打嗝Tomakeahiccuporasoundlikeahiccup.fetus[fɪːtəs]n.胎儿Inhumanbeingstheunbornyoungfromtheendoftheeighthweekafterconceptiontothemomentofbirthasdistinguishedfromtheearlierembryo.airwayn.通风孔Apassagewayorshaftinwhichaircirculatesasinventilatingamine.secrete[sɪkrɪːt]v.分泌Togenerateandseparateasubstancefromcellsorbodilyfluids【近】burycacheconcealensconcehide¹occult【记】源于secret(adj秘密的),e-隐藏,记住还有“分泌”的意思【反】absorb(v吸收)amniotic[æmnɪotɪk]adj.羊膜的oforrelatingtotheamnionfluid[fluːɪd]n.液体Acontinuousamorphoussubstancewhosemoleculesmovefreelypastoneanotherandthathasthetendencytoassumetheshapeofitscontainer;aliquidorgas.【近】alterablechangeableinconstantmutableuncertainunsettledunstableunsteadyvariablevariant.congenital[kəndʒenɪtl]adj.天生的【近】hereditaryinborninheritedinnatenative.blockagen.阻塞;妨碍Anobstruction.deformed[dɪfɔrmd]adj.畸形的Distortedinform;misshapen.periodically[pɪərɪɒd-]adv.偶尔【近】betimesintermittentlyoccasionallysometimessporadically.developmental[dɪ‚veləpmentl]adj.发展的fossil[fɒsl]n.过时或废弃的事物Onesuchasarigidtheorythatisoutdatedorantiquated.【近】fogyfuddy-duddymossback.evolution[‚iːvəluːʃn]n.进化论Thetheorythatgroupsoforganismschangewithpassageoftimemainlyasaresultofnaturalselectionsothatdescendantsdiffermorphologicallyandphysiologicallyfromtheirancestors.【近】developmentevolvementgrowthprogressunfolding.sound[saʊnd]adj.合理的Basedonvalidreasoning【近】balancedcommonsensiblecommonsensicaljudiciouslevelheadedprudentrationalreasonablesagacioussagesanesapientsensiblewell-foundedwell-groundedwise¹.【反】decrepit(adj衰老的)skepticaladj.怀疑的Markedbyorgiventodoubt;questioning【近】doubtfuldubiousuncertainundecidedunsure.distract[dɪstrækt]v.转移分散Tocausetoturnawayfromtheoriginalfocusofattentionorinterest;divert【近】agitatebotherdiscomposedisquietdisturbflurryflusterperturbrockruffleshakeuptossunsettleupset.consume[kənsjuːm]v.消耗Toexpend;useup【近】draindrawdowneatupexhaustexpendfinishplayoutrunthroughspenduseup.【记】con共同,sume=take拿,取-全部拿光-消费significant[sɪgnɪfɪkənt]adj.重要的Havingorlikelytohaveamajoreffect;important【近】bigconsequentialconsiderablehistoricimportantlargematerialmeaningfulmonumentalsubstantial.empirical[ɪmpɪrɪkl]adj.以经验为依据的Relyingonorderivedfromobservationorexperimentaltogether[‚ɔːltəgeðə]adv.完全Entirely;completely;utterly【近】absolutelyallcompletelydeadentirelyflatfullyjustperfectlyquitethoroughlytotallyutterlywell²wholly.namely[neɪmlɪ]adv.即Thatistosay;specifically.【近】scilicetspecificallyvidelicet.wrist[rɪst]n.腕,腕关节Thejointbetweenthehandandtheforearm.【记】wry(v扭曲)需要wrist用劲mount[maʊnt]v.安置Tosetinpositionforuse【近】ascendclimbgoupscale².automatically[‚ɔːtəmætɪklɪ]adv.自动地tend[tend]v.倾向Tohaveatendency【近】inclinelean¹slantsquinttrend.behavioral[bɪhevjərəl]adj.行为的accord[əkɔːd]v.符合Tocausetoconformoragree;bringintoharmony【近】agreecheckchimecomportwithconformconsistcorrespondfit¹harmonizematchsquaretally.anecdotal[‚ænekdəʊtl]adj.轶事的趣闻的Ofcharacterizedbyorfullofanecdotes.impend[ɪmpend]v.即将发生Tobeabouttotakeplace【近】brewhangoverloomlower¹menaceoverhangthreaten.refer[rɪfɜr]v.把...归因Toassignorattributeto;regardasoriginatedby【近】accreditascribeassignattributechargecreditimputelay¹.combat[kɒmbæt]n.战斗Fightingespeciallyarmedbattle;strife.【近】actionbattleengagement.【记】com共同,bat打,击-共同打-战斗precede[‚prɪːsɪːd]v.在...之前Tocomeexistoroccurbeforeintime【近】antecedeantedatepredate.multiple[mʌltɪpl]adj.复合的Havingrelatingtoorconsistingofmorethanoneindividualelementpartorothercomponent;manifold.questionable[kwestʃnəbl]adj.可疑的Opentodoubtorchallenge;problematic.【近】arguablecontesteddebatabledisputabledoubtfulexceptionablemootmootableproblematicproblematicaluncertain.confusion[kənfjʊʒən]n.混乱,混淆Theactofconfusingorthestateofbeingconfused【近】chaosclutterconfusednessderangementdisarrangementdisarraydisorderdisorderednessdisorderlinessdisorganizationjumblemessmix-upmuddlemussscrambletopsy-turvinesstumble.potentially[pətenʃlɪ]adv.潜在地deformity[dɪfɔrməti]n.畸形Abodilymalformationdistortionordisfigurement.【近】disfigurementmalformation.relevant[relɪvənt]adj.有关的Havingabearingonorconnectionwiththematterathand.【近】applicableappositeaproposgermanematerialpertinent.【反】immaterial(adj非实质的);extraneous(adj无关系的)exertion[ɪɡzɝʃən]n.运用发挥Theactofputtingintoplay:【近】applicationemploymentexerciseimplementationoperationplayusageuseutilization.propose[prəpəʊz]v.提议Toformormakeaproposalespeciallyofmarriage【近】advanceofferposepropoundputforwardsetforthsubmitsuggest.extended[ɪkstɛndɪd]adj.拖延的,延期的Continuedforalongperiodoftime;protractedprocessor[prəʊsesə]n.加工者Onethatprocessesespeciallyanapparatusforpreparingtreatingorconvertingmaterial.metabolism[mɪtæbəlɪzm]n.新陈代谢Thecomplexofphysicalandchemicalprocessesoccurringwithinalivingcellororganismthatarenecessaryforthemaintenanceoflife.Inmetabolismsomesubstancesarebrokendowntoyieldenergyforvitalprocesseswhileothersubstancesnecessaryforlifearesynthesizedsewage[suːɪdʒ]n.污水Liquidandsolidwastecarriedoffinsewersordrainspollutant[pəluːtənt]n.污染物质Somethingthatpollutesespeciallyawastematerialthatcontaminatesairsoilorwater【近】adulterantadulteratorcontaminantcontaminationcontaminatorimpuritypoison.enormous[enorməs]adj.巨大的Verygreatinsizeextentnumberordegree.【近】behemothBrobdingnagianBunyanesquecolossalcyclopeanelephantinegargantuangiantgigantesquegiganticherculeanheroichugeimmensejumbomammothmassivemassymastodonicmightymonstermonstrousmonumentalmountainousprodigiouspythonicstupendoustitanictremendousvast.surpass[səpɑːs]v.超越胜过Tobeorgobeyondasindegreeorquality;exceed【近】exceedoverreachoverrunoversteptranscend.insulate[ɪnsəleɪt]v.使绝缘Topreventthepassageofheatelectricityorsoundintooroutofespeciallybysurroundingwithanonconductingmaterial.【近】closeoffcutoffisolatesecludesegregateseparatesequester.overall[əʊvərɔːl]adj.总的全面的Includingeverything;comprehensive【近】all-aroundall-inclusiveall-roundbroadbroad-spectrumcomprehensiveexpansiveextendedextensivefar-rangingfar-reachinggeneralglobalinclusivelargesweepingwide-rangingwide-reachingwidespread.capacity[capasətɪ]n.吸收力Theabilitytoreceiveholdorabsorb.【近】compassgrasprangereachscope.constitute[kɒnstɪtjuːt]v.组成;建立Tobetheelementsorpartsof;compose:【近】composeformmakeup.dominate[dɑmɪneɪt]v.占支配地位Toenjoyacommandingcontrollingpositionin【近】predominatepreponderateprevailreignrule.concrete[kənkriːt]n.水泥混凝土hardstrongconstructionmaterialconsistingofsandconglomerategravelpebblesbrokenstoneorslaginamortarorcementmatrix.【近】coalescecombinecompoundconjoinconjugateconnectconsolidatecouplejoinlinkmarrymeldunifyunitewedyoke.【记】con共同,crete=create(v创造)-共同创造的东西是具体的【反】conceptual(adj概念上的)asphalt[æsfælt]n.沥青,柏油Abrownish-blacksolidorsemisolidmixtureofbitumensobtainedfromnativedepositsorasapetroleumbyproductusedinpavingroofingandwaterproofingconduct[kəndʌkt]v.传导Toserveasamediumforconveying;transmit【近】carrychannelconveytransmit.【记】con共同,duct引导-引导大家的行为举止vegetative[vedʒɪtətɪv]adj.植物的Ofrelatingtoorcharacteristicofplantsortheirgrowthradiant[reɪdɪənt]adj.发光的Emittingheatorlight【近】beamybrightbrillianteffulgentincandescentirradiantlambentlucentluminouslustrousrefulgentshiny.【记】源于radiate(v放射;辐射)reflection[rɪflekʃn]n.反射Theactofreflectingorthestateofbeingreflected.【近】brainworkcerebrationcogitationcontemplationdeliberationexcogitationmeditationruminationspeculationthought.vertical[vɜrtɪkl]adj.垂直的Beingorsituatedatrightanglestothehorizon;upright【近】perpendicularplumbupright.dome[dəʊm]n.圆屋顶圆盖Ahemisphericalrooforvault.【近】headnoddlepatepoll.shortwaveadj.