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高中英语考点归纳高中英语考点归纳
1.
[1]冠词;数词泛指与特指序数词和比较级加冠词never…abetteroneathirdone=another=thenextthebetteroneofthetwoamostimportantmatter词组辨异attable—atthetableoutofquestion—outofthequestiongotothecinema—gotoacinemaasecond;amost…thebalanceofnature;space;theuniverse;thetelephoneinventiontheChineselanguage专有名词:theSmiths;atHarolds;buyaChinaDaily;achemistandmathematician;inthe1980s;inhisfifties;TheUnitedStatesAmerica;theSpringFestival;anartfestivala+不可数名词agoodknowledgeofEnglish;ascience
[2]名词;代词;主谓一致不定代词复合代词:指代的单复数:everyone;each;everyone;much;most;none;neither;half;后置修饰语:that定语从句;形容词后置;介词短语;非谓语形式可否接of短语:everyone-everyone;none—noone;几组辨异词:other;theother;another;others;theothersnone;neither;noone;nothingevery;everyone;everyone;each;anyoneany;some;something;anythingfew;afew;little;alittle反身代词:词组;enjoy;devote;accustom;make…done—oneself反身动词seat;dress;station;locate;hide;devote;adapt;prepare;etc;自己的怎么说:onesown…;a…ofonesown;集合名词:group;population;audience;team;family;majority;vocabulary;etc.thecattle;thepeople;thepolice;clothes;pl.可数名词与不可数名词:twopiecesofpaper;apairoftrousersthey;thispair;etc.twodollars;tenmiles;就近/远原则:neithernor…;aswellas;togetherwithelse;somethingelse;anyoneelse;whoelse;whoelses
[3]形容词;副词比较句型as…asnotso…asmore…thanlessoftenthanthemore…theless;moreandmore倍数表达twiceasmanycarsastwicemorethantwicetheproductionofdoubledthescoreofhisopponent.Manythingsnowcostdoublewhattheydidafewyearsago比较级表最高级morethananyothercountry;morethantheothercountriesmorethananyoftheothercountries;Noonecanbemorestrictthanhe.Ihaveneverseenamoremagnificentscenethanthis.ThelargervocabularyyouhavetheeasieryouwillfindittolearnEnglish.比较词组as…aspossibleas…asonecanas…asanythingaswellasand…aswellsolongassofarasassoonassofarsoastoasforasaruleasaresultasamatteroffactasawholeasto;morethannomorethannolessthannothinglessthanotherthannootherthanratherthannosooner…thannomorenotanymorenolongernotanylonger;
[4]动词;时态和语态系动词:get;seem;appear;turn;fall;become;remain;stay;prove;turnout;etc.情态动词用法:should;shall;may;can;dare;need;haveto;usedto;etc.否定;结构辨析各种时态的基本用法时间状语;语境语气;句型;句型中的特定时态ItisseveralyearssinceIsawherlasttime.ItwasseveralyearssinceIhadseenhim.ThisisthefirsttimeIhavebeenhere.ThatwasthesecondtimeIhadbeenthere.Itishightimethatyoudidyourhomework.Themanagerwillseeyouifheisfreetomorrow.ThemanseemsasifhehadbeentheremanytimesIwouldhaveseenthefilmifIhadhadtimeyesterday.虚拟语气Hedidntseetheresultuntilheleft.Itwasnotuntilthenthatheknewhehadbeencheated.Itisnecessarythatweshouldlearnhardsoastopasstheexamination.Ididntthinkyouwerecomingtoday.Itwillbelongbeforewetakeoverthecity.Itwasseveralyearsbeforeconstructionofthebuildingwasstarted..Gostraightandyouwillseeapostacrossthestreet.Inthepastfewyearswehavebuiltsevenhighways.Bytheendoflastyearhehadlearnedtwothousandwords.SofarIhaveknownheisafalsefriend.Bythetimeyougottherehewillhaveleft.主动语态表被动:prove;blame;sell;turnout;require;resultfrom;
[5]非谓语动词非谓语动词是高中语法的重点也是难点学生常常对此感到头疼.其实只要理解并掌握非谓语动词各种形式的特点做起题来会很轻松.我们先来看看非谓语动词的各种变化形式.熟悉知道了非谓语动词形式后做题时可分四步分析.一分析句子结构
1.________manytimesbuthestillcouldntunderstandit.
2.____manytimeshestillcouldntunderstandit.A.Havingbeentold.B.Told.C.HewastoldD.Thoughhehadbeentold
3.________totheleftyoullfindthepostoffice.
4.Ifyou________totheleftyoullfindthepostoffice.
5.________totheleftandyoullfindthepostoffice.A.TurningB.ToturnC.TurnD.Turned分析:句
1.用连词but引导并列句子因此前面也是个独立句子成分故选C.句
2.句中用逗号隔开且无连词引导因此前面不是句子结构只是句子的一个成分故选A非谓语动词作状语.句
3.同句2选A.句
4.前面用if引导从句故选C构成从句谓语.句
5.同句1选C.二分析逻辑主语确定要选非谓语动词之后第二步要分析其逻辑主语.非谓语动词虽不能作谓语但仍具有动词特点其逻辑上的动作执行者就叫做逻辑主语.非谓语动词作状语时其逻辑主语须和句子的真正主语一致.若不一致则须加上自己的逻辑主语.
1.________nobuseswehavetowalkhome.A.TherebeingB.ItwereC.TherewereD.Itbeing
2.______SundayIshallhaveaquietdayathome.分析:句
1.表示没有公共汽车应用therebe结构即逻辑主语是there故选A.句
2.选D.三分析语态分析语态就是在确定逻辑主语之后分析非谓语动词和逻辑主语在搭配使用时是主动还是被动关系.
1.______fromspacetheearthlooksblue.
2.______fromspacewecanseetheearthisblue.A.SeenB.SeeingC.ToseeD.See这两个题选项中的非谓语动词都没有加自己的逻辑主语因此其逻辑主语就是句子的主语.分析:句
1.地球被看起来表被动故选A用过去分词表被动.句
2.我们主动看……即表主动故选B.
3.Thedirtyclothes______thegirlhungthemupoutside.
4._____thedirtyclothesthegirlhungthemupoutside.A.waswashedB.washedC.werewashedD.havingwashed分析:句
3.前面应用非谓语动词作句子的状语逻辑主语是thedirtyclothes和动词搭配表示衣服被洗故选B.句
4.逻辑主语为句子的主语thegirl表示女孩洗衣服为主动关系故选D.四分析时态在选定了主动或被动后还要考虑动作发生的时间问题即时态.
1.Thebuilding______nowwillbearestaurant.
2.Thebuilding______nextyearwillbearestaurant.
3.Thebuilding______lastyearisarestaurant.A.havingbeenbuiltB.tobebuiltC.beingbuiltD.built句1中now说明大楼正在被修故用进行式选C.句2中nextyear说明大楼将在明年被修故用表将来的不定式选B.句3中lastyear说明大楼已被修但不能选A因为现在分词的完成式不能作定语故用过去分词选D.又如:
1.Hestoodthere______forhismother.
2.______fortwohourshewentaway.A.waitingB.towaitC.waitedD.Havingwaited句1表示站在那等两个动词同时发生故选A作伴随状语.句2表示已经等了两个小时发生在谓语动词wentaway之前故用完成式选D.需要注意的是非谓语动词的否定也是常考的项目要认清否定形式非谓语动词的否定都应将not放在前面.如:Whatisthereasonfor______there.A.notyourgoingB.notyourgoC.yournotgoingD.younottogo何种情况下出现动名词/不定式介词;动词;suchas…;做主语etc.只接动名词做宾语的词:建议suggest冒险risk去献身devote忍受bear/stand期待lookforwardto不停顿keep.放弃giveup延期putoff/delay悔regret失去miss坚持insiston/stickto/keepon欣赏enjoy/appreciate/feellike实践practice注意payattentionto原谅excuse避avoid反对objectto考虑consider要求demand/require/need不自禁canthelp.顾及allowfor习惯beaccustomedto/beusedto不介意mind值得beworth开始setabout想imagine动名.Admitallow只接不定式的动词:seemexpecthopewishwantdecideoffermanagedareagreepromisepretendrefuselearnhelpplanintend;不定式加连词showteachtelladvisedecidediscussfindoutetc.Pleaseshowmehowtogettheresult.Wehavenotdecidedwhethertogotohisparty.3两者皆可忘记停止打算试害怕继续悔偏爱意欲愿意有困难.Rememberforgetregret;stop;goon;beafraid;prefer;mean;try;helpcanthelp;feellikedoing/wouldliketodo;havedifficultyindoing/todo;requiredemandwantneedbeworth主动形式被动意义They____hergoingtothepartythoughitwasnotpermitted.A.allowedB.expectedC.persuadedD.permittedThewindowneed____.A.TomendB.mendedC.beingmendedD.mendingThismachineisworth__.A.tobuyB.buyingC.tobeboughtD.beingbought
[6]名词从句思考Heshowedhiscompanions___well-chosenpresentshehadboughtforhisGF.A.suchB.soC.whatD.how2---that/whetherif不做成分3---whoever主表;whomever宾=people/anyone/everyonewho…whoseeverwhicheverwhatever主宾表定4---wheneverwhereeverhoweverwhy状----thetime/place/reasonwhen/where/why选择连词结构辨析1____ofthemdoyouthinkwillteachusClassthree.A.whoB.whomC.whichD.what2Hesoldthehouse_hethoughtwasagoodprice.A.whatB.atwhatC.atwhichD.atthat3Thestudentsareallinterestedin___MissBrownmanagedtodoit.A.whichB.whatC.seeingD.how辨别从句定语/同位语/强调4Weknowthetruth__thereiswaterthereislife.A.thatwhereverB.thatC.whereD.anywhere5Heregretsnothavingfollowedherproposal____he____forgrantedthathe____withmesomewarmclothes.A.that;takes;takeB.which;take;takeC.which;hastaken;takesD.which;hastaken;take6Itwasin1920____thepoetpaidhisfirsttriptoAmericaforanewchallengeinhiswritingcareer____hegottoknowCharlieChaplin.A.that;whenB.when;thatC.inthatyear;thatD.inwhich;when无论;任何7Itremainsunknown____shekilledherselfwithagun.A.howeverB.howeverC.whyD.whenever8______muchadviceIgavehimhedidexactlywhathewantedtodo.A.HowB.WhateverC.HoweverD.Nomatter9Ourmonitorneverfailstohelp___hastrouble.A.whoeverB.whomeverC.nomatterwhoD.thosewho是否;如果同位语;介词之后;ornot;todo;歧义;句首;表语从句10Doesitmakeanydifference____ornotyousignupforthecontestA.thatB.ifC.whetherD.how谁;任何人who;whoever;onewho;thosewho;11Weshouldntmakefunof___havetroubleinlearningEnglish.A.anyonewhoB.whomeverC.thosethatD.who12Istillwonder____couldgetintothebuildingthroughsuchasmallholeinthewall.A.whoB.whoeverC.whomeverD.thatwho陈述语序13___doyousuppose____A.what/thatthewomanisB.Who/thewomanisC.Whom/thewomanisD.what/isthewoman14Wevehavetofinishthejob_____.A.longittakeshoweverB.ittakeshoweverlongC.longhoweverittakesD.howeverlongittakes介词宾语15Theyalwaysgivethefreeticketsto____comesfirst.A.whomeverB.whoeverC.thatD.what16Givethemoneyto__youthinkisbadlyinneedof.A.whomeverB.anyonewhoC.anyoneD.whoeverWhat活用17Theancientmapwasfoundin____wecallHebeiProvincenow.A.whichB.whatC.thatD.where18Thisbookwillshowyou___youhavelearnedinonesubjectcanbeappliedinothersubjects.That的用法形式主/宾语19Wethinkitimportant____collegestudentsshouldmasteratleastoneforeignlanguage.A.whichB.whatC.thatD.why20Whatmadehermothersoangry____theexam.A.becauseshedidntpassB.shenotpassingC.thatshedidntpassD.becauseofhernotpassing高中英语考点归纳
2.
