2022年福建大学英语考试真题卷16测

2022年福建大学英语考试真题卷（本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格）单位姓名考号题号单选题多项选择判断题综合题总分分值得分

一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意）

1.Questions1to5are basedon an interview.What subject is Mr.Pitt goodat A.Art.B.French.C.German.D.Chemistry.

2.Questions6and7are basedon the fol lowingnews.Most of the th i rty-thousand peopIe were aboutMr.Sarkozy J s victory.A.nervous B.worried C.optimistic D.pessimistic

3.Questions1to5are basedon an interview.What doesMr.Pitt NOTdo in his sparetime A.Doing abit of acting andphotography.B.Going toconcerts frequently.Iiterature was never pr imar iIy the act ive composit ion-the“making-which poetryhad described.As readingrather thanwriting,it was a category of differentkind.The characteristicuse can be seen in Baconlearned in al I Iiterature anderudition,divine andhumane-and aslate asJohnson n he hadprobably more than common I iterature,as his son addresseshim in one of his mostelaborate Latin poems.n Literature,that is to sayvwas a category of use an condition rather than ofproduction.It was a particularspec i a Ii zat i on of what hadhitherto been seen as an activityor practice,and a special ization,i n the ci rcumstances,wh i ch was i nev i tabI ymade in terms ofsocial class.In itsf i rst extended sense,beyond the bare sense of H I iteracy1it was a definition of n pol ite11or humane1,learning,and thusspecified a part interacted with a persist end emphasis onn Iiterature as reading in he classical11languages.But still,in his f i rst stage,into the eighteenth century,Iiterature waspr imar ily agenera Iizedsoci a I concept,expressing a certain minoritylevel of educational achievement.This cardedwith it a potent i a I and eventua I I yrea I i zeda I ternat i ve def i n i t i on of Iiterature as n printed books:the objects in and through which this achievement was demonstrated.It is important that,within the terms of this development,Iiterature normallyincIuded al I printed books.There was not necessaryspec i a Ii zat i on to imagi nativeH works.Literature was still primari ly reading ability and experience,and this i ncIudedphi losophy,history,and essays as we I I as poems.Were thenew eighteenth century noveIs I iteratureThat quest ion was first approached,not bydefinition of their modeor content,but byreference to the standards of“polite orn humane learning.Was drama Iiterature This question was to exercise successive generations,not because of anysubstantial difficulty but because of the practical I imits of he category.If Iiterature was reading,could amode written for spokenperformance besaid to be I iterature1,and ifnot,where wasShakespeare Atone levelthe def i n i t i on i nd i catedby this development haspersisted.Literature lost its ear Iiest sense of reading ability and reading experience,and becamean apparentlyobjective category,of printedworks of a certainqua I ity.The concernsof aI iterary editor an Iiterary supplement nwould still be defined in this way.But three comp Ii cat i ng tendencies can thenbe d i st i ngu i shed:first,a shiftfrom Hlearning to taste or sensibi I ity as a criterion def i n i ng I iterary qua Iity;second,an i ncreasi ngspecializat ion of Iiterature to creative or imaginative works;third,a deveIopment of the concept of“tradition within nationaI terms,resulting in the moreeffective def i n i t i on of11a nat i ona I I i terature.The sourceof eachof thesetendencies canbe discernedfrom the Renaissancev but it was in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that they came through most powerfully,untiI they became,in thetwentieth century,in effectreceive assumptions.When didthe modern concept ofI iterature11emerge A.In the seventeenth century.B.In the eighteenth century.C.In thenineteenth century.D.In thetwentieth century.

13.Questions1to5are basedon an interview.What doesMr.Pitt sayhe wouldI iketo beA.An exportsalesman workingoverseas.B.An accountantworking in the company.C.A productionmanager in a branch.D.A policymaker in the company.

14.n I do.To Americans those two words can-y greatmean i ng.They caneven changeyour I ife.Espec i a I I yif yousay themat yourown wedd i ng.Making weddingvows is I ike signing a contract.Now Amer icans dontreaI Iythink marriage is a business deal.But marriageis seriousbusiness.It al I beginswith engagement.Traditional ly,a youngman asks the fatherof hissweetheart for permission to marry her.If the father agrees,the manlater proposes to her.Often hetries to surprise herby popping the question in aromantic way.Somet i mes the coup Ie just decides together that the time is right to get married.The manusually giveshis fiancdea diamond ring as a symboI of their engagement.They may be engagedfor weeks,months oreven years.As thebig day approaches,bridal showersand bachelor,s partiesprovide manyuseful gifts.Today manycoup Iesalso receive counseIi ngduring engagement.This prepares them for the cha I I enges ofmarried I i fe.At I ast it st ime for the wedd i ng.Although mostweddings follow Iong-heId traditions,there5s still room for American i nd i v i duaIi sm.For examp Ie9the usual place for a wedd i ng is in a church.But somepeopIe getmarried outdoors in aseenic spot.A feweven havethe ceremonywhile sky-diving orriding onhorseback!The coup Ie mayinvite hundredsof peopIeor justa fewclose friends.They choosetheir own style of colors,decorations andmusic during the ceremony.But somethings rarelychange.The brideusually wears a beautifuIvlong whitewedding dress.She traditional ly wearssomething old,something new,something borrowedand somethingblue”.The groomwears aforma I suit or tuxedo.Several close friends participatein the ceremony as attendants,including the best man and themaid of honor.As the ceremony begins,the groomand his attendants standwith the minister,facing theaudience.Music signals the entranceof the bride1s attendants,foI I owed by the beautifulbride.Nervously,the youngcouple repeats their vows.Traditional ly,they promiseto loveeach otherH for better,for worse,for richer,for poorer,in sicknessand in health.But somet i mes the coup I e has composedtheir ownvows.They giveeach othera goldring to symboI ize their marriage commitment.Final ly the ministerannounces thebig moment:I now pronounce you man and wife.You maykiss yourbride!At the wedd i ng recept i on,the br i deand groomgreet the i rguests.Then theycut thewedding cakeand feedeach othera bite.Guests m i ngI ewh iI eenjoy i ng cake,punch andother treats.Later the br i de throwsher bouquetof flowers to agroup ofsingle girls.Tradition saysthat theone whocatches thebouquet wiI I be the next to marry.During the reception,pIayfuI friends decorate the couple J s carwith tissuepaper,tin cansand aH Just Married sign.When the reception isover,the newlyweds run to their decoratedcar andspeed off.Many coup I estake a honeymoon,a one-to-two-week vacationtrip,to celebratetheir newmarriage.AI mostevery cuI turehas r i tua I sto s i gna I a change in one,s I ife.Marriage isone of the mostbasic I ife changesfor peopIeof al I cultures.So it s no surprise to find many traditions about getting married...even in America.Yet eachcoup IefoI Iows the traditions in away that is uniquely their own.There aremanytraditions aboutgetting married,which of the fol lowing isNot mentioned in this passage A.The engagement.B.The wedding ceremony.C.The bridalparty.D.The marriageapplication.

15.H A writer5s job is to tel I the truth,H said Hemingway in

1942.No otherwriter ofour timehad sofiercely asserted,so pugnaciouslydefended orso cons i stentIy exempI if iedthe wr i ters obii gat ion to speak trulyHis standardof truth-tel I ing remained,moreover,so highand so r igorousthat he was ordinar i lyunwiI Iingto admit secondary evidence,whether I iterary evidenceor evidencepieked upfrom othersources thanhis ownexperience.I only know what I have seen,u was a statement which came often to his I ips and pen.What he had personally done,or what he knewunforgettably byhaving gonethrough oneversion of it,was what he was interested intelling about.This is not to say that he refused to i nvent freely.But hea Iways madeit asacrosanct pointto i nvent in terms of what he actuaI Iy knew from having been there.The primaryintent of his writing,from firstto last,was to seize and project for the readerwhat heoften called the way it.was.This is a characteristicaI Iy simple phrase for a concept of extraordinary complexity,and Hemingway5s conception of its meaning subtly changed several times in the course of his career-a Iways in the direction of greater complexity.At the core of the concept,however,one can invariably discern the operation of threeaesthetic instruments;the sense of placethe sense of factand the sense ofscene.The firstof these,obv ious I y astrong pass ion withHem i ngway i sthe sense ofp I ace.n Unless you have geography,background,n he once told George Antei If You have nothing.You have,that is to say,a dramaticvacuum.Few writershave beenmore place-conscious.Few haves carefullycharted outshe geographicalground workof theirnoveIs whilemanaging to keep backgroundso conspicuouslyunobtrusive.Few,accordingly,have been able torecord moreeconomicaI Iy and graphically the way it is when you walk through the streets of Paris in search of breakfast at corner caf6…Or when,at aroundsix oJ clock of a Spanish dawn,you watchthe bulls running from the corralsat thePuerta Rochapea through the streets ofPampIona towardsthe bul Ir ing.When Iwoke it was thesound of the rocketexp Iod i ngthat announcedthe release of the bulls from the corralsat the edge oftown.Down belowthe narrowstreet wasempty.Al I the balconieswere crowdedwith people.Sudden I y acrowd came down thestreet.They wereal Irunning,packed closetogether.They passedalong andup streettoward thebuI Ir ing and behind them came more men running faster,and thensome stragglerswho erereal lyrunning.Behind themwas alittle bare space,and thenthe bullsv gal I op i ngv toss i ng their heads up and down.It al I wentout ofsight aroundthe corner.One manfell,rol led to thegutter,and layquiet.But the bulls wentright on and did not noticehim.They wereal Irunning together.This landscape is as morning-fresh as a design in Indiaink onclean whitepaper.Fi rstis the bare white street,seem fromabove,quiet andempty.Then one sees the first packedclot of runners.Behind theseare thethinner ranksof those who movefaster because they are closer tobul Is.Then thealmost comicstragglers,who arereally running.H Brilliantly behind these shines the little bare space,a desperate margin for error.Then the clot ofrunning buI Is-closing thedesign,except ofcourse for the man in thegutter makinghimself,I ike the designer,s initials,as inconspicuousas possible.From the author J s commentsand the examp I eof the bullsParagraph4fwhatwas the most I ikely reasonfor whichHemingway tookcare to incIude detaiIs of pIace A.He feltthat geographyin someway illuminatedother moreimportant events.B.He thoughtreaders generallydidnot have enoughimagination tovisualize hescenes frothemselves.C.He thoughtthat landscapeswere moreimportant thancharacters toconvey“the way it was”.D.He feltthat withoutbackground information the readerswould beunable to follow thestory.

16.In itsmodern formthe concept of H I iteraturedie notemerge ear I ierthan ei ghteenthcentury andwas notfully deve I opedunt iI then i neteenth century.Yet heconditions for its emergencehad beendeveloping sincethe Renaissance.The word itself cameinto English usein thefourteenth century,fol lowingFrench andLatin precedents;its rootwas Latin I itter,a letterof thealphabet.Litterature,in thecommon earlyspel I ing,was thenin effecta condition of reading:of being abIe to read andof havingread.It wasoften closeto the sense ofmodern I iteracy,which was not in the IanguageuntiI thelate nineteenth century,its introductionin partmade necessaryb themovement of Iiterature to a differentsense.The normaladjective associated with Iiterature was I iterate.Literary appeared i nthe sense of read i ng ab iI ity and exper i ence i nthe seventeenth century,and didnot acquireits spec i a Ii zedmodern mean i nguntiI the eighteenth century.Literature as a newcategory wasten a spec i a I i zat i on of the area formerlycategorized asrhetoric andgrammar:a spec i a Ii zat i on to reading and,in thematerial contextof the deveIopment ofprinting,to theprinted wordand especiallythe book,It waseventually to become a more general category than poetry or the ear I ier poesy,which had been generalterms for imaginative composition,but whichin relation to the deveIopment of Iiterature becamepredominantly specialized,from the seventeenth century,to metricalcompos it ion andespec ially wr i tten and pr i ntedmetr i ca Icompos it ion.But Iiterature was neverpr imar iIy theactive composition-the“making-which poetryhad described.As readingrather thanwriting,it was a category of differentkind.The characteristicuse canbe seenin Baconlearned in al I Iiterature anderudition,divine andhumane-and aslate asJohnson11he hadprobably more than common I iterature,as hisson addresseshim inone of his mostelaborate Latin poems.Literature,that is to sayvwas a category ofuse ancondition rather than ofproduction.It was a particularspec i a Ii zat i on of what hadhitherto beenseen as an act i v i tyor practice,and a spec i a I i zat ion,i ntheci rcumstances,wh i ch was i nev i tabI ymade interms ofsocial class.In itsf i rst extendedsense,beyond the bare sense of“I i teracy11it was a def inition ofpol iteor humanelearning,and thusspecif ieda part interacted with a persist end emphasis on111iterature as reading in he Hc I ass i ca I I anguages.But still,in hisf i rst stage,i nto theei ghteenthcentury,Iiterature waspr imar ily agenera Iizedsocia I concept,expressing a certain minoritylevel ofeducational achievement.This cardedwith it a potent i a I and eventua I I yrea I i zeda I ternat i ve def i ni ti on of Iiterature as nprinted books:nthe objects in and through which this achievement was demonstrated.It is important that,within the terms of this development,Iiterature normallyincIuded al I printedbooks.There was not necessaryspec i a Ii zat i on to imaginative works.Literature was still primarily reading ability and experience,and this i ncIudedphilosophy,history,and essaysas we I Ias poems.Were thenew ei ghteenthcentury noveIs I i teratureThat questi onwas firstapproached,not bydefinition of their modeor content,but byreference to the standards of“polite or humane11learning.Was drama I iteratureThis question was to exercise successive generations,not because of anysubstantial difficulty but because of the practical I imits of he category.If Iiterature was reading,could amode writtenfor spokenperformance besaid to be I iterature1,and ifnot,where wasShakespeare Atone I eve I the definit ion indicatedby thisdeveIopment haspersisted.Literature lostits ear Iiest sense of reading ability and reading experience,and becamean apparentlyobjective category,of printedworks of a certainqua I i ty.The concernsof aI i terary editor aI iterarysupplement11would still be def ined in this way.But threecomp Ii cat i ng tendencies can thenbe d i sti ngui shed:first,a shiftfrom learning to taste or sensibi I i ty nas a criteriondef i ni ngI i terary qua Iity;second,an increasingspec i a Ii zat i on of Iiterature to“creative or imaginative“works;third,a deveIopment of the concept of“tradition“within nationaI terms,resulting in the moreeffective def inition of a nationaI I iterature.The sourceof eachof thesetendencies canbe discernedfrom the Renaissance,but it was in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that they came through most powerfully,untiI theybecame,in thetwentieth century,in effectreceive assumptions.What didIiterature mean in its earIiest sense A.Reading ability.B.Reading ability and experience.C.Writing ability.D.Reading andwriting,

17.Cancun meanssnakepit in the local Mayan Ianguage,and itI ivedup to its name as the host of an important World TradeOrganization meetingthat beganlast week.Rather thantack Iing the problem of their high agricultural tariffs and lavish farm subsidies,which victimizefarmers in poorer nations,a numberof richnations derailed the talks.The fai lure by146trade deI egatesto reachan agreement in Mex i cois aserious blowto thegIobaI economy.And contraryto themindless cheeringwith wh i chthe breakdownwas greetedby ant i gI oba I i zat i on protestersat Cancun,the world1s poorestand mostvulnerable nationswiI I suffer most.It is a bitter i ronythat thechief architectsof thisfai lurewere nat ions I ike Japan,Korea andEuropean Unionmembers,themseIves adsfor theprosperity affordedby increasedgIobaI trade.The Cancun meeting cameat themidpoint of the W.T.