短波的Havingawavelengthofapproximately20to200meters.gaseous[gæsɪəs]adj.气体的气态的Ofrelatingtoorexistingasagas.reradiatev.再辐射Toemitabsorbedradiationanewprecise[prɪsaɪs]adj.精确的Exactasinperformanceexecutionoramount;accurateorcorrect【近】accuratecorrecterrorlessexactrightrigorous.configuration[kən‚fɪgjʊreɪʃn]n.结构;形态Arrangementofpartsorelements.【近】castfigureformpatternshape.【记】con共同,全部,figure形状-全部形状-轮廓stretch[stretʃ]v.伸长;延伸Toextendorreachoveradistanceoranareaorinagivendirection【近】expandextendfan¹outopenoutorupoutstretchspreadunfoldunroll.variation[‚verɪeɪʃn]n.变化Theactprocessorresultofvarying【近】alterationchangemodificationmutationpermutation.【反】uniformity(n一致)intensity[ɪntensətɪ]n.强烈强度Theamountordegreeofstrengthofelectricitylightheatorsoundperunitareaorvolume.【近】depthoftenusedinpluralferociousnessferocityfiercenessfurypitchseverityvehemencevehemencyviolence.【反】palliate(v减轻)layout[leaʊt]n.地面区划规划Anarrangementoraplanespeciallytheschematicarrangementofpartsorareas【近】arrangementcategorizationclassificationdeploymentdisposaldispositiondistributionformationgroupinglineuporderorganizationplacementsequence.density[densətɪ]n.密度Thequantityofsomethingperunitmeasureespeciallyperunitlengthareaorvolume【近】compactnesssoliditythickness.metropolis[mɪtrɑpəlɪs]n.大都市首府Amajorcityespeciallythechiefcityofacountryorregion【近】citymunicipality.metropolitan[‚metrəpɒlɪtən]adj.大都市的Ofrelatingtoorcharacteristicofamajorcity【近】citymunicipalurban.【记】metro=mother母亲,politan城市-母亲城市-大城市的peculiarity[pɪ‚kjuːlɪærətɪ]n.特质Anotableordistinctivefeatureorcharacteristic【近】attributecharactercharacteristicfeaturemarkpropertyqualitysavortrait.moisture[mɔɪstʃər]n.降雨水分Diffusewetnessthatcanbefeltasvaporintheatmosphereorcondensedliquidonthesurfacesofobjects;dampness.impenetrable[ɪmpenɪtrəbl]adj.不能穿过的Impossibletopenetrateorenter【近】incomprehensibleinscrutableuncomprehensibleunfathomableunintelligible.【记】penetrable(adj可穿透的)【反】porous(adj多孔的;能渗透的)rooftopn.屋顶Theoutersurfaceofaroof.episode[epɪsəʊd]n.插曲,事件Anincidentoreventthatispartofaprogressionoralargersequence【近】circumstancedevelopmenteventhappeningincidentnewsoccasionoccurrencething.evaporationn.蒸发thechangebywhichanysubstanceisconvertedfromaliquid[ɪ‚væpəreɪʃn]stateintoandcarriedoffinvapor【近】disappearanceevanescencefade-outvanishment.humidity[hjuːmɪdətɪ]n.湿气湿度Dampnessespeciallyoftheairmodify[mɑdɪfaɪ]v.缓和减轻Tomakelessextremesevereorstrong【近】alterchangemutateturnvary.friction[frɪkʃn]n.摩擦Therubbingofoneobjectorsurfaceagainstanother【近】clashconflictconfrontationcontentiondifferencedifficultydisaccorddiscorddiscordancedissensiondissentdissentiencedissidencedissonancefactioninharmonyschismstrifevariancewarwarfare.disperse[dɪspɜːs]v.分散传播Tostrewordistributewidely【近】circulatedisseminatedistributehandout.【记】dis向四面八方,sper分散,se散发【反】focus(v聚集);aggregate(v聚集)turbulence[tɜrbjələns]n.喧嚣骚乱Thestateorqualityofbeingturbulent【近】agitationcommotionconvulsion.【记】turb搅动,ulence搅乱-骚乱【反】tranquility(n宁静)skyscraper[skaɪskrepɚ]n.摩天楼超高层大楼Averytallbuilding.【记】sky天空,scrape(n/v刮;擦),r擦到天空的楼-摩天大楼airflown.气流Aflowofairvehicle[vɪːɪkl]n.交通工具车辆Aself-propelledconveyancethatrunsontires;amotorvehicle【记】veh带,icle东西-带人的东西-交通工具vegetation[‚vedʒɪteɪʃn]n.植被植物Theplantsofanareaoraregion;plantlifeconstruction[construkʃn]n.建筑;建筑物Thearttradeorworkofbuilding【近】clarificationdeciphermentelucidationexegesisexplanationexplicationexpositionilluminationillustrationinterpretation.decline[dɪklaɪn]n.下降;衰退Theprocessorresultofdecliningespeciallyagradualdeterioration.【近】atrophydecadencedeclensiondeclinationdegeneracydegenerationdeterioration.throughout[θruːaʊt]prep.遍及遍布【近】aroundoverroundthrough.soakv.浸;渗透Tomakethoroughlywetorsaturatedbyorasifbyplacingin[səʊk]liquid.【近】absorbassimilatedigestimbibetakeup.block[blɒk]v.阻塞阻碍Tostoporimpedethepassageoformovementthrough;obstruct【近】bardamimpedeobstruct.waterwayn.运河水路Anavigablebodyofwatersuchasariverchannelorcanal.intensify[ɪntensɪfaɪ]v.加强;强化Tomakeintenseormoreintense:【近】aggravatedeepenenhanceheightenredouble.【反】assuage(vt缓和;镇定);attenuate(v削弱);abate(v减轻;减少)ab离开,ate吃的-体重减轻dioxide[daɪɒksaɪd]n.二氧化物Acompoundwithtwooxygenatomspermolecule.concentration[‚kɒnsəntreɪʃn]n.集中theactoractionofconcentrating【近】confluenceconfluxconvergence.attentionattentivenessconsiderationheedfulnessregardfulness.sector[sektər]n.扇形TheportionofacircleboundedbytworadiiandtheincludedarcDutch[dʌtʃ]adj.荷兰的OforrelatingtotheNetherlandsoritspeopleorculture.【近】box¹cornerdeepwaterdifficultydilemmafixholehotspothotwaterjamplight¹predicamentquagmirescrapesouptrouble.modernize[mɑdərnaɪz]v.使现代化Tomakemoderninappearancestyleorcharacter;update.【近】update.commercialize[kəmɜːʃəlaɪz]v.使商业化Toapplymethodsofbusinesstoforprofit.Baltic[bɔːltɪk]adj.波罗的海的OforrelatingtotheBalticSeatheBalticStatesoraBaltic-speakingpeople.stimulate[stɪmjəleɪt]v.刺激Torousetoactivityorheightenedactionasbyspurringorgoading;excite【近】eggonexcitefomentgalvanizegoadimpelinciteinflameinspireinstigatemotivatemovepiqueprickprodpromptpropelprovokesetoffspurtouchofftriggerworkup.foodstuffn.食品;粮食Asubstancethatcanbeusedorpreparedforuseasfood【近】alimentbreadcomestibledietedibleesculentfarefoodmeatnourishmentnurturenutrimentnutritionpabulumpapprovenderprovisionusedinpluralsustenancevictual.labor-intensiveadj.劳动密集型的Requiringorhavingalargeexpenditureoflaborincomparisontocapitalpeasant[peznt]n.农夫Amemberoftheclassconstitutedbysmallfarmersandtenantssharecroppersandlaborersonthelandwheretheyformthemainlaborforceinagriculture.livestock[laɪvstəʊk]n.家畜;牲畜Domesticanimalssuchascattleorhorsesraisedforhomeuseorforprofitespeciallyonafarmhusbandry[hʌzbəndrɪ]n.农事耕作Theactorpracticeofcultivatingcropsandbreedingandraisinglivestock;agriculture【近】conservancyconservationmanagementpreservation.fodder[fɑdər]n.饲料Feedforlivestockespeciallycoarselychoppedhayorstraw【记】fod=food食物-动物的食物-草料flax[flæks]n.亚麻AnyofseveralplantsofthegenusLinumespeciallythewidelycultivatedL.usitatissimumhavingblueflowersseedsthatyieldlinseedoilandslenderstemsfromwhichatextilefiberisobtained【记】flax容易flex(v弯曲)madder[mædər]n.茜草AsouthwestAsianperennialplantRubiatinctorumhavingsmallyellowflowerswhorledleavesandaredroot.rape[reɪp]n.油菜AEuropeanplantBrassicanapusofthemustardfamilycultivatedasfodderandforitsseedthatyieldsavaluableoil.Alsocalledcolzaoil-seedrape【近】assaultforceravishviolate.tobacco[təbækəʊ]n.烟草香烟AnyofvariousplantsofthegenusNicotianaespeciallyN.tabacumnativetotropicalAmericaandwidelycultivatedforitsleaveswhichareusedprimarilyforsmoking.hop[hɒp]n.麻药,鸭片SlangOpium.【近】balldance.turnip[tɜrnɪp]n.芜菁;大头菜AwidelycultivatedEurasianplantBrassicarapaofthemustardfamilyhavingalargefleshyedibleyelloworwhiterootbutter[bʌtə]n.奶油黄油Asoftyellowishorwhitishemulsionofbutterfatwaterairandsometimessaltchurnedfrommilkorcreamandprocessedforuseincookingandasafood.cheesen.乳酪Asolidfoodpreparedfromthepressedcurdofmilkoften[tʃiːz]seasonedandagedyield[jɪːld]n.生产量Anamountyieldedorproduced;aproduct【近】outputproduction.horticulture[hɔrtɪkʌltʃər]n.园艺Thecultivationofagarden.【记】horti花园,culture(n文化;培植)-园艺学consumption[kənsʌmpʃn]n.消费Theactorprocessofconsuming【近】usageuse.intensivelyadv.强烈地;集中地【近】completelyexhaustivelythoroughly.reclaim[rɪkleɪm]v.开垦Tobringintoorreturntoasuitableconditionforuseascultivationorhabitation【近】rebuildreconditionreconstructrehabilitatereinstaterejuvenaterenovaterestituterestore.【记】re反,claim喊一喊回来-回收;开垦wetlandn.