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Welcome unit语法句子成分和基本句型句子成分构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分句子成分有主语和谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语1)主语(subject)一般由名词、代词、不定代词或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当,也有从句充当的现象大多数主语都在句首比如
1.The roomis veryclean.(名词)
2.We oftenspeak English.(代词)
3.To teachthem Englishis myjob.(动词不定式)
4.Swimming isgood forour health.(动名词)
5.What weneed isfood.(从句)
6.The poorare everywherein somecountries,(the+形容词)2)谓语(predicate)谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态,说明主语“做什么是什么”,“怎么样,谓语必须是动词,体现时态和语态,一般放在主语之后谓语分简单谓语和复合谓语
1、简单谓语由一个动词或动词短语构成如He practicesrunning everymorning.
2、复合谓语a.由情态动词+动词原形或其他助动词加动词某种形式构成如He canspeak English.b.助动词帮助构成时态和语态,不同时态有不同的助动词,后加动词的某种形式构成谓语He doesnt like speakingChinese.I haveseen thefilm before.He didntfinish hishomework last night.3)表语(predicative)表语用以说明主语是什么或怎么样,它一般位于系动词之后,构成主系表结构,说明主语的状况,性质,特征等它由名词、代词、数词、形容词、动词不定式及短语、副词、介词短语等充当常见的系动词:
1.表状态:be
2.表感官look,sound,smell,taste,feel
3.表变化become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come
4.表持续,保持keep,remain,stay,hold,rest
5.表似乎,像seem,appear例子划线部分均为表语
5.1am ateacher.(名词)
2.1am ten.(数词)
3.He becamerich andsuccessful.(形容词)
4.They areat homenow.(介词短语)4)宾语(object)宾语表示动作所涉及的对象,内容或承受者宾语的种类动宾动词+宾语介宾介词+宾语
1.He isplaying thepiano»(名词)
2.He oftenhelps me,(代词)
3.He likesto watchTV.(动词不定式)
4.He1ikes watching TV.(动词ing)
5.宾语补足语(object complement)英语中有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思,还必须在宾语的后面加上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思我们把“宾语+宾语补足语”称为复合宾语宾语补足语通常放在宾语之后,一般由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词及短语等充当
1.We calledhim Dongming.(名词)
2.We sawhim playingsoccer.(现在分词)
3.We sawhim play soccer.to不定式)
4.We foundmath difficult.(形容词)6)双宾语IO+DO直接宾语在动词后所跟的双宾语中,表示物的叫做直接宾语direct object(简称“直宾”),表示人的叫做间接宾语(indirect object)o
1.He readus the text.—He readthetextto us.
2.My sisterwrote me a letter.—My sisterwrote aletter tome.
3.Henry teachesus English.—Henry teachesEnglish tous.
4.My motherbought me a watch.—My motherbought awatch forme.
5.Her mothermade hera cake.一Her mothermade acake forher.7)定语(attributive)定语是用来修饰、限制名词或代词的一般由形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语和从句等充当♦These areapple trees.这些是苹果树(名词)♦The menhere arealways busyworking on the farm.这里的男人总是忙于在田间干活(副词)♦There isnothing todo today.今天没有事要做(不定式)♦The smilingboy needs a penbought byhis mother.那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔(现在分词、过去分词短语)8)状语(adverbial)状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句的句子成分,说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的,比较等,可用作状语的有副词,不定式,分词,介词短语,从句等
1.Tom runsquickly.
2.1get upat sixevery day.
1.1playsoccervery well.
4.In the classroom,the boyneeds apen.
5.Having tofinish hishomework,the boyneeds apen.