0.s ndeveIopment round,of tradeIiberalization talks,one that began two years agowith aneye towardextending thebenefits of freer tradeand marketsto poorercountries.The principaldemand of these developingnat ions,Ied at Cancun byBrazi I,has been an end to high tariffs and agricultural subsidies in the deveI oped world,and r i ghtIyso.Poor nationsfind ithard tocompete againstr ichnat ionsfarmers,who getmore than$300billion ingovernment handouts each year.The talksappeared tobreak downsuddenly on the issueof whetherthe W.T.

0.should extend its rulemakingjurisdiction into such new areas as foreign investment.But intruth,there was nothing abruptabout the Cancun meltdown.The Japaneseand Europeanshad devisedthis demand for anunwieldy andunnecessary expansion of the W.T.

0.’s mandateas apo ison pill-to defI ectany attempts to get them to turn theirbacks on their powerfulfarm lobbies.Their planworked.The Americanrole at Cancun was d isappo i nt i ng Iymuted.The Bushadm i ni st rat i onhad I i tt I ei nteresti nthe proposa I to expand the W.T.

0.s authority,but theAmerican farmlobby isspl itbetween those who want to profit from greater access to foreign markets and less efficient sectors that demand continued coddIing from Washington.That isone reason the United States madethe unfortunatedecision toside with the moreprotectionist Europeans in Cancun,a positionthat leftAmerican traderepresentatives playingdefense onsubsidies rather than takinga creative stance,a Iongs i deBrazil9on lowering trade barriers.This was an unfortunatesubject onwhich to show somerare trans-Atlantic solidar ity.The resulting’」coal it ion of the unwiI I ing H I ent the ta I ks an unfortunate north-versus-south cast.Any hopethat the Un i ted Stateswould takethe moralhigh groundat Cancun,and reclaim its historicleadership in pressing for freer trade,was furtherdashed bythe disgracefulmanner in which theAmerican negotiatorsrebuffed the r i ghtfuI demandsof WestAfrican nat i onsthat theUn i ted Statescommit itselfto a clear phasing out Of its harmfulcotton subsidies.American C.Playing traditionaljazz andfolk music.D.Travelling inEurope byhitch-hikin

4.Questions6and7are basedon the fol lowingnews.Mr.Sarkozy wonpercent of the vote,which gavehim acomfortable majorityover hisopponent.A.35B.53C.63D.

515.Question8is basedon the fol lowingnews.A.Kabul B.Arlington C.Baghdad D.Kandahar

6.Questions9and10are basedon the fol lowingnews.What is the featureof TATPA.It is an simpleexplosive.B.It is a militaryexplosive.C.It ismade inU.S.factories.D.It canbe easilymade indoors.

7.Ido.n To Americans those two words can-y greatmeani ng.They caneven changeyour I ife.Especial lyif yousay themat yourown wedding.Making wedd i ngvows is I i ke s i gn i nga contract.Now Americansdon,t real I ythink marriageis abusiness deal.But marriageis seriousbusiness.It al I beginswith engagement.Traditionally,a youngman asksthe fatherof businessand laborgroups,not tomention taxpayers,shouId beenraged that the administrationseems moresolicitous ofprotecting the most indefensibIesegment ofUnited Statesprotectionism ratherthan ofprotecting thenationaI interestby promotingeconomic growththrough trade.For strugg I ing cottonfarmers insub-Saharan Africa,and formi I I ionsof others in the developing worId whoseI iveswouId benef it from the furtherlowering of trade barriers,the failure of Cancun amounts to a crushing message from the deveI oped world-one ofcallous indifference.Who wiI I be the victimsof the Cancun failureA.Farmers indeveloped countries.B.Farmers indeveloping countries.C.Businessmen in theU.S.A.D.W.T.

0.

18.Questions1to5are basedon aninterview.Which of the fol lowing statementsabout the management traineescheme isTRUE A.Trainees arerequired tosign contracts initially.B.Trainees performanceis evaluatedwhen necessary.C.Trainees startingsalary is870pounds.D.Trainees cannotquit the management schem

19.n Ido.ToAmericans thosetwo wordscan-y greatmeaning.They caneven changeyour I ife.Espec i a I I yif yousay themat yourown wedd i ng.Making weddingvows is I ike signing a contract.Now Amer icans dontreaI Iythink marriageis abusiness deal.But marriageis seriousbusiness.It al I beginswith engagement.Traditional ly,a youngman asksthe fatherof hissweetheart for permission tomarry her.If the father agrees,the manlater proposesto her.Often hetries tosurprise herby popping the questionin aromantic way.Somet i mes the coup Iejust decidestogether that the timeis rightto getmarried.The manusually giveshis fiancee a d i amondr ing as a symboIof thei rengagement.They may be engagedfor weeks,months oreven years.As thebig day approaches,bridal showersand bachelors partiesprovide manyuseful gifts.Today manycouples also receive counseIingduring engagement.This preparesthem for the cha I I enges ofmarried I ife.At lastit J st ime for thewedd i ng.Although mostweddings follow Iong-heId traditions,there sstill room for American i nd i v i duaIi sm.For examp Iev the usual place for a wedd i ng is in a church.But somepeopIe getmarried outdoorsin aseenic spot.A feweven havethe ceremonywhile sky-diving orriding onhorseback!The coup Ie mayinvite hundredsof peopIeor justa fewclose friends.They choosethei rown style of colors,decorations andmusic during the ceremony.But somethings rarelychange.The brideusual Iywears abeautifuI,long whitewedding dress.She traditional ly wearssomething old,something new,something borrowedand somethingblue

11.The groomwears aformal suit or tuxedo.Several close friends participatein the ceremony as attendants,including thebest man and themaid ofhonor.As the ceremony begins,the groomand his attendants standwith the minister,facing theaudience.Music signalsthe entranceof the bride1s attendants,foI I owed bythe beautifulbride.Nervously,the youngcouple repeatstheir vows.Traditional ly,they promiseto loveeach otherH forbetter,for worse,for richer,for poorer,in sicknessand in health.But somet i mes the coup I ehas composedtheir ownvows.They giveeach othera goldr ingtosymboI izetheirmarr iagecommitment.Final Iythe ministerannounces thebig moment:HI now pronounce you man and wife.You maykiss yourbride!At thewedd i ng recepti on,thebri deand groomgreet the i rguests.Then theycut thewedding cakeand feedeach othera bite.Guests m i ngI ewh iIe enjoyingcake,punch andother treats.Later the bride throwsher bouquetof flowersto agroup ofsingle girls.Tradition saysthat theone whocatches thebouquet wiI I be the next tomarry.During thereception,p Iayf uI friendsdecorate the couple5s carwith tissuepaper,tin cansand aJust Marriedsign.When thereception isover,the newlywedsrun to thei r,,decorated,,car andspeed off.Many coup Ies take ahoneymoon,a one-to-two-week vacationtrip,to celebratetheir newmarriage.AI mostevery cuI turehas ri tua I stosi gna Iachange inone,sI ife.Marriage isone of the mostbasic I ife changesfor peopIeof al I cultures.So its nosurprise to find manytraditions aboutgetting married...even inAmerica.Yet eachcoup IefoI Iowsthe traditionsin away that is uniquelytheir own.Which of the fol lowing canreflect American individuaIism A.Holding theirweddingceremonyin ascenic spot.B.Choosing theirgroomsman and a maid ofhonor.C.Choosing theirwedding dress.D.Inviting theirbest friends.

20.nA writer5s jobis totel I the truth,n saidHemingway in

1942.No otherwriter ofour timehad sofiercely asserted,so pugnaciouslydefended orso consi stentIy exempI if iedthe wri ters obii gat ion tospeak trulyHis standardof truth-tel I ing remained,moreover,so highand sorigorous thathe was ordinari lyunwiI Iingto admitsecondary evidence,whether I iterary evidenceor evidencepieked upfrom othersources thanhis ownexperience.n I only know what I have seen,11was a statement which came often to his I ips and pen.What he had personally done,or what he knewunforgettably byhaving gonethrough oneversion of it,was what he wasinterested intelling about.This is not to say thathe refused to i nvent freely.But hea Iways madeit asacrosanct pointtoi nvent interms ofwhat he actuaI Iy knew from having been there.The primaryintent of his writing,from firstto last,was toseize and project for the readerwhat heoften called“the way it.was.This is a characteristicaI Iy simple phrase for a concept of extraordinary complexity,and Hemingway5s conception of its meaning subtly changed several times in the course of his career-a Iways in the direction of greatercomp I ex i ty.At thecore of the concept,however,one can invariably discernthe operation of threeaesthetic instruments;the sense of placethe sense of factand the sense ofscene.The firstof these,obv ious I y astrong passion withHem i ngway isthe sense ofp Iace.“Unless youhave geography,background,nhe once told George Antei I,You have nothing.You have,that isto say,a dramaticvacuum.Few writershave beenmore place-conscious.Few haves carefullycharted outshe geographicalground workof theirnoveIs whilemanaging to keep backgroundso conspicuouslyunobtrusive.Few,accordingly,have beenable torecord moreeconomically and graphicallythe way it is when you walk through thestreets of Paris in search of breakfast at corner caf eaOr when,at aroundsix oclock of a Spanishdawn,you watchthe bullsrunning from the corralsat thePuerta Rochapeathrough thestreets ofPampIona towardsthe bulIr ing.When Iwoke it was thesound of the rocketexp Iod i ngthat announcedthe release of the bulls from the corralsat theedge oftown.Down belowthe narrowstreet wasempty.Al I the balconieswere crowdedwith peopIe.Suddenly acrowd camedown thestreet.They wereal Irunning,packed closetogether.They passedalong andup streettoward the bul Iringand behind them came more men running faster,and thensome stragglerswho erereal lyrunning.Behind themwas a Ii ttIe bare space,and thenthe bulIs,gal I op i ng,toss i ng thei r heads up and down.It al I wentout ofsight aroundthe corner.One manfell,rol led to thegutter,and layquiet.But the bulls wentright on and didnot noticehim.They wereal Irunning together.n This landscapeis as morning-fresh as a design in Indiaink onclean whitepaper.Fi rstis thebare whitestreet,seem fromabove,quiet andempty.Then onesees the first packedclot ofrunners.Behind theseare thethinner ranksof those who movefaster because they arecloser tobul Is.Then thealmost comicstragglers,who arereally running.Brilliantly behindthese shinesthelittlebarespace,a desperate margin for error.Then theclot ofrunning buI Is-closing thedesign,except ofcourse for the manin thegutter makinghimself,I ike the designer5s initials,as inconspicuousas possible.It has been suggestedthat partof Hemingway1s geniusI iesin the way inwhich heremoves himseIffrom hisstories in order tolet readersexperience thestories frothemselves.Which of the fol lowing eIementsof the passage supportthis suggestiondesigner1sI・The comparison of initials11to the man whofel I and layin thegutter the I astparagraph duri ng the runni ngof buI Is.II.Hemingway1s stated intent toproject for the readerthe way it was”the secondparagraph III.Hemingway sability to invent fascinatingtales fromhis ownexperience.A.I onlyB.III.Only C.I andII onlyD.I andIII only

21.In itsmodern formthe concept ofI iteraturedie notemerge earI ierthan ei ghteenthcentury andwas notfully deveI opedunt iI theni neteenth century.Yet heconditions forits emergencehad beendeveloping sincethe Renaissance.The word itself cameinto English usein thefourteenth century,fol lowingFrench andLatin precedents;its rootwas Latin I itter,a letterof thealphabet.Litterature,in thecommon earlyspel I ing,was thenin effecta condition of reading:of being abIe toread andof havingread.It wasoften closeto the sense ofmodern I iteracy,which was not in the IanguageuntiI thelate nineteenth century,its introductionin partmade necessaryb themovement of Iiterature to a differentsense.The norma I adjective associated with Iiteraturewas I iterate.Literary appeared i nthe senseof read i ng ab iI ity and exper i encei nthe seventeenth century,and didnot acquireits spec i a Ii zedmodern meani nguntiI the eighteenth century.Literature as a newcategory wasten a spec i a I i zat i on of the area formerlycategorized asrhetoric andgrammar:aspec i a Ii zat i on to readingand,in thematerial contextof the deveIopment ofprinting,to theprinted wordand especiallythe book,It waseventually to become a more general category than poetry orthe earI ier poesy,which had been generalterms forimaginative composition,but whichin relation to the deveIopment ofIiterature becamepredominantly specialized,from theseventeenth century,to metricalcomposition andespecial ly written and printed metricalcomposition.But Iiteraturewas neverpr imariIy theactive composition-the“making”-which poetryhad described.As readingratherthanwriting,it was a category of differentkind.The characteristicuse canbe seenin Baconlearned in al I Iiterature anderudition,divine andhumane,1-and aslate asJohnson11he hadprobably more than common I iterature,as hisson addresseshim inone ofhis mostelaborate Latinpoems.Literature,that isto say,was acategoryofuse ancondition ratherthan ofproduction.It was a particularspec i a Ii zat i on ofwhat hadhitherto beenseen as an activityor practice,and aspecial ization,i ntheci rcumstances,wh i ch wasi nev i tabI ymade interms ofsocial class.In itsfirst extendedsense,beyond thebare senseof n Iiteracy11it was a definition of polite or humane11learning,and thusspecified a partinteracted witha persistend emphasison HI iterature as reading inhe Hc I assi ca I I anguages.But still,in hisf i rst stage,i nto theei ghteenthcentury,Iiteraturewaspr imarily agenera Iizedsocia Iconcept,expressing a certain minoritylevel ofeducational achievement.This cardedwith it a potenti a I and eventua I I yrea Ii zeda I ternat i ve defi ni ti on ofI iterature asnprintedbooks:nthe objectsin andthrough whichthis achievementwas demonstrated.It isimportant that,within the terms of this development,Iiterature normallyincIuded al I printedbooks.There was not necessaryspec i a Iizat i on toimaginative works.Literature wasstill pr imarily readingability andexperience,and thisi ncIudedphilosophy,history,and essaysas we I Ias poems.Were thenew eighteenth century noveIsI iteratureThat questionwas fi rstapproached,not bydefinition of their modeor content,but byreference to the standardsof politeor humanelearning.Was drama I iteratureThis questionwas to exercise successivegenerations,not becauseof anysubstantial difficultybut becauseof thepractical I imits ofhe category.If Iiteraturewas reading,could amode writtenfor spokenperformance besaid to be I iterature1,and ifnot,where wasShakespeare Atone I eveI the defi ni ti on indicatedby thisdeveIopment haspersisted.Literature lostits earIiest senseof readingability and reading experience,and becamean apparentlyobjective category,of printedworks of acertainqua I ity.The concernsof aIiterary editoranIiterarysupplement11would stillbe defined in this way.But threecomp Ii cat i ng tendencies can thenbe d i sti ngui shed:first,a shiftfrom learningtotaste orsensibiIity as a criteriondefining Iiteraryqua Iity;second,an increasingspecialization ofIiterature tocreative orimaginative nworks;thi rd,a deveIopment of the concept of“tradition within nationaI terms,resulting in the moreeffective definition of11a nationaI I iterature.The sourceof eachof thesetendenciescanbe discernedfrom the Renaissance,but it wasin theeighteenthand nineteenthcenturies that they camethrough mostpowerfully,untiI theybecame,in thetwentieth century,in effectreceive assumptions.What is the earIiest adjective associatedwith Iiterature A.literary.B.Literate.C.Literacy.D.Literal.