[7]定语从句关系代词that和which指物当先行词为alleverythingnothinglittleanything等不定代词时或有序数词最高级先行词含有人和物用who开头的疑问句先行词前有theonlytheverytherightjustthe以及两个定语从句包含关系为避免重复的情况下等则只用that.先行词是alleverythingnothinganythinglittlemuchtheone等不定代词时ThereisnothingthatIcando.Imeantheonethatwasbroughtyesterday.ThatsallIwanttosay.先行词被allanyeverynosomelittlemuch等词修饰时Ihavereadallthebooksthatyougaveme.Youmaytakehomeanyofthesebooksthatyoulike.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时ThisisthefirstcompositionthathehaswritteninEnglish.ThisisthebestnovelthatIhaveeverread.先行词被theonlythevery正是恰是thesamethelast修饰时ThewhitefloweristheonlyonethatIreallylike.ThisistheverybookthatIwanttofind.Thelastplacethatwevisitedwasthehospital.ThisisthesamewatchthatIlostyesterday.当先行词有两个或两个以上时既有人又有物定语从句用that引导that既可指人也可指物Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthathehadvisited.
2.下列情况不能使用that而用whichthat不能引导非限制性定语从句Footballwhichisaveryinterestinggameisplayedallovertheworld.that不能置于介词之后介词后指物用which指人用whomThepersontowhomIamspeakingjustnowisourEnglishteacher.Theprizeforwhichheworkedsohardwasanewbicycle.Weshoulddoeverythingthatwecantohelpthedisabled.A.everythingB.whateverC.whatD.allabove限制性定语从句不能用that其区分的意义在于:Thetouristswhoknewaboutthestormstayedinthehotel.allthetouristThetouristswhoknewaboutthestormstayedinthehotel.onlysometouristsTheweatherforecastsaidtherewouldbenorainwhichturnedouttobenottrue.含有介词的关系词只能用which;如果介词不在关系词前则不受限制.DoyouknowthepersonyourbrotherwritestoWhose在从句中既可以指人也可以指物注意与which的转换:名词/代词/数词+介词+which.Theylivedinahousewhoseroofwasbroken.=Theylivedinahousetheroofofwhichwasbroken.关系代词Which/that还是关系副词where/when取决于关系词在从句中充当什么成分.Thisisthefactorywhereweworkedlastyear.where=inthefactory区分Itis/was…that…强调句与带有定语从句的复合句.方法是去掉itis和that剩余的仍然是一个完整的句子.ItwasatthetheatrethatLincolnwasmurdered.ItwasthetheatrewhereLincolnwasmurdered.有时候标点符号也能影响句子结构.这是英语句子的联结手段决定的.YesterdayIgotaletterfromLiwhichsaidthathewasgettingalongwellwithhisstudies.YesterdayIgotaletterfromLi.Itsaidthathewasgettingalongwellwithhisstudies.YesterdayIgotaletterfromLianditsaidthathewasgettingalongwellwithhisstudies.定冠词能够影响句子的结构.Mr.SmithisoneoftheforeignerswhoareworkinginChina.Mr.SmithistheoneoftheforeignerswhoisworkinginChina.IsthisfactorytheoneyouvisitedlastweekIsthisthefactoryyouvisitedlastweekAs和which的用法:1可以修饰整个句子;2从句位置不同;3有互换的可能.Newtonwasagreatscientistiswellknown.A.whomB.asC.thatD.whichAsisknowntousalltheearthmovesaroundthesun.Thecomputerismoreandmorewidelyusedinourlifewhichencouragesustostudyharder.Aswehavefoundinthelasttwoyearsthismatterhassomethingdifferentfromothers.Allwedidhasbeenprovedasitis.含有介词短语的动词一般不能分开.Thechildrenwhomthenursesarelookingafterareveryhealthy.Thetwoelementswhichwaterconsistsofareoxygenandhydrogen.比较:Theapartmentinwhichwehadlivedtwentyyearswaspulleddownfinally.关系代词that在定与从句中做介词宾语时介词不能位于其前.HeistheteacherthatIborrowedthedictionaryfrom.HeistheteacherfromwhomIborrowedthedictionary.定与从句与状语从句名词从句的辨别.注意对从句性质的判断据此来选择适当连词.1what=allthat;whatever=anythingthat;YouhavegotwhatyouneedwhatelsedoyouwantYouhavegoteverythingthatyouneedwhatelsedoyouwantYouwillsurelyfailedwhateveryoudonow.2whoever=anyonewho;Whoeverbreakstherulewillsurelybepunished.Anyonewhobreakstherulewillsurelybepunished.3why=thereasonwhy;CouldyoutellmewhyyouwerelateyesterdayCouldyoutellmethereasonwhyyouwerelateyesterday4同位语从句:Thefactthathespokeatthemeetingastonishedus.Reason;doubt;time;place做先行词Thisisthereasonthathegaveuswhyhewassolate.Ihavenodoubtthathewouldliketogowithus.Thereisstilladoubtwhetherhecouldcometo.Thisistheplacewevisitedlastmonth.Same;such与as/that
1.as常出现在thesame…assuch…asso…asas…as等结构中ThisisnotsuchabookasIexpected.Iliveinthesamebuildingashelivesin.Hereissobigastoneasnomancanlift.Asmanychildrenascamehereweremyfatherspupils.thesame…that…和thesame…as…的区别Ihaveboughtthesamewatchasyouhave.我买了一块和你一样的手表.我的手表和你的手表很像但不是同一块.ThisisthesamewatchthatIlost.这就是我丢的那块手表.这手表和我丢的手表是同一块
2.as引导非限制性定语从句指代逗号前的整个句子即先行词可置于句首或句末.Thiselephantislikeasnakeasanybodycansee.Marywaslateforschoolasoftenhappened.Asisknowntoalltheearthisround.as指代一句话和which指代一句话的用法区别as的这种用法通常出现在一些固定短语之中如:
1.ashasbeensaidbefore如上所述
2.asmaybeimagined正如可以想象出来的那样
3.asiswellknown众所周知
4.aswasexpected正如预料的那样
5.ashasbeenalreadypointedout正如已经指出的那样
6.asweallcansee正如我们都会看到的那样which则不需要例如:Themandiedlastnightwhichisalie.as替代一句话即可放句首也可放句末而which只能放句末.1Thatisthesametoolasweusedlasttime.和上次一样的Thatisthesametoolthatweusedlasttime.就是上次的那个2Wearenowinsuchaconditionthatthereisnootherchoiceforus.如此……以至Thesetrousersaresoldatsuchalowprice_____peopleexpected.A.likeB.asC.thatD.which正如……那样的Thisissuchaninstructivefilm____everyonewantstoseeagain.A.asBthatC.whichD.whatTheway做先行词关系词可以用inwhich;that;或省略Idontlike___youspeaktoher.A.thewaywhichB.thewayinthatC.thewayD.thewaywhere
[8]状语从句与连词;连接副词1Before;after:HesoundedquitenervousandhehadbeentalkingforaminuteorsobeforeIunderstoodanything.BeforeIgotinawordhehadmeasuredme.Timepassedquicklyandthreemonthswentbybeforeheknew.2whenwheneveraswhile:IhadbeendrivingforatleastanhourwhenIfinallyfoundhishouse.前后Johnsangasheenteredtheroom.同时AsFrankwentdownstairshiseyesfellonalargeenvelopebythedoor.瞬间Ikeptsilentwhilehewaswriting.持续Whileothersweredoingmorningexercisesonthesports-groundhewassleepinginthebedroom.并列连词:对比Theoldmanwaspullinggrassinhisfieldwhenhefeltapaininhislefthand.=andthen;butthen;justthen3tilluntilnotuntilThecityremainedunderSpanishruleuntilMexicowonitsindependencein
1821.Iknewnothingaboutituntil/till/beforeyoutoldme.Notuntilshehadheardthenewswasshereallyfrightened.倒装Itwasnotuntilhewastenyearsoldthathestartedtoread.强调4sinceeversinceItwastenyearssincewehadbeenthere.时态Theyhavebeenfriendseversincetheymetatschool.5OnceEverytimeEachtime;thefirsttimethemomenttheminute;thetime;assoonasOnceyouneedhelpdonthesitatetoletmeknow.句首Theboysranawaythemomenttheysawme.assoonasOncepublishedthebookwasimmediatelytranslatedintoseverallanguages.6nosooner…thanscarcely…beforehardly…whenTheboyshadhardlyseenmebeforetheyranaway.时态Hardlyhadtheboysseenmebeforetheyranaway.倒装Theboyshadnosoonerseenmethantheyranaway.7wherewherever地点WhereveryougowhateveryoudoIwillberightherewaitingforyou.Youcanfindhimwhereheworks.状语Youcanfindhimintheplacewhereheworks.定语Itsnotknownwherehelives.名词从句Whereareyoufrom代词8ifsupposeincaseunlesssoaslongasifonlyoncegiventhatprovidingthatonconditionthat条件;SolongasyoudoitwellIdontmindhowyoudoit.SupposeItoldhimhemightblameyou.Incaseitshouldrainyoudbettertakeyourumbrellawithyou.虚拟Illnotjointhemunlessinvited.省略9sinceasnowthatseeingthatconsideringthat原因Manychessplayerssaidthismeanttheendofchesschampionshipsaroundtheworldsincethefunhadbeentakenoutofthegame.区分Itwasbecausehewasillthathedidntattendthemeeting.强调Dontbelieveanythingsimply/onlybecausemanyotherpeoplebelievethat.修饰Itrainedlastnightforthegroundiswetthismorning.because/for推测的依据Hecouldnothaveseenmefor/becauseIwasntthere.因果关系Thehotelworkersreceivedhimandtelephonedthemanagerfortheyhadneverseenabicycleinthehotelhallbeforethoughtheylivedinkingdomofbicycles.10so…thatsuch…thatsothatthatsothatinorderthatthatso结果WhathaveIdonethatyoushouldbesoangrywithmeIvejustcomeintoalittlemoneysothisisgoodbye.Hespokeatthetopofhisvoicesothateveryonecouldhear.11lestforfearthatincase以防万一Themeetingwillbeputoffincasethatitshouldrain.should12as…asnotso…asthanthe…the…比较;Itispossibletomakemetalashardorassoftasiswishedbyannealingit.Youshouldmasterasmanywordsasyoucan.HespeaksEnglishaswellasRussian.Hedidnotstudyashardashissondoesnow.Metalthathasbeenannealedissoftbutdoesnotbreakaseasily.省略Shemeantmoretomethananyone…evenmywife.Oursportsgroundisthreetimeslargerthantheirs.JohnplaysfootballaswellifnotbetterthanasDavid.Mybedroomisslightlybiggerthanyours.Thelongertheheatedmetaltakestocoolslowlythesofteritbecomes.对称13asasifasthough方式Helookedasifhehadjuststeppedoutoffairytalesandhepassedmelikeaspirit.14thoughalthoughevenifeventhoughwhether…orwhetherornotnomatterwh-wh-everaswhile让步Hesaidhewouldcome;hedidntcomethough.Whetherhedrivesortakesthetrainhellbehereontime.Whetherornotheisinterestedintheforeignlanguagehehastostudyit.Whetherornotheisinterestedintheforeignlanguageremainsaquestion.Nomatterwhathesaysnoonewillbelievehim.Whoeveryouareyoumustdoasrequired.DifficultasthetaskisIllfulfillitontime.DoctorasMikeisheisnotcapableofoperating.MuchasIlikethetoyIwillnotbuyit.Surroundedastheywerebytheenemytheymanagedtomarchforward.WhileIadmithisgoodpointsIcanseehisshortcomings.WhileIknowitisdifficultIlltry.