湿地Alowlandareasuchasamarshorswampthatissaturatedwithmoistureespeciallywhenregardedasthenaturalhabitatofwildlife【近】bogfenmarshmarshlandmiremorassmuskegquagquagmireslough¹swampswampland.rotation[rəʊteɪʃn]n.轮作交替Regularanduniformvariationinasequenceorseries【近】circuitcirculationcircumvolutiongyrationrevolutionturnwheelwhirl.【记】源于rotate(v使旋转)fertilization[‚fɜrtlaɪzeɪʃn]n.施肥Theactorprocessofapplyingafertilizer.graze[greɪz]v.放牧Tofeedonherbageinafieldoronpastureland.【近】brush¹flickkissshaveskim.【记】源于grass(n草);raze(v夷为平地)羊graze就会razeash[æʃ]n.灰Thegrayish-whitetoblackpowderyresidueleftwhensomethingisburned.boiler[bɔɪlə]n.煮器;锅炉;汽锅Anenclosedvesselinwhichwaterisheatedandcirculatedeitherashotwaterorassteamforheatingorpower.fertilizer[fɜrtlaɪzər]n.肥料Anyofalargenumberofnaturalandsyntheticmaterialsincludingmanureandnitrogenphosphorusandpotassiumcompoundsspreadonorworkedintosoiltoincreaseitscapacitytosupportplantgrowth.legendary[ledʒəndərɪ]adj.传说的Ofconstitutingbasedonorofthenatureofalegend【近】fabulousmythicmythicalmythologicmythological.Holland[hɑlənd]n.荷兰reclamation[‚rekləmeɪʃn]n.开垦Theactorprocessofreclaiminghectare[hektɑr]n.公顷Ametricunitofareaequalto100ares
2.471acres.windmill[wɪnmɪl]n.风车Amachinethatrunsontheenergygeneratedbyawheelofadjustablebladesorslatsrotatedbythewind.power[paʊər]v.供以动力Tosupplywithpowerespeciallymechanicalpower.【近】animationenergyforcemightpotencypuissancesprightlinesssteamstrength.drainage[dreɪnɪdʒ]n.排水Theactionoramethodofdraining【记】drain(v/n排水)pump[pʌmp]n.抽水机Amachineordeviceforraisingcompressingortransferringfluids【近】draindrawoffletouttap².lease[lɪːs]v.出租Togetorholdbysuchacontract.【近】charterhirerent¹.【记】l,ease(v/n安心),有了租约就会安心Zeelandn.泽兰AhistoricalregionofsouthwestNetherlandsborderingonBelgiumandtheNorthSea.PartofHollandafterthetenthcenturyitlaterbecameaseparatecountybutcontinuedtoberuledbythecountsofHolland.Frieslandn.弗里斯兰AregionofnorthernEuropeontheNorthSeabetweentheScheldtandWeserrivers.TheFrisiansaGermanicpeoplewereconqueredbytheFranksintheeighthcentury.AportionoftheareaisnowaprovinceofthenorthernNetherlands.astonishing[əstɒnɪʃɪŋ]adj.令人惊讶的Soremarkableastoelicitdisbelief:【近】amazingastoundingfabulousfantasticfantasticalincrediblemarvelousmiraculousphenomenalprodigiousstupendousunbelievablewonderfulwondrous.phenomenonn.现象Anoccurrenceacircumstanceorafactthatisperceptiblebythe[fɪnɒmɪnən]senses.(pl:phenomena)exceptional[excepʃənl]adj.例外的异常的Beinganexception;uncommon.【近】extraordinarymagnificentoutstandingpreeminentrareremarkablesingulartoweringuncommonunusual.【记】exception(n除外;异议)ex出,cept拿走-除外【反】prosaic(adj散文的;平凡的);commonplace(adj平凡的)exceed[ɪksiːd]v.超过Tobegreaterthan;surpass【近】overreachoverrunoverstepsurpasstranscend.【记】ex出,ceed走-走出去到美国学习-超过一般人storage[stɔːrɪdʒ]n.储藏Theactofstoringgoodsorthestateofbeingstored.utilization[‚juːtləzeɪʃn]n.利用;使用Theconditionofbeingputtouse【近】applicationdutyemploymentserviceuse.venture[ventʃər]n.冒险风险投机Anundertakingthatisdangerousdaringorofuncertainoutcome【近】enterpriseprojectundertaking.irrigation[‚ɪrɪgeɪʃn]n.灌溉nutrient[nuːtrɪənt]n.营养物Asourceofnourishmentespeciallyanourishingingredientinafood【近】alimentarynourishingnutritiousnutritive.incredible[ɪnkredəbl]adj.难以置信的Soimplausibleastoelicitdisbelief【近】amazingastonishingastoundingfabulousfantasticfantasticalmarvelousmiraculousphenomenalprodigiousstupendousunbelievablewonderfulwondrous.cabbage[kæbɪdʒ]n.甘蓝;卷心菜AnyofseveralformsofaEuropeanvegetableBrassicaoleraceavar.capitataofthemustardfamilyhavingagloboseheadconsistingofashortstemandtightlyoverlappinggreentopurplishleavescarrot[kærət]n.胡萝卜AbiennialEurasianplantDaucuscarotasubsp.sativusintheparsleyfamilywidelycultivatedasanannualforitsedibletaproot.mustardn.芥菜AnyofvariousEurasianplantsofthegenusBrassicaespeciallyB.[mʌstərd]nigraandB.junceawhicharecultivatedfortheirpungentseeds.coriander[kɔrɪændɚ]n.芫荽AnaromaticannualEurasianherbCoriandrumsativumintheparsleyfamilyhavingparsleylikeleavesandumbelsoftinywhitetopinkishflowers.Itiscultivatedforitsediblefruitsleafyshootsandrootsnursery[nɜːsrɪ]n.苗圃Aplacewhereplantsaregrownforsaletransplantingorexperimentationproductive[prədʌktɪv]adj.生产的肥沃的;多产的Producingabundantly;fertile【近】effectiveeffectualefficaciousefficient.output[aʊtpʊt]n.生产Theactorprocessofproducing;production.【近】productionyield.susceptible[səseptəbl]adj.易受...影响的Easilyinfluencedoraffected【近】impressibleimpressionableresponsivesensiblesensitivesentientsusceptive.aborigine[æbərɪdʒɪn]n.土著居民Amemberoftheindigenousorearliestknownpopulationofaregion.aboriginal[‚æbərɪdʒənl]adj.原始的;土著的Havingexistedinaregionfromthebeginning【近】autochthonalautochthonicautochthonousendemicindigenousnative.infrequent[ɪnfrɪːkwənt]adj.稀少的珍贵的Notoccurringregularly;occasionalorrare【近】occasionalrarescarcesporadicuncommonunusual.speculative[spekjəleɪtɪv]adj.纯理论的推测的Giventoconjectureorspeculation.【近】cogitativecontemplativedeliberativeexcogitativemeditativepensivereflectiveruminativethinkingthoughtful.interpretation[ɪn‚tɜrprɪteɪʃn]n.解释Theactorprocessofinterpreting【近】clarificationconstructiondeciphermentelucidationexegesisexplanationexplicationexpositionilluminationillustrationintensify[ɪntensɪfaɪ]v.加强;强化Tomakeintenseormoreintense【近】aggravatedeepenenhanceheightenredouble.【反】assuage(vt缓和;镇定);attenuate(v削弱);abate(v减轻;减少)ab离开,ate吃的-体重减轻abundance[əbʌndəns]n.丰富;充足Agreatorplentifulamount【近】massmountainmuchplentyprofusionwealthworld.Informal:barrelheaplotpackpeck²pile【记】参考abound(v丰富),und-波浪systematic[‚sɪstɪmætɪkl]adj.有系统的体系的Ofcharacterizedbybasedonorconstitutingasystem【近】methodicmethodicalorderlyregularsystematical.【记】system(n系统),atic【反】haphazard(adj偶然的)relatively[relətɪvlɪ]adv.相对地相当地Inarelativemanner;incomparisonwithsomethingelsesteadilyadv.稳定地stylistic[staɪlɪstɪk]adj.格式上的;体裁上的Oforrelatingtostyleespeciallyliterarystyle.discern[dɪsɜːn]v.分辨识别Toperceivewiththeeyesorintellect;detect【近】descrydetectdistinguishmarkmindnotenoticeobserveremarksee.sequence[sɪːkwəns]n.序列顺序Anorderofsuccession;anarrangement【近】arrangementcategorizationclassificationdeploymentdisposaldispositiondistributionformationgroupinglayoutlineuporderorganizationplacement.interpret[ɪntɜrprɪt]v.解释说明Toexplainthemeaningof【近】construedecipherexplainexplicateexpoundspellout.accuratelyadv.准确地present-day[‚preznt‚deɪ]当今的现时的Nowinexistenceorprogress;current:【近】contemporarycurrentexistentexistingnewnowpresent¹.informant[ɪnfɔrmənt]n.报告人Onewhofurnisheslinguisticorculturalinformationtoaresearcher【近】informertattlertattletale.constantlyadv.不断地;时常地revise[rɪvaɪz]v.修订;修改Toreconsiderandchangeormodify【近】amendemendemendaterevampreworkrewrite.【记】re反复,vis看,e反复看-修改propose[prəpəʊz]v.计划建议Toputforwardforconsiderationdiscussionoradoption;suggest【近】advanceofferposepropoundputforwardsetforthsubmitsuggest.currently[kʌrəntlɪ]adv.现在【近】actuallynow.incomprehensible[‚ɪnkɑmprɪhensəbl]adj.不能理解的深不可测的Difficultorimpossibletounderstandorcomprehend;unintelligible【近】impenetrableinscrutableuncomprehensibleunfathomableunintelligible.span[spæn]n.一段时间;跨度Aperiodoftime【近】periodseasonstretchterm.continuous[kəntɪnjʊəs]adj.连续的Uninterruptedintimesequencesubstanceorextent.【近】around-the-clockceaselessconstantcontinualendlesseternaleverlastingincessantinterminablenonstopongoingperpetualpersistentrelentlessround-the-clocktimelessunceasingunendingunfailinguninterruptedunremitting.antiquity[æntɪkwətɪ]n.古代;古老AncienttimesespeciallythetimesprecedingtheMiddleAgesunderlie[‚ʌndərlaɪ]v.