22.Awriter s jobistotel I the truth,n saidHemingway in

1942.No otherwriter ofour timehad sofiercely asserted,so pugnaciousIydefended orso consi stentIy exempIif iedthe wri ters obii gat ion tospeak trulyHis standardof truth-tel Iing remained,moreover,so highand sorigorous thathe wasordinari lyunwiI Iingto admitsecondary evidence,whether Iiterary evidenceor evidencepieked upfrom othersources thanhis ownexperience.nIonly knowwhat Ihave seen,11was a statement whichcame oftento his I ipsand pen.What hehad personally done,or whathe knewunforgettably byhaving gonethrough oneversion ofit,was whathe wasinterested intelling about.This is not to say thathe refused toi nvent freely.But hea Iways madeitasacrosanct pointtoinvent interms ofwhatheactuaI Iyknew fromhaving been there.The primaryintent ofhis writing,from firstto last,was toseize andproject forthe readerwhatheoften called the way it.was.This is a characteristicallysimple phrasefor aconcept ofextraordinary comp I ex i tyfand HemingwayJsconcept i on of itsmeani ngsubtlychanged severaltimes in the course ofhis career——a Iways in the di rection of greatercomp I ex i ty.At thecore of the concept,however,one can invariably discernthe operation of threeaesthetic instruments;the senseof placethe senseof factand the senseofscene.The firstof these,obv ious I yastrong passion withHem i ngway isthesenseofp Iace.Unless youhave geography,background,nheonce toldGeorge AnteiIf You havenothing.You have,that isto say,a dramaticvacuum.Few writershave beenmore place-conscious.Few haves carefullycharted outshe geographicalground workof theirnoveIs whilemanaging tokeep backgroundso conspicuouslyunobtrusive.Few,accordingly,have beenable torecord moreeconomicaI Iy and graphical lytheway itis whenyou walkthrough thestreets ofParis insearch ofbreakfast atcorner cafOr when,at aroundsix oclock of a Spanishdawn,you watchthe bullsrunning from the corralsat thePuerta Rochapeathrough thestreets ofPampIona towardsthe bulIr ing.When Iwoke it was thesound of the rocketexp Iod i ngthat announcedthe release of the bulls from the corralsat theedge oftown.Down belowthe narrowstreet wasempty.Al Ithe balconieswere crowdedwith peopIe.Suddenly acrowd camedown thestreet.They wereal Irunning,packed closetogether.They passedalong andup streettoward thebulIr ingand behindthem camemore menrunning faster,and thensome stragglerswho erereal lyrunning.Behind themwas a Ii tt I ebarespace,and thenthebullsv gal I opi ngvtoss i ng their heads upand down.It al I wentout ofsight aroundthe corner.One manfell,rol led to thegutter,and layquiet.But thebulls wentright on and didnot noticehim.They wereal Irunning together.n This Iandscape is as morning-fresh asa design in Indiaink onclean whitepaper.First isthebare whitestreet,seem fromabove,quiet andempty.Then onesees thefirst packedclot ofrunners.Behind theseare thethinner ranksof those who movefaster becausethey arecloser tobul Is.Then thealmost comicstragglers,who arereally running.Brilliantly behindthese shinesthe IittIe barespace,na desperatemargin forerror.Then theclot ofrunning buI Is-closing thedesign,except ofcourse forthe manin thegutter makinghimself,I ike the designer1s initials,as inconspicuousas possible.From the passage,one canassume that which of thefollowing statementswould bestdescribe Hemingway5s attitudetoward knowledgeA.One canlearn about life onlyby living it fully.B.A wiseperson willread widelyinorderto learnaboutlife.C.Knowledge is a powerfultool thatshould bereserved onlyfor those who know how touse it.D.Experience is a poorteacher.

23.Cancun meanssnakepit nin the local Mayan Ianguage,and itI ivedup to its nameas thehost of an importantWorld TradeOrganization meetingthat beganlast week.Rather thantack Iing the problem of theirhigh agriculturaltariffs andlavish farm subsidies,which victimizefarmers inpoorer nations,a numberof richnations derailed the talks.The fai lure by146trade deI egatesto reachan agreementin Mexi cois aserious blowto thegIobaI economy.And contraryto themindless cheeringwith wh i chthe breakdownwas greetedby anti gI oba Iizat i on protestersat Cancun,the world5s poorestand mostvulnerable nationswiI Isuffer most.It isa bitteri ronythat thechief architectsof thisfai lurewere nat ions I ike Japan,Korea andEuropean Unionmembers,themseIves adsfortheprosperity affordedby increasedgIobaI trade.The Cancunmeeting cameat themidpoint of the W.T.

0.sndevelopment round,of tradeIiberalization talks,one that began twoyears agowith aneye towardextending thebenefits of freer tradeand marketsto poorercountries.The principaldemand of these developingnat ions,Ied at Cancun byBrazi I,has been an end to high tariffs and agricultural subsidies in thedeveI opedworld,and ri ghtIyso.Poor nat i onsfind ithard tocompete againstr ichnat ionsfarmers,who getmore than$300billion ingovernment hissweetheart for permission tomarry her.If thefather agrees,the manlater proposesto her.Often hetries tosurprise herby poppingthe questionin aromantic way.Somet imes thecoup Iejust decidestogether that the timeis rightto getmarried.The manusually giveshis fiancdea diamondring asa symboIof theirengagement.They may be engagedfor weeks,months oreven years.As thebig dayapproaches,bridal showersand bachelor,s partiesprovide manyuseful gifts.Today manycoup Iesalso receivecounseIi ngduring engagement.This preparesthem forthe chaI Ienges ofmarr iedI ife.At lastitst imeforthewedding.Although mostweddings follow Iong-heId traditions,there7sstillroom forAmericani ndi v iduaIi sm.For exampIe,the usualplace for a weddi ng isin a church.But somepeopIe getmarried outdoorsin aseenic spot.A feweven havethe ceremonywhile sky-diving orriding onhorseback!The coup Ie mayinvite hundredsof peopIeor justa fewclose friends.They choosetheir ownstyle ofcolors,decorations andmusic duringthe ceremony.But somethings rarelychange.The brideusually wears a beautifuIvlong whitewedding dress.She traditional ly wears11something old,something new,something borrowedand somethingblue”.The groomwears aforma Isuit ortuxedo.Several closefriends participatein the ceremony asattendants,including thebest man and themaid ofhonor.As the ceremony begins,the groomand hisattendants standwith the minister,facing theaudience.Music signalsthe entranceof thebride1sattendants,foI I owed bythe beautifulbride.Nervously,the youngcouple repeatstheir vows.Traditional ly,they promiseto loveeach other forbetter,for worse,for richer,for poorer,in sicknessand inhealth.But sometimesthecoupI ehas composedtheir ownvows.They giveeach othera goldring tosymboI izetheir marriagecommitment.Final lytheministerannounces thebig moment:HI nowpronounce youman andwife.You maykiss yourbride!At theweddi ng recepti on,thebri deand groomgreet the i rhandoutseach year.The talksappeared tobreak downsuddenly onthe issueof whetherthe W.T.

0.should extendits rulemakingjurisdiction intosuch newareas asforeign investment.But intruth,there wasnothing abruptabout theCancun meltdown.The Japaneseand Europeanshad devisedthis demand for anunwieldy andunnecessary expansion of the W.T.

0.’s mandateasapo ison pill-to defI ectany attemptsto getthem toturn theirbacks ontheir powerfulfarm lobbies.Their planworked.The Americanrole at Cancun was disappo inti ng Iymuted.The Bushadm ini st rat i onhad Ii ttI ei nterestinthe proposa I toexpand the W.T.

0.9s authority,but theAmerican farmlobby isspl itbetween those who wantto profit from greateraccess to foreign marketsand lessefficient sectorsthat demandcontinued coddIingfrom Washington.That isone reasonthe United States madethe unfortunatedecision toside with the moreprotectionist Europeansin Cancun,a positionthat leftAmerican traderepresentatives playingdefense onsubsidies ratherthan taki nga creativestance,a Iongsi deBrazil9on loweringtrade barriers.This wasan unfortunatesubject onwhich toshow somerare trans-Atlantic solidar ity.The resulting’」coal it ionof the unwiI Iing HI entthe ta I ksan unfortunatenorth-versus-south cast.Any hopethat the United Stateswould takethe moralhigh groundat Cancun,and reclaim its historicleadership inpressing for freer trade,was furtherdashed bythe disgracefulmanner inwhich theAmerican negotiatorsrebuffed theri ghtfuI demandsof WestAfrican nat i onsthat the United Statescommit itselfto aclear phasingout Ofits harmfulcotton subsidies.American businessand laborgroups,not tomention taxpayers,shouId beenraged that the administrationseems moresolicitous ofprotecting the most indefensibIesegment ofUnited Statesprotectionism ratherthan ofprotecting thenationaI interestby promotingeconomic growththrough trade.For strugg Iing cottonfarmers insub-Saharan Africa,and formi I I ionsof othersin thedeveloping worId whoseI iveswouId benef it from the furtherlowering of trade barriers,the fai lure of Cancun amounts to a crushing message fromthedeveI opedworld-one ofcallous indifference.Originally theCancunmeetingaimed at.A.raising tariffs and agricultural subsidies in the developed countries B.extending thebenefits of freer tradeand marketsto poorercountries C.demanding continuedsupport from Washington D.UnitedStatecommitment to aclear phasingout of itscotton subsidies

24.nIdo.n ToAmericansthosetwowordscan-y greatmeani ng.They caneven changeyour I ife.Espec i a I I yif yousay themat yourown weddi ng.Mak i ng weddi ngvows isIi kesi gn i ngacontract.Now Americansdon5t real ly think marriageisabusiness deal.But marriageis seriousbusiness.It al I beginswith engagement.Traditional ly,a youngman asksthefatherofhissweetheart for permission tomarry her.If thefather agrees,the manlater proposesto her.Often hetries tosurprise herby poppingthe question11in aromantic way.Somet imesthecoupI ejust decidestogether that the timeis rightto getmarried.The manusually giveshis fiancdea diamondring asa symboIof theirengagement.They may be engagedfor weeks,months oreven years.As thebig dayapproaches,bridal showersand bachelor1s partiesprovide manyuseful gifts.Today manycoup Iesalso receivecounseIi ngduring engagement.This preparesthem forthe chaI Ienges ofmarr iedI ife.At lastitstimeforthewedding.Although mostweddings follow Iong-heId traditions,there,sstillroomforAmericani ndi v iduaIism.For exampIet theusualplaceforaweddi ng isin achurch.But somepeopIe getmarried outdoorsinaseenic spot.A feweven havetheceremonywhile sky-diving orriding onhorseback!The coup Ie mayinvite hundredsof peopIeor justa fewclosefriends.They choosethei rownstyleofcolors,decorations andmusic duringtheceremony.But somethings rarelychange.The brideusually wearsa beautifuIvlong whitewedding dress.She traditional ly wearssomething old,something new,something borrowedand somethingblue.The groomwearsaforma Isuitortuxedo.Several closefriends participatein theceremony asattendants,including thebest man and themaid ofhonor.As theceremony begins,the groomand hisattendants standwith theminister,facing theaudience.Music signalsthe entranceof thebride1sattendants,foI I owed bythe beautifulbride.Nervously,the youngcouple repeatstheir vows.Traditional ly,they promiseto loveeach otherH forbetter,for worse,for richer,for poorer,in sicknessand inhealth n.But somet imesthecoupI ehas composedtheir ownvows.They giveeach othera goldring tosymboI izetheir marriagecommitment.Final Iytheministerannounces thebig moment:I nowpronounceyouman andwife.You maykiss yourbride!At theweddi ng recepti on,thebri deand groomgreet the i rguests.Then theycut thewedding cakeand feedeach othera bite.Guests m i ngI ewh iIe enjoyingcake,punch andother treats.Later thebride throwsher bouquetof flowersto agroup ofsingle girls.Tradition saysthat theone whocatches thebouquet wiI Ibethenext tomarry.During thereception,pIayfuI friendsdecorate thecouple5s carwith tissuepaper,tin cansand aJust Marriedsign.When thereception isover,the newlywedsrun to their decorated“car andspeed off.Many coupI estake ahoneymoon,a one-to-two-week vacationtrip,to celebratetheir newmarriage.AI mostevery cuI turehas ri tua Istosi gna Iachange inone,sI ife.Marriage isone of themostbasic I ife changesfor peopIeof al I cultures.So itsnosurprise tofind manytraditions aboutgetting married...even inAmerica.Yet eachcoupIefoI Iowsthe traditionsinaway that is uniquelytheir own.In the author,s opinion,.A.American youngcouples haveno chancetoshowtheir individualismin their marriage B.American youngcouples dont liketo followinglong-held traditionsC.American youngcouples areinclined tofollow themarriage traditionsD.American youngcouples marryin their own way

25.In itsmodern formthe concept of HI iteraturedie notemerge earI ierthan ei ghteenthcentury andwasnotfully deveI opedunt iItheni neteenth century.Yet heconditions forits emergencehad beendeveloping sincetheRenaissance.The worditself cameinto English usein thefourteenth century,followingFrench andLatin precedents;its rootwas LatinI itter,a letterof thealphabet.Litterature,in thecommon earlyspel Iing,was thenin effecta conditionof reading:of beingable toread andof havingread.It wasoften closeto thesenseofmodern Iiteracy,which wasnot in the IanguageuntiI thelate nineteenthcentury,its introductionin partmade necessaryb themovement ofIiterature to a differentsense.The normaladjective associatedwith Iiteraturewas Iiterate.Literary appearedinthesenseof readi ngab iI ity andexperi enceintheseventeenth century,and didnot acquireits spec i a Ii zedmodern meani nguntiI theeighteenth century.Literature asa newcategory wasten aspec i a Iizat i onof the area formerlycategorized asrhetoric andgrammar:aspec i a Iizat i on to readingand,in thematerial contextof the deveIopment ofprinting,to theprinted wordand especiallythe book,It waseventuaI Iyto become a moregeneral categorythan poetryortheearI ier poesy,which hadbeen generalterms forimaginative composition,but whichin relation to the deveIopment ofIiterature becamepredominantly specialized,fromtheseventeenth century,to metricalcompos it ion andespec ially wri tten andpri ntedmetr ica Icompos ition.But Iiteraturewas neverpr imariIy theact ivecompos ition——the making-which poetryhad described.As readingratherthanwriting,itwasacategoryof differentkind.The characteristicuse canbe seenin Baconlearned inal I Iiterature anderudition,divine andhumane11-and aslate asJohnson“hehadprobably morethan commonI iterature,as hisson addresseshim inone ofhis mostelaborate Latinpoems.n Literature,that istosay,wasacategoryofuse ancondition ratherthan ofproduction.It wasa particularspec i a Iizati onofwhat hadhitherto beenseen asan activityor practice,and aspecial ization,intheci rcumstances,wh ich wasi nev i tabI ymade interms ofsocial class.In itsfirst extendedsense,beyond thebare senseof nIiteracy itwasa definitionof npol ite H or humane11learning,and thusspecif ieda partinteractedwithapersistendemphasisonHI iterature11asreadinginhencI assica I11I anguages.But still,in hisfirst stage,i nto theei ghteenthcentury,Iiteraturewaspr imarily agenera Iizedsocia Iconcept,expressing acertain minoritylevel ofeducationaI achievement.This cardedwith ita potenti a I and eventua I I yrea Ii zeda Iternat i ve defini ti onofI iteratureas printedbooks:theobjectsin andthroughwhichthis achievementwas demonstrated.It isimportant that,within the terms ofthis development,Iiterature normallyincIuded al I printedbooks.There wasnot necessaryspec i a Iizati on toimaginative works.Literature wasstill primariIy readingabi Iityandexper ience,and thisi ncI udedphi losophy,history,and essaysas we I Ias poems.Were thenew eighteenthcentury noveIsI iteratureThat questionwas fi rstapproached,not bydefinition of their modeor content,but byreference to the standardsof politeorhumanelearning.Was drama IiteratureThisquestionwas toexercisesuccessivegenerations,not becauseof anysubstant ialdifficultybutbecauseof thepractical Iimitsofhecategory.If Iiteraturewas reading,could amode writtenfor spokenperformance besaid to be Iiterature’,and ifnot,where wasShakespeare Atone levelthe definitioni ndi catedby thisdeveIopment haspersisted.Literature lostits earIiest senseof readingability andreading experience,and becamean apparentlyobjective category,of printedworks of acertainqua Ii ty.The concernsof aIi teraryeditora Iiterarysupplement wouldstillbe defined in this way.But threecomp Iicat i ng tendenciescan thenbe di sti ngui shed:first,a shiftfrom learningto HtasteorsensibiIity asa criteriondefining Iiteraryqua Iity;second,an increasingspecialization ofIiterature tocreative orimaginative works;thi rd,a deveIopment of the conceptoftradition1withinnationaI terms,resulting in the moreeffective defini ti onofua nat i ona I Ii terature.The sourceof eachof thesetendenciescanbe discernedfromtheRenaissance,butitwasin theeighteenthandnineteenthcenturiesthat theycamethroughmostpowerfullyf untiI theybecame,in thetwentieth century,in effectreceive assumptions.What chaI Ienged thedefinitionofIiteratureasreadingin theeighteenthcentury A.The emergenceof novels.B.The emergenceof dramas.C.The emergenceof poems.D.The emergenceof essay.