[9]词组与句型结构并列与平行;ABCDand/orEAaandBb;A---aandB---bIntheworldandontheearth;Eithertoleaveortostay;Thinkingandlearning三个公式S---V;S---VS---vS---VvS---VThoughS---VwhichS---VIt句型连词;时态Therebe句型变体Whodoyouthinkis……连锁式疑问句;howcome;whataboutdoing;Whatsthepoint;Whynotdo…句型互换1ItisknowntousallthatthecompasswasfirstmadeinChina.Weallknowthatwaterismadeupofoxygenandhydrogen.Itiswellknownthatwaterismadeupofoxygenandhydrogen.Asisknowntousallwaterismadeupofoxygenandhydrogen.Asweallknowwaterismadeupofoxygenandhydrogen.2Notuntil…didhewillhe…Itwasnotuntil…hedid…Hedidnt…until…Peoplesaythatheis…Itissaidthatheis…Heissaidtobe…Effectivemeasuresmusthavebeentaken_____doawaywithpollution.Timeoughttobemadefulluse___improveyourlisteningcomprehension.Thelife-patternshehasbeenusedto___appearstrangetous.强调句Itwas…thatItwaswhen/that/what/who…that…When/that/what/who…wasitthat…强调人:主格/宾格强调时间/地点:when/where还是thatItwasthemoment___Igothome___IrealizedthatIdlostmypurse.A.thatthatB./thatC.whenthatD.//辨别it句型倒装only;no-;so;had…then;now;there;here;out;inthe…祝愿句:Mayyouhaveagoodtime!LonglivetheKing.前置不倒装however;as;省略;替代;否定状语从句省略主语和系动词比较结构中省略被比较的成分不定式的省略:to和主动词oneones;thatthose;it;this;that部分否定:noteveryone;notall;All…not…;notAandB;并列否定:neitherAorB;notAorB否定之外的否定:neither/none/hardly…;innotime/atnotime不是否定句的否定:fail/dislike…冠词的定义冠词是虚词本身不能单独使用也没有词义它用在名词的前面帮助指明名词的含义冠词可以说是名词的一种标志,它不能离开名词而独立存在冠词的分类冠词分为不定冠词a,an、定冠词the和零冠词三种,零冠词指的是不用冠词的情况不定冠词表示泛指,定冠词表示特指不定冠词的用法不定冠词有a和an两种形式a用在以辅音开头的词前,an用在以元音开头的词前判断一个词是以元音开头还是以辅音开头,是根据读音而不是根据字母
1.用于可数名词的单数形式前,表示一Thereisatigerinthezoo.动物园里有一只老虎
2.表示一类人和东西Atigercanbedangerous.老虎可能有危害性
3.表示某一个的意思Agentlemanwantstoseeyou.有一位先生要见你
4.表示同一的意思Theyarenearlyofanage.他们几乎同岁Thetwoshirtsaremuchofasize.这两件衬衫大小差不多
5.表示每一的意思Wegoswimmingfourtimesaweek.我们每周去游泳四次
6.用在作表语的单数可数名词前,表示身份、职业Mymotherisateacher.我妈妈是教师
7.第一次提到的人或事物,但不特别指明是哪一个Longlongagotherewasanoldkingwhohadaverybeautifuldaughter.很久很久以前,有一个年老的国王,他有一个非常美丽的女儿
8.在英国英语中,以h开头的多音节词,如第一个音节不重读,其前亦可用anThereisahotelnearhere.这附近有一家旅馆
9.在sucha,quitea句式中Heisquiteagoodactor.他是一个相当好的演员Dontbeinsuchahurry.不要如此匆忙
10.在感叹句what...的句式中Whataprettygirlsheis!她是一个多么漂亮的女孩呀~用在某些表示数量的词组中:alotof许多acoupleof一对agreatmany很多adozen一打但也可以用onedozenagreatdealof大量定冠词的用法世界独一二次现,序词形容高级前;富人伤员按天算,方位乐器影剧院;群岛河山江湖海,沙漠、海峡与海湾;阶级、党派、国家名,普专复合姓氏前;组织团体和机关,朝代、会议及报刊;双知年代击中脸,特指事物及习惯
1.用以特指某些人或某些事物ThisisthehousewhereLuXunoncelived.这是鲁迅曾经住过的房子
2.用于指谈话双方都明确所指的人或事物Openthedoorplease.请把门打开
3.用以复述上文提过的人或事物第一次提到用―a或an‖,以后再次提到用―the‖Oncetherelivedalionintheforest.Everydaythelionaskedsmallanimalstolookforfoodforhim.从前森林里住着一只狮子每天这只狮子要小动物们为他寻找食物
4.用在序数词和形容词最高级前Januaryisthefirstmonthoftheyear.一月份是一年当中的第一个月ShanghaiisthebiggestcityinChina.上海是中国最大的城市
5.表示世界上宇宙中独一无二的事物thesun太阳themoon月亮theearth地球thesky天空theworld世界
6.指由普通名词构成的专有名词theWestLake西湖theGreatWall长城theUnitedStates美国theUnitedNations联合国定冠词的用法-
27.表示方向、方位intheeast在东方inthewest在西方inthefront在前面attheback在后面inthebottom在底部atthetop在顶部ontheright在右边ontheleft在左边
8.在海洋、江河、湖泊、山脉、海峡、海湾等地理名词前thePacificOcean太平洋theHuangheRiver黄河theTianshanMountains天山山脉theTaiwanStraits台湾海峡
9.在姓氏复数前,表示一家人TheBakerscametoseemeyesterday.贝克一家人昨天来看我
10.和某些形容词连用,使形容词名词化,代表一类人或物thepoor穷人therich富人thesick病人thewounded伤员thegood好人thebeautiful美丽的事物
11.用在表示阶级、政党的名词前theworkingclass工人阶级theChineseCommunistParty中国共产党
12.用在thevery强调句中ThisistheverybookIwant.这就是我想要的那本书
13.在themorethemore比较级的句式中Themoreyoudrinkthemoreyoulikeit.你越喝就越爱喝
14.表示演奏乐器时,乐器的前面要加theplaythepiano弹钢琴playtheviolin拉小提琴[中国乐器名词前不与冠词连用:playerhu二胡]
15.某些固定的表达法inthemorning在早上intheafternoon在下午intheevening在晚上gotothecinema去看电影gotothetheatre去看戏alltheyearround一年到头onthewayto前往...去的路上
16.the加单数可数名词可以表示一类人或事物Thehorseisausefulanimal.马是一种有用的动物注意:像这类句子还有如下两种写法Ahorseisausefulanimal.Horsesareusefulanimals.
17.在句型―动词+sb.+介词+the+身体某一部位‖中要用the,而不用人称代词takesb.bythearm抓住某人的手臂hitsb.intheface打某人的脸beredintheface脸红belameintherightleg右腿瘸等结构中名词前要用the零冠词的用法下列情况不用冠,名词之前代词限复数名词表泛指,球类学科和三餐专有名词不可数,星期月份交通手段的节日,习语称谓和头衔
1.专有名词前一般不加冠词China中国Europe欧洲LeiFeng雷锋WilliamShakespeare威廉莎士比亚
2.月份、周日、节日前一般不加冠词January一月份Sunday星期日ChristmasDay圣诞节Thanksgiving感恩节NationalDay国庆节MayDay劳动节比较:...onaSundaymorning.在一个星期天的早晨...表示某一个注:民族节日前要加the如:theSpringFestival
3.三餐、四季前一般不加冠词Ihavelunchatschool.我在学校吃午餐Summeristhebestseasonforswimming.夏天是游泳的好季节比较:Ihadabiglunchyesterday.昨天我吃了一顿丰盛的午餐表示某一个ThedinnergivenbyMr.Smithwasverynice.史密斯先生款待的晚宴真是美味表示特指比较:IwillneverforgetthesummerwespentinHawaii.我永远不会忘记我们一起在夏威夷度过的那个夏天表示特指
4.进行球类运动playbasketball打篮球playvolleyball打排球playfootball踢足球
5.没有特指的物质名词Thiscartismadeofwood.这辆手推车是用木头作的比较:Thewoodoutsidewasallwet.外面的那些木头都湿了表示特指
6.没有特指的不可数抽象名词Timeisprecious.时间是宝贵的比较:Thetimeoftheplaywas1990s.这个剧本的时代背景是二十世纪九十年代表示特指
7.没有特指的可数名词复数形式后Iliketomatoes.我喜欢西红柿
8.山峰MountQomolangma珠穆朗玛峰
9.固定词组gotoschool去上学gotobed上床睡觉gobytrain乘火车去gobyboat乘船去attable在用餐inhospital住院atschool求学inschool求学atnoon在中午atnight在晚上atmidnight在半夜intown在城里
10.独立结构中的名词不加冠词Aboycameinbookinhand.一个男孩进来,手上拿着书
11.泛指人类Manismortal.人必有一死
12.在kindof,名词sortof,名词句式中Whatkindofflowerisit这是什么花Ilikethissortofbook.我喜欢这种书
13.指职位、头衔的词,如king,captain,president,chairman等Heisthecaptainoftheteam.他是球队的队长AsthechairmanofthecommitteeIdeclarethemeetingopen.作为委员会主席,我宣布会议开始冠词和三餐的搭配三餐名词单独使用时,之前通常不加冠词三餐名词之前若加形容词时则除外:Wehavebreakfastateight我们8点钟吃早饭Hegaveusagoodbreakfast他请我们吃了一顿丰盛的早餐Iwasinvitedtodinner他们邀请我吃饭Iwasinvitedtoadinnergiventowelcomethenewambassador我被邀请参加欢迎新任大使的宴会TheScotshaveporridgeforbreakfast苏格兰人早餐吃粥Theweddingbreakfastwasheldinherfather‘shouse婚礼早宴是在她父亲家举行的介词短语与冠词一.attable在进餐atthetable在桌子旁边atdesk在读书atthedesk在课桌旁atschool在上学attheschool在学校里inclass在上课intheclass在班级里面inbed卧床inthebed在床上inprison坐牢intheprison因事在监狱inhospital住院inthehospital因事在医院gotoschool去上学gototheschool因事去学校gotobed上床睡觉gotothebed在床上gotohospital去看病gotothehospital去医院二.takeplace发生taketheplace代替inplaceof代替intheplaceof在...的地方incaseof万一inthecaseof就...来说outofquestion毫无疑问outofthequestion完全不可能通常使用不定冠词的短语afterawhile过了一会儿allofasudden突然asarule通常asaresult结果,因此asamatteroffact事实上asawhole大体上ataloss不知所措inahurry急忙inaway在某种程度上inaword总而言之It‘sapitythat…令人遗憾的是…putanendto…结束…cometoanend结束cometoaconclusion得出结论haveagoodtime玩得愉快havearest休息一下haveacold感冒haveawordwith和…谈一谈keepaneyefor对…有鉴赏力makealiving谋生makeafire生火makeafoolof愚弄takeawalk散步冠词位置1不定冠词位置不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前注意:a.位于下列形容词之后:such,what,many,half,Ihaveneverseensuchananimal.Manyamanisfitforthejob.b.当名词前的形容词被副词assotoohowhoweverenough修饰时,不定冠词应放在形容词之后:ItisaspleasantadayasIhaveeverspent.Soshortatime.Toolongadistance.c.quite,rather与单数名词连用,冠词放在其后但当rather,quite前仍有形容词,不定冠词放其前后均可如:quitealotd.在as,though引导的让步状语从句中,当标语为形容词修饰的名词时,不定冠词放形容词后:Braveamanthoughheis,hetremblesatthesightofsnakes.他尽管勇敢,可见到蛇还是发抖当名词被比较级形容词修饰时,不定冠词通常置于比较级形容词之后2定冠词位置定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前,但放在all,both,double,half,twice,threetimes等词之后,名词之前Allthestudentsintheclasswentout.班里的所有学生都出去了冠词与形容词+名词结构1两个形容词都有冠词,表示两个不同东西Heraisesablackandawhitecat.他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫Theblackandthewhitecatsarehers.这只黑猫和白猫都是他的2如后一个形容词无冠词,则指一物Heraisesablackandwhitecat.他养了一只花猫冠词的使用错误大家除了掌握使用冠词的基本规则外,还应不拘泥于规则,注意冠词的活用:1表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词前一般加定冠词the;但如果名词前有修饰语,也可能用不定冠词aantheworldapeacefulworldthemoonabrightmoon
2.表示一日三餐的名词前面一般不用冠词,但前面如果有了定语修饰,也可能用不定冠词aanHaveyouhadsupperWehadawonderfulsupper.
3.表示乐器的名词前一般用定冠词the但前面如果出现定语修饰,也可能用不定冠词aanHestartshisdaybyplayingtheviolin.Heisplayingaborrowedviolin.
4.介词与表示交通工具的名词连用表示笼统的方式,前面一般不用冠词,但如果名词的前面出现了修饰语,前面需加冠词Hewenttothestationbycar.Hewenttothestationinablackcar.