位于...之下成为...的基础Tobethesupportorbasisof;accountforindigenous[ɪndɪdʒɪnəs]adj.本地的;土著的Originatingandgrowingorlivinginanareaorenvironment.【近】aboriginalautochthonalautochthonicautochthonousendemicnative.【记】in里面,di地,gen产生,ous-在地里产生的-土生土长的geometric[‚dʒɪəʊmetrɪk]adj.几何学的Oforrelatingtogeometryanditsmethodsandprinciplesfigurative[fɪgjərətɪv]adj.比喻的修饰丰富的Basedonormakinguseoffiguresofspeech;metaphorical【记】figure(n外形;轮廓;数字vt描绘;象征),ative-象征性的-比喻的-比喻用得多-文风华丽的【反】literal(adj文字的;照字面上的;无夸张的)concentricadj.同中心的Havingacommoncenter[kɒnsentrɪk]【记】con共同,centr中心-同心的iconography[‚aɪkənɑgrəfɪ]n.图解Pictorialillustrationofasubjectmotif[məʊtɪːf]n.主题动机Arecurrentthematicelementinanartisticorliterarywork.【近】designdevicefiguremotivepattern.descriptive[dɪskrɪptɪv]adj.描述的Involvingorcharacterizedbydescription;servingtodescribe【近】delineativegraphicrepresentative.extensive[ɪkstensɪv]adj.广的多方面的Largeinextentrangeoramount.【近】bigconsiderablegoodgreathealthylargelarge-scalesizable.pavement[peɪvmənt]n.人行道公路Ahardsmoothsurfaceespeciallyofapublicareaorthoroughfarethatwillbeartravel.peck[pek]v.凿琢Tostrikewiththebeakorapointedinstrument.【近】busskissosculatesmack¹.engraving[engravɪŋ]n.雕刻Theartortechniqueofonethatengravesgeological[dʒɪəlɑdʒɪkl]adj.地质学的;地质的varnish[vɑrnɪʃ]n.油漆Apaintcontainingasolventandanoxidizingorevaporatingbinderusedtocoatasurfacewithahardglossytransparentfilm.【近】colorgildglossoverglozeoversugarcoatveneerwhitewash.glaze[gleɪz]n.光滑面Athinsmoothshinycoating【近】burnishglosslusterpolishsheenshinesleekness.【记】源于glaze=glass玻璃,一层透明的物质-釉【反】rumple(v弄皱)exposure[ɪkspəʊʒə]n.暴露Theactoraninstanceofexposing【近】apocalypsedisclosureexposérevelationTasmanian.塔斯马尼亚岛AnislandofsoutheastAustraliaseparatedfromthemainlandbyBassStrait.ItwasdiscoveredbyAbelTasmanin1642andrenamedinhishonorin
1853.TasmaniajoinedAustraliain
1901.archaeology[‚ɑːkɪɒlədʒɪ]n.考古学Thesystematicrecoveryandstudyofmaterialevidencesuchasgravesbuildingstoolsandpotteryremainingfrompasthumanlifeandculture.phase[feɪz]n.时期阶段Adistinctstageofdevelopment【近】periodstage.coin[kɔɪn]v.铸造;杜撰Todeviseanewwordorphrase.diversity[daɪvɜːsətɪ]n.多样性Varietyormultiformity【近】diversenessdiversificationheterogeneityheterogeneousnessmiscellaneousnessmultifariousnessmultiformitymultiplicityvariegationvarietyvariousness.【记】di分开,vers转-多样性【反】uniformity(n同样;一致;均匀)profile[prəʊfaɪl]n.外观;轮廓Anoutlineofanobject【近】contourdelineationoutlinesilhouette.【记】pro前,file文件文件的前面是一篇文章的轮廓underlyingadj.潜在的Presentbutnotobvious;implicit【近】basalbasicfoundationalfundamentaloriginalprimaryradical.【记】under下,lying(adj躺着的)基础的naturalistic[‚nætʃrəlɪstɪk]adj.自然的Imitatingorproducingtheeffectorappearanceofnature.【近】lifelikenaturalrealistictruetrue-lifetruthful.obscure[əbskjʊə]v.使含糊Tomakedimorindistinct:【近】becloudbedimbefogblearblurclouddimdulleclipsefoggloommistobfuscateovercastovershadowshadow.【反】explicit(adj外在清楚的);elucidate(v阐明)simplicity[sɪmplɪsətɪ]n.简单Thepropertyconditionorqualityofbeingsimpleoruncombined【近】modestyplainnesssimplenessunassumingnessunostentatiousnessunpretentiousness.encode[enkəʊd]v.编码Toputamessageforexampleintocodenaturalism[nætʃrəlɪzm]n.自然主义Factualorrealisticrepresentationabstraction[abstrakʃn]n.抽象Factualorrealisticrepresentation【近】absent-mindednessbemusementbrownstudydaydreamingmuse²reveriestudytrance.predetermine[‚priːdɪtɜːmɪn]v.预先确定Todeterminedecideorestablishinadvance【近】destinefateforeordainpredestinatepredestinepreordain.undocumentedadj.无正式文件的无事实证明的Notsupportedbywrittenevidenceperspective[pərspektɪv]n.看法Subjectiveevaluationofrelativesignificance;apointofview【近】lookoutoutlookpanoramaprospectscenesightviewvista.comparatively[kəmpærətɪvlɪ]adv.比较地;相当地substance[sʌbstəns]n.物质实质Thatwhichhasmassandoccupiesspace;matter.【近】materialmatterstuff.counterexample[kaʊntɚɪgzæmpl]n.反例证Anexamplethatrefutesordisprovesahypothesispropositionortheorem.rail[reɪl]v.给...围栏杆Tosupplyorenclosewithrailsorarail.underwateradj.在水下的Relatingtooccurringusedorperformedbeneaththesurfaceofwater.seep[sɪːp]n.小泉Aspotwherewaterorpetroleumtricklesoutofthegroundtoformapool.【近】bleedexudeleachoozepercolatetranspiretransudeweep.spring[sprɪŋ]n.小溪Asmallstreamofwaterflowingnaturallyfromtheearth.【近】adolescencegreennessjuvenescencejuvenilitypubertysaladdaysyouthyouthfulness.overlandadj.陆路的陆上的Accomplishedtraversingorpassingoverthelandinsteadoftheoceanvia[vaɪə]prep.经由通过Bywayofsoak[səʊk]v.使上下湿透浸Topenetrateorpermeate;seep【近】absorbassimilatedigestimbibetakeup.evaporation[ɪ‚væpəreɪʃn]n.蒸发【近】disappearanceevanescencefade-outvanishment.【同根】vapor=steam表示”蒸汽”vaporn蒸汽vaporizev汽化vapor+izeevaporatev蒸发e出+vapor+ate=以蒸汽的方式出来=蒸发evaporationn蒸发evaporate+iondischarge[dɪstʃɑːdʒ]n.排放量Theamountorrateofemissionorejection.【近】dismissalterminationgauge[geɪdʒ]n.标准度量计量器Aninstrumentformeasuringortesting【近】benchmarkcriterionmarkmeasurestandardtesttouchstoneyardstick.noticeable[nəʊtɪsəbl]adj.引人注目的显明的Evident;observable【近】arrestingboldconspicuouseye-catchingmarkedobservableoutstandingpointedprominentpronouncedremarkablesalientsignalstriking.seepage[sɪːpɪdʒ]n.渗流Theactorprocessofseeping.input[ɪnpʊt]n.输入Theactofputtingin;infusionoutput[aʊtpʊt]n.输出Theactorprocessofproducing;production.【近】productionyield.possibility[‚pɑsəbɪlətɪ]n.可能性Thefactorstateofbeingpossible.【近】chancelikelihoododdsprobabilityprospectusedinplural.pondn.池塘Astillbodyofwatersmallerthanalakeoftenofartificialorigin.[pɒnd]hilly[hɪlɪ]adj.多山丘的Havingmanyhills.maintain[meɪnteɪn]v.维持Tokeepuporcarryon;continue【近】keepretainstaywith.steady[stedɪ]adj.稳定的Freeoralmostfreefromchangevariationorfluctuation;uniform【近】changelessconstantequableeven¹invariableinvariantregularsameunchanginguniformunvarying.conversely[kɒnvɜːslɪ]adv.相反地constantlyadv.不断地molecule[mɑlɪkjuːl]n.些微Asmallparticle;atinybit.【近】bit¹crumbdab¹dashdotdramdropfragmentgrainiotajotminimmitemodicumortounceparticlescrap¹scrupleshredsmidgenspecktittletriflewhit.indefinitely[ɪndefɪnɪtlɪ]adv.不确定地enormouslyadv.巨大地respectively[rɪspektɪvlɪ]adv.分别地各自地Singlyintheorderdesignatedormentionedrainfalln.降雨下雨Ashowerorfallofrain.dramaticallyadv.戏剧性地;引人注目地annumn.年renewal[rɪnuːəl]n.更新;恢复Theactofrenewingorthestateofhavingbeenrenewed.【近】face-liftfaceliftingrefurbishmentrejuvenationrenovationrestorationrevampment.chain[tʃeɪn]n.链Aconnectedflexibleseriesoflinkstypicallyofmetalusedespeciallyforholdingobjectstogetherorrestrainingorfortransmittingmechanicalpower.【近】consecutioncourseorderprocessionprogressionroundrunsequenceseriesstringsuccessionsuitetrain.concentrated[kɑnsntreɪtɪd]adj.集中的;浓缩的【近】fierceheavyheightenedintenseintensive.negative[negətɪv]adj.消极的Havingnopositivefeatures【近】adversedisadvantageousunadvantageousunfavorableunsatisfactoryuntoward.maintenancen.保持Theactofmaintainingorthestateofbeingmaintained[meɪntənəns]【近】alimentationalimonybreadbreadandbutterkeeplivelihoodlivingsubsistencesupportsustenanceupkeep.shallow[ʃæləʊ]adj.浅的Measuringlittlefrombottomtotoporsurface;lackingphysicaldepth.【近】shoal.【反】profound(adj深刻的;造诣深的)demonstrate[demənstreɪt]v.展示;说明Toshowclearlyanddeliberately;manifest【近】displayevidenceevinceexhibitmanifestproclaimrevealshow.【同根】monstr=show表示”显示”monstern怪物显示出来的怪物monstrousa巨大的可怕的来自monsterdemonstratev证明表明de加强+monster+ate=加强显示=证明demonstrationn证明示威游行remonstratev抗议表示异议re反+monstr+ate=显示反对=抗议remonstrationn抗议反对unfortunateadj.不幸的Characterizedbyundeservedbadluck;unlucky【近】haplessill-fatedill-starredlucklessstar-crossedunhappyunluckyuntoward.【同根】furt=luck表示”运气”fortunen运气财富fort+unefortuitousa偶然的fortuitous=靠运气=没有必然性=偶然的misfortunen不幸灾祸mis坏+fortune运气=坏运气unfortunatea不幸的un不+fortune+ate=运气不好predominantly[prɪdɑmɪnəntlɪ]adv.占主导地位地;显著地dominate[dɑmɪneɪt]v.在...中占主要地位Toenjoyacommandingcontrollingpositionin【近】predominatepreponderateprevailreignrule.【同根】dom=house表示”屋家”domen圆屋顶大厦domestica家里的国内的dom+estic表形容词=家里的domesticatev驯养domestic家里的+ate=使成为家里的=驯养动物dominatev支配统治domin[=dom]+ate=像家长一样=统治indomitadlea不可征服的in不+domitadle可征服的predominanta主要的支配地位的pre在前面+dominant支配的organism[ɔrgənɪzm]n.生物Anindividualformoflifesuchasaplantananimalabacteriumaprotistorafungus;abodymadeupoforgansorganellesorotherpartsthatworktogethertocarryonthevariousprocessesoflife.residence[rezɪdəns]n.居住时间Theactoraperiodofresidinginaplace.【近】abodedomiciledwellinghabitationhomehouselodgingoftenusedinpluralplace.physiological[‚fɪzɪəlɑdʒɪkl]adj.生理的Beinginaccordwithorcharacteristicofthenormalfunctioningofalivingorganism.wakefulnessn.失眠【近】alertnessvigilancewarinesswatchfulness.discover[dɪskʌvə]v.发现Tobethefirsttofindlearnoforobserve.【近】ascertaindeterminefindouthearlearn.【同根】dis-