26.Awriters jobistotel Ithe truth,saidHemingway in

1942.No otherwriter ofour timehad sofiercely asserted,so pugnaciouslydefended orso consi stentIy exempIif iedthe wri ters obii gation tospeak trulyHis standardof truth-tel Iing remained,moreover,so highand sor igorousthathe wasordinarilyunwiI Iingto admitsecondary evidence,whether Iiterary evidenceor evidencepieked upfrom othersources thanhis ownexperience.nIonlyknowwhatIhave seen,11wasa statementwhichcameoftentohisIipsandpen.What hehad personally done,or whathe knewunforgettably byhaving gonethrough oneversion ofit,was whathe wasinterested intelling about.This is not tosay thathe refused toinvent freely.But heaIways madeitasacrosanct pointto inventinterms ofwhatheactuaI Iyknewfromhavingbeenthere.The primaryintent ofhis writing,from firstto last,was toseize andproject forthe readerwhatheoften calledthewayit.was.This isa characteristicallysimple phraseforaconceptofextraordinary complexity,and Hemingway5s conceptionof itsmeaning subtlychangedseveraltimesin thecourseofhis career-aIways in the directionof greatercomp I exi ty.At thecore of the concept,however,one can invariably discernthe operationof threeaesthetic instruments;thesenseof placethesenseof factand thesenseofscene.The firstof these,obv ious I yastrong passion withHem i ngway isthesenseofpIace.Unless youhave geography,background,heoncetoldGeorgeAnteiI,You havenothing.You have,thatistosay,a dramaticvacuum.Few writershave beenmore place-conscious.Few haves carefullycharted outshe geographicalground workof theirnoveIs whilemanaging tokeep backgroundso conspicuouslyunobtrusive.Few,accordingly,have beenable torecord moreeconomicaI Iyand graphicallythewayitiswhenyouwalkthrough thestreets ofParis insearchofbreakfastatcornercafe-Or when,at aroundsix oclock ofa Spanishdawn,you watchthebullsrunning fromthe corralsat thePuerta Rochapeathrough thestreets ofPampIona towardsthebulIr ing.When Iwoke itwas thesound of the rocketexp Iodi ngthat announcedthe release of thebulls fromthe corralsat theedge oftown.Down belowthe narrowstreet wasempty.Al IthebaIconi eswere crowdedwith peop I e.Suddenly acrowd camedown thestreet.They werealIrunning,packed closetogether.They passedalong andup streettoward thebul Iringandbehindthemcamemoremenrunningfaster,and thensome stragglerswho erereal lyrunning.Behind themwasaIi ttIebarespace,and thenthe bulIs,galIopi ngvtoss i ng their headsupanddown.It alI wentout ofsight aroundthe corner.One manfell,rol ledto thegutter,and layquiet.But thebulls wentright on and didnot noticehim.They werealIrunning together.Thislandscapeisasmorning-fresh asa design in Indiaink onclean whitepaper.Fi rstisthebare whitestreet,seem fromabove,quiet andempty.Then onesees thefirst packedclot ofrunners.Behind theseare thethinner ranksof those who movefaster becausethey arecloser tobul Is.Then thealmost comicstragglers,who arereally running.Brilliantly behindthese shinestheIittIe barespace,nadesperatemarginforerror.Then theclot ofrunning buI Is-closing thedesign,except ofcourse forthemanin thegutter makinghimself,I ike the designerJsinitials,as inconspicuousas possible.The authorcalls thewayitwasacharacteristicaI Iysimplephraseforaconceptofextraordinarycomplexity11the secondparagraph because■A.the phrasereflects Hemingwaystalent forobscuring ordinaryevents B.the relationship between simplicity and complexityreflected therelationshipbetweenthe styleand content of Hemingways writingC・Hemingway becameincreasingly nconfused about thewayitwasthroughout thecourseofhis career.D・Hemingways obsessionfro geographicdetails progressivelyovershadowed thedramatic element ofhisstories

27.In itsmodern formthe conceptof nIiteraturedie notemerge earI ierthan ei ghteenthcentury andwasnotfully deveI opedunt iItheni neteenthcentury.Yet heconditions forits emergencehadbeendeveloping sincetheRenaissance.The worditself cameinto English usein thefourteenth century,followingFrench andLatin precedents;its rootwas LatinI itter,a letterof thealphabet.Litterature,in thecommon earlyspel Iing,was thenin effecta conditionof reading:of beingabIe toread andof havingread.It wasoften closeto thesenseofmodern Iiteracy,which wasnot in the IanguageuntiI thelate nineteenthcentury,its introductionin partmade necessaryb themovement ofIiterature to a differentsense.The normaladjectiveassociatedwith Iiteraturewas Iiterate.Literary appearedinthesenseof readingabiIityandexperi enceintheseventeenthcentury,and didnot acquireits spec i aIi zedmodern meani nguntiI theeighteenthcentury.Literature asa newcategory wastenaspeci aIizati onof thearea formerlycategorized asrhetoric andgrammar:aspeci aIizati on toreadi ngand,in thematerial contextof the deveIopment ofprinting,to theprinted wordand especiallythe book,It waseventuaI Iyto become amoregeneralcategorythanpoetryortheearIierpoesy,which hadbeen generalterms forimaginative composition,but whichin relation to thedeveIopment ofIiterature becamepredominantly specialized,fromtheseventeenthcentury,to metricalcompos ition andespec ially wri ttenandpri ntedmetr ica Icompos ition.But Iiteraturewas neverprimariIytheactive composition-the making-which poetryhad described.As readingratherthanwriting,itwasacategoryof differentkind.The characteristicuse canbe seenin Baconlearned inalI Iiterature anderudition,divine andhumane,1-and aslate asJohnson“hehadprobably morethan commonIiterature,as hisson addresseshim inone ofhis mostelaborate Latinpoems.Literature,thatisto sayvwasacategoryofuse ancondition ratherthan ofproduction.It wasa particularspeci aIizati onofwhat hadhitherto beenseen asan acti v i tyor practice,and aspeci aIization,intheci rcumstances,wh ich wasi nev i tabI ymade interms ofsocial class.In itsfi rst extendedsense,beyond thebare senseof MIiteracy11itwasadefinitionofnpol iteHorhumanen learning,and thusspecif ieda partinteractedwithapersistendemphasison IiteratureasreadinginhencI assical uI anguages.But still,inhisfirst stage,i nto theei ghteenthcentury,Iiteraturewasprimarily agenera Iizedsocia Iconcept,expressing acertain minoritylevel ofeducationaI achievement.This cardedwith ita potenti aI and eventua I I yrea Ii zedaI ternat i vedefini ti onofIiteratureasprintedbooks:theobjectsinandthroughwhichthisachievementwas demonstrated.It isimportant that,within the terms ofthis development,Iiterature normallyincIuded alI printedbooks.There wasnot necessaryspeci aIizati on toimaginativeworks.Literature wasstill primarily readingability andexperience,and thisi ncI udedphi losophy,history,and essaysas weI Ias poems.Were thenew eighteenthcentury noveIsIiteratureThat questionwasfi rstapproached,not bydefinitionof their modeor content,but byreference to the standardsof“politeorhumanelearning.Was dramaIiterature Thisquestionwas toexercisesuccessivegenerations,not becauseof anysubstant ialdifficultybutbecauseof thepracticalIimitsofhecategory.If Iiteraturewas reading,could amode writtenfor spokenperformance besaid to be literature’,and ifnot,where wasShakespeare Atone levelthe definitionindi catedby thisdeveIopment haspersisted.Literature lostitsearIiestsenseof readingabilityandreading experience,and becamean apparentlyobjective category,of printedworks ofacertainqua Iity.The concernsofanIiteraryeditor1a Iiterarysupplement wouldstillbedefined in thisway.But threecomp Iicat i ng tendenciescan thenbedi sti ngui shed:first,a shiftfrom HlearningtotasteorsensibiIity asacriteriondefining Iiteraryqua Iity;second,anincreas ingspecializat ionofIiteratureto“creativeorimaginative nworks;third,a deveIopmentof the conceptoftradition“withinnationaI terms,resulting inthe moreeffective guests.Then theycut thewedding cakeand feedeach othera bite.Guests mi ngI ewh iIe enjoyi ngcake,punch andother treats.Later thebri de throwsher bouquetof flowersto agroup ofsingle girls.Tradition saysthat theone whocatches thebouquet wiI Ibethenexttomarry.During thereception,pIayfuI friendsdecorate thecouple Jscarwith tissuepaper,tin cansand an JustMarried11sign.When thereception isover,the newlywedsrun to their,,decorated,,car andspeed off.Many coupI estake ahoneymoon,a one-to-two-week vacationtrip,to celebratetheir newmarriage.AI mostevery cuI turehas ri tuaIstosi gnaIachange inonesI ife.Marriage isone of themostbasic Iife changesfor peopIeof alI cultures.So itsnosurprise tofind manytraditions aboutgetting married...even inAmerica.Yet eachcoupIefoI Iowsthe traditionsinaway thatis uniquelytheir own.The wordbusiness occurstwice inthefirst paragraph,what doesthe secondbusiness1mean A.Trade.B.Affair.C.Duty.D.Right.

8.Questions9and10are basedonthefollowingnews.Richard Reidtried tobomb aplane with the bomb.A.provided byterrorists B.stolen fromthe militaryC.made according to themethods shown in InternetD.made inhis lab

9.Questions1to5are basedon aninterview.When askedwhat amanager Js roleis,Mr.Pitt sounds.defini ti onof11a nat i ona I Iiterature.The sourceof eachof thesetendenciescanbe discernedfromtheRenaissancev butitwasintheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturiesthat theycamethroughmostpowerfully,untiI theybecame,inthetwentieth century,in effectreceive assumptions.Which of thefollowing canbest serveas thetitle ofthispassageA.The Developmentof theConcept of Literature B.The Developmentof ModernConcept ofLiterature C.The DevelopmentofLiteratureD.The Developmentof Literacy

28.nIdo.H ToAmericansthosetwowordscan-y greatmeaning.They caneven changeyour Iife.Espec i aI I yif yousay themat yourown weddi ng.Mak i ng weddi ngvows isIi kesi gn i ngacontract.Now AmericansdoM treal lythinkmarriageisabusinessdeal.But marriageis seriousbusiness.It alI beginswith engagement.Traditional ly,a youngman asksthefatherofhissweetheart for permission tomarry her.If thefather agrees,themanlater proposesto her.Often hetries tosurprise herby poppingthe questioninaromantic way.Somet imesthecoupIejustdecidestogetherthat thetimeisrightto getmarried.The manusually giveshisfianceeadiamondringasasymboIof thei rengagement.They maybe engagedfor weeks,months oreven years.As thebig dayapproaches,bridal showersand bachelor1s partiesprovide manyusefuI gifts.Today manycoupIesalsoreceivecounseling duringengagement.This preparesthem forthe chaI Ienges ofmarr iedIife.At lastitstimeforthewedding.Although mostweddings follow Iong-heId traditions,there sstillroomforAmericanindiv iduaIism.For exampIe9theusualplaceforaweddi ngisinachurch.But somepeopIe getmarried outdoorsinaseenic spot.A feweven havetheceremonywhile sky-diving orriding onhorseback!The coupIe mayinvite hundredsof peopIeor justa fewclosefriends.They choosetheir ownstyleofcolors,decorations andmusic duringtheceremony.But somethings rarelychange.The brideusually wearsa beautifuIvlong whitewedding dress.She traditionally wearssomething old,something new,something borrowedand somethingblue.The groomwearsaformal suitortuxedo.Several closefriends participateintheceremony asattendants,including thebest manand themaidofhonor.As theceremony begins,the groomand hisattendants standwith theminister,facing theaudience.Music signalsthe entranceof thebride Jsattendants,foI I owed bythe beautifulbride.Nervously,the youngcouple repeatstheir vows.Traditional ly,they promiseto loveeach othernforbetter,for worse,for richer,for poorer,in sicknessand inhealth”.But somet imesthecoupI ehas composedtheir ownvows.They giveeach othera goldring tosymboIizetheirmarriagecommitment.Final Iytheministerannounces thebig moment:Inowpronounceyoumanandwife.You maykiss yourbride!At theweddi ng recepti on,thebrideand groomgreet the irguests.Then theycut thewedding cakeand feedeach othera bite.Guests mi ngI ewh iIe enjoyingcake,punch andother treats.Later thebride throwsher bouquetof flowersto agroup ofsingle girls.Tradition saysthat theone whocatches thebouquet wiI Ibethenexttomarry.During thereception,pIayf uI friendsdecorate thecouple5scarwith tissuepaper,tin cansand aJustMarriedsign.When thereception isover,the newlywedsrun to their decoratedcar andspeed off.Many coupI estakeahoneymoon,a one-to-two-week vacationtrip,to celebratetheir newmarriage.AI mostevery cuI turehasri tuaIstosi gnaIachangeinonesIife.Marriage isone of themostbasic Iife changesfor peopIeof alI cultures.So it,snosurprise tofind manytraditionsaboutgettingmarried...even inAmerica.Yet eachcoupIefoI Iowsthe traditionsinaway thatis uniquelytheirown.On whatkind ofjournal maythis articlebe pubIished A.Traveling journal.B.Editorial sectionofajournal.C.Language journal.D.An introduction to Americancultures.