5.表示语言的名词前一般不用冠词,但后面如果出现language一词,前面需加定冠词theEnglish=theEnglishlanguageFrench=theFrenchlanguage
6.turn用作系动词时,后面作表语的单数名词前不用冠词Heturnedwritermanyyearslater.=Hebecameawritermanyyearslater.数词的分类
一、数词
1.基数词表示数目的词称为基数词其形式如下:A从1——10one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,tenB从11——19eleven,twelve,thirteen,fourteen,fifteen,sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen这里除eleven,twelve,thirteen,fifteen,eighteen为特殊形式外,fourteen,sixteen,seventeen,nineteen都是由其个位数形式后添加后缀-teen构成C从21——99整数几十中除twenty,thirtyforty,fifty,eighty为特殊形式外,sixty,seventy,ninety都是其个位数形式后添加后缀-ty构成表示几十几时,在几十和个位基数词形式之间添加连字符―-‖21twenty-one76seventy-sixD百位数个数基数词形式加―hundred‖,表示几百,在几十几与百位间加上and101ahundredandone320threehundredandtwenty648sixhundredandforty-eightE千位数以上从数字的右端向左端数起,每三位数加一个逗号―,‖从右开始,第一个―,‖前的数字后添加thousand,第二个―,‖前面的数字后添加million,第三个―,‖前的数字后添加billion然后一节一节分别表示,两个逗号之间最大的数为百位数形式2648twothousandsixhundredandforty-eight16250064sixteenmilliontwohundredandfiftythousandsixty-four5237166234fivebillion,twohundredandthirty-sevenmillion,onehundredandsixty-sixthousand,twohundredandthirty-fourF基数词在表示确切的数字时,不能使用百、千、百万、十亿的复数形式;但是,当基数词表示不确切数字,如成百、成千上万,三三两两时,基数词则以复数形式出现Therearehundredsofpeopleinthehall大厅里有数以百计的人ThousandsandthousandsofpeoplecometovisittheMuseumofQinTerra-CottaWarriorsandHorseseveryday每天有成千上万的人来参观秦兵马涌博物馆Theywenttothetheatreintwosandthrees他们三三两两地来到了剧院G表示人的不确切岁数或年代,用几十的复数形式表示Hebecameaprofessorinhisthirties他三十多岁时成为了教授Shediedoflungcancerinforties她四十来岁时死于肺癌Itwasinthe1960s那是在二十世纪六十年代H基数词的句法功能基数词在句中可作主语、宾语、定语、表语、同位语Thetwohappilyopenedthebox两个人高兴地打开了盒子作主语Ineedthreealtogether我总共需要三个作宾语Fourstudentsareplayingvolleyballoutside四个学生在外面打排球作定语Wearesixteen我们是16个人作表语Theythreetriedtofinishthetaskbeforesunset他们三个人尽力想在日落前完成任务作同位语
2.序数词表示顺序的词称为序数词序数词的主要形式:A从第一至第十九其中,one—first,two—second,three—third,five—fifth,eight—eighth,nine—ninth,twelve—twelfth为特殊形式,其它的序数词都是由其相对应的基数词后面添加―th‖构成例如:six—sixth、nineteen—nineteenthB从第二十至第九十九整数第几十的形式由其对应的基数词改变结尾字母y为i,再加―eth‖构成twenty——twentieththirty——thirtieth表示第几十几时,用几十的基数词形式加上连字符―‖和个位序数词形式一起表示thirty-first第三十一fifty-sixth第五十六seventy-third第七十三ninety-ninth第九十九C第一百以上的多位序数词由基数词的形式变结尾部分为序数词形式来表示onehundredandtwenty-first第一百二十一onethousand,threehundredandtwentieth第一千三百二十D序数词的缩写形式有时,序数词可以用缩写形式来表示主要缩写形式有first——lstsecond——2ndthird——3rdfourth——4thsixth——6thtwentieth——20thtwenty-third——23rd其中lst,2nd,3rd为特殊形式,其它的都是阿拉伯数字后加上thE序数词的句法功能序数词在句中可作主语、宾语、定语和表语ThesecondiswhatIreallyneed第二个是我真正需要的作主语Hechoosethesecond他挑选了第二个作宾语Wearetocarryoutthefirstplan我们将执行第一个计划作定语Sheisthesecondinourclass在我们班她是第二名作表语注:序数词在使用时,通常前面要加定冠词the;但是如果序数词前出现不定冠词a或an时,则表示―再——‖,―又——‖We‘llgooveritasecondtime我们得再念第二遍We‘vetrieditthreetimesMustwetryitafourthtime我们已经试过三遍了,还必须试一次第四次吗另外,基数词也可以表示顺序只需将基数词放在它所修饰的名词之后即可,不需要添加定冠词thefirstlesson——LessonOnethefifthpage——Page5fivethetwenty-firstroom——Room21twenty-one
二、时刻表示法
1.表示几点钟用基数词加可以省略的o/‘clock5:00读作fiveo/‘clock或five
2.表示几点过几分,在分钟后加past,再加小时fivepastseven七点过五分halfpastsix六点半aquarterpasteight八点过一刻sevenpasteight八点过七分
3.表示几点差几分,在分钟后面加to,再加小时tentoeight差十分八点七点五十分aquartertotwelve差一刻十二点十一点四十五分twentytosix差二十分六点五点四十分在日常生活中,常用下列简单方法表示时间以小时、分种为单位分别读出数字6:31读作sixthirty-one10:26读作tentwenty-six14:03读作fourteenothree16:15读作sixteenfifteen18:30读作eighteenthirty23:55读作twenty-threefifty-five注:时刻表上的时间大多采用24小时表示法,这样就不需要用a.m.表示上午,p.m.表示下午了
三、年月表示法
1.世纪可以用定冠词加序数词加世纪century表示,也可以用定冠词加百位进数加/‘s表示thesixth6thcentury公元六世纪theeighteenth18thcentury公元十八世纪the1900/‘s二十世纪the1600/‘s十七世纪这里,用百位数整数表示的世纪比这一百位阿拉伯数字本身多一个世纪
2.年代用定冠词及基数词表示的世纪加十位整数的复数形式构成inthe1930/‘sinthethirtiesofthetwentiethcentury或inthenineteenthirties在二十世纪三十年代inthe1860/‘sinthesixtiesofthe19thcentury或intheeighteensixties在十九世纪六十年代Inthe1870/‘swhenMarxwasalreadyinhisfifties,hefounditimportanttostudythesituationinRussia,sohebegantolearnRussian在十九世纪七十年代当马克思已经五十多岁时,他发现研究俄国的形势很重要,便开始学习俄语
3.表示某年代的早期、中期和晚期,可以在定冠词后,年代前添加early,mid-,lateintheearly1920/‘s在二十世纪二十年代早期inthemid-1950/‘s在二十世纪五十年代中期
4.年月日表示法A年份用基数词表示,一般写为阿拉伯数字,读时可以以hundred为单位,也可以以世纪、年代为单位分别来读1949读作nineteenhundredandforty-nine或nineteenforty-nine1800读作eighteenhundred253读作twohundredandfifty-three或twofifty-three1902读作nineteenhundredandtwo或nineteenotwo表示在哪一年,一般在年数前加介词in,使用year时,year放在数词之前intheyeartwofifty-threeB.C.在公元前253年但是,通常采用in加表示年份的阿拉伯数字B.月份,在哪个月用介词in加第一个字母大写的月份词表示例如:inMay在五月;inJuly在七月为了简便起见,月份与日期连用时,月份常用缩写形式表示缩写形式除May,June,July外,其它的月份都由其前三个字母表示,但September除外January——Jan一月February——Feb二月March——Mar.三月April——Apr四月August——Aug八月September——Sept九月October——Oct十月November——Nov十一月December——Dec十二月注:这里缩写形式后面加点不能省略,因为它是表示缩写形式的符号C日期用定冠词the加序数词表示在哪一天要添加介词onNationalDayisonOct.
1.国庆节是十月一日读作Octoberfirst此句也可以表示为NationalDayisonthe1stofOctoberMay5五月五日读作Mayfifth也可以表示为thefifth5thofMayMar.1st三月一日读作Marchfirst或thefirstofMarch
5.表示不具体、不确切的时间,如世纪、年代、年份、月份时,用介词in表示,表示具体确切的某一天用介词on表示通常情况下morning,afternoon,evening等词前用介词in但是,当这些词前后有一修饰限定的词作为定语,把它们限定为某一天早晨、下午或晚上时,介词in应改为on这里的修饰限定词可以是介词短语、名词、形容词、定语从句等Onacoldmorning,theoldmandiedlonelyinhishouse在一个寒冷的早晨,这个老人孤独地死在自己的房子里Idon/‘twanttobedisturbedonnightswhenIhavetostudy我不愿意在我必须学习的晚上被打扰TheaccidenthappenedontheafternoonofJuly7这次事故发生在7月7日下午WearetohaveasmalltestonMondaymorning星期一早晨我们将进行一次小测验
四、加减乘除表示法
1.―加‖用plus,and或add表示;―等于‖用is,make,equal等词表示2+3=可表示为:Howmuchistwoplusthree2+3=5TwoplusthreeisfiveTwoandthreeisequaltofiveTwoandthreemakefiveTwoaddedtothreeequalsfiveIfweaddtwoto/andthreewegetfive二加三等于五
2.―减‖用minus或takefrom表示106Howmuchistenminussix10-6=4TenminussixisfourTakesixfromtenandtheremainderisfour.Sixtakenfromtenisfour十减去六等于四
3.―乘‖用time动词或multiply表示3X4Howmuchisthreetimesfour3X4=12Threetimesfouris/aretwelveMultiplythreebyfour,wegettwelveThreemultipliedbyfourmakestwelve三乘以四等于十二
4.―除‖用divide的过去分词形式表示164=Howmuchissixteendividedbyfour1644SixteendividedbyfourisfourSixteendividedbyfourequals/gives/makesfour十六除以四等于
四五、分数表示法
1.分数是由基数词和序数词一起来表示的基数词作分子,序数词作分母,除了分子是―1‖以外,其它情况下序数词都要用复数形式3/4threefourths或threequarters1/3onethird或athird24/25twenty-fourtwenty-fifths31/4threeandonefourth或threeandonequarter1/2ahalf1/4onequarter或aquarter11/2oneandahalf11/4oneandaquarter
2.当分数后面接名词时,如果分数表示的值大于1,名词用复数;小于1,名词用单数11/2hours一个半小时读作oneandahalfhours23/4meters二又四分之三米读作twoandthree-fourthsmeters4/5meter五分之四米5/6inch六分之五英寸
3.表示―n次方‖的说法:指数用序数词,底数用基数词10的7次方theseventhpoweroftententotheseventhpower6的10次方thetenthpowerofsixsixtothetenthpower
六、小数表示法
1.小数用基数词来表示,以小数点为界,小数点左首的数字为一个单位,表示整数,数字合起来读;小数点右首的数字为一个单位,表示小数,数字分开来读;小数点读作point,o读作zero或o〔ou〕,整数部分为零时,可以省略不读
0.4zeropointfour或pointfour零点四
10.23tenpointtwothree十点二三
25.67twenty-fivepointsixseven二十五点六七l.03onepointothree一点零三
2.当数字值大于1时,小数后面的名词用复数,数字值小于1时,小数后面的名词用单数
1.03meters一点零三米
0.49ton零点四九吨l.5tons一点五吨
七、百分数表示法百分数用基数,percent表示50fiftypercent百分之五十3threepercent百分之三
0.12zeropointonetwopercent百分之零点一二这里的percent前半部per表示―每一‖,cent这一后半部分表示―百‖,所以百分之几中percent不用复数形式
八、数量表示法
1.表示长、宽、高、面积等,用基数词+单位词meter,foot,inch,kilogram等+形容词long,wide,high等表示,或者用基数词+单位词+in+名词length,width,height,weight等表示twometerslong或twometersinlength2米长threefeethigh或threefeetinheight3英尺高fourincheswide或fourinchesinwidth4英寸宽Thisboxis2kilogramsinweight这个盒子有两千克重ThecitywallofXi/‘anis12meterswideand12metershigh西安城墙是12米宽,12米高
2.表示时间、距离时,使用含数词的名词所有格形式作定语fiveminutes/‘walk步行五分钟的距离It/‘sanhour/‘sridefrommyhometowntoouruniversity从我的家乡到我们大学是乘车一小时的路程或:从我的家乡到我们大学需要乘车一小时It/‘sthreekilometers/‘distancefromourcampustotheBellTower.从我们校园到钟楼有三公里远
3.表示温度时,用belowzero表示零下温度,温度用基数词+degrees+单位词centigrade摄氏或Fahrenheit华氏表示thirty-sixdegreescentigrade或36摄氏36度fourdegreesbelowzerocentigrade或-4摄氏零下4度Waterfreezesatthirty-twodegreesFahrenheit水在华氏三十二度时结冰Waterboilsatonehundreddegreescentigrade水在摄氏一百度时沸腾这里的单位词在人们都很清楚是什么度量制度时,可以省略Youare37读作thirty-sevendegrees你是三十七度摄氏It/‘ssevendegreesbelowzero今天是零下七度摄氏