①表示”不消失掉”dislike不喜欢dis+like喜爱=不喜爱disorder无秩序dis+order顺序=没有顺序dishonest不诚实的dis+honest诚实的disappear消失dis+appear出现=不出现=消失disproof反证反驳dis+proof证实=不证实=反证discourage使失去勇气dis+courage勇气disarm解除武装dis+arm武装=去掉武装dispel驱除消除dis+pel推=推开=驱除dispassionate平心静气的dis+passionate有激情的discover发现dis+cover盖=把盖揭开=发现dismay沮丧dis+may能够=不能做事=沮丧参考:五月能种粮食所以叫may
②表示”分开分离”disseminate散布传播dis+semin种子+ate=散布种子dispense分配dis+pense花费=分开花费=分配财富等distract分心dis+tract拉=把心拉开=分心distend膨胀dis+tend拉=分开拉=膨胀discriminate辨别歧视dis+crimin分辨=ate=分辩开dismiss解散开除dis+miss送=送出=解散disburse支付支出dis+burse钱包=从钱包中分出=支出discard丢弃抛弃dis+card扔=扔出去discuss讨论dis+cuss敲打=把问题分开敲=讨论respiratory[rɪspaɪərətərɪ]adj.呼吸的Ofrelatingtousedinoraffectingrespiration.dramatic[drəmætɪk]adj.引人注目的Arrestingorforcefulinappearanceoreffect【近】histrionichistrionicalmelodramaticsensationalspectaculartheatrictheatrical.rib[rɪb]n.肋骨Oneofaseriesoflongcurvedbonesoccurringin12pairsinhumanbeingsandextendingfromthespinetoortowardthesternum.【近】banterchaffjokejosh.contraction[kəntrækʃn]n.收缩Theshorteningandthickeningoffunctioningmuscleormusclefiber.【同根】tract=draw表示”拉拖”adstractv抽出a.抽象的abs离开+tract=拉出抽出adstractionn抽象发呆思想被拉走attractv吸引ar加强动作+tract=不断拉=吸引attractionn吸引力attract+ionattractivea有吸引力的attract+ivecontractn契约v.收缩con共同+tract=共同拉[回去]=收缩对大家都有制约=合同contractionn收缩detractv降低贬损de坏+tract=拉坏=降低detractionn毁谤减损detractorn毁谤者detract贬损+or人distractv分散使混乱dis分开+tract=[思想]被拉开=分心分散distracteda心烦意乱的extractv抽出提炼出ex出+tract=拉出来=提炼出extractionn提炼抽出protractv延长pro向前+tract向前拉=延长protractilea可延长的protract+ileretractv缩进退缩re向后+tract=向后拉=缩进retractionn缩进撤回sudtractv减去扣除sub下+tract=拉下去=减去tractorn拖拉机tract+or=拉的东西=拖拉机tractn一片土地地带拉长的一片地tractctblea易管教的tract+adle=能够拉[回来]=易管教的diaphragm[daɪəfræm]n.横隔膜Amuscularmembranouspartitionseparatingtheabdominalandthoraciccavitiesandfunctioninginrespiration.Alsocalledmidriffstomach[stʌmək]n.胃Theenlargedsaclikeportionofthealimentarycanaloneoftheprincipalorgansofdigestionlocatedinvertebratesbetweentheesophagusandthesmallintestine.【近】appetitehungertastethirst.respiration[‚respəreɪʃn]n.呼吸Theactorprocessofinhalingandexhaling;breathing.【近】breath.【同根】spir=breathe表示”呼吸”spiritn精神情绪有呼吸=有精神spiriteda精神饱满的spirituala精神的宗教的aspirev热望立志a加强+spire=看到渴望的东西加强呼吸=热望aspirationn渴望热望aspire+ationaspiringa有抱负的aspire+ingconspirev同谋con共同+spire=同呼吸=同谋conspiracyn共谋反叛conspire+acyexpirev断气期满ex出+spire=只出气不进气=断气expirationn断气期满expire+ationinspirev吸气鼓励in进+spire=吸气进去引申为鼓励inspirationn吸气灵感有灵气perspirev出汗per全部+spire=全身呼吸=出汗perspirationn出汗respirev呼吸恢复精神re再+spire=再呼吸=恢复精神respirationn呼吸transpirev泄露trans交流+spire=互相呼吸=泄露dispiritv使沮丧dis去掉+spirit精神automatic[‚ɔːtəmætɪk]adj.自动的Actingoroperatinginamanneressentiallyindependentofexternalinfluenceorcontrol【近】impulsiveinstinctiveinvoluntaryreflexspontaneousunpremeditated.metabolic[‚metəbɒlɪk]adj.代谢作用的;新陈代谢的Ofrelatingtoorresultingfrommetabolism.subconsciouslyadv.潜意识地regulate[regjəleɪt]v.调节Toadjusttoaparticularspecificationorrequirement【近】adjustfixset¹tuneup.carbon[kɑːbən]n.碳Anaturallyabundantnonmetallicelementthatoccursinmanyinorganicandinallorganiccompoundsexistsfreelyasgraphiteanddiamondandasaconstituentofcoallimestoneandpetroleumandiscapableofchemicalself-bondingtoformanenormousnumberofchemicallybiologicallyandcommerciallyimportantmolecules.dioxide[daɪɒksaɪd]n.二氧化物Acompoundwithtwooxygenatomspermolecule.【同根】di-
①表示”两个双”dichromatic两色的di+chrom颜色+atic=两色的dioxide二氧化物di+ox氧+ide=二氧化物dilemma进退两难di+lemma争论=二种争论=进退两难dichotomize分成二对分dicho=di+tom切割+ize=切成二分
②表示”使…变成分开离开”dilate膨胀扩大di+late放=分开放=扩大dilute冲淡稀释di+lute冲洗=冲洗开=冲淡digest消化文摘di+gest带=带下去=消化=经过消化后的精华=文摘diminish减少消失di+mini小+ish=变小减少digress离题di+gress走=走开=离题divide分开di+vide分开=分开divorce离婚di+vorce=vert转=从丈夫身边转开=离婚参考:divert转开父祖-patri;parto;paterpatriarch[patri父祖arch首脑长]家长族长patriarchal[见上-al…的]家长的族长的家长似的patriot[patri祖=祖国-ot名词字尾表示人]爱祖国者爱国主义者patriotic见上-otic形容词字尾…的爱国的patriotism[见上-ism主义]爱国主义爱国心unpatrioticun-不见上不爱国的patenalpater父-n--al…的父亲的父系的paternalism[见上-ism表示行为现象]家长式统治家长作风母-matri;mater;metromatriarch[matri母=女性arch首脑长]女族长女家长matrimony[matri母=婚姻-mony名词字尾]婚姻结婚matrimonial见上-al…的婚姻的结婚的matronmart母-on表示人主妇老妇matronage[见上-age名词字尾]主妇的身份或职责maternal[matr母-n--al…的]母亲的母性的maternity[见上-ity名词字尾]母性的母性的metropolis[metro母polis城市”母城”=首城最大的城]大城市主要城市大都会首府oxygen[ɑksɪdʒən]n.氧Anonmetallicelementconstituting21percentoftheatmospherebyvolumethatoccursasadiatomicgasO2andinmanycompoundssuchaswaterandironore.Itcombineswithmostelementsisessentialforplantandanimalrespirationandisrequiredfornearlyallcombustionratio[reɪʃəʊ]n.比率Therelationbetweentwoquantitiesexpressedasthequotientofonedividedbytheothervoluntary[vɒləntrɪ]adj.自主的Normallycontrolledbyorsubjecttoindividualvolition【近】deliberateintendedintentionalpurposefulwillfulwitting.【同根】vodotunt=wishwill表示”意志意愿”volitionn意志力决心vol+ition表明词voitivea意志的benevolenta善心的bene好+vol+ent=好意的benevolencen善心仁慈malevolenta善恶的male坏+vol+ent=坏意=恶意的malevolencen恶意male+vol+encevolunteern志愿者volunt+eer人=意愿的人=志愿者voluntarya志愿的自愿的volunt+arybehavioral[biheivjərəl]adj.行为的forebrainn.前脑Themostanteriorofthethreeprimaryregionsoftheembryonicbrainfromwhichthetelencephalonanddiencephalondevelop.override[‚əʊvəraɪd]v.使无效Todeclarenullandvoid;setasideirregular[ɪregjələr]adj.不稳定的,无规律的Ofunevenrateoccurrenceorduration【近】aberrantabnormalanomalisticanomalousatypicatypicaldeviantdivergentpreternaturalunnatural.【同根】il-ir-
①放在同辅音词根前表示”不无”illegal非法的il+legal合法的illiterate不识字的il+literate认字的illogical不合逻辑的il+logical逻辑的illimitable无限的il+limit限制+ableirregular不规则的ir+regular规则的irrational不合理的ir+rational合理的irrelative无关的ir+relative相关的irresolute无决断力的ir+resolute果断的irreproadchable无可指责的ir+reproachable能被指责的irrefutable无可反驳的ir+refutable可反驳的irresistible不可抗拒的ir+resistible可抗拒的irrevocable不可取消的ir+revocable可取消的来自:revoke取消