29.Cancun means“snakepit“inthelocal MayanIanguage,and itI ivedup toits nameas thehost ofan importantWorld TradeOrganization meetingthat beganlast week.Rather thantack Ii ngtheproblem of thei rhigh agriculturaltariffs andlavish farmsubsidies,which victimizefarmers inpoorer nations,a numberof richnations derailedthe talks.The failure by146trade deI egatesto reachan agreementin Mexi coisaserious blowto thegIobaI economy.And contraryto themindless cheeringwith wh ichthe breakdownwas greetedby antigI obaIizati on protestersat Cancun,the world1s poorestand mostvulnerable nationswiI Isuffer most.It isa bitteri ronythat thechief architectsofthisfailurewere nations I ike Japan,Korea andEuropean Unionmembers,themseIves adsfortheprosperity affordedby increasedgIobaI trade.The Cancunmeeting cameat themidpoint of the W.T.

0.sndevelopment round,of tradeIiberalization talks,one thatbegan twoyears agowith aneye towardextending thebenefits of freer tradeand marketsto poorercountries.The principaldemand of these developingnat ions,Ied at Cancun byBrazi Iv has beenan endto hightariffs and agricultural subsidiesinthedeveI oped worldfandri ghtIyso.Poor nationsfind ithard tocompete againstr ichnat ionsfarmers,who getmorethan$300billion ingovernment handoutseach year.The talksappeared tobreak downsuddenly onthe issueof whetherthe W.T.

0.shouId extendits rulemakingjurisdiction intosuch newareas asforeign investment.But intruth,there wasnothing abruptabout theCancun meltdown.The Japaneseand Europeanshad devisedthis demand for anunwieldy andunnecessary expansionof theW.T.

0.1s mandateasapo ison pill-to defI ectany attemptsto getthem toturn theirbacks ontheir powerfulfarm lobbies.Their planworked.The Americanrole at Cancun wasdisappo inti ng Iymuted.The Bushadm ini st rati onhad Ii ttI ei nterestinthe proposaI toexpand theW.T.

0.’s authority,but theAmerican farmlobby isspl itbetween those who wantto profit from greateraccess toforeign marketsand lessefficient sectorsthat demandcontinued coddIingfrom Washington.That isone reasonthe United States madethe unfortunatedecision toside with the moreprotectionist Europeansin Cancun,a positionthat leftAmerican traderepresentatives playingdefense onsubsidies ratherthan takinga creativestance,a Iongsi deBrazi\9on loweringtrade barriers.This wasan unfortunatesubject onwhich toshow somerare trans-Atlantic solidar i ty.The resulting’」coa Ii ti onoftheunw iI Ii ngI entthe taI ksan unfortunatenorth-versus-south cast.Any hopethat theUn i ted Stateswould takethe moralhigh groundatCancun,and reclaimits historicleadership inpressing for freer trade,was furtherdashed bythe disgracefulmanner inwhich theAmerican negotiatorsrebuffed theri ghtfuI demandsof WestAfrican nat i onsthat theUn ited Statescommit itselfto aclear phasingout Ofits harmfulcotton subsidies.American businessand laborgroups,not tomention taxpayers,shouId beenraged that the administrationseems moresolicitous ofprotecting themost indefensibIesegment ofUnited Statesprotectionism ratherthan ofprotecting thenationaI interestby promotingeconomic growththrough trade.For strugg Iing cottonfarmers insub-Saharan Africa,andformi I I ionsof othersinthedeveloping worId whoseI iveswouId benefit fromthe furtherlowering of trade barriers,the failure ofCancun amountsto acrushing messagefromthedeveI opedworld——one ofcallous indifference.Which ofthefollowing statements is trueabout theAmerica Js role atCancunmeet i ng A.America supportedthe expansionof W.T.

0.s jurisdictionon foreign investment.B.America supportedsuch nationsas Brazil,Mexico andAfrican countries.C.America tooka standon governmenteconomic protectionfor domesticproducers throughrestrictions onforeign competitors.D.America tooka moralhigh groundinpressing for freertrad

30.Cancun meanssnakepit inthelocal MayanIanguage,and itIived up toits nameas thehost ofan importantWorId TradeOrganization meetingthatbeganlast week.Rather thantack Ii ngtheproblemofthei rhigh agriculturaltariffs andlavish farmsubsidies,which victimizefarmers inpoorer nations,a numberof richnations derailedthe talks.The failure by146trade deI egatesto reachan agreementin Mexi coisaserious blowto thegIobaI economy.And contraryto themindless cheeringwith wh ichthe breakdownwas greetedby antigI obaIizati on protestersatCancun,the world1s poorestand mostvulnerable nationswiI Isuffer most.It isa bitteri ronythat thechief architectsofthisfailurewere nationsI ikeJapan,Korea andEuropean Unionmembers,themseIves adsfortheprosperity affordedby increasedgIobaI trade.The Cancunmeeting cameatthemidpoint oftheW.T.

0.’sdevelopment round,oftradeIiberalization talks,one thatbegan twoyears agowith aneye towardextending thebenefits of freer tradeand marketsto poorercountries.The principaldemand ofthese developingnat ions,Ied atCancun byBrazi I,has beenanendtohightariffsand agriculturalsubsidiesinthedeveI opedworId,andri ghtIyso.Poor nat i onsfind ithard tocompete againstr ichnations farmers,who getmorethan$300billion ingovernment handoutseach year.The talksappeared tobreak downsuddenly onthe issueof whethertheW.T.

0.shouId extendits rulemakingjur isdictionintosuch newareas asforeign investment.But intruth,there wasnothing abruptabout theCancun meltdown.The Japaneseand Europeanshad devisedthis demandfor anunwieldy andunnecessary expansionoftheW.T.

0.’s mandateasapoi sonpi I I-to defIect any attemptstogetthem toturnthei rbacks ontheir powerfulfarm lobbies.Their planworked.The Americanrole atCancun wasdisappo inti ng Iymuted.The Bushadm ini st rati onhad IittI ei nterestinthe proposaI toexpand theW.T.

0.1s authority,but theAmerican farmlobby issplit between those who wantto profitfrom greateraccess toforeign marketsand lessefficient sectorsthat demandcontinued coddIingfromWashington.That isone reasontheUnited States madethe unfortunatedecision toside with the moreprotectionist Europeansin Cancun,a positionthat leftAmerican traderepresentatives playingdefense onsubsidies ratherthan takinga creativestance,a IongsideBraziI,on loweringtrade barriers.This wasan unfortunatesubject onwhich toshow somerare trans-Atlantic solidar ity.The resulting’」coal itionofthe unwiI Iing I entthe taI ksan unfortunatenorth-versus-south cast.Any hopethattheUn ited Stateswould takethe moralhigh groundatCancun,and reclaimits historicleadership inpressing for freer trade,was furtherdashed bythe disgracefulmanner inwhich theAmerican negotiatorsrebuffed therightfuI demandsof WestAfrican nationsthattheUnited Statescommit itselfto aclear phasingout Ofits harmfulcotton subsidies.American businessand laborgroups,not tomention taxpayers,shouId beenraged thatthe administrationseems moresolicitous ofprotecting themost indefensibIesegment ofUnited Statesprotectionism ratherthan ofprotecting thenationaI interestby promotingeconomic growththrough trade.For strugg Iing cottonfarmers insub-Saharan Africa,andformi I I ionsof othersinthedeveloping worId whoseI iveswouId benefitfromthe furtherlowering oftrade barriers,the failureofCancunamountsto acrushingmessagefromthedeveIopedworld-one ofcallous indifference.If canbe inferredfromthepassage that.A.theCancunmeeting wasa stepforward toward the economicglobalization B.theCancunmeeting began twoyears ago C.thedeveloping countries calledfor loweringtariffsand agriculturalsubsidiesinthedevelopedcountriesD.agreement betweenAmerica andEuropean Unioncan frequentlybe seenon internationalaffairs

31.Mobi IephonesWhat AreMobi IePhones Amobi Iephone,also knownasaceI I phone orcellular phone,isaportable electronicdevice whichbehaves asa normaIte I ephonewh iI stbe ingabI eto move over a wide area compare cordless phone which acts asa te I ephone only within aIi mi ted range.Cell phonesallow connecti onsto bemade to the te I ephone network,normally bydi rectlydiali ngthe other party s number on an inbuiIt keypad.Most currentceI I phones usea combi nat i onof radiowave transmission andconvent iona Ite I ephone ci rcuitswi tch ing,though packetsw itch ingis already in use for some parts ofthe ceI I phone network,especial lyfor servicessuch asInternet accessand WAP.Some ofthe world11s largestceI I phone manufacturersi ncIudeAI cate I,Audiovox,Kyocera formerI ythe handsetdiv isionofQua Icomm,LG,Motorola,Nokia,Panasonic Matsush i ta EI ectric fPhilips,Sagem,Samsung,Sanyo,Siemens,SK Teletech,and SonyEricsson.There are also speci aIi stcommunication systemsrelated to,but distinetfrom cel Iphones,such assate I Iite phones and ProfessionaI Mobi Ie Radio.WorIdw ide DepIoymentCeI I phones have a long arid varied history that stretches back to the1950s,with handheld devicesbeing avaiIabIesince

1983.Due to their lowestab Iishment costsand rapiddeployment,ceI I phone networkshave sincespread rapidlythroughout the world,outstrip pingthe growthof fi xedte I ephony.In most of Europe,wea Ith i er parts of As i a,Austral ia,and the US,ce I I phonesare nowwidely used,with thema jority ofthe adult,teenage,and evenchild popuI ation own ing one.The numberof cel I phonesubscribers inthe UShas reachedover190mi I I ion.The availability of Prepaid or pay as you go services,where thesubscriber does not haveto committo a long termcontract,has heI pedfuel thisgrowth.Standard ized TechnologyThe ceI I phone has becomeubiquitous becauseofthe interoperabi Iity of cel Iphonesacross differentnetworks4nd countries.This isdue to the equipmentmanufacturers alI workingto thesame standard,particularly theGSM standardwhich wasdesigned forEurope-wide interoperabiIity.Al IEuropean nationsand someAsian nati onschose itas thei r sole standard,while inJapan andSouth Koreaanother standard,CDMA,was seIected.CelIphone CultureIn lessthan twentyyears,mobi Iephones havegone frombeing rare and expensi ve pieces of equipment used by businesses to a pervasive Iow-cost personalitem.In manycountries,ceI I phones nowoutnumber landIine telephones,with mostadults andmany chi Idren nowowning cel Iphones.It is not uncommonfor youngadults tosimply owna cel I phoneinstead ofaI and-1ine fortheir residence.In somedeveloping countries,where there isIittIe exi sting fixed-1ine infrastructure,the mobiIe phone has become widespread.Social LifeWith highI eveIs ofmob iIeteI ephonepenetration,a mobi Ie culturehas evolved,where thephone becomesa keysoc i aI tool,and peopIerely ontheir ceI I phone addressbook tokeep in touch w i ththe ir fri ends.Many peop I ekeep in touchus ing SMS,and awho I e cultureof“texting“has deveIoped fromthis.The commercialmarket inSMS s is growing.Many phoneseven offerInstant Messengerservices toincrease thesimpIicity andease of texting onphones.Entertainment Themobi Iephone itself has also become a totemic and fashion object,with usersdeco rating,customizing,and accessorizingtheir ce I I phones to reflect their personal ity.Like wise,customized ringtoneshave beendeveloped.Et i quette Ce I I phone eti quettehas becomean importantissue withmobi Iesr ingingat funeraIs,weddings,movies andplays.Users oftenspeak atincreased voIumeywith IittIe regard for others nearby people.11has becomecommon practi cefor pI acesI ikeIibrar ies andmov ie theatresto banthe useof ce I I phones,somet imes eveni nstaI Iingjamm ing equi pmentto preventthem.Med i a Cameraphones and v i deophonesthat cancapture videoand takephotographs areincreasingly beingused tocover breakingnews.Stories I ike theLondon Bombings,the BoxingDay Tsunami and HurricaneKatrina have been reportedon bycameraphone userson newssites I ike NowPubIicand photosharingsites I ike Flickr.CelIphone FeaturesCe I I phonesare oftenpacked withfeatures thatoffer usersfar morethan justthe capabiIityto sendtext messages and makevoice calIs.These mayincIude internetbrowsing,music MP3pIayback,personal organizers,emai19watch/alarm,bui It-in cameras,ring tones,security measurese.g.pin codes,SIM blocks,games,radio,push to talk,infra redand bIue-tooth connectivity,and calI registers.Network FeaturesThough ce I I phones varysignificant I y fromprovider toprovider,and evennation tonat ion most not iceably in North Amer ica,alIcel I phones mustgenerally accompIish tilesame tasksregardless.CeI I phones mustbe connectedto thesystem ofI and-1ine phones.Ce I I phones must aI sobe abI eto connectwith eachother justas easily,even A.Y B.N C.NG

32.Mobi IephonesWhat AreMobi IePhones Amobi Iephone,also knownasaceI I phone orcellular phone,isaportable electronicdevice whichbehaves asa normaIte I ephonewh i1st beingable to move over a wide area compare cordless phone which acts asa te I ephone only within aIi mi ted range.Cell phonesallow connecti onsto bemade to the te I ephone network,normally bydirectly dialing the other party1,s numberon aninbui Itkeypad.Most currentceI I phones usea combi nationof radiowave transmission andconvent iona Ite I ephone ci rcuitswi tch ing,though packetswitching is already in use for some parts oftheceI I phone network,especial lyfor servicessuch asInternet accessand WAP.Some ofthe worlds largestceI I phone manufacturersi ncIudeAlcatel,Audiovox,Kyocera formerI ythe handsetdivisionofQua Icomm,LGV Motorola,Nokia,Panasonic Matsushi taEI ectric,Philips,Sagem,Samsung,Sanyo,Siemens,SK Teletech,and SonyEricsson.There are also speci aIi stcommunication systemsrelated to,but distinetfrom cel Iphones,such assate I Iite phones and ProfessionaIMobiIe Radio.Worldwide DepIoymentCeI I phones have a longarid variedhistory thatstretches backto the1950s,with handheld devicesbeing avaiIabIesince

1983.Due to their lowestab Iishment costsand rapiddeployment,ceI I phone networkshave sincespread rapidlythroughout the world,outstrip pingthe growthof fi xedte I ephony.Inmostof Europe,wea Ithier partsof Asi a,Austra Ii a,and the叫ce I I phonesare nowwidely used,with thema jority ofthe adult,teenage,and evenchild popuI ationown ing one.The numberof cel I phonesubscribers inthe UShas reachedover190mi I I ion.The availability of Prepaid or pay as you go services,where thesubscriber does not haveto committo a long termcontract,has heI pedfuel thisgrowth.Standard ized TechnologyThe ceI I phone has becomeubiquitous becauseofthe interoperabi Iity of cel Iphonesacross differentnetworks4nd countries.This isdue to the equipmentmanufacturers alI workingto thesame standard,particularly theGSM standardwhich wasdesigned A.confident B.hesitant C.resolute D.doubtful