4.由数词和其他名词构成的名词性短语作定语时,其中的名词用单数形式,名词性短语中各部分间要用连字符―-‖来连接It/‘safive-minutewalkfromthelibrarytotheplayground从图书馆到操场需要走五分钟She/‘sasixteen-year-oldgirl她是个十六岁的女孩大或几倍‖的说法
5.表示―比Thisroomistwotimesbiggerthanthatone这个房间比那个房间大两倍Thedictionaryisfourtimesthickerthanthatbook这本词典比那本书厚四倍Myageistwotimesolderthanhis我的年龄比他大两倍名词定义名词是表示人事物地点或抽象概念的名称例如:desk桌子time时间life生活book书本room房间honesty诚实worker工人pencil铅笔computer计算机用法:在句子中用作动词的主语或宾语的词或是在独立结构中表示名称的词或是在联系动词后作表语用的词分类名词分为专有名词和普通名词专有名词:表示具体的人事物地点或机构的专有名称China中国Asia亚洲Beijing北京普通名词:表示某些人某类事物某种物质或抽象概念的名称例如:teacher老师tea茶reform改革普通名词又可进一步分为四类1个体名称IndividualNouns:表示单个的人和事物horse马car汽车room房间apple苹果fan风扇picture照片2集体名称CollectiveNouns:表示一群人或一些事物的名称people人们family家庭army军队government政府group集团3物质名词MaterialNouns:表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的物质fire火steel钢air空气water水milk牛奶4抽象名词AbstractNouns:表示动作状态品质或其他抽象概念labour劳动health健康life生活friendship友情patience耐力名词又可分为可数名词CountableNouns和不可数名词UncountableNouns_______________________________________||专有名词|||名||个体名词||||||可数名词||||集体名词||||普通名词||||词||物质名词||||||不可数名词||||抽象名词||可数名词有单复数之分表示一个或多个abook一本书twobooks两本书不可数名词:不分单复数;抽象名词物质名词和专有名词一般是不可数名词sand沙sugar糖有少数名词即可作可数名词也可作不可数名词但含义不同glass玻璃glass玻璃杯paper纸paper报纸文件名词的功能名词在句中作主语宾语介词宾语宾语补助语表语以及名词短语作状语Thebagisinthedesk.bag作主语书包在桌子里边Iwashedmyclothesyesterday.clothes作宾语昨天我洗了我的衣服Thisisagoodbook.book作表语这是一本好书Weelectedhimourmonitor.monitor作宾语补助语我们选他为我们的班长Maryliveswithherparents.parents作介词宾语.玛丽和她的父母亲住在一起HeisaPartymember.Party作定语.他是一名党员Theystudyharddayandnight.dayandnight作状语他们白天黑夜地学习名词的数英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式表示一个人或事物用单数形式表示一个以上的人或事物用复数形式abook一本书twobooks两本书abag一个包threebags三个包名词的单数形式就是词典上所出现的形式没有变化如:apenabedaroomanEnglishbook名词的复数形式多数名词的复数形式在其单数形式后面加-s或-es构成名词复数形式变化如下1一般情况下在词尾加-s.例如:bags,maps,pens,desks,workers2名词以[s][z][][t][d]等音结尾在其后加-es如词尾已有e只加-sclothes,boxes,buses,horses,watches,dishes3名词以-f或-fe结尾的把-f或-fe变成-ves.bookshelves,wives,knives4名词以辅音+y结尾的变y为i再加escities,babies,factories.5名词以辅音+o结尾的加-es变为复数形式heroespotatoestomatoes极少数名词虽然以-o或者-f结尾变成复数则只加-s为数不多如radiospianosphotosroofs等英语中有些名词的复数形式是不规则的需要一一记忆常见的有,man-menwoman-womenfoot-feettooth-teethmouse-miceox-oxensheep-sheepdear-dearfish-fish名词复数的不规则变化1child---childrenfoot---feettooth---teethmouse---miceman---menwoman---women注意:与man和woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men和-women如:anEnglishman,twoEnglishmen.但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓,其复数是theBowmans2单复同形如:deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japaneseli,jin,yuan,twoli,threemu,fourjin但除人民币元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式如:adollartwodollars;ametertwometers3集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数如:peoplepolicecattle等本身就是复数,不能说apeople,apolice,acattle,但可以说aperson,apoliceman,aheadofcattletheEnglish,theBritish,theFrench,theChinese,theJapanese,theSwiss等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用如:TheChineseareindustriesandbrave.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的4以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如:a.maths,politics,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数b.news是不可数名词c.theUnitedStates,theUnitedNations应视为单数TheUnitedNationswasorganizedin
1945.联合国是1945年组建起来的d.以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数TheArabianNightsisaveryinterestingstory-book.一千零一夜是一本非常有趣的故事书5表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses眼镜trousersclothes若表达具体数目,要借助数量词pair对,双;suit套;apairofglasses;twopairsoftrousers6另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如:goods货物,waters水域,fishes各种鱼定语名词的复数名词作定语一般用单数,但也有以下例外1用复数作定语如:sportsmeeting运动会studentsreading-room学生阅览室talkstable谈判桌theforeignlanguagesdepartment外语系2manwomangentleman等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定如:menworkerswomenteachersgentlemenofficials3有些原有s结尾的名词,作定语时,s保留如:goodstrain货车armsproduce武器生产customspapers海关文件clothesbrush衣刷4数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式如:two-dozeneggs两打/二十四个鸡蛋aten-milewalk十里路two-hundredtrees两百棵树afive-yearplan.一个五年计划个别的有用复数作定语的,如:aseven-yearschild英语中有些名词总是以复数形式出现scissors剪刀goods货物trousers裤子clothes衣服glasses玻璃杯不可数名词量的表示1物质名词a.当物质名词转化为个体名词时比较:Cakeisakindoffood.蛋糕是一种食物不可数Thesecakesaresweet.这些蛋糕很好吃可数b.当物质名词表示该物质的种类时,名词可数Thisfactoryproducessteel.不可数Weneedvarioussteels.可数c.当物质名词表示份数时,可数Ourcountryisfamousfortea.我国因茶叶而闻名Twoteasplease.请来两杯茶2抽象名词有时也可数fourfreedoms四大自由thefourmodernizations四个现代化物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量如:aglassofwater一杯水apieceofadvice一条建议不同国家的人的单复数名称总称谓语用复数一个人两个人中国人theChineseaChinesetwoChinese瑞士人theSwissaSwisstwoSwiss澳大利亚人theantwoAustraliansAustralianAustralians俄国人theRussiansaRussiantwoRussians意大利人theItaliansanItaliantwoItalians希腊人theGreekaGreektwoGreeks法国人theFrenchaFrenchmantwoFrenchmen日本人theJapaneseaJapanesetwoJapanese美国人theAmericansanAmericantwoAmericans印度人theIndiansanIndiantwoIndians加拿大人theCanadiansaCanadiantwoCanadians德国人theGermansaGermanstwoGermans英国人theEnglishanEnglishmantwoEnglishmen瑞典人theSwedishaSwedetwoSwedes名词的格在英语中名词的格有三个主格宾格和所有格它们的形式及其变化表示与其他词的关系实际上主格和宾格通过它在句中的作用和位置来确定Thebirdisinthetree.鸟在树上bird作主语是主格Isawafilmyesterday.昨天我看了一场电影film作宾语是宾格名词的所有格:名词中表示所有关系的形式叫做名词所有格LuXunsbookisworthreading.鲁迅的书值得一读Thisismyfathersroom.这是我父亲的房间以-s或-es结尾的复数名词的所有格只在名词后加“”Therearemanystudentsexercisebookshere.这儿有许多学生的练习本复合名词的所有格s加在后面的名词之后.Thisismyson-in-lawsbike.这是我女婿的自行车如果一样东西为两人共有则只在后一个名词后加sWevisitedXiaoLiandXiaoZhangsroom.我们参观了小李和小张的房间名词所有格所修饰的词有时可以省略如前文已经提到或者指地点ThebookisnotminebutLiHue‘s.这本书不是我的,是李华的Ihadmyhaircutinthebarbers.我在理发店理发了2表示无生命东西的名词所有格一般与of构成短语表示前者属于后者ItsamapofChina.它是一幅中国画Iforgotthetitleofthefilm.我忘记电影名字了BeijingisthecapitalofChina.北京是中国的首都名词的性英语名词如果从生物学的自然性别角度来分析可分为四种性阳性阴性通性和中性一般来说绝大多数名词没有性的词性变化形式英语名词大部分都是中性的对于一些代表性的英语名词,则用不同的英语名词来表示而不是用一个词的词形变化来表示例如阳性:表示男人或雄性动物的名词有,fathermanboy阴性:表示女人或雌性动物的名词有,motherwomangirl通性:表示某一类别的名称而不强调性别childrenbabyfriendanimalfish中性:表示无生命的物质名称和抽象名称,deskpenchairroom英语名称分类繁杂它的单复数问题以及可数还是不可数问题直接影响谓语动词冠词代词的使用请注意下列几个问题名称作主语时谓语动词必须和它的主语人称数相一致.Thesebooksareminenotyours.这些书是我的,不是你的MissLiteachesusEnglish.李小姐教我们英语注意事项集体名称作主语时谓语动词可用单数也可用复数用单数是把集体名称看作整体用复数是把集体名称看作整体中的组成部分或各成员Hisfamilyislarge.他家人很多Hisfamilyareallteachers他的家人都是教师动词用复数.WeChinesepeoplearebraveandhardworking.我们中国人民勤劳而勇敢下列名词newsmathematicsphysicspolities等名称作主语时谓语动词用单数Thegoodnewsisthatwehavepassedtheexam.好消息是我们通过了考试下列名词goodsscissorstrouserseyeglassesscales作主语时谓语动词用复数Doyouknowwheremytrousersare你知道我的裤子在哪儿吗用and连接的名词作主语谓语动词用复数Sheandhersisterareinthesameschool.她和她的妹妹在同一个学校Thereis句型中谓语动词和靠近的主语一致Therearetwoapplesandoneegginit.这里边有两个苹果和一个鸡蛋aswellas和名词连用时谓语动词和第一个名词相一致HeaswellasIisresponsibleforit.不但是我,他对这件事也有责任either...or,neither...nor,notonly...butalso连接名词时谓语动词和靠近的主语一致Eitheryouorhehastohandinthereport.不是你就是他得把报告交上来名词口诀:人和事物各有名,万千名目可辨清表示名称即名词,具体抽象有不同时间空间和地点,方向位置有专称主宾定谓都可作,名词具有多功能现在分词和动名词的区别动名词和现在分词都称作动状词Verbal,即由动词变化而来,仍然具有动词的性质与原义,但不能作动词使用的词动名词与现在分词的区别主要是:
1.如果ing形式在句中作表语,那么它可能是现在分词,也可能是动名词区别方法是:动名词作定语时,说明被修饰的名词的用途可以用usefor+动名词这个结构代替,它和所修饰的名词在逻辑上没有主谓关系;现在分词作定语时,表示它所修饰的名词的行为,和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系可以扩展为定语从句E.g.:asleepingcar=acarusedforsleeping一节卧车车厢sleeping此处为动名词asleepingchild=achildwhoissleeping一个睡着的孩子sleeping此处为现在分词
2.动名词具有名词的性质:可以和名词一样有冠词或this、some等形容词;E.g.:Aknockingatthedoorwasheard可以和名词一样有所有格、复数形式;E.g.:Heenjoysreadingforreading‘ssakenotforscholarship.HeissobusythatIcan‘tkeeptrackofallhiscomingsandgoings.可以带有所有格已表明动作者E.g.:Pleaseexcusemycominglate.