②表示”使….成为进入”illustrate说明阐明il+lustr光+ate=进入光明=说明illuminate照亮使明白il+lumin光+ate=进入光明=说明illusion幻觉il+lus玩弄+ion=被幻觉玩弄=幻觉illusory虚幻的来自illusionirruption闯入冲入ir+rupt断+ion=打断别人=闯入irradiate使明亮生辉ir+radi发光+ate=发光=生辉irritate激怒刺激ir+rit擦+ate=进入磨擦=激怒exclusive[ɪkskluːsɪv]adj.唯一的Notaccompaniedbyothers;singleorsole:【近】singlesole.【同根】closcludclus=close表示”关闭”closuren关闭停止clos+ure;close的名词closetn壁橱秘室clos+et小东西=关的小东西=壁橱disclosev揭发泄露dis打开+close=把关的打开=揭发enclosev包围围绕en进入+close=被关起来=包围enclosuren包围围绕enclose+ureconcludev结论终结con全部+clude=全部关掉=结束conclusivea决定性的结论性的conclude+iveexcludev排除隔绝ex出+clude=关出去=排除exclusivea排他的专有的ex+clus+iveexclusionismn排外主义ex+clus+ion+ismincludev包括in进入+clude=关进去=包括inclusivea包括在内的in+clus+iveprecludev预防杜绝pre预先+clude=预先关好=预防preclusionn预防排除preclude的名词reclusen隐士遁世者re返回+cluse=返回[家中]关起来=隐居reclusivea隐居的recluse+ivesecludev孤立隐居se分开+clude=分开关=孤立seclusivea爱隐居的seclude+sive=seclusiveoccludev堵塞闭塞oc一再+clude=一再关起来不畅通=堵塞occlusionn堵塞oc+clus+ionresponsive[rɪspɑnsɪv]adj.易感应的应答的Containingorusingresponses【近】impressibleimpressionablesensiblesensitivesentientsusceptiblesusceptive.【反】refractory(adj顽固的);dispassionate(adj冷静的)cessation[seseɪʃn]n.停止Abringingorcomingtoanend;aceasing【近】checkcut-offdiscontinuancediscontinuationhalt¹stay¹stopstoppagesurcease.【反】perseverance(n坚定不移);commencement(n开始);start(n动身;开始);continuation(n继续;延长)waxv.变大Toincreasegraduallyinsizenumberstrengthorintensity.[wæks]【近】aggrandizeamplifyaugmentboostbuildbuildupburgeonenlargeescalateexpandextendgrowincreasemagnifymountmultiplyproliferateriserunupsnowballsoarswellupsurge.【反】flag(v衰弱);decrease(v减少);wasteaway(减弱);wane(v衰落;n月亏)wane[weɪn]v.变小Todecreasegraduallyinsizeamountintensityordegree;decline【近】declinedegeneratedeterioratefadefailflag²languishsinkwasteawayweaken.【反】intensify(vt加强)phase[feɪz]n.时期阶段Adistinctstageofdevelopment【近】periodstage.passage[pæsɪdʒ]n.通行;通路Theactorprocessofpassing【近】changeshifttransittransition.【同根】pass=passthrough表示”通过”passagen通过通行pass+agepassengern乘客旅客pass+enger人=通过的人=乘客passportn护照pass+port港口=通过港口的凭证=护照impassen死路僵局im不+passe=通不过=死路impassablea不可通行的im不+pass+ablesurpassv优于胜过sur超过+pass=通过并超过=胜过trespassv侵入打扰tres[=trans横过去]+pass=横穿而过=侵入[别人领地]compassn范围界限com共同+pass=共同能过的地方=做事的范围encompassv包围环绕en进入+compass范围=进入范围=包围airflown.气流Aflowofair.airwayn.通风孔Apassagewayorshaftinwhichaircirculatesasinventilatingamine.muscle[mʌsl]n.肌肉Acontractileorganconsistingofaspecialbundleofmuscletissuewhichmovesaparticularbonepartorsubstanceofthebody【近】brawnmightpotencepotencypowerpowerfulnesspuissancesinewstrengththewoftenusedinplural.inhale[ɪnheɪl]v.吸气Tobreathein;inspire.【近】breatheininspire.【同根】halhalit=breathe表示”呼吸‘inhalev吸气in进入+hal+einhalationn吸入吸气inhale+ationexhalov呼气ex出+hal+ehalitosisn口臭halit[=hal]+osis表示病=呼吸病=口臭suck[sʌk]v.吸Todrawliquidintothemouthbymovementsofthetongueandlipsthatcreatesuction【近】catchupembrangleembroilimplicateinvolvemixup.balloon[bəluːn]n.气球Aflexiblenonporousbaginflatedwithagassuchasheliumthatislighterthanthesurroundingairthatcausesthebagtoriseandfloatintheatmosphere.【近】bagbeetlebellybulgejutoverhangpouchprojectprotrudeprotuberatestandoutstickout.【同根】ballbol=throwdanceball表示”抛舞球”ballroom舞厅ball+room房间ballet芭蕾舞ball+et=舞蹈=芭蕾舞balloon气球ball球+oon表名词bullet枪弹bull=ball球+et=小球=子弹ballot投票symbol符号象征sym共同+bol抛=共同抛出的标志=象征symbolize用符号表示象征symbol+izecollapse[kəlæps]v.崩溃Tobreakdownsuddenlyinstrengthorhealthandtherebyceasetofunction【近】breakdowncaveincrackdropgiveoutsuccumb.【同根】laps=slip表示”滑滑走”lapsev堕落犯错误n.失误差错lapseda不再使用的过时的laps+ed=时间滑过去了=过时的collapsev倒坍崩溃col共同+lapse=全部滑下+倒塌elapsev时光流逝e出+lapse=滑出去=时光流出relapsev病复发罪累犯re再+lapse=一再滑下去=再次犯病等congestion[kəndʒestʃən]n.拥塞;充血;挤满allergy[ælədʒɪ]n.过敏症Anabnormallyhighsensitivitytocertainsubstancessuchaspollensfoodsormicroorganisms.Commonindicationsofallergymayincludesneezingitchingandskinrashescouple[kʌpl]v.结合Toformpairs;join【近】coalescecombinecompoundconcreteconjoinconjugateconnectconsolidatejoinlinkmarrymeldunifyunitewedyoke.【反】disconnect(v拆开)interaction[‚ɪntərərækʃn]n.交互作用Theactorprocessofinteracting【同根】inter-表示”在…之间相互”international国际的inter+national国家的interpersonal人与人之间的inter+personal个人的interpose置于介入inter+pose放=放在二者之间intersect横断inter+sect切割=在中间切=横断intervene干涉inter+vene走=走在二者之间=干涉interaction相互影响inter+action行动=相互行动=影响interchangeable可互换的inter+changeable可改变的interlude活动间的休息inter+lude玩=在中间玩=活动间休息interrelate相互关连inter+relate关连apparently[əpærəntli]adv.显然地【近】evidentlyexternallyostensiblyostensivelyoutwardlyseeminglysuperficially.ceasev.停止Toputanendto;discontinue[siːs]【近】arrestbelaycheckdiscontinuehalt¹leaveoffquitstall¹stopsurcease.immediate[ɪmɪːdɪət]adj.立即的Occurringatonce;instant【近】instantinstantaneous.【同根】med=middle表示”中间”mediala中间的平均的med+ialmediana中央的med+ianmediatev调停a.中间的med+iate=在中间[走]=调停mediationn调解仲裁mediate+ionmediatorn调解人mediate+or人immediatea即刻的直接的im无+med+iate=无中间=立刻的mediocrea平庸的中等的med+iocre石山=中间的山=不是高山=平庸的mediumn媒介物med+ium=中间物媒介adaptive[ədæptiv]adj.有适应性的Tendingtodesignedforsuitablefororhavingacapacityforadaptation【近】adaptableadjustableelasticflexiblemalleablepliablepliantsupple.restrictive[rɪstrɪktɪv]adj.限制的限定的Oforrelatingtorestriction.reflexive[rɪfleksɪv]adj.自发的Elicitedautomatically;spontaneousadjustment[ədʒʌstmənt]n.调节Theactofadjustingorthestateofbeingadjusted.【近】accommodationadaptationadaptionconformation.inadequate[ɪnædɪkwət]adj.不充分的Notadequatetofulfillaneedormeetarequirement;insufficient.【近】deficientinsufficientscarceshortshy¹underwanting.considerable[kənsidərəbl]adj.相当的Largeinamountextentordegree【近】bigextensivegoodgreathealthylargelarge-scalesizable.elevation[‚elɪveɪʃn]n.提高Theactoraninstanceofelevating.【近】aggrandizementapotheosisennoblementexaltationglorification.【记】elevate(vt举起;提拔)lev举起;【反】debasement(n降低)reflex[rɪːfleks]v.反射Tobendturnbackorreflect.【近】echoimitationreflectionrepetition.irritant[ɪrɪtənt]n.刺激物Asourceofirritation【近】aggravationannoyancebesetmentbotherirritationnuisancepeeveplaguetormentvexation.【反】balm(n香油;安慰物)resume[rɪzuːm]v.重新开始Tobeginortakeupagainafterinterruption【近】continuepickuprenewreopenrestarttakeup.【同根】sumsumpt=take表示”拿取”consumev消费吃光con全部+sum+c=全部拿光=消费consumern消费者consume消费+er人consuminga消耗性的assumea承担假装假定as加强动作+sum+e=拿往=承担[责任]assumptionn假设承担as+sumpt+ionresumev拿回恢复自由等re回+sun+e=拿回去也可解释为重新拿起继续reassumev取回再担任re再+assume承担presumev假定自以为是pre预先+sum+e=预先拿往=假定presumptionn假定专横pre+sumpt+ionsumptuousa奢侈的sumpt+uous=[把钱]拿出去=奢侈的episode[epɪsəʊd]n.一部分Aseparatepartofaserializedworksuchasanovelorplay.【近】circumstancedevelopmenteventhappeningincidentnewsoccasionoccurrencething.【同根】epi-表示”在….上在….周围在….后面”epidemic流行性的epi+dem人民+ic=在人民周围=流行的epigram警句格言epi+gram写=写在上面的话=格言epilogue后记结尾部分epi+lougue说=在后面说的话=后记episode一段经历片段epi+sode路=在路上=一段经历片段epitome梗概缩影epi+tome卷册=一卷书后的梗概contribute[kəntrɪbjuːt]v.贡献Tohelpbringaboutaresult;actasafactor【近】conducepartakeparticipateshare.【同根】tridut=give表示”给予”trbuten赠品赞扬tributarya进贡的支流的tribut+ary=给予东西=进贡的支流给主流水attributev归因于n.属性at加强动作+tribute=[把原因]给出=归因attributionn属性归因contributev捐赠贡献con+全部+tribute=全部给出=捐献contributorn贡献者contribute+orcontributorya有贡献的distributionn分配distributev分配:区分bis分开+tribute=分开给=分配retributionn报酬报复re回+tribut+ion=给回去=报复报酬bypassv.省略忽视Tobeheedlessof;ignore【近】circumnavigatecircumventdetourgoaroundskirt.【同根】by-表示”在旁边副的”byproduct副产品by+product产品byroad辅路by+road路byway小道by+way小路bygone过时的by+gone过去的bypass旁路忽略by+pass通过=从旁边通过=忽略bywork副业by+work工作consistentadj.一致的Beinginagreementwithitself;coherentanduniform[kənsistənt]【近】accordantagreeablecompatibleconformablecongenialcongruousconsonantcorrespondentcorrespondingharmonious.sole[səʊl]adj.单独的Beingtheonlyone【近】exclusivesingle.【同根】sol=alone表示”单独”solea单个的n.鞋底solitarya孤独的sol+itarysolituden孤独sol+itudesoliloquyn自言自语独自soli+loqu说+y=一个人说solon独奏唱desolatea荒凉的de非常+sol+ate=非常单独=荒凉的desolationn荒芜荒凉desolate+ionrefute[rɪfjuːt]v.驳倒反驳Toprovetobefalseorerroneous;overthrowbyargumentorproof【近】belieconfutediscreditdisproverebut.【同根】fus=pour表示”流泻”confusev使混乱con共同+fuse=流到一起=混合混乱confusionn混乱confuse+iondiffusev散播a.