6.The boyneedsapen todo hishomework.9)同位语(appositive)若两个语法单位指同一个人或事物,并且句法功能也一样,那么,后一项称为前一项的同位语♦We studentsshould studyhard.我们学生应该努力学习♦Professor Wang,a famousscientist,will giveus atalk tomorrow.王教授,一位著名的科学家,明天将给我们做报告简单句的基本句型结构简单句英语中简单句只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语动词(或并列谓语动词)英文的基本句型有五种,它们是A.主+系+表(SVP)英文中的系动词主要是指be动词的各种变化形式,也包括那些有时起系动词作用的实义动词这类动词常见的有appear(相似、显得),become,come(变得),feel(摸起来),fall(变得),get(变得),grow(变得),hold(保持),ke叩,lookjemain(仍然是),seem,stand(保持),stay(保持),smell,sound,turn(变成),taste等Everything looksdifferent.一切看来都不同了主语系动词表语Computers areuseful[in peopledlife].电脑在人们的生活中很有用主语系动词表语状语B.主+谓(SV)这种句型中的谓语动词是不及物动词,没有直接宾语;但常带有状语例如The sunis rising,太阳正在升起主语谓语The littleboy iscrying.小男孩正在哭泣主语谓语C.主+谓+宾(SVO)这一句型中的谓语动词是及物动词,那么它必须带有自己的宾语在英文中,当一个动词(包括单个动词和动词短语)作及物动词用时,它必须要有自己的宾语(除非是宾语在上下文里很明确地提到过,为避免不必要的重复,才会省去),否则会视为“句子不完整He iswatchingTV.他正在看电视主语谓语宾语D.主语口+谓语口+间接宾语;直接宾语(SVOO)此句型中的谓语动词后接两个宾语“间接宾语”多由代词或名词充当;”直接宾语二往往由名词充当这类句型常有”给某人某物送某人某物“、”留给某人某物”等意思常见的这类谓语动词有buy,bring,get(给某人弄到),give,hand,lend,leave(留给某人),pay,pass(递给某人),read,rent(租赁某人),recommend(将某人推荐给),send,show,tell,take(给某人拿),teach,write等例如这种句型中间接宾语常常指“人”,直接宾语常常指“物”He boughtmeabirthday present.他给我买了一份生日礼物主语谓语(及物动词)间接宾语直接宾语I showedhim mypictures.我给他看我的照片主语谓语(及物动词)间接宾语直接宾语常见的能跟双宾语的及物动词『(l)give,tell,teach,write,bring,lend,hand,show,offer,send,pay,pass,allow,return等后的间接宾语可转换为介词to的宾语♦Please handhim a book!=Please hand abookto him!请递给他一本书
(2)buy,do,get,fetch,save,make,sing,choose等后的间接宾语可转换为介词for的宾语来表示♦Her fatherbought hera bike.=Her fatherbought abike forher.她的父亲给她买了一辆自行车E.主+谓+宾+宾补(SVOOC)有些及物动词的后面有时常带复合宾语结构(即宾语+宾语补足语)在这一结构中,宾语补足语是对宾语“做什么怎么样”等方面进行补充说明宾语补足语可由名词、形容词、动词不定式、分词或介词短语担当常带复合宾语结构的及物动词有ask(请求,要求),allow(容许),appoint(任命),believe,call(称),cause(使得),catch(发现),consider(认为),elect(选举),expect(预期),feel(感觉到),find,get(使得),have(使,让),hear,imagine(想象),keep,let,listen to,look at,make(使),notice(注意至lj),see,smell,watch(注视,看),tell等等这种句型中的“宾语+宾语补足语”可统称为“复合宾语”迈克告诉我不要现在走Mike toldme notto gonow.主语谓语(及物动词)宾语宾语补足语They paintedthe door(green).他们把门漆成绿色主语谓语宾语宾语补足语另外注意三种句型
1.there be句型There be句型是英语中常用句型,意思是“有“,表示“人或事物的存在“或“某地有某物”There be句型中的be应和其后出现的主语在数上一致,即就近原则“,如There isa lampon thetable.There aresome applesin thebowl.There arefive books,two pensand a ruler in the schoolbag.There isaruler,two pensand fivebooks inthe schoolbag.
2.主语+谓语+状语(S+V+Ad)They talked[for halfan hour].他们谈了半个小时主语谓语状语The timepassed[quicklyj.时光飞逝主语谓语(不及物动词)状语
3.主语+谓语+宾语+状语(S+V+0+Ad)I hadmy firstmaths class[in seniorhigh|.在高中我上了第一堂数学课主语谓语宾语状语T waitedfor him[at theschool gate].我在校门口等他主语谓语焉吾状语课堂练习-.辨别下面句子的类型
1.1arrived atsix lastnight.
2.The grassturned greenin spring.
3.Please tellmeastory beforeI goto bed.
3.1bought a good English-Chinese Dictionaryyesterday.
1.1found itimpossible todo it.Please keeptheclassroomclean andtidy.
6.Tom isan Americanboy.
7.There isgoing tobe ameeting tomorrow.
8.1dreamed aterrible dreamlastnight.
9.The oldman worksin ahospital.1().Ill offeryou agood chanceas longas youdon tlose heart.二.根据要求转换句子
1.The oldman istelling storiesthe childrenintheLong March.(力口介词)
2.Please showyour pictureme.(加介词)
3.My motherwill buyagoodwatch you.(力口介词)
1.1am makinga newdress mysister.(力口介词)
5.My sisterlikes meat very much.(变为否定句)
6.There aresome bananason thetable.(变为一般疑问句)
7.There isa bottleand aglass underthe chair.(变为否定句)
8.She canspeak alittle Chinesenow.(就划线部分提问)【参考答案】—.l.S VAd(主+谓+状语)
1.5VP(主+系+表)
1.6VIODO(主+谓+间宾+直宾)
4.S VO(主+谓+宾)
5.S VO OC(主+谓+宾+宾补)
6.S VP(主+系+表)
7.There be(存在句结构)
8.S VO Ad(主+谓+宾+状语)
9.S VAd(主+谓+状语)
10.S VIODO(主+谓+间宾+直宾)二.
1.to
2.to
3.for
4.for
5.My sisterdoesntlikemeatverymuch
6.Are thereany bananasonthetable
7.There isnta bottleandaglass underthe chair.
8.What canshe speaknow。