3.如果ing形式在句中作表语,那么它可能是现在分词,也可能是动名词区别方法是:如果ing形式相当于一个名词,可以与主语交换位置,它就是动名词如果ing形式相当于形容词,不能与主语交换位置,它就是现在分词
4.―动名词+名词‖和―现在分词+名词‖的读音不同,前者的重音在―动名词‖上asleepingsuit,而后者的重音在―名词‖上asleepingchild
5.动名词用法的特殊情况No+动名词——用于简短的禁令或禁律E.g.:Nosmoking.Thereisno+-ing…是不可能的=Itisimpossibleto~=Noonecan~orWecannot~E.g.:Thereisnotellingwhenlastingpeacewillcome.谁也不知道永久的和平何时到来Neverornot…without+-ing每次…都…=wheneverE.g.:Henevercomeswithoutbringingsomepresent.Itgoeswithoutsayingthat…是不用说的=ItisneedlesstosaythatE.g.:Itgoeswithoutsayingthatnoanimalcanlivewithoutbreathing.Do+动名词做需要若干时间或一再重复的事情——动名词之前都由the、所有格或some/alittle/much/alotof之类的形容词E.g.:DoyoudomuchfishingOnorupon+-ing当…,一…就…=whenorassoonas+S.+V.Ofone‘sown=-ing自己…的=-edbyoneselfE.g.:Heshowedmeapictureofhisownpainting.Makeapointof–ing必定,重视=makeitapointto~E.g.:HemakesapointofcallingonmeonNewYear‘sDay.Beonoruponthepointof–ing正要=bejustaboutto~
6.如果ing形式在句中充当状语和补语,那么它一定是现在分词如果ing形式在句中充当主语、宾语、同位语,那么它一定是动名词代词
一、考点聚焦代词分为九类:人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词\疑问代词、连接代词、不定代词、关系代词大多数代词具有名词和形容词的作用
1、人称代词1人称代词作主语用主格,作宾语、表语用宾格,但应注意以下4中情况:作主语的人称代词如果孤立地使用于无谓语动词的句子中,或在这种句子中与动词不定式连用,常用宾格—DoesanyofyouknowwhereTomlives—Me.What!MetoplayhimatchessNo!句子中代词作宾语或宾语补足语时,与所替代的名词在人称、数、格在意义上一般要保持前后一致Thethiefwasthoughttobehe.thethief是主格,故用he代替Theytookmetobeher.他们误以为我是她me是宾格,故用her替代作表语人称代词一般用宾格,但在强调句型中,被强调部分代词的格不变Imetherinthehospital.ItwasherwhoImetinthehospital.在比较级的句子中than、as后用主格、宾格都可以如:HeistallerthanmeI.但在下列句中有区别IlikeJackasmuchasher.=IlikebothJackandher.IlikeJackasmuchasshe.=IlikeJackandshelikeshimtoo.2两个以上的人称代词并列,其次序排列原则:在并列主语中,―I‖总是放在最后,排列顺序为:二三一人称宾格me也一样YousheandIwillbeinchargeofthecase.Mr.ZhangaskedLiHuaandmetohelphim.第三人称,男女两性并用,男先女后Heandshestilldon‘tagreetotheplan.3几个人称代词的特殊用法we/you口语常用来泛指一般人she可以代表国家、船只、大地、月亮等The―Titanic‖wasthelargestwasn‘tshe
2.物主代词1名词和形容词性物主代词各自的语法功能2one‘sown…=...ofone‘sown句式的转换3某些固定结构中常用定冠词代替物主代词如:takesb.bythearmbewoundedintheleg.
3.反身代词1反身代词的语法功能:宾语、表语、主语或宾语的同位语2反身代词和某些动词连有,构成固定短语enjoyoneselffeeloneselfmakeoneselfathomemakeoneselfunderstood3反身代词还可用于某些成语中foroneself为自己或独立地,ofoneself自然地,自动地byoneself独自地,inoneself本身性质,besideoneself喜怒哀愁至极Thisproblemgetsachaptertoitself.这个问题占了一章独有JustbetweenourselvesIdon‘tthinkmuchofhim.私下地说我并不怎么看重他Theywerediscussingaboutitamongthemselves.相互共同Lefttohimselfhebegantowrite.别人走后只留下他,他写了起来I‘mveryangrywithmyself.生自己的气
4.相互代词eachotheroneanother相互代词无人称、数和格的区别,在句中作宾语其所有格分别为eachother‘s、oneanother‘s作定语一般来说,eachother指两者之间,oneanother指三者或三者以上之间,但现在区分已不明显
5.指示代词thisthatthesethosesuchsame指示代词具有形容词和代词两种词性,在句子中可以作定语、主语、宾语或表语等1指示代词this和that的区别thisthese一般指时间或空间上较近的人或物;thatthose常指时间或空间较远的人或物Thisismydeskandthatisyours.Inthosedaystheycouldnotgotoschool.this常指后面要讲到的事物,有启下的作用;that则指前面讲到过的事物,有承上的作用Iwanttotellyouthis:theEnglishpartywillbeheldonSaturdayafternoon.Hehurthislegyesterday.That‘swhyhedidn‘tcome.为了避免重复,常用that或those代替前面已提过的名词TheweatherofBeijingiscolderthanthatofNanjing.Theearsofarabbitarelongerthanthoseofafox.this在电话用语中作自我介绍,that询问对方;this和that可以当副词用,意思相当于副词so2such和same的用法such指―这样的‖人或事,在句中作主语和定语Suchwasthestory.Wehaveneverseensuchatallbuilding.same指―同样的‖人或事,在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语,same的前面要用定冠词the.Thesamecanbesaidoftheotherarticle.另一篇文章也是同样的情况主语Whetherhecandoitornotitisallthesametome.他是否能做这事,对我来说都一样表语
6、疑问代词whowhomwhichwhatwhose疑问代词在句中作主语、宾语、定语和表语1who/what询问姓名或关系——Whoishe——Heismybrother./HeisHenry.询问职业或地位——Whatishe——Heisalawyer/teacher.What/who作主语时,谓语动词的数取决于说话人的视点,可单数也可复数Whatis/areonthetableWhois/areinthelibrary2which与who、whatwhich表示在一定范围内,而who、what则无此限制Ifoundtwobooksonthedesk.Whichisyours
7.连接代词和关系代词连接代词与疑问代词的形式相同,主要有who、whom、whose、what、which以及它们与ever合成的代词whoever、whomever、whatever、whichever等它们用来引导主语从句,宾语从句和表语从句,即连接复合句中的主句和从句,并在从句中担任一定的句子成分,以连接代词引起的名词性从句前不能再加that.关系代词是用来引导定语从句的代词,它们包括who、whom、whose、which、that等这两类代词的用法详见―名词性从句‖和―定语从句‖部分
8、不定代词不定代词主要有:all、each、every、both、either、neither、one、none、little、few、many、much、other、another、some、any、no等还有由some、any、no和every构成合成代词,不定代词具有名词和形容词的性质,并有可数和不可数之分,在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语等every、no只能作定语下面介绍几组主要不定代词的用法与区别1some与any一般用法:some、any可与单、复数可数名词及不可数名词连有some一般用于肯定句,any多用于疑问、否定或条件句HehassomeChinesepaintings.定语Somelikesportsotherslikemusic.主语Askmeifyouhaveanyquestions.定语Doyouhaveanyquestionstoask定语Idon‘tknowanyofthestudents.宾语特殊用法:any用于肯定句表示―任何‖的意思Anychildcandothat.定语Youmaytakeanyofthem.宾语some用于单数可数名词前表示―某一‖SmithwenttosomeplaceinEngland.定语在期待对方回答yes时,some用在表示请求或邀请的问句中Wouldyoulikesomebananas邀请Mumcouldyougivemesomemoney请求some用于否定句表示部分否定Idon‘tknowsomeofthestudents.宾语some和any在句中还可作状语,作副词some意为―大约‖相当于―about‖而any则表示程度,意为―稍,丝毫‖如:Therearesome300workersonstrike.Doyoufeelanybettertoday2onebothallone作定语、表语、主语或宾语,可以指人或物,表示―一个‖的意思,其复数为ones指人时,其所有格是one‘s,反身代词是oneself.Oneshouldtryone‘sbesttoservethepeople.主语、定语ThisisnottheoneIwant.表语one、ones可以代替上文提到过的名词,以免重复,one、ones前面分别可以用this、that、these、those或the、which等词修饰如:Thesebooksaremoreinterestingthanthoseones.Herearethreepens.Whichoneisyoursthisoneorthatoneortheoneinthepencil-boxboth用作定语、宾语、主语和同位语,可以指人或指物,表示―两者都‖的意思Thismathsproblemcanbeworkedoutinbothways.定语Bothoftheboysarehere.主语Webotharestudents.同位语注意:both用于否定句,表示部分否定;表示完全否定时,用neither如:Bothofusarenotteachers.我们俩并不都是教师Neitherofusisateacher.我们俩都不是教师both不能放在the、these、those、my等之后,而应放在它们的前面如:Bothmyparentslikethisfilm.Boththe/theseboysaretall.all用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语,指―全部的‖、―整个的‖,可与可数或不可数名词连用,除少数情况外,一般不与单数可数名词连用,与复数名词连用时,表示―所有的‖、―全部的‖,指三个或三个以上的人或物Hegavemeallthemoney.他把全部的钱给了我Alltheschoolsareflooded.所有的学校都被淹了Itoldhimallaboutit.我把一切都告诉了他That‘sallfortoday.今天就在这儿TheyhaveallbeentoXi‘an.他们都去过西安注意:all用于否定句,表示部分否定,完全否定用none如:Notalltheantsgooutforfood.or:Alltheantsdon‘tgooutforfood.并不是所有的蚂蚁都出去寻找食物Noneofthemoneyismine.这钱一分也不是我的3many和muchmany和much都表示―许多‖,但many修饰或代替复数可数名词,much修饰或代替不可数名词它们在句中可作主语、宾语、定语much有时用作状语4fewlittle;afewalittlefew和little表示没有多少,含否定意义;而afew和alittle表示有一些,有几个,含肯定意义另外,few、afew修饰可数名词;little、alittle修饰不可数名词它们在句中常用作定语、主语和宾语5no和noneno=notany表示―没有‖,用来修饰可数名词或不可数名词,通常作定语,none代替不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式;代替可数名词作主语时,谓语动词可用单数也可用复数形式none还可以在句中作宾语注意:none既可以指人又可以指物,noone只能指人6each和everyeach各个,指两个或两个以上的人或物,侧重个体,在句中作主语、宾语、定语和同位语every每个,指三个或三个以上的人或物,侧重整体,在句中只能作定语Everystudentitourclasshasadictionary.定语,强调班上―所有的人‖Eachstudentinourclasshasadictionary.定语,强调各个个体Eachofthemhasbeenthere.主语Theteachergaveeachofthestudentsanewtextbook.宾语Weeachgotaticket.同位语7either和neithereither是―两者中任何一个‖的意思,可修饰或代替单数可数名词,neither是―两者中没有一个‖的意思,可以修饰或代替单数可数名词,它们可在句在作主语、宾语或定语如:Herearetwopens.Youmaytakeeitherofthem.宾语NeitherboyknowsFrench.定语注意:either也作副词,其意为―也‖,用于否定句的句末Hedoesn‘tliketeaandIdon‘teither.状语either与or构成连词,意为―不是……就是……‖或―要么……要么……‖HeiseitherJapaneseorChinese.neither用作副词,意为―也不‖,即―not…either‖Hecan‘tdoitneithercanI.neither可与nor构成连词,意为―既不……也不‖Neitherhenoryouareastudent.8other和anothertheothers和otherstheother表示―两者中的另一个‖;―theother+复数可数名词‖表示―其余他的……‖;theothers表示―其他的人或物‖―others及other+复数名词‖泛指―其他的别的人或物‖这些词语在句中可作主语、宾语和定语如:Hegottwobooks;oneistextbooktheotherisanovel.Fiveofthepencilsareredtheotherstheotherpensareyellow.Somearesingingothersaredancing.another修饰或代替单数可数名词,意为―三个或三个以上的另一个‖,不能指两者中的另一个,在句中可作宾语和定语Thiscoatistoodark.Pleaseshowmeanother.宾语Pleasegivemeanotherbook.定语注意:another修饰复数名词时,意为―再,又‖如:Pleasegivemeanothertenminutes.one…anotherasecond…athird…theother…意为―一个……一个……一个……一个‖用于三者或三者以上的排列some…others…others…,意为―一些……一些……一些‖
二、精典名题导解选择填空
1.TheParkersboughtanewhousebut__________willneedalotofworkbeforetheycanmovein.NMET2001A.theyB.itC.oneD.which解析:答案为B分析题意可知,they显然不合,which多引导从句,从此为并列句式,one表示泛指,而此处空格内容指代前面提到的thenewhouse要仔细区别代词的所指范围,是人还是物,单数还是复数,另应注意句式2Ifyouwanttochangeforadoubleroomyou‘llhavetopay_________$
15.NMET2000A.anotherB.otherC.moreD.each解析:答案为A本题考查不定代词用于表示数量附加的用法―another+数复数名词‖结构通常用来表示在原有数量上的附加若选C,正确结构是―数字+词+more+复数名词‖掌握another和more与数字搭配的位置是此题关键another放在数字前,more放在数字后NMET1995中第25小题命题思路与此题一致
3.Fewpleasurescanequal___________ofacooldrinkonahotday.NMET1999A.someB.anyC.thatD.those解析:答案为C本题考查替代词that的用法that通常在句中替代同类的、特定的但不是同一的事物本句中that替代thepleasure句意为―在炎热的夏天几乎没有任何乐趣能与饮一杯冷饮的乐趣相比‖that指代单数或不可数名词,复数用those,表示特指,以避免重复,在比较句型中较为常用,代替可数名词时可换用theone代词比较辩异one,that和itone表示泛指,that和it表示特指that与所指名词为同类,但不是同一个,而it与所指名词为同一个Icantfindmyhat.IthinkImustbuyone.不定我找不到我的帽子了我想我该去买一顶ThehatyouboughtisbiggerthanthatIbought.同类但不同个你买的那顶帽子比我买的大Icantfindmyhat.IdontknowwhereIputit.同一物主谓一致
一、主谓一致指―人称‖和―数‖方面的一致关系对大多数人来说,往往会在掌握主语和随后的谓语动词之间的一致问题上遇到困难一般情况下,主谓之间的一致关系由以下三个原则支配:一语法一致原则用作主语的名词词组中心词和谓语动词在单、复数形式上的一致,就是语法一致也就是说,如果名词中心词是单数,动词用单数形式;如果名词中心词是复数,动词用复数形式例如:Thistableisagenuineantique.Bothpartieshavetheirownadvantages.Herjobhassomethingtodowithcomputers.Shewantstogohome.Theyaredivorcingeachother.Marywaswatchingherselfinthemirror.Thebirdbuiltanest.Susancomeshomeeveryweek-end.二意义一致原则有时,主语和谓语动词的一致关系取决于主语的单、复数意义,而不是语法上的单、复数形式,这样的一致关系就是意义一致例如:Democraticgovernmentgraduallytaketheplaceofanall-powerfulmonarchy.Abarrackswasattackedbytheguerilla.Mumpsisakindofinfectiousdisease.TheUnitedStatesisadevelopedcountry.Itistheremainsofaruinedpalace.Thearchiveswaslost.Thispairoftrouserscostsfiftydollars.三就近原则有时,谓语动词的单、复数形式决定于最靠近它的词语例如:Eithermygrandsonsortheirfatheriscoming.Nooneexcepthisdaughtersagreewithhim.Maryandhersistersarebakingacake.NeitherRichardnorIamgoing.