四散的dif分开+fuse=分流_=散播diffusionn普及弥漫diffuse+ioneffusev流出吐露ef出+fuse=流出effusionn流出泻出effuse+ioneffusivea热情洋溢的溢出的ef出+fus+ive=[感情]流出的infusev注入灌输in进入+fuse=流进去=注入infusionn注入infuse+ionprofusea丰富的浪费的pro向前+fuse=向前流=表示充足丰富的profusionn丰富豪爽profuse+ionrefusev拒绝re回+fuse=向回流=拒绝suffusev充满染遍suf在下面到处+fuse=到处流=充满transfusev输血倾注trans交换+fuse=把[血]换过去=输血refutev/n反驳驳斥re反+fule[=fuse]=反流=反驳blockagen.封锁;妨碍Theactofobstructing.【近】barbarricadebarrierblockcloghamperhindrancehurdleimpedimentobstacleobstructionsnagstoptraversewall.temporarilyadv.暂时地readjust[‚rɪːədʒʌst]v.重新调整Toadjustorarrangeagain.restart[rɪːstɑrt]v.再开始Tostartagainoranew【近】continuepickuprenewreopenresumetakeup.communaladj.公有的Ofbelongingtoorsharedbythepeopleofacommunity;[kɒmjʊnl]public.【近】commonconjointgeneraljointmutualpublic.【记】源于common(adj共有的)【同根】munimun=public表示”公共的”municipala都市的市政的muni+cip头+al=公共之头=市政的municipalityn市政当局municipal市政的+itycommunev商量交谈n.公社com共同+mune=大家一起=商量引申为大家的地方=公社communizev共产化commune公社+ize=公社化共产化communala公共的com+mun+al=公共的communityn社区社会commune公共的+ity状态=公共状态=社会社区communicatev交流通知commune交流+ic+ate=[大家]交谈=交流communicativea爱说话的communicate+ive=爱交流的immunityn免除免疫im不+mun+ity=不公共=不和别人一样[得病]=免疫immunizev使免疫免除im+mun+izemunificenta慷慨的muni+fic做+ent=做出来给大家=慷慨的dwelling[dwelɪŋ]n.住处住宅Aplacetolivein;anabode.【近】abodedomicilehabitationhomehouselodgingoftenusedinpluralplaceresidence.pueblo[pwebləʊ]n.普埃布洛族Anyofsome25NativeAmericanpeoplesincludingtheHopiZuñiandTaoslivinginestablishedvillagesinnorthernandwesternNewMexicoandnortheastArizona.ThePuebloaredescendantsofthecliff-dwellingAnasazipeoplesandarenotedfortheirskilledcraftinpotterybasketryweavingandmetalworking.construct[kənstrʌkt]v.建造Toformbyassemblingorcombiningparts;build.【近】assemblebuildfabricatefashionforge¹framemakemanufacturemoldproduceputtogethershape.【同根】struct=build表示”建立”structuren构造结构constructv构造建筑con共同+struct=共同建立=建造constructionn建设reconstructv重建re重新+construct=重新建造destrructiblea易毁坏的de坏+struct+idle=把建造的东西弄坏=损坏的destructionna毁灭de+struct+iondestructivea有破坏力的de+struct+ioninstructn指导教导in进+struct=[把知识]建立进去=指导instructionn教导指导in+struct+ioninstructorn教师讲师odstructv妨碍ob反+struct=反建设=妨碍odstructionn阻碍闭塞sudstructionn下部结构基础sub下面+struct+ion=下面的建设=基础superstructurenn上层建筑super上面+structure=上面的结构=上层建筑instrumentn工具仪器乐器in内+stru[=struct]+ment=内部结构=仪器工具instrumentala有帮助的工具的instrument工具+alunstrumentalityn手段媒介imstrument工具+aliy性质=作为工具用=手段destroyv毁坏破坏de坏+story[=struct]参考:destructildlecanyon[kænjən]n.峡谷;溪谷Anarrowchasmwithsteepcliffwallscutintotheearthbyrunningwater;agorge.cliff[klɪf]n.悬崖;绝壁Ahighsteeporoverhangingfaceofrock.abandon[əbændən]v.丢弃Togiveupbyleavingorceasingtooperateorinhabitespeciallyasaresultofdangerorotherimpendingthreat【近】breakoffdesistdiscontinuegiveupleaveoffquitrelinquishremitstop.【反】salvage(vt海上救助)【同根】ban=prohibit表示”禁止”bann禁止禁令banala平庸的陈腐的ban+al=被禁止的=陈腐的banishv流放驱逐出境ban+ish表动词=禁止入境=驱逐abandonv抛弃放弃a不+ban+don给予=不禁止给出去=放弃household[haʊshəʊld]n.住户Apersonorgroupofpeopleoccupyingasingledwelling【近】familyhouseménage.traumatic[traʊmætɪk]adj.外伤的;创伤的accustom[əkʌstəm]v.使习惯于Tofamiliarizeasbyconstantpracticeuseorhabit【近】conditionhabituateinurewont.autonomy[ɔ:tɔnəmi]n.自治Self-governmentortherightofself-government;self-determination.【近】freedomindependenceindependencylibertyself-governmentsovereignty.【反】dependence(n依靠,依赖)【同根】nomy=afieldofknowledge表示”某一领域的知识”astronomyn天文学astro星星+nomy=研究星星的学科agronomyn农学agro地+nomyagronomistn农学家agro+nom+istautonomyn自治独立auto自己+nomy系统统治=自己统治economyn经济学eco环境经济+nomy参考:ecology生态学antinomyn自相矛盾anti反+nomy理论=相反理论=自相矛盾landscape[lænskeɪp]n.风景Anexpanseofscenerythatcanbeseeninasingleviewawkwardness[ɔːkwədnɪs]n.难为情;尴尬aggregate[ægrɪgət]v.使聚集Togatherintoamasssumorwhole.【近】accrueaccumulateagglomerateamasscollect¹cumulategarnergatherhivepileuprollup.【反】isolatedunits(分离的单位);disperse(v使分散)【同根】greg=group表示”群体”gregariousa群居的爱社交的greg+arious爱…的=爱群体的aggregatev合计聚集ag增加+greg+ate=增加团体=聚集aggregationn聚集物aggregate+ioncongregatev聚集con共同+greg+ate=共同集会disaggregatev分解分离dis分+aggregate聚合=聚合的东西分开=分解egregiousa过分的不寻常的e出+greg+iuos=出了一般团体=过分的segregatev分开隔离se分开+greg+ate=和群体分开segregationn种族隔离segregate+ionhaul[hɔːl]v.拖运Totransportaswithatruckorcart.【近】dragdrawpulltowtug.chore[tʃɔː]n.家务杂事Dailyorroutinedomestictasks.【近】assignmentdutyjobofficestinttask.firewoodn.木柴Woodusedasfuel.intense[ɪntens]adj.紧张的Involvingorshowingstrainorextremeeffort:【近】deepprofoundstrong.【同根】tendtenttens=stretch表示”伸展”attendv出席看护at加强动作+tend=伸展出去=出席attendanta出席的n.随从attend+ant人attentionn注意力at+tent+ion=伸展出去[听别人讲]=注意力attentivea关心周到的attend看护+tive=看护到了=关心周到的tendv照看倾向做tendencen趋势趋向tend+cncetendencyn倾向tend+ency=伸出去的状态=偏向一边=倾向contendv竞争争论con一起+tend=一起你拉我夺=争论extendv延展扩张ex出+tend=伸出去=扩张extensionn延展扩张延期ex+tens+ionextensivea广泛的广阔的ex出+tens+ive=伸出去的=广泛的extentn范围程度ex出+tent=伸出去的[范围]intendv打算in内+tend=内心伸出=打算intendeda故意的打算中的intentn意图intend的名词intentionn故意intent意图+ion=有意图故意intensea强烈的热烈的in不+tense=拉到了不能在拉的地方=紧张的强烈的intensifyv变猛烈加强in+tens+ifypretendv假装借口pre提前+tend=提前伸出[想好借口]pretensionn自负要求pre提前+tens+ion=提前摆出=种姿态=自负pretentiousa自负的虚伪的distendv扩张膨胀dis分开+tend=向四周延伸=膨胀tensionn紧张张力tens+ion=延展出的状态=紧张tensiblea可延展的tens+ible=能延展出的hygienic[haɪdʒɪenɪk]adj.卫生的Sanitary.【近】healthfulhealthsomehealthysalubrioussalutarywholesome.disadvantage[‚dɪsədvɑːntɪdʒ]n.缺点坏处Somethingthatplacesoneinanunfavorableconditionorcircumstance.【近】detrimentdrawbackhandicapminus.pack[pæk]v.挤满Tobringtogetherpersonsorthingsclosely;crowdtogether【近】cramcrowdjamloadmobstuff.transition[trænsɪʃn]n.转变Passagefromoneformstatestyleorplacetoanother.【近】changepassageshifttransit.suddenness[sʌdnɪs]n.意外;突然archaeologist[‚ɑːkɪɒlədʒɪst]n.考古学家external[ikstə:nəl]adj.外部的Relatingtoexistingonorconnectedwiththeoutsideoranouterpart;exterior【近】apparentostensibleostensiveoutwardseemingsuperficial.【同根】extreexter=out表示”出去”extraa额外的extraneousa不相关的extr+aneous表形容词=出去的=不相关的extremea极端的extr+eme表最高级=超出主题=极端的extremityn非常手段extreme+ity表名词=极端手段externala外部的exiern+alexteriora外部的外形的exter+ior表形容词如:interior内部的explanation[‚ekspləneɪʃn]n.解释Theactorprocessofexplaining【近】clarificationconstructiondeciphermentelucidationexegesisexplicationexpositionilluminationillustrationinterpretation.dominate[dɑmɪneɪt]v.在...中占主要地位Toenjoyacommandingcontrollingpositionin【近】predominatepreponderateprevailreignrule.【同根】dom=house表示”屋家”domen圆屋顶大厦domestica家里的国内的dom+estic表形容词=家里的domesticatev驯养domestic家里的+ate=使成为家里的=驯养动物dominatev支配统治domin[=dom]+ate=像家长一样=统治indomitadlea不可征服的in不+domitadle可征服的predominanta主要的支配地位的pre在前面+dominant支配的influential[‚ɪnflʊenʃl]adj.有影响的Havingorexercisinginfluence.【近】consequentialimportantpowerfulweighty.density[densətɪ]n.密度Thequantityofsomethingperunitmeasureespeciallyperunitlengthareaorvolume【近】compactnesssoliditythickness.domestic[dəʊmestɪk]adj.家庭的Oforrelatingtothefamilyorhousehold【近】familialfamilyhomehomelyhousehold.architecture[ɑːkɪtektʃər]n.建筑Buildingsandotherlargestructures【同根】archarchy=rulerrulechief表示”统治者统治主要的”anarchy无政府状态an无+archyanarchic无政府主义的anarchy+icanarchism无政府主义的an无+arch+ism主义partiarch家长族长parti父亲+arch=父亲统治=家长archives档案arch+ives表示东西=统治的东西=统治者的文件=档案architect建筑师archi+tect做=统治造房的人=建筑师architecture建筑学culminate[kʌlmɪneɪt]v.达到高潮达于极点Toreachthehighestpointordegree;climax【近】capclimaxcrestcrownpeaktopofforout.corresponding[kɔ:rispɔndiŋ]adj.符合的Havingthesameornearlythesamerelationship.【近】accordantagreeablecompatibleconformablecongenialcongruousconsistentconsonantcorrespondentharmonious.arable[ærəbl]adj.适于耕种的;可开垦的Fitforcultivationasbyplowing.dam[dæm]n.水坝水堤Abarrierconstructedacrossawaterwaytocontrolthefloworraisethelevelofwater.