10.H Awritersjobistotel Ithetruth,n saidHemingway in

1942.No otherwriter ofour timehad sofiercely asserted,so pugnaciouslydefended orso consi stentIy exempIif iedthe writers obii gation tospeak trulyHis standardof truth-telIingremained,moreover,so highand sorigorous thathewasordinari lyunwiI Iingto admitsecondary evidence,whether Iiterary evidenceor evidencepieked upfrom othersources thanhis ownexperience.IonlyknowwhatIhave seen,H wasa statementwhichcameoftentohisIipsandpen.What hehad personally done,or whathe knewunforgettably byhaving gonethrough oneversion ofit,was whathewasinterested intelling about.This is not tosay thathe refused to inventfreely.But healways madeitasacrosanct pointtoinventinterms ofwhatheactuaI Iyknewfromhavingbeenthere.The primaryintent ofhis writing,from firstto last,wastoseize andproject forthe readerwhatheoften calledthewayit.was.This isa characteristicallysimplephraseforaconceptofextraordinarycomp I exi tyfand HemingwayJsconcept ionof itsmeaningsubtlychangedseveraltimesinthecourseofhiscareer-aIways inthe directionofgreatercomp I exi ty.At thecore ofthe concept,however,one can invariably discernthe operationof threeaesthetic instruments;thesenseof placethesenseof factand thesenseofscene.The firstofthese,obv ious I yastrong passion withHem ingwayisthesenseofpIace.“Unlessyouhavegeography,background,11heoncetoldGeorgeAnteiI,Youhavenothing.Youhave,thatistosay,a dramaticvacuum.Few writershave beenmore place-conscious.Few haves carefullycharted outshe forEurope-wide interoperabiIity.Al IEuropean nationsand someAsian nati onschose itas thei r solestandard,while inJapan andSouth Koreaanother standard,CDMA,was seIected.CelIphone CultureIn lessthan twentyyears,mobi Iephones havegone frombeing rare and expensi ve pieces of equipment used by businesses to a pervasive Iow-cost personalitem.In manycountries,ceI I phones nowoutnumber landIine telephones,with mostadults andmany chi Idren nowowning cel Iphones.It isnot uncommonfor youngadults tosimply owna cel I phonei nsteadofaI and-1ine forthei rresidence.In somedeveloping countries,where thereis IittIe exi stingfixed-1ine infrastructure,the mobiIe phone has become widespread.Social LifeWith highI eveIs ofmob iIeteI ephonepenetration,a mobi Ie culturehas evolved,where thephone becomesa keysoc iaItool,and peopIerely onthei rceI I phoneaddressbook tokeep in touch w i ththe irfri ends.Many peop I ekeep in touchus ing SMS,and awho I e cultureof textinghas deveIoped fromthis.The commercialmarket inSMS sis growing.Many phoneseven offerInstant Messengerservices toincrease thesimpIicity andease of texting onphones.Entertainment ThemobiIe phone itself has also becomea totemic and fashion object,with usersdeco rating,customizing,and accessorizingtheir ce I I phones to reflect their personal ity.Like wise,customized ringtoneshave beendeveloped.Et i quette Ce I I phone eti quettehas becomean importantissue withmobi lesr ingingat funeraIs,weddings,movies andplays.Users oftenspeak atincreased voIumevwith IittIe regard for others nearby people.11has becomecommon practi cefor pI acesI ikeIibrar ies andmov ie theatresto banthe useof ce I I phones,somet imes eveni nstaI Iingjamm ing equi pmentto preventthem.Media Cameraphones and videophonesthat cancapture videoand takephotographs areincreasingly beingused tocover breakingnews.Stories Iike theLondon Bombings,the BoxingDay Tsunamiand HurricaneKatrina have been reportedon bycameraphone userson newssites Iike NowPubIicand photosharingsites Iike Flickr.CelIphone FeaturesCe I I phonesare oftenpacked withfeatures thatoffer usersfar morethan justthe capabiIityto sendtext messagesand makevoice calIs.These mayincIude internetbrowsing,music MP3pIayback,personal organizers,email,watch/alarm,bui It-in cameras,ring tones,security measurese.g.pin codes,SIM blocks,games,radio,push to talk,infra redand bIue-tooth connectivity,and calI registers.Network FeaturesThough ce II phones varysignificant I y fromprovider toprovider,and evennation tonat ion most not iceably in North America,alIcelI phones mustgenerally accompIish tilesame tasksregardless.CeI I phones mustbe connectedto thesystem ofI and-1ine phones.Ce II phones must alsobe able to connectwith eachother justas easily9even A.Y B.N C.NG33,Mobi IephonesWhat AreMobi IePhones Amobi Iephone,also knownasaceI I phone orcellular phone,isaportable electronicdevice whichbehaves asa normaIte I ephonewh iI stbe ingabI eto moveover awide areacompare cordlessphone whichacts asa te I ephoneonly withinaIi mited range.Cell phonesallow connecti onsto bemade to the te I ephone network,normally bydi rectlydialing theother partys numberonaninbuiIt keypad.Most currentceI I phones usea combi nationof radiowave transmission andconvent iona Ite I ephone ci rcuitswi tching,though packetsw itchingisalready inuse forsome partsoftheceI I phone network,especial lyfor servicessuch asInternet accessand WAP.Some ofthe worlds largestceI I phone manufacturersi ncIudeAI cate I,Audiovox,Kyocera formerI ythe handsetdivisionofQua Icomm,LGV Motorola,Nok iav Panasonic Matsushi taEI ectr ic,Philips,Sagem,Samsung,Sanyo,Siemens,SK Teletech,and SonyEricsson.There are also speciaIi stcommunication systemsrelated to,but distinetfrom cel Iphones,such assate IIite phonesand ProfessionaIMobiIe Radio.Worldwide DepIoymentGe II phones have a longarid variedhistory thatstretches backto the1950s,with handheld devicesbeing avaiIabIesince

1983.Due to their lowestab Iishment costsand rapiddeployment,ce11phone networkshave sincespread rapidlythroughout the world,outstrip pingthe growthoffi xedteI ephony.In mostof Europe,wea Ith ier partsof Asia,Austral ia,and the US,ce II phonesare nowwidely used,with thema jority ofthe aduIt,teenage,and evenchild popuI ationown ing one.The numberof celI phonesubscribers inthe UShas reachedover190mi II ion.The availability of Prepaid or pay as you go services,where thesubscriber does not haveto committo a long termcontract,has heI pedfuel thisgrowth.Standard ized TechnologyThe ceI I phone has becomeubiquitous becauseoftheinteroperabi Iity of cel Iphonesacross differentnetworks4nd countries.This isdue tothe equipmentmanufacturers alI workingtothesame standard,particularly theGSM standardwhich wasdesigned forEurope-wide interoperabiIity.Al IEuropean nationsand someAsian nati onschose itas thei r solestandard,while inJapan andSouth Koreaanother standard,CDMA,was seIected.CelIphone CultureIn lessthan twentyyears,mobi Iephones havegone frombeing rareand expensi ve pieces of equipment used by businesses to a pervasive Iow-cost personalitem.In manycountries,ceI I phones nowoutnumber landIine telephones,with mostadults andmany chi Idren nowowning celIphones.It isnot uncommonfor youngadults tosimply owna celIphonei nsteadofaI and-1ine fortheir residence.In somedeveloping countries,where thereisIittIe existingfixed-1ine infrastructure,the mobiIe phone has become widespread.Social LifeWith highI eveIs ofmob iIeteI ephonepenetration,a mobi Ie culturehas evolved,where thephone becomesa keysoc iaItool,and peopIerely ontheir ceI Iphoneaddressbook tokeep in touch w i ththeirfri ends.Many peop I ekeep in touchus ing SMS,and awho I e cultureof“texting“has deveIoped fromthis.The commercialmarket inSMS,sis growing.Many phoneseven offerInstant Messengerservices toincrease thesimplicity andease of texting onphones.Entertainment ThemobiIephone itself has also becomea totemic and fashion object,with usersdeco rating,customizing,and accessorizingtheir ceII phones toreflect theirpersonal ity.Like wise,customized ringtoneshave beendeveloped.Et i quette Ce IIphone eti quettehas becomean importantissue withmobi lesr ingingat funeraIs,weddings,movies andplays.Users oftenspeak atincreased voIumeywith IittIe regardfor othersnearby people.11has becomecommon practi ceforpI acesIikeIibrar iesandmov ie theatresto banthe useof ceII phones,somet imes eveni nstaIIingjamm ing equi pmentto preventthem.Media Cameraphonesand videophonesthat cancapture videoand takephotographs areincreasingly beingusedtocover breakingnews.Stories Iike theLondon Bombings,the BoxingDay Tsunamiand HurricaneKatrina have been reportedon bycameraphone userson newssites Iike NowPubIicand photosharingsites Iike Flickr.CelIphone FeaturesCe II phonesare oftenpacked withfeatures thatoffer usersfar morethan justthe capabiIityto sendtext messagesand makevoice calIs.These mayincIude internetbrowsing,music MP3pIayback,personal organizers,emai19watch/alarm,bui It-in cameras,ring tones,security measurese.g.pin codes,SIM blocks,games,radio,push to talk,infra redand bIue-tooth connectivity,and calI registers.Network FeaturesThough ceIIphones varysignificant I y fromprovider toprovider,and evennationtonation most not iceably inNorth America,alIcelIphones mustgenerally accompIish tilesame tasksregardless.CeI Iphones mustbe connectedtothesystem ofI and-1i nephones.Ce IIphones must alsobe able to connectwith eachother justas easily,even A.Y B.N C.NG

34.It ishard toget anyagreement onthe accuratemeaning ofthe termsocial class

11.In everydayIife,peopIe tendto have a differentapproach to those they consider their equaIs from that which they assume with peop Iethey consider higher or lower than themse I ves inthe soc iaI scale.The criteriawe useto placea newacquaintance（熟人）,however,areacomplex mixtureof factors.Dress,way ofspeaking,area ofresidence ina givencity orprovince,education andmanners alI playa part.In Greece,after the sixth-century B.C.,there wasa growingconf Iict between the peasants and the Ianded aristocrats（贵族）,and agradual decreaseinthepower ofthear istocracy when a kind of middle class11of traders and skilledworkers grewup.The popuI ationofAthens,for exampIe,wasdivi dedinto threemain classeswhich werepolitica II yand IegaI Iy dist inet.About one-thi rdofthe total were slaves,who didnot countpolitically atall,a factoften forgottenby those who praiseAthens asthe nurseryof democracy.The nextmain groupconsisted ofres ident forei gners,the metics,who werefreemen,though theytwo wereaIIowedno sharein politica IIife.The third group was the powerful body of“citizens”,who werethemseIves dividedinto sub-classes.In tilelater MiddleAges,however,thedeveIopmentof monetaryeconomy and the growthof cities and trade ledtotheri seof another class,the burghers”or citymerchants andmayors.These werethe predecessorsofthemodern middle classes.Gradual lyhigh office andoccupation assumedimportance indetermining soc iaI position,as itbecame moreand morepossible fora personborn toone stationin lifeto moveto another.This changeaffected thetowns morethan thecountry areas,where remnantsof feudaIismIasted muchlonger.With thebreak-up ofthe feudaIeconomy,the increasingdivision oflabour,and thegrowing power ofthetown burghers（公民），the commercialand professionalmidd IecI assbecame moreand moreimportant inEurope,and theolder privileged class,the Iandedaristocracy,began tolose someof its power.The mainidea ofthefirstparagraphis that.A.to definethe termsocial classdoes not involve muchdifficulty B.thereismuch alternationin peoples social classes C.to evaluatea persons social class isa verycomplex procedureD.we cantell whichsocial classa personbelongs tobytheway hebehaves

35.It ishard toget anyagreement onthe accuratemeaning ofthe termn socialclass.In everydayIife,peopIe tendto havea differentapproach tothose they consider their equaIs from that which they assume with peopIetheyconsider higher or lower than themse I ves inthe soc iaI scale.The criteriawe useto place11a newacquaintance（熟人）,however,areacompIex mixtureof factors.Dress,way ofspeaking,area ofresidence ina givencity orprovince,education andmanners alI playa part.In Greece,after the sixth-century B.C.,there wasa growingconf Iict betweenthe peasantsand the Ianded aristocrats（贵族）,and agradual decreaseinthepower ofthearistocracy when a kind of middleclass11of tradersand skilledworkers grewup.The popuI ationofAthens,for exampIe,wasdivi dedinto threemain classeswhich werepol itical lyand IegaI Iy dist inet.About one-thi rdofthetotal wereslaves,who didnot countpolitically atall,a factoften forgottenby those who praiseAthens asthe nurseryof democracy.The nextmain groupconsisted ofres ident forei gners,the metics11,who werefreemen,though theytwo wereaIIowedno shareinpo Iitica IIife.The thi rd group was the powerful body of“citizens”,who werethemseIves dividedinto sub-classes.In tilelater MiddleAges,however,thedeveIopmentof monetaryeconomy and the growthof cities and trade ledtother ise of another class,the,burghers”or citymerchants andmayors.These werethe predecessorsofthemodern middleclasses.Gradual lyhigh office andoccupation assumedimportance indetermining soc iaI position,as itbecame moreand morepossible fora personborn toone stationin lifeto moveto another.This changeaffected thetowns morethan thecountry areas,where remnantsof feudaIismIasted muchlonger.With thebreak-up ofthe feudaIeconomy,the increasingdivision oflabour,and thegrowing power ofthetown burghers公民,the commercialand professionalmidd IecI assbecame moreand moreimportant inEurope,and theolder privileged class,the Iandedaristocracy,began tolose someof itspower.In Line5Paragraph1,“criteria“most probablymeans.A.standardsofjudgement B.ways C.criticism D.characteristic

36.Mobi IephonesWhat AreMobi IePhones Amobi Iephone,also knownasaceI Iphone orcellular phone,isaportable electronicdev i ce whichbehaves asa normaIteI ephonewhiI stbe ingabIeto moveover awide areacompare cordlessphone whichacts asa teI ephoneonly withinaIi mited range.Cell phonesallow connecti onsto bemade tothe teI ephonenetwork,normally bydi rectlydialing theother partys numberonaninbuiIt keypad.Most currentceI Iphones usea combi nationof radiowave transmission andconvent iona IteI ephone ci rcuitswi tching,though packetswitching isalready inuse forsome partsoftheceI Iphonenetwork,especial lyfor servicessuch asInternet accessand WAP.Some ofthe worlds largestceI Iphone manufacturersi ncIudeAlcatel,Audiovox,Kyocera formerI ythe handsetdivisionofQua Icomm,LG,Motorola,Nokia,Panasonic MatsushitaEIectr ic,Phi Iips9Sagem,Samsung,Sanyo,Siemens,SK Teletech,and SonyEricsson.There arealso speciaIi stcommunication systemsrelated to,but distinetfrom celIphones,such assate IIite phonesand ProfessionaIMobiIe Radio.WorIdwide DepIoymentCeI Iphones havealongarid variedhistory thatstretches backtothe1950s,with handheld devicesbeing avaiIabIesince