二、以集合名词做主语的主谓一致问题有些集合名词,ommitteecouncilcrewcrowdfamilyganggovernmentgroupmobstaffteamunion等,在意义上是复数,但在语法形式上是单数,这类名词作主语的主谓一致问题往往遵循―语法一致‖或―意义一致‖原则例如:Thecommitteehas/havedecidedtodismisshim.Acouncilofeldersgovernsthetribe.Thepresentgovernmentistryingtocontrolinflation.Theschoolstaffareexpectedtosuperviseschoolmeals.一通常作复数的集体名词包括policepeoplecattlemilitiavermin等,这些集体名词通常用作复数例如:TheBritishpolicehaveonlyverylimitedpowers.Themilitiawerecalledouttoguardtheborderland.Itseemsthecattleonthesidesofthedikesweretheonlylivingcreaturesinthesedesolatesurroundings.二通常作不可数名词的集体名词通常作不可数名词的集体名词,包括poultryfoliage,machineryequipmentfurnituremerchandise等这类名词后的动词用单数形式例如:Poultryisexpensiveatthistimeofyear.Thatgreenfoliagewasrestful.Themerchandisehasarrivedundamaged.AllthemachineryinthefactoryismadeinChina.Thesuiteoffurnitureheboughtwasofcontemporarystyle.Theequipmentofthephotographicstudiowasexpensive.三可作单数也可作复数的集体名词可作单数也可作复数的集体名词包括audiencecommitteecrewfamilygovernmentjuryarmyclassclubcrowdfamilygangherdcongressassenmblyband等作主语时,如指整体,谓语用单数;如指成员,谓语用复数Theaudiencewas/wereenthusiasticontheopeningnightoftheplay.Thecommitteehas/havedecidedtodismisshim.Thejuryis/areabouttoannouncethewinners.Thegovernmenthas/havediscussedthematterforalongtime.
三、acommitteeetcof+复数名词的主谓一致问题如果主语是由acommitteeof/apanelof/atheboardof+复数名词构成,随后的动词通常用单数例如:Acommitteeoftwelvemenistodiscussthematter.Apanelofexpertshasconsideredthesituation.Theboardofmanagersisresponsibleforthefirm.
四、以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题英语可数名词的规则复数形式是在词尾加-s或-es,但是有一些以-s结尾的名词并不是可数名词它们用法多样,造成了实际使用上的困难,以下详述了以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题一以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语的主谓一致问题以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语的主谓一致问题如:arthritisbronchitisdiabetesmumpsphlebitisrickets这类以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语时,谓语动词通常用作单数例如:Arthritiscausesgreatpaininthejointsofthepatient.Thediabetesisakindofchronicdisease.Measlesusuallyoccursinchildren.Phlebitisisaswollenconditionofthebloodvessels.二以-s结尾的游戏名称作主语的主谓一致问题以-s结尾的游戏名称作主语时,谓语动词通常用作单数例如:Dartsisbasicallyaeasygame.Marblesisnotconfinedtochildren.Skittlesisnotfashionablenowadays.Draughtsisnotverydifficulttolearn.但当Darts,Marbles等的意义为游戏器具而非游戏名称时,谓语动词通常用作复数例如:Threedartsarethrownateachturn.Allnineskittleswerebroughtdownbythegoodthrow.三以-s结尾的地理名称作主语的主谓一致问题某些以-s结尾的地理名称,如果是国名,如theUnitedStates,theNetherlands等,因其是单一政治实体,所以谓语动词用作单数例如:TheUnitedStateswashitbytheGreatDepressionin1930s.InearlyJanuary1996theNetherlandswashitbyitsworststormsince
1976.但如果是群岛、山脉、海峡、瀑布等地理名称作主语,谓语动词用作复数例如:TheWestIndiesarecommonlydividedintotwoparts.TheHimalayashaveamagnificentvarietyofplant.TheStraitsofGibraltarhavenotlosttheirstrategicimportance.TheNiagaraFallsareperhapsthemostsplendidwaterfallintheworld.四以-ics结尾的学科名称作主语的主谓一致问题某些以-ics结尾的学科名称作主语时,如physicsmathematicsmechanicsopticsacousticspoliticsstatisticseconomicslinguisticsathletics等谓语动词通常用作单数例如:Physicsisafundamentalsubjectinscience.Thethirdworldeconomicsispromising.Acousticsstudiesthescienceofsound.Mathematicsisaninterestingsubject.Athleticsisarequiredcourseforstudentsofallgrades.但如果这类名词表示学科以外的其它含义,可作复数用;如这类名词前有物主代词时,谓语动词用单复数均可例如:Athleticshavebeengreatlyencouragedatthiscollege.Theacousticsofthenewconcerthallareperfect.Theeconomicsoftheprojectarestillatissue.Hispoliticsis\areweak.五其它以-s结尾的名词的主谓一致问题A.以-s结尾的由两部分组成的物体名称作主语英语中有一些通常以-s结尾的由两部分组成的物体名词,如glassespincerspliersscissorsshortssuspenderstrousers等,这类名词做主语,如果不带―一把‖、―一副‖等单位词,谓语动词通常用复数例如:Marysglassesarenew.Johnstrousersareblack.如果带有单位词,则由单位词决定动词的单、复数形式例如:Onepairofpincersisntenough.Twopairsofscissorsaremissingfrommytoolbox.B.其他以-s结尾的名词英语中还有一些以s结尾的名词,如archives,armsclothescontentseavesfireworksgoodsminutesmoralsremainsstairssuburbsthankswages这类名词作主语时,谓语动词通常用复数例如:ThearchivesofthecountryarekeptintheDepartmentofSecurity.Thecontentsofthebookaremostamusing.Highwagesoftenresultinhighprices.Mythanksaresincere.C.表示书名、报名、剧名、国名等的名词或词组作主语时,如只指一种、一本或一个,谓语动词用单数例如:TheNewYorkTimesisnotavailablehereTheUnitedStateswasfoundedin1776D.表示时间、距离、度量、价值的复数名词作主语时,如表抽象概念,被视为一整体,谓语动词用单数;如表具体的多少,强调复数意义,谓语动词用复数TenminutesisallthatIcanspareforyou.Sixthousanddollarsisalargesumofmoneytoher.Thefiftymileswerecoveredbythewinnerinthreehours.
五、如果句子的主语是并列结构,其主谓一致问题通常遵循以下原则:一由and/both...and连接的并列主语的主谓一致问题由and/both...and连接的并列结构作主语,可根据主语的意义决定谓语动词的单、复数形式例如:Pancakesandsyrupisatastybreakfast.ThenumberanddiversityofBritishnewspaperisconsiderable.Goodandbadtasteareinculcatedbyexample.Fishandchipsaregettingveryexpensive.Atruckandacarwereintheditch.BothCathyandherdaughterLindahavegonefishinginCanada.当and连接的并列单数名词词组带有each,everynomanya等限定词时,谓语动词通常用单数例如:Everyman,womanandchildisentitledtotakepartintheactivity.Eachmanandeachwomanthereisaskedtohelp.Everyflowerandeverybushistobecutdown.Noteacherandnostudentislisteningtothelecture.Manyaboyandmanyagirlhasbeentotheexhibition..当and连接的两个名词指同一人、同一事或同一概念时,and后面那个名词前没有冠词,谓语动词用单数当and连接两个都有冠词的名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数例如:TheteacherandthewriterarerespectedbyallthepeoplearoundTheteacherandwriterisrespectedbyallthepeoplearound.形容词,and,形容词,名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数例如:Socialandpoliticalfreedomarelimitedthere.二由or/nor/either...or连接的并列主语的主谓一致问题由ornoreither...orneither...nornotonly...butalso连接的并列结构作主语,随后的动词形式通常按照―就近原则‖处理例如:NeitherLucynorCarolhasanymoneyleft.NeitherskatenorsnowstopshimfromdrivinghisnewMercedes-Benz.EitherTinaorCarolissuretoknowtheanswer.Neithermyfathernormybrothersarelikelytobeattheater.NeithertheKansascoachnortheplayerswereconfidentofvictory.Notonlyonebutallofusarehopingtobethere.Notonlytheswitchesbutalsotheoldwiringhasbeenstolen.三主语+asmuchasetc的主谓一致问题当主语后面跟有由asmuchasratherthanmorethannolessthan等引导的从属结构,或跟有由aswellasinadditiontowithalongwithtogetherwithexceptlikeincludingbut等引导的词组时,其后的动词形式取决主语的形式就远原则例如:Thevesselwithitsentirecrewandcargowaslost.Theoceanaswellasthegulfandthebayprovidesgoodfishing.Johnratherthanhisroommatesistoblame.HughaswellashistwosistersisvacationinginWyomingthissummer.Someoftheemployeesasmuchasthemanagerwereresponsibleforthefailure.Myhusbandmorethananyoneelseinthefamilyislongingtogothereagain.Billytogetherwithhissisterswaswoundedintheaccident.Nooneexcepttwogirlswaslateforschool.
六、以表示数量概念的名词词组作主语的主谓一致问题数量概念分两类:一类是确定数量,如twoyearsfivesecondsthreekilos等,另一类是非确定数量,如allof...someof...noneof...如果用这类表示数量概念的名词词组作主语,会产生主谓一致问题一以表示确定数量的名词词组作主语当主语为表示确定数量的名词词组时,如果数量概念被看做一个整体,动词用单数,如果被看做组成该数量的个体,动词用复数例如:Thetreasurerconsideredthattwentydollarswasnottoomuchtoask.TwomonthsistooshortatimeGeneralmanagerwarnedwemusthurryup.Threeweeksisneededtocompletethetask.Thereweresixsilverdollarsineachofthestockings.Threepintsisnotenoughtogethimdrunk.Atotalof50000newbicycleswasregisteredintheyear.如果作主语的名词词组是由―分数/百分数+of‖词组构成,其动词形式取决于of词组中名词的类别例如:Two-thirdsofthepeoplepresentisagainsttheplan.Three-fourthsofthesurfaceoftheearthiscoveredbysea.Overtwentypercentofthecitywasdestroyedinthewar.Forty-fivepercentofthedoctorswerewoman.两数相减或相除,谓语动词用单数;两数相加或相乘,谓语动词可用单数,也可用复数例如:Sixtyminusseventeenleavesforty-three.Forty-twodividedbysixisseven.Sixandeightmakes/makefourteen.Sixtimeseightis/areforty-eight.如果主语由onein/oneoutof+复数名词构成,在正式语体中,动词用单数例如:Oneintenstudentshaspassedtheexamination.Oneoutoftwelvebottleswasleftintact.二以表示非确定数量的名词词组作主语的主谓一致问题如果主语由aportionofaseriesofapileofapanelof+名词或由―akind/sort/typeofthiskind/sort/typeof+名词‖构成,谓语动词通常用单数例如:ApanelofushasdecidedtohireaboatandtravelthroughHollandbycanal.Apileofapplelogswassetbesidethehearth.Aportionofreportsisdeceiving.Thiskindofcarsisratherexpensive.Thistypeofwomenisdangerous.Thattypeofmachinesisup-to-date.如果主语是由―thewhole+单数名词‖,―manya+单数名词或―morethanone+单数名词构成,谓语用单数例如:Manyapersoninthesecircumstanceshashopedforalongbreak.Manyamanhashisownresponsibility.Morethanonestudenthasfailedtheexam.Morethanoneshipwaslostthisyear.但more+复数名词thanone作主语时,谓语用复数形式Moremembersthanoneareagainsttheproposal.如果主语是allofsomeofnoneofhalfofmostoflotsofloadsofplentyof等表示非确定数量的名词词组,谓语动词的单、复数形式根据of词组中名词类别而定例如:MostofthemoneywasrecoveredbyDeputyPlayer.Allofthecargowaslost.Someofthebookswerebadlytorn.Noneofmyfriendsevercometoseeme.Halfofthebuildingwasdestroyedduringthewar.Halfofthestudentsareeagertoleavenow.Lotsofpeoplearewaitingoutside.Loadsofappleshavebeendistributedamongthechildren.Plentyofwaterwaspreparedforirrigation.oneortwo,名词复数oneormore,名词复数作主语,谓语动词用复数one/a,单数名词ortwo作主语,谓语动词可用单数也可用复数例如:Oneortwobooksareneeded.Onebookortwois/areneeded.