【近】barblockimpedeobstruct.reservoir[rezəvwɑː]n.蓄水库Anaturalorartificialpondorlakeusedforthestorageandregulationofwater【近】backlogcachehoardinventorynesteggreservestockstockpilestoretreasure.【同根】serv=servekeep表示”服务保持”servicen服务serviceablea有用的便利的service服务+ableservilea奴隶的serv+ile=为[主人]服务的=奴隶的servilityn“奴性屈从serv+ilityservile的名词”servituden奴役serv+itude表示状态servantn仆人公务员serv+ant表示人deservev应受值得de加强+serve=加强服务=值得[重视]deservedlyad当然应受地disservev损害伤害dis坏+serve=服务不好=损害conservev保存保守con全部+serve=全部保持下来=保存conservationn保存保持conserve+ationconservativea保守的conserve+ativeobservev观察遵守ob加强动作+serve=一直保持=遵守引申为观察observationn观察observe+ationobservancen惯例遵守observe+anceobservatoryn天文台observe观察+atory场所preservev保存保藏pre预先+serve=预先保留=保存reservev保留预定n.内向沉默寡言re再+serve=再留住=预定reserveda保留的沉默的reservoirn水库贮藏所reserve保留+oir=保留[水]的地方terrace[terəs]n.梯田Araisedbankofearthhavingverticalorslopingsidesandaflattop【同根】terr=eartth表示”土地”terrainn地形地域terr+ainterracen平台梯田terr+aceterritoryn领土领域terr+itory表示场所范围=地的范围=领土territoriala领土的territory+alextraterritorialityn治外法权的extra外边+territorial领地的+ityextraterrestriala被陆地包围的medi中间+terr+nean=在陆地中间的mediterraneann地中海subterranen地下层地下室sud下面+terr+ane=地下[室]subterraneana地下的sub下面+terr+aneaninterv埋葬in进+ter=进地=埋葬disinterv挖出dis出+inter埋=把埋进去的挖出来intensify[ɪntensɪfaɪ]v.加强Tomakeintenseormoreintense【近】aggravatedeepenenhanceheightenredouble.【反】assuage(vt缓和;镇定)farmlandn.农场Anexpanseoflandsuitableorusedforfarming.prompt[prɒmpt]v.促使Tomovetoact;spur;incite【近】eggonexcitefomentgalvanizegoadimpelinciteinflameinspireinstigatemotivatemovepiqueprickprodpropelprovokesetoffspurstimulatetouchofftriggerworkup.【反】check(v检查;制止)assert[əsɜːt]v.维护,坚持Todefendormaintainonesrightsforexample.【近】affirmallegeargueasseverateaveravouchavowclaimcontenddeclareholdmaintainsaystate.【同根】sert=joininsert表示”加入插入”assertv断言主张as+sert=强行插入观点=断言assertivea断言的确定的assert+ivedesertv离开抛弃de分开+sert=不再加入=离开exsertv使突出伸出ex出+sert=插出去=突出insertv插入嵌进in进入+sert=加入进来=插入insertionn插入insert+iononset[ɑnset]n.攻击Anonslaught;anassault.【近】aggressionassailmentassaultattackattemptoffenseoffensiveonrushonslaughtstrike.elevation[‚elɪveɪʃn]n.海拔Theheighttowhichsomethingiselevatedaboveapointofreferencesuchastheground.【近】altitudeheight.【记】elevate(vt举起;提拔)lev举起;【反】debasement(n降低)infringe[ɪnfrɪndʒ]v.侵犯Toencroachonsomeoneorsomething;engageintrespassing【近】breachbreakcontravenetransgressviolate.contribute[kəntrɪbjuːt]v.有助于Tohelpbringaboutaresult;actasafactor【近】conducepartakeparticipateshare.【同根】tridut=give表示”给予”trbuten赠品赞扬tributarya进贡的支流的tribut+ary=给予东西=进贡的支流给主流水attributev归因于n.属性at加强动作+tribute=[把原因]给出=归因attributionn属性归因contributev捐赠贡献con+全部+tribute=全部给出=捐献contributorn贡献者contribute+orcontributorya有贡献的distributionn分配distributev分配:区分bis分开+tribute=分开给=分配retributionn报酬报复re回+tribut+ion=给回去=报复报酬cooperation[kəʊ‚ɒpəreɪʃn]n.合作Theactorpracticeofcooperating.【近】affiliationallianceassociationcombinationconjunctionconnectionpartnership.【同根】oper=work表示”工作”operan歌剧通过创作而来operattan小歌剧oper工作歌剧+etta小opeatev操作开动oper+ate=工作起来operationn操作手术operate+ioncooperatev合作co共同+oper+ate=共同工作cooperationn合作cooperate+ionoperosea费力的用功的oper+ose多…的=多工作的=费力的operablea能做手术的oper工作=手术+able=能手术的residence[rezɪdəns]n.住所Theplaceinwhichonelives;adwelling.【近】abodedomiciledwellinghabitationhomehouselodgingoftenusedinpluralplace.scatter[skætər]v.分散Tooccurorfallatwidelyspacedintervals.【近】circulatediffusedispersedisseminatedistributeradiatespreadstrew.【反】collect(v收集;聚集);nucleate(v使成核)pottery[pɑtərɪ]n.陶器Waresuchasvasespotsbowlsorplatesshapedfrommoistclayandhardenedbyheatceremonial[‚serɪməʊnjəl]adj.正式的Ofappropriatetoorcharacterizedbyceremony;formalorritual.【近】ceremoniousformalliturgicalritualritualistic.patchy[pætʃɪ]adj.不调和的凑合的Uneveninqualityorperformance【近】erraticinconsistentspottyunevenunsteadyvariable.precipitation[prɪ‚sɪpɪteɪʃn]n.降水Anyformofwatersuchasrainsnowsleetorhailthatfallstotheearthssurface.【近】depositdregoftenusedinpluralleesprecipitatesediment.【同根】pre-表示”….前的预先”preschool学龄前的pre+school学校=上学前的prehistory史前pre+history历史prefix前缀pre+fix固定=固定在前面=前缀preposition前置词介词pre+position位置=位置放在前面=前置词prepay预付pre+pay付钱prebuilt预制的pre+built建造preamble前言绪言pre+amble跑=跑在前面=前言precaution预防措施pre+caution小心=预先小心=预防precede在时间上先于早于pre+cede走=走在前面=[时间上]先于precedent先例pre+ced走+ent=走在前面的东西=先例precept规范;格言pre+cept拿=以前拿好的[名言]=格言precinct区域范围pre+cinct捆=预先捆好的=范围precipice峭壁pre+cipice头=在前面是尽头=峭壁precipitation降落仓促pre+cipit头=ation=落在前头=降落下降precise精确的精细的pre+cise切=预先切好的=精确的preclude妨碍;阻止pre+clude关闭=提前关闭=阻止precocious早熟的pre+cocious熟=提前煮熟=早熟的predict预言预报pre+dict说=预先说=预言predisposition倾向癖性pre+disposition性情=性情预定=癖性preoccupation全神贯注pre+occup占有+ation=优先占有注意力=全神贯注prescient有先见之明的pre+scient知道的=预先知道prerogative权利特权pre+rog要求+ative=预先要求=有特权ally[əlaɪ]n.助手,支持者Oneinhelpfulassociationwithanother【近】affiliateassociatecohortcolleagueconfederatecopartnerfellowpartner.unpredictableadj.不可预知的Difficulttoforetellorforesee【近】capriciouschangeableerraticfantasticfantasticalficklefreakishinconsistentinconstantmercurialtemperamentalticklishuncertainunstableunsteadyvariablevolatilewhimsical.【记】un不,predictable(adj可预言的)无法预言的【反】dependable(adj可靠的)diverse[daɪvɜːs]adj.不同的Differingonefromanother【近】differentdisparatedissimilardivergentunlikevariantvarious.sensible[sensəbl]adj.明智的Actingwithorexhibitinggoodsense【近】balancedcommonsensiblecommonsensicaljudiciouslevelheadedprudentrationalreasonablesagacioussagesanesapientsound²well-foundedwell-groundedwise¹.【同根】senssent=feel表示”感觉”sensen感觉sensiblea能感觉的明智的sens+iblesensibilityn敏感性感情sensible+itysensitivea敏感的sens+itivesensorya感觉的知觉的sens+orysentimentn感情senti+ment=感觉=感情sentimentala多感情的感伤的sentiment+alnonsensen无意义的话non无+sense感觉意义=无意义assentn赞成附和as一样+sent=感觉一样=赞成consentv同意答应con共同+sent=共同感觉=同意consentienta同意的一致的dissentv持不同意见dis分开+sent=感觉不合=意见不同dissensionn意见不合冲突dis+sens+ionconsensusn一致意见con共同+sens+us=感觉一致presentimentn预感pre预先+sentiment感觉resentv怨恨re反+sent=反感=怨恨resentmentn愤怒怨恨resent+mentquestionable[kwestʃnəbl]adj.可疑的Opentodoubtorchallenge;problematic【近】ambiguousborderlinechancycloudeddoubtfuldubiousdubitableequivocalinconclusiveindecisiveindeterminateproblematicproblematicaluncertainunclearunsure.deliberate[dɪlɪbərət]adj.故意的Donewithormarkedbyfullconsciousnessofthenatureandeffects;intentional【近】intendedintentionalpurposefulvoluntarywillfulwitting.【反】impetuous(adj冲动的;激烈的);precipitate(adj突如其来的);hasty(adj匆忙的;草率的)intensification[ɪn‚tensɪfɪkeɪʃn]n.增强强化cultivate[kʌltɪveɪt]v.培养;耕作Toimproveandpreparelandasbyplowingorfertilizingforraisingcrops;till.【近】culturedresstend²tillwork.【同根】cult=till表示”耕种培养”cultivatev耕作培养cult+ivate表动词cultivationn栽培培养cultivate+ionculturen文化cult=[对心灵的]培养=人类文化cultn崇拜教派cult=[对精神的]培养=崇拜引申为教派incultv土地未耕的in无=cult耕种=无耕种的occulta奥秘的神秘的oc+cult教派=在教派内不让别人知道=奥秘的agriculturen农业农学agri田地]+culture文化引申为养殖业=农业arboriculturen树木栽培arbori树木+ckulrurepisciculturen养鱼业pisci鱼+culrureaquiculturen水产养殖apui水+culturefloriculturen花卉栽培flori花+culrurespecialize[speʃəlaɪz]v.专门研究Topursueaspecialactivityoccupationorfieldofstudy.【反】dabble(v涉足;浅显的了解)【同根】speci=lookkind表示”外观种类”speciala特别的专门的speci种类+al=[属于]种类的=特别的specialityn特点特产special+ityspecializev专门化特殊化special+izespecifica具体的speci+fic带来=带来外观的=具体的specificationn具体说明specific+ationspeciesn种类物种specimenn样本标本speci+men物品conspecifica同种的con共同+specificspeciousa似是而非的外观相似而实质不是cooperative[kəuɔpərətiv]adj.合作的Doneincooperationwithothersdwellern.居民[dwelər]onward[ɒnwəd]adv.向前Inadirectionortowardapositionthatisaheadinspaceortime;forward.。