1983.Due totheir lowestab Iishment costsand rapiddeployment,ceI Iphone networkshave sincespread rapidlythroughout the world,outstrip pingthe growthoffi xedteIephony.In mostof Europe,wea Ith ier partsof Asia,Austral ia,and the US,ceIIphonesare nowwidely used,withthemajority ofthe adult,teenage,and evenchild popuI ationown ing one.The numberof celIphonesubscribers inthe UShas reachedover190mi II ion.The availability of Prepaidor payas yougo services,where thesubscriber does not haveto committo along termcontract,has heI pedfuel thisgrowth.Standard ized TechnologyThe ceI Iphone has becomeubiquitous becauseoftheinteroperabi Iity of celIphonesacross differentnetworks4nd countries.This isdue tothe equipmentmanufacturers alI workingtothesame standard,particularly theGSM standardwhich wasdesigned forEurope-wide interoperabiIity.Al IEuropean nationsand someAsian nationschose itas their solestandard,while inJapan andSouth Koreaanother standard,CDMA,was seIected.CelIphone CultureIn lessthan twentyyears,mobi Iephones havegone frombeing rareand expensive piecesof equipmentused bybusinesses to a pervasiveIow-cost personalitem.In manycountries,ce11phones nowoutnumber landIine telephones,with mostadults andmany chi Idren nowowning celIphones.It isnot uncommonfor youngadults tosimply owna celIphonei nsteadofaI and-1ine fortheir residence.In somedeveloping countries,where thereis IittIe existingfixed-1ine infrastructure,the mobiIephonehas become widespread.Social LifeWith highI eveIs ofmob iIeteI ephonepenetration,a mobi Ie culturehas evolved,where thephone becomesa keysoc iaItool,and peopIerely ontheir ceI Iphoneaddressbook tokeep in touch w i ththeirfriends.Many peopIekeep in touchus ing SMS,and awho Ie cultureof textinghas deveIoped fromthis.The commercialmarket inSMS sis growing.Many phoneseven offerInstant Messengerservices toincrease thesimplicity andeaseoftexting onphones.Entertainment Themobi Iephoneitself hasalso becomea totemicand fashionobject,with usersdeco rating,customizing,and accessorizingtheir ceIIphones toreflect theirpersonal ity.Like wise,customized ringtoneshave beendeveloped.Et i quette Ce IIphone etiquettehas becomean importantissue withmobi lesr ingingat funeraIs,weddings,movies andplays.Users oftenspeak atincreased voIume,with IittIe regardfor othersnearby people.11has becomecommon practi ceforpI acesIikeIibrar iesandmov ie theatresto banthe useof ceIIphones,sometimes eveni nstaIIingjamm ing equi pmentto preventthem.Med ia Cameraphonesand vi deophonesthat cancapture videoand takephotographs areincreasingly beingusedtocover breakingnews.Stories IiketheLondon Bombings,the BoxingDay Tsunamiand HurricaneKatrina have been reportedon bycameraphone userson newssites Iike NowPubIicand photosharingsites Iike Flickr.CelIphone FeaturesCe IIphonesare oftenpacked withfeatures thatoffer usersfar morethan justthe capabiIityto sendtext messagesand makevoice calIs.These mayincIude internetbrowsing,music MP3pIayback,personal organizers,emai Ivwatch/alarm,bui It-in cameras,ring tones,security measurese.g.pin codes,SIM blocks,games,radio,push to talk,infra redand bIue-tooth connectivity,and calI registers.Network FeaturesThough celIphones varysignificant I y fromprovider toprovider,and evennationtonationmost noti ceabIy inNorth America,alIceI Iphones mustgenerally accompIish tilesame tasksregardless.CeI Iphones mustbe connectedtothesystem ofI and-1i nephones.Ce IIphones must alsobe ableto connectwith eachother justas easily9even A.Y B.N C.NG

37.As wehave seen,the focusof medicaIcare inour societyhas beenshifting fromcuring diseaseto preventingdisease-especially interms ofchang ing ourmany unhea I thybehav iors,such aspoor eatinghab its,smoking,and failure toexercise.The I ine ofthought invoIvedin thisshift canbe pursuedfurther.I magi nea personwho isabout theright weight,but does not eatvery nutritious（有影响的）foods,who feelsOK butexercises onlyoccasional ly,who goesto workevery day,but isnot anoutstanding worker,who drinksa fewbeers athome mostnights but does notdrive whiledrunk,and whohas nochest painsor abnormalblood counts,but sIeepsa lotand oftenfeels tired.This personisnot ill.He may not evenbe atrisk for any particulardisease.But wecan imaginethat thisperson could be a lot healthier.The fieldof medicinehas nottraditionallydistinguished betweensomeone whoismerely not ill11and someone who isin exceII ent healthand paysattent iontothe body s special needs.Both typeshave simplybeen calledwell.In recentyears,however,some healthspeciaIi sts havebegun to apply the terms“weI Inand“weI InessH only tothose who are actively str i vingto maintainand i mprove their heaIth.Peop Ie who are weIIare concernedw i th nutrition and exerci se,and theymake apo intofmon itor ingtheirbodys condition.Most important,perhaps,peop Ie who are weII take acti ve responsibiIity for alI matters related tothei r health.Even peopIewho havea physicaIdi sease orhandicap（缺陷）maybe11weII,H in this new sense,if theymake aneffort to maintain thebest possible health theycaninthe faceof geographicalground workof theirnoveIs whilemanaging tokeep backgroundso conspicuouslyunobtrusive.Few,accordingly,have beenabletorecord moreeconomicaI IyandgraphicallythewayitiswhenyouwalkthroughthestreetsofParisinsearchofbreakfastatcornercaf6…Or when,at aroundsix oclockofaSpanishdawn,you watchthebullsrunning fromthe corralsatthePuerta RochapeathroughthestreetsofPampIona towardsthebulIring.When Iwoke itwas thesound ofthe rocketexp Iodingthat announcedthe releaseofthebulls fromthe corralsattheedge oftown.Down belowthe narrowstreet wasempty.Al Ithe balconieswere crowdedwith peopIe.Suddenly acrowd camedown thestreet.They werealIrunning,packed closetogether.They passedalong andup streettowardthebul Iringandbehindthemcamemoremenrunningfaster,and thensome stragglerswho erereallyrunning.Behind themwasaIittIebarespace,and thenthebullsv galIopi ngvtossingtheirheadsupanddown.It alI wentoutofsight aroundthe corner.One manfell,rol ledtothegutter,and layquiet.But thebulls wentright onand didnot noticehim.They werealIrunning together.n ThisIandscape isasmorning-fresh asa designin Indiaink onclean whitepaper.Fi rstisthebarewhitestreet,seem fromabove,quiet andempty.Then onesees thefirst packedclot ofrunners.Behind theseare thethinner ranksof thosewho movefaster becausethey arecloser tobul Is.Then thealmost comicstragglers,who arereally running.Brilliantlybehindtheseshinesthe HIittIe barespace,adesperatemarginforerror.Then theclot ofrunning buIIs-closing thedesign,except ofcourse forthemaninthegutter makinghimself,Iikethe designerJsinitials,as inconspicuousas possible.According totheauthor,Hemingway1s primarypurpose inteI Iinga story was.A.to constructa well-told storythatthereader wouldthoroughly enjoy.theirphysical Iimitations.Wellness may perhaps best be vi ewednot asastate that peopIe can achieve,but asan idealthat peopIecan strivefor.Peop Iewhoare weIIare Ii keIytobebetter ableto resistdisease andtofight di sease when it str i kes.And byfocus ing attent ionon heaI thyways ofliving,theconceptof we11ness can havea benef iciali mpact onthe ways inwhich peopIe face thechailenges of daily Iife.Today medicaIcare isplacing morestress on.A.keeping peopleinahealthy physicalcondition B.monitoring patientsbody functionsC.removing peoples badliving habitsD.ensuring peoples psychologicalwell-being

38.It ishard toget anyagreement onthe accuratemeaning ofthetermsocialclass

11.In everydayIife,peopIe tendto havea differentapproach tothose theyconsider theirequaIs fromthatwhich they assumewith peopIetheyconsiderhigher orlower than themselves inthe soc iaI scale.The criteriawe usetopIace Ha newacqua intance（熟人）,however,areacompIex mixtureof factors.Dress,way ofspeaking,area ofresidence ina givencity orprovince,education andmanners alI playa part.In Greece,after thesixth-century B.C.,there wasa growingconf Iict betweenthe peasantsand the Ianded aristocrats（贵族）,and agradual decreaseinthepower ofthe aristocracy whena kind of middleclassof tradersand skilledworkers grewup.The popuI ationofAthens,for exampI evwasdivi dedinto threemain classeswhich werepo Iitica IIyand IegaIIydistinet.About one-thi rdofthetotal wereslaves,who didnot countpolitically atall,a factoften forgottenby thosewho praiseAthens asthe nurseryof democracy.The nextmain groupconsisted ofres identforei gners,the“metics,who werefreemen,though theytwo wereaIIowedno shareinpo IiticaIIife.The third groupwas thepowerful bodyof“citizens”,who werethemseIves dividedinto sub-classes.In tilelater MiddleAges,however,thedeveIopmentof monetaryeconomy and the growthof citiesand tradeledtotherise ofanother class,the“burghers”or citymerchants andmayors.These werethe predecessorsofthemodern middleclasses.Gradual lyhigh office andoccupation assumedimportance indetermining sociaI position,as itbecame moreand morepossible fora personborn toone stationin lifeto moveto another.This changeaffected thetowns morethan thecountry areas,where remnantsof feudaIismlasted muchlonger.With thebreak-up ofthe feudaIeconomy,the increasingdivision oflabour,and thegrowing powerofthetown burghers公民,the commercialand professionalmidd IecI assbecame moreand moreimportant inEurope,and theolder privileged class,theIandedaristocracy,began tolose someof itspower.The deciine ofthe Greekaristocracy,spowerinthesixth century B.C.was theresult of・A.the conflictsbetweenthe peasantsand the landedaristocrats B.the foreignresidents C.slaves D.the newlyemerging middleclass inthesixthcentury

39.Mobi IephonesWhat AreMobi IePhones Amobi Iephone,also knownasaceI Iphone orcellular phone,isaportable electronicdev i ce whichbehaves asa normaIteI ephonewhi1st beingableto moveover awide areacompare cordlessphone whichacts asa teI ephoneonly withinaIi mited range.Cell phonesallow connecti onstobemade totheteI ephonenetwork,normally bydi rectlydialing theother party1,s numberonaninbuiIt keypad.Most currentceI Iphones usea combi nationof radiowave transmission andconvent iona IteIephone ci rcuitswi tching,though packetsw itchingisalready inuse forsome partsofthece11phonenetwork,especial lyfor servicessuch asInternet accessand WAP.Some oftheworld11s largestceI Iphone manufacturersi ncIudeAI cateI,Audiovox,Kyocera formerIythe handsetdivisionofQua Icomm,LG,Motorola,Nokia,Panasonic MatsushitaEIectr ic,Phi Iips,Sagem,Samsung,Sanyo,Siemens,SK Teletech,and SonyEricsson.There arealso speciaIi stcommunication systemsrelated to,but distinetfrom celIphones,such assate IIite phonesand ProfessionaIMobiIe Radio.WorIdwide DepIoymentCeI Iphones havealongarid variedhistory thatstretches backtothe1950s,with handheld devicesbeing avaiIabIesince

1983.Due totheir lowestab Iishment costsand rapiddeployment,ceI Iphone networkshave sincespread rapidlythroughout theworld,outstrip pingthe growthoffi xedteIephony.In mostof Europe,wea Ith ier partsof Asia,Austral ia,and theUS,ceIIphonesare nowwidely used,withthema jority ofthe adult,teenage,and evenchild popuI ationown ing one.The numberof celIphonesubscribers intheUShas reachedover190mi II ion.The availability ofPrepaidorpayasyougoservices,where thesubscriber doesnot haveto committoalong termcontract,has heI pedfuel thisgrowth.Standard ized TechnologyThe ceI Iphonehas becomeubiquitous becauseoftheinteroperabi Iity of celIphonesacross differentnetworks4nd countries.This isdue tothe equipmentmanufacturers alI workingtothesame standard,particularly theGSM standardwhich wasdesigned forEurope-wide interoperabiIity.Al IEuropean nationsand someAsian nati onschose itas their solestandard,while inJapan andSouth Koreaanother standard,CDMA,was seIected.CelIphone CultureIn lessthan twentyyears,mobi Iephones havegone frombeing rareand expensivepiecesofequipmentusedbybusinessestoapervasiveIow-cost personalitem.In manycountries,ceI Iphones nowoutnumber landIinetelephones,with mostadults andmany chi Idren nowowning celIphones.It isnot uncommonfor youngadults tosimply owna celIphonei nsteadofaI and-1ine fortheirresidence.In somedeveloping countries,where thereis IittIe existingfixed-1ine infrastructure,the mobiIephonehas become widespread.Social LifeWith highI eveIs ofmob iIeteI ephonepenetration,a mobi Ie culturehas evolved,where thephone becomesa keysociaItool,and peopIerely ontheir ceI Iphoneaddressbook tokeep intouch wi ththeirfriends.Many peopIekeep intouchus ing SMS,andawho Ie cultureoftextinghas deveIoped fromthis.The commercialmarket inSMS,,sis growing.Many phoneseven offerInstant Messengerservices toincrease thesimpIicity andeaseoftexting onphones.Entertainment ThemobiIephoneitselfhasalsobecomeatotemicandfashionobject,with usersdeco rating,customizing,and accessorizingtheirceIIphones toreflect theirpersonality.Like wise,customized ringtoneshavebeendeveloped.Et iquette Ce IIphone etiquettehas becomean importantissue withmobi lesr ingingat funeraIsvweddings,movies andplays.Users oftenspeak atincreased voIumevwithIittIe regardfor othersnearby people.11has becomecommon practiceforpI acesIikeIibrar iesandmov ie theatresto banthe useofceIIphones,sometimes eveni nstaIIingjamm ing equi pmentto preventthem.Med ia Cameraphonesand vi deophonesthat cancapture videoand takephotographs areincreasingly beingusedtocover breakingnews.Stories IiketheLondon Bombings,the BoxingDay Tsunamiand HurricaneKatrina havebeen reportedon bycameraphone userson newssites Iike NowPubIicand photosharingsites Iike Flickr.CelIphone FeaturesCe IIphonesare oftenpacked withfeatures thatoffer usersfar morethan justthe capabiIityto sendtext messagesand makevoice calIs.These mayincIude internetbrowsing,music MP3pIayback,personal organizers,emai Ivwatch/alarm,bui It-in cameras,ring tones,security measurese.g.pin codes,SIM blocks,games,radio,push totalk,infra redand bIue-tooth connectivity,and calI registers.Network FeaturesThough ceIIphones varysignificant Iy fromprovider toprovider,andevennationtonationmostnoticeably inNorth America,alIcelIphones mustgenerally accompIish tilesame tasksregardless.CeI Iphones mustbe connectedtothesystem ofI and-1i nephones.CeIIphonesmust aI sobe abIeto connectwith eachother justas easily,even A.Y B.N C.NG

40.47to parents fears,talking aboutviol entacts wiIInot increasea chi Id sfear.Hav ing chiIdrenkeep scaredfee Iings tothemseIves is more48than opendiscussion.Consider theage andlevel ofunderstanding ofthe childwhen enteringinto a discussion.Even chi Idren asyoung as4or5know aboutviol entacts butalIchiIdrenmay notknow how totalk about their

49.It isoften necessaryfor parentsto50the dialoguethemselves,asking chiIdren whatthey haveheard,or think.Parents should51from lecturingor teachingabout the issues.Adults shouIdlook foropportunities asthey arise,for exampIewhen watchingthe newstogether.Learning abouta foreignculture orreligion alsodispeIs mythsand more52points outsimilarities anddifferences.In addition,far offviol entevents can53a discussionof non-vioI ent problem solving for problems closer to home.For instancehelping chiIdren negotiatehow toshare toysor taketurns inthe basebalII ineup demonstrates productive strategies for managing differences,Adults shouldalso respecta icularchild s wish not totalk about partto issuesuntiI ready.Attend expressionnonverbal reactions,such asfacial or posture.They offer,Answering important clues toa chiId s54_questions andhappen alI atonce insaedsdsrieosns.inN gewfeiasrssu edsoemsa ynoatris5e5or__b_e_c_o_m_e__a_p_p arentover time and thusone sitdown discussionshouId bedone onan ongoingand asneeded

56.Word BankAst imuI ateI refrainBcontrary JutteredC basisK accurateIyD reactionsL necessarilyE negIect MworthF damagingN concernsGout Iining0respectiveH initiate

41.As wehave seen,the focusof medicaIcare inour societyhas beenshifting fromcuring diseaseto preventingdisease-especially interms ofchang ing ourmany unheaI thybehav iors,such aspoor eatinghab its,smoking,and failure toexercise.The Iine ofthought invoIvedin thisshift canbe pursuedfurther.I magi nea personwho isabout theright weight,but doesnot eatvery nutritious有影响的foods,who feelsOK butexercises onlyoccasional ly9who goesto workevery day,but isnot anoutstanding worker,who drinksa fewbeers athome mostnights but doesnotdrive whiledrunk,and whohas nochest painsor abnormalblood counts,but sIeepsa lotand oftenfeels tired.This personisnotill.He may not evenbe atrisk forany particulardisease.But wecan imaginethat thisperson couldbe a lot healthier.The fieldof medicinehas nottraditionallydistinguished betweensomeone who is merelynotilland someone who isin exceIIent healthand paysattent iontothe bodys specialneeds.Both typeshave simplybeen calledwell.In recentyears,however,some healthspeciaIi sts havebegun toapply theterms welland11weI Iness1only tothosewhoare activeIystriving toma inta inandi mprovetheirheaIth.Peop Iewhoare weIIare concernedwith nutritionand exercise,and theymake apo intofmon itor ingtheirbodys condition.Most important,perhaps,peopIewhoare weII take active responsibi Iityfor alI mattersrelated totheir health.Even peopIewho havea physicaIdisease orhand icap缺陷maybewell,“inthisnew sense,if theymake aneffort tomaintain thebest possiblehealth theycaninthe faceof theirphysicaI Iimitations.Wellness“mayperhaps bestbe viewed not asastatethat peopIecan achieve,but asan idealthat peopIecan strivefor.Peop Iewhoare weIIare IikeIytobebetter ableto resistdisease andtofi ghtdisease whenitstr ikes.And byfocus ing attent ionon heaI thyways ofIiving,theconceptof weIIness canhaveabeneficiaIimpactontheways inwhich peopIeface the chaI Ienges of daily Iife.In thefirst paragraph,peopIe arereminded that.A.good health ismorethan notbeing illB.drinking,even ifnot toexcess,couldbeharmful C.regular healthchecks areessential tokeeping fitD.prevention ismore difficultthan cure

42.It ishard toget anyagreement onthe accuratemeaning ofthetermsocialclass.In everydayIife,peopIe tendto havea differentapproach tothose theyconsider theirequaIsfromthatwhichtheyassumewithpeopIetheyconsiderhigherorlowerthan themseIvesinthesociaIscale.The criteriawe useto“place”a newacquaintance（熟人）,however,areacompIex mixtureof factors.Dress,way ofspeaking,area ofresidence ina givencity orprovince,education andmanners alI playapart.In Greece,after thesixth-century B.C.,there wasa growingconf Iict betweenthe peasantsand theIanded aristocrats（贵族），andagradual decreaseinthepowerofthe aristocracywhenakindofmiddleclass11of tradersand skilledworkers grewup.The popuI ationofAthens,for example,was dividedinto threemain classeswhich werepol iticaIIyandIegaIIydistinet.About one-thirdofthetotal wereslaves,who didnot countpolitically atall,a factoften forgottenby thosewho praiseAthens asthe nurseryof democracy.The nextmain groupconsisted ofres identforei gners,the metics,who werefreemen,though theytwo wereaIIowedno shareinpoIiticaIIife.The thirdgroupwasthepowerfulbodyof citizens,who werethemseIves dividedinto sub-classes.In tilelater MiddleAges,however,thedeveIopmentof monetaryeconomy and the growthof citiesandtradeledtotheriseofanotherclass,the burghersor citymerchants andmayors.These werethe predecessorsofthemodern middleclasses.Gradual lyhigh office andoccupation assumedimportance indetermining sociaI position,as itbecame moreand morepossible fora personborn toone stationin lifeto moveto another.This changeaffected thetowns morethanthecountry areas,where remnantsof feudaIismIasted muchlonger.With thebreak-up ofthe feudaIeconomy,the increasingdivision oflabour,and thegrowing powerofthetown burghers公民,the commercialand professionalmidd IecIassbecame moreand moreimportant inEurope,and theolder privileged class,theIandedaristocracy,began tolose someofitspower.Which ofthefollowing statementsis NOTTRUE,accordingtothepassageA.Slaves inGreece inthesixthcentury B.C.were notpolitically significant.B.The,burghers,ofthelater MiddleAges constitutedan entirelynew socialclass.C.To someextent,social mobilitycanbe attributed tothe growthoftrade.D.The newclass madeup of tradersandexecutive officialsofthelater MiddleAges madethe developmentofamoney economypossible.

43.Mobi IephonesWhat AreMobi IePhones AmobiIephone,also knownasa celIphone orcellular phone,isaportable electronicdevice whichbehaves asa normaIteIephonewhiI stbe ingabIeto moveoverawideareacomparecordlessphonewhichactsasateIephoneonlywithinaIimitedrange.Cell phonesallow connecti onstobemade totheteIephonenetwork,normally bydi rectlydialing theotherpartys numberonaninbuiIt keypad.Most currentceI Iphones usea combi nationof radiowave transmission andconvent ionaIteIephone ci rcuitswi tching,though packetswitching isalreadyinuseforsomepartsoftheceIIphonenetwork,especial lyfor servicessuch asInternet accessand WAP.Some oftheworlds largestceIIphone manufacturersi ncIudeAlcatel,Audiovox,Kyocera formerIythe handsetdivisionofQua Icomm,LGV Motorola,Nokia,Panason icMatsushi taEI ectric,Philips,Sagem,Samsung,Sanyo,Siemens,SK Teletech,and SonyEricsson.There arealso speciaIistcommunication systemsrelated to,but distinetfrom celIphones,such assate IIite phonesand ProfessionaIMobiIe Radio.WorIdwide DepIoymentCeI Iphones havealongarid variedhistory thatstretches backtothe1950s,with handheld devicesbeing avaiIabIesince

1983.Due totheir lowestab Iishment costsand rapiddeployment,ceIIphone networkshave sincespread rapidlythroughout theworId,outstrip pingthe growthoffi xedteIephony.In mostof Europe,wea Ithier partsof Asia,Austral ia,andtheUS,ceIIphonesare nowwidely used,withthema jority ofthe adult,teenage,andevenchild popuI ationowning one.The numberofcelIphonesubscribers intheUShas reachedover190mi II ion.The availability ofPrepaidorpayasyougoservices,where thesubscriber doesnot haveto committoalong termcontract,has heI pedfuel thisgrowth.Standard ized TechnologyThe ceIIphonehas becomeubiquitous becauseoftheinteroperabi IityofcelIphonesacross differentnetworks4nd countries.This isdue tothe equipmentmanufacturers alI workingtothesame standard,particularly theGSM standardwhich wasdesigned forEurope-wide interoperabiIity.Al IEuropean nationsand someAsian nati onschose itas their solestandard,while inJapan andSouth Koreaanother standard,CDMA,was seIected.CelIphone CultureIn lessthan twentyyears,mobiIephones havegone frombeing rareand expensivepiecesofequipmentusedbybusinessestoapervasiveIow-cost personalitem.In manycountries,ceIIphones nowoutnumber landIine telephones,with mostadults andmany chiIdren nowowning celIphones.It isnot uncommonfor youngadults tosimply owna celIphonei nsteadofaI and-1ine fortheirresidence.In somedeveloping countries,where thereis IittIe existingfixed-1ine infrastructure,the mobiIephonehasbecome widespread.Social LifeWith highI eveIs ofmob iIeteI ephonepenetration,a mobiIe culturehas evolved,where thephone becomesa keysociaItool,and peopIerely ontheir ceIIphoneaddressbook tokeep intouch withtheirfriends.Many peopIekeep intouchus ing SMS,andawho Ie cultureoftextinghas deveIoped fromthis.The commercialmarket inSMS sisgrowing.Many phoneseven offerInstant Messengerservices toincrease thesimplicity andeaseoftexting onphones.Entertainment ThemobiIephoneitselfhasalsobecomeatotemicandfashionobject,with usersdeco rating,custom iz ing9and accessorizingtheirceIIphonestoreflecttheirpersonality.Like wise,customized ringtoneshavebeendeveloped.Et iquette CeIIphone etiquettehasbecomean importantissue withmobi lesr ingingat funeraIs,weddings,movies andplays.Users oftenspeak atincreased voIumevwithIittIeregardforothersnearbypeople.11hasbecomecommon practiceforpI acesIikeIibrar iesandmov ie theatresto banthe useofceIIphones,sometimes eveni nstaIIingjamm ing equi pmentto preventthem.Med ia Cameraphonesand vi deophonesthat cancapture videoand takephotographs areincreasingly beingusedtocover breakingnews.Stories IiketheLondon Bombings,the BoxingDay Tsunamiand HurricaneKatrina havebeen reportedon bycameraphone userson newssites Iike NowPubIicand photosharingsites Iike Flickr.CelIphone FeaturesCeIIphonesare oftenpacked withfeatures thatoffer usersfar morethan justthe capabiIityto sendtext messagesand makevoice calIs.These mayincIude internetbrowsing,music MP3pIayback,personal organizers,emai Ivwatch/alarm,bui It-in cameras,ring tones,security measurese.B.To constructastorythat wouldreflect truthsthat werenot particulartoaspecific historicalperiod C.To beginfrom realitybut toallow hisimagination toroam from”thewayit nwastothewayit mighthavebeen”D.To reportfaithfully realityas Hemingwayhad experiencedit.

11.Cancun means“snakepit“inthelocalMayanIanguage,and itI iveduptoitsnameasthehostofan importantWorld TradeOrganization meetingthatbeganlast week.Rather thantack Iingtheproblemoftheirhighagriculturaltariffsandlavishfarmsubsidies,which victimizefarmers inpoorer nations,a numberof richnations derailedthe talks.The failure by146trade deI egatesto reachan agreementin Mexi coisaserious blowtothegIobaI economy.And contrarytothemindless cheeringwith whichthe breakdownwas greetedby antigI obaIization protestersatCancun,theworld1s poorestand mostvulnerable nationswiI Isuffer most.It isa bitteri ronythatthechief architectsofthisfailurewere nat ionsIikeJapan,Korea andEuropean Unionmembers,themseIves adsfortheprosperity affordedby increasedgIobaI trade.The Cancunmeeting cameatthemidpoint oftheW.T.

0.sndevelopmentround,oftradeIiberalization talks,one thatbegantwoyearsagowith aneye towardextending thebenefits offreer tradeand marketsto poorercountries.The principaldemand ofthese developingnat ions,Ied atCancun byBrazi Iv hasbeenanendtohightariffsand agriculturalsubsidiesinthedeveIoped worldfandri ghtIyso.Poor nationsfind ithard tocompete againstr ichnationsfarmers,who getmorethan$300billion ingovernment handoutseachyear.The talksappeared tobreak downsuddenly ontheissueof whethertheW.T.

0.should extendits rulemakingjurisdiction intosuchnewareasasforeigninvestment.But intruth,there wasnothing abruptabout theCancun meltdown.The Japaneseand Europeanshad devisedg.pin codesrSIM blocks,games,radio,push totalk,infra redand bIue-tooth connectivity,and calI registers.Network FeaturesThough ceIIphones varysignificant Iy fromprovider toprovider,andevennationtonationmostnoticeablyinNorthAmerica,alIcelIphonesmustgenerally accompIish tilesame tasksregardless.CeI Iphonesmustbe connectedtothesystem ofI and-1ine phones.CeIIphonesmust alsobe ableto connectwith eachother justas easily9even A.Y B.N C.NG

44.47to parents,fears,talking aboutviol entacts wiIInot increasea chiId sfear.Hav ing chiIdrenkeep scaredfee Iings tothemseIves ismore48than opendiscussion.Consider theage andlevel ofunderstanding ofthe childwhen enteringinto a discussion.Even chiIdren asyoung as4or5know aboutviol entacts butalIchiIdrenmay notknow how totalk about their

49.It isoften necessaryfor parentsto50the dialoguethemselves,asking chiIdren whatthey haveheard,or think.Parents should51from lecturingor teachingabout theissues.Adults shouIdlook foropportunities asthey arise,for exampIewhen watchingthe newstogether.Learning abouta foreignculture orreligion alsodispeIs mythsand more52points outsimilarities anddifferences.In addition,far offviol entevents can53a discussionof non-vioI entproblem solvingfor problemscloser tohome.For instancehelping chiIdren negotiatehow toshare toysor taketurns inthe basebalI Iineupdemonstrates productivestrategies formanaging differences.Adults shouIdalso respecta childs wishnot totalkaboutparticular issuesuntiI ready.Attend tononverbal reactions,such asf aciaI expressionor posture.They offerimportant cluestoa chiId s

54.Answering questionsand addressingfears doesnot55happen alIatonce inone sitdown session.New issuesmay ariseor becomeapparent overtime andthus discussionshouId bedone onan ongoingand asneeded

56.Word BankAst imuI ateI refrainBcontrary JutteredC basisK accurateIyD reactionsL necessarilyE negIect MworthF damagingN concernsGout Iining0respectiveH initiate

45.As wehaveseen,the focusof medicaIcare inour societyhasbeenshifting fromcuring diseaseto preventingdisease-especially intermsofchang ing ourmany unheaI thybehav iors,such aspoor eatinghab its,smoking,and failure toexercise.The Iine ofthought invoIvedinthisshift canbe pursuedfurther.I maginea personwho isabout theright weight,butdoesnot eatvery nutritious有影响的foods,who feelsOK butexercises onlyoccasional ly,who goesto workevery day,but isnot anoutstanding worker,who drinksa fewbeers athome mostnights butdoesnotdr ivewhi Iedrunk,and whohas nochest painsor abnormalblood counts,but sleepsalotand oftenfeels tired.This personisnotill.He maynot evenbe atrisk forany particulardisease.But wecan imaginethat thisperson couldbe alot healthier.The fieldof medicinehas nottraditionallydistinguished betweensomeonewho is merely“notill”and someonewho isin exceIIent healthand paysattent iontothe bodys specialneeds.Both typeshave simplybeen calledwell.In recentyears,however,some healthspecialists havebegun toapply theterms welland wellness“only tothosewhoare activeIystriving toma inta inandi mprovetheirheaIth.Peop Iewhoare weIIare concernedwith nutritionand exerci seyand theymake apo intofmon itor ingtheirbodys condition.Most important,perhaps,peopIewhoare weIItakeactiveresponsibi Iityfor alI mattersrelated totheir health.Even peopIewho havea physicaIdisease orhandicap（缺陷）maybewell,“inthisnew sense,if theymake aneffort tomaintain thebest possiblehealth theycaninthe faceoftheirphysicaI Iimitations.WeiIness mayperhaps bestbe viewednot asastatethat peopIecan achieve,but asan idealthat peopIecan strivefor.Peop Iewhoare weIIare IikeIytobebetter ableto resistdisease andtofi ghtdisease whenitstrikes.And byfocus ing attentionon heaI thyways ofIiving,theconceptof weIIness canhaveabenef iciaI impactontheways inwhich peopIeface thechaI IengesofdailyIife.