七、不定式短语、动名词或从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数例如:ReadinginthemorningisgoodforlearningEnglish.但是,当and连接上述两个相同的结构时,谓语动词用复数例如:Readingbooksandplayingtabletennisaremygreatpleasure.多个从句作主语,应根据概念上一致的原则决定谓语动词的单复数Whathesaysandactsdoesnotconcernme笼统指人的言行Whathesaysandactsdonotagree.指说的话和做的事不一致
八、其他情况主谓一致Neither\eitherof+复数名词作主语,谓语动词可用单数,也可用复数Amounts\quantiesof+不可数名词,谓语用复数Population作主语时,意为人民时,谓语用复数,意为人口时,谓语用单数Thenumberof+复数名词作主语,谓语用单数动词是英语教学中的一个重点项目;而动词中的难点则属非谓语动词非谓语动词,顾名思义,就是不能做谓语的动词可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语非谓语动词有三类:动词不定式todo、现在分词doing和过去分词done虽然动词doing属名词的范围,但由于其与现在分词同形,因此,本文也将其作以必要的区别
一、教学把握重点:看该类非谓语动词所表示的动作是属于―主动、被动、完成、将来‖中的哪一种不定式:表示―将来‖和―具体时间或方式下的某一次动作‖;Canyouimaginethebuildingtobebuiltnextyear将要Iliketoreadaftertheteacher.方式:aftertheteacher现在分词:可表示―正在、主动、习惯、在先‖四种情况之一;Hewasseencryinginthenextroom.seen的时候crying正在发生Whilereadinghesometimesmadesomenotes.he主动readingIlovereadingEnglishaloud.习惯、爱好、经常Finishingallhisworkhehadadrink.先finish后drink过去分词:仅表示―被动‖或―完成‖Moveddeeplybywhathesaidwecantsayaword.被动Whenthesunhasrisentheybegantocheeralltheway.完成
二、作宾语:习惯在后面接上动词不定式作宾语的动词常见如:wantwishhopedesireaskofferagreecarechooseexpectmanagepretendintendattemptdecidelearndetermine及tell/show/teachsbhowtodo习惯在后面接动名词作宾语的动词常见的如:
1.admitappreciateavoidconsiderdelayenjoyescapeexcusefacefeelfinishforgiveimagineincludekeepmentionmindmisspractiseresisrisksuggest
2.giveupputoffsetabout/offinsistonpersistinsticktoseetolookforwardtoonthewaytocanthelp/bear/standit‘snouse/good后接to和接ing形式意义不同的常见动词如:1remember/forget接todo表示动作―没有‖发生或―将要‖发生;接doing表示动作―已经‖发生Theletterisstillinmypocket.Iforgettohaveitposted.信仍在我口袋里,我忘记把它寄出去了Iforgotwritingtohimlastmonth.SoIwritehimagain.我忘了上月曾给他写过信所以又给他写了封信2regretdoing是为做过的事而感到后悔;regrettodo为不能做某事而遗憾Iregrettedtellinghimeverything.我后悔把一切都跟他说了IregrettosaythatIcantgowithyou.不能和你一起走,真遗憾~3stop/goon后接doing表示―停止‖或―继续‖的是―同一件事‖或某事―本身‖;后接todo表示―停下甲事开始干乙事‖或―继续干上了另一件事‖Afterfinishmathshewentontodophysicsexercises.在做完数学事后,他又继续做物理练习事Whentheteachercameinthestudentsstoppedsinging.教师进来后,学生们停止了唱歌停止singing动作本身Whentheteachercameintheystoppedtosing.老师进来后,他们停下原来干的事情开始唱歌4trytodo=tryonesbest尽力地干某事trydoingsth=haveatry试着干某事5meantodosth意欲干某事,想干某事meandoing意思是6like/love/hatetodo具体某次行为like/love/hatedoing经常,习惯
三、作定、状语时,todo表示―将‖;doing表示―主动‖;done表示―被‖GivenmoretimeI‘lldoitbetter.后面主语,是被givenGivinghimanotherchancetheywaitedforhimtowin.they主动―给‖他Hefoundhimselffollowedbyastranger.他被跟踪Hecameinfollowingastudent.他主动跟在学生后面Thisisthebridgebuiltin
1980.过去被修建Thisisthebridgebeingbuiltbytheworkers.正在被Thisisthebridgetobebuiltnextmonth.下月将被修建注意:havingbeendone这种形式,只宜作状语;不宜作定语
四、作宾语的补足语:后面的补语和前面的宾语之间有动宾或主谓关系感官动词的宾补省去to:Ihearsomeonesing/singinginthenextroom.这类动词常见的有:seelookatglareatstareatglanceatwatchnoticeobserve;hearlistento;feel等使役动词的宾补省去to:常见这类动词有三个:makelethave表示―使让,叫‖Thebossmadehimgetupatsixinthemorning.help的用法比较灵活,下面说法都是对的:helpdohelptodohelpsbdohelpsbtodohelpsbwithsth.注意:一般动词之间再接动词时,应将后面一个改为非谓语形式;在现代英语口语中能直接跟动词原形的也就这么几个:helpdoseegohearsing.其它意义的动词作补语一般应加to:Themanagergothissecretarytohavethelettertypedassoonashefinished.经理一写完信,就叫密书拿去打印再如:tellsbtodoordersbtodoasksbtodo等都是如此提示:1宾补用do或todo可表示―过去完成、将来和经常‖,而用doing表示主句动词的动作发生时,补语的动作也在同时发生;2不管不定式有没有带to,在改为被动语态后,其主语的补语原宾补一律用todo;原来是doing的,仍然用-ing形式
五、常见句式略要:疑问词,todo,ones,doingHedidntknowwhattodo.Doyoumindmyopeningthewindowstoo...to句型,―太过于...以致以不能...‖nottoo弱化语气,―不太...‖形容词,enoughtodo―足可以‖,―很...以致以可以‖So,形容词,astodo相当于so...that―如此...以致‖Itis/was,形容词,for/ofsb,todosth―对某人来说...是...的‖Itisimportantforustolearnhowtousecomputers.对我们来说学会使用电脑是很重要的Itisnouse/nogood,动名词―干...是没有用处的‖Itisnogoodtalkingwithoutdoing.光说不做是毫无用处的当事物作主语,表示被动时,need/want/require后面可以接两种形式:Thewallwantstobepaintedagain.这堵墙需要再次粉刷了注意:后接doing形式时要用主动式;同时出现,以tobedone为优介词的宾语不用过去分词-ing形式叫动名词Herushedoutwithoutbeingnoticed.动名词短语的被动式作宾语Theyareinterestedinplayingchess.表示主动动作注意:but作介词时,可由不定式todo作宾语Thebearcoulddonothingbutliedownandsleep.―除...之外‖分三种情况:but前有do的各种形式且作谓语,but后不用to;but前虽有do的各种形式,但并不作谓语,but后面的to可有可无;but前无do,but后to不可省-ing形式只用主动式不用被动式Beworthwhiledoing的Themovieisworthseeingagain.这部影片值得被再看一次不用beingseen但beworthy后面接tobedone或ofbeingdone均有被动式10Not应放在非谓语动词的前面HavingnotreceivedhisanswerIwrotehimagain.错误:not应放在分词having的前面Youhadntbettergoinsuchahurry.错误:not应该放在go前;有todo的,not放to前11-ing表―主动‖,与事有关;-ed过去分词表―被动‖,与人有关Heismovedbythemovingstory.he和moved搭配,―故事‖用moving修饰Thetiringboymadehismothertired.搅人的孩子使他母亲很累孩子―主动‖使人疲劳;母亲―被‖孩子搅得疲劳Herpuzzling/puzzledfacecausedustobepuzzled.她疑惑的脸色使我们也很疑惑puzzlingface让我们疑惑的脸色她主动;puzzledface她自己疑惑她被12动名词可以有复合结构:onesdoingDoyoumindmysmokinghere你在意我在这儿抽烟吗13连词之后可用分词,其主、被动状况取决于与主句主语的关系Ifheatedicecanbeturnedintowater.主句主语ice被加热heatedWhilereadinghehadagoodidea.主句主语he主动reading读书14结果状语可用动词不定式或者分词非谓语前有only修饰时,都可用逗号与主句隔开;不加only时,-ing形式多加逗号隔开Hehurriedtoschooltofindeveryonehadgone.Hehurriedtoschoolfindingthateveryonehadgone.Hehurriedtoschoolonlyfinding/onlytofind...他匆忙赶到学校,结果发现大家都走了15独立主格结构中非谓语动词的运用独立主格的形式:两个句子无连词,有逗号,各有其主语时,要把其中的一个句子的谓语改为非谓语形式,相当于另一个句子的状语It主语being非谓语hot主语省了youletsgoswimming.Hiseyes主语glaringhe主语stoodverystill.Herhair主语cut过去分词表被动she主语looksmorepretty.Theboycameinbookinhand.这男孩手里拿着书进来了第一主语―孩子‖,第二逻辑主语―书‖;前面是完整的主句,后面是独立主格结构,把谓语动词was去掉;第二逻辑句相当于withabookinhishand作状语修饰前面主句15非谓语动词在不同的句子结构中,可能表达不同的意义havesbdo让人去做某事havesthdone请人去做某事某事被做havesb/sthdoing听任/放任某人/事不管继续他的动作或状态usedtodo过去经常做某事beusedtodo/forsth被用来做某事beusedtodoing/getusedtodoingsth习惯于做某事
六、几个应注意的问题:不及物动词不能有先行词;如果先行词后面是不及物动词,或者先行词不是该动词的宾语,则应添加适当的介词Ihadnopersontoreadto.我没有听众read虽可作及物动词,但―读‖的内容宾语应该是―文章‖而不是―人‖类似的再如:papertowriteonpentowritewithroomtolivein等等及物动词应带宾语及物动词无宾语或带双宾语的动词只带了一个宾语,都应将这个动词改为被动式或过去分词Huntedeverywherethewolveshadnoplacetobehidden.到处都在追杀,狼无处可藏hunthide在这都作及物动词理解,都无宾语Ifoundmanyvillagers__atthebackoftheclassroom.A.seatedB.seatingC.sittingD.tositdown我发现许多村民坐在教室的后面seat作及物动词用,是正规用法;这里后面无宾语,故用过去分词如果用主动式的ing形式,需在后面加上宾语,如seatingthemselvesing形式动名词和现在分词的专用功能及交叉功能1专用功能:作主语和宾语成分的-ing叫动名词不叫分词;作状语成分的-ing形式叫现在分词不叫动名词2交叉功能:动名词和现在分词都能作定语和表语区别是:动名词表示―目的、用途‖;分词表示―动作‖asleepingboy孩子正在睡觉:动作asleepingcar用来睡觉的车:用途aburningstick分词aswimmingpool动名词Sheiswashing动作:分词;主语是人进行时Herjobiswashing判断:动名词;主语是事选用过去分词或现在分词,依据其与逻辑主语之间的关系是主动还是被动而定不管其成分是状语、表语、定语,还是补语.ing形式和todo的基本区别是:ing表示―经常‖;todo表示―将‖或具体时间或方式下的某次动作;如:Ilikereading;Ilikereadingthisafternoon.ing表示―主动‖;-ed表示―被动‖总之,非谓语动词是英语语法中的一个重点项目,也是大总分学生学习的一个难点总体上的区分要把握八个字:看你要表达的是―主动被动过去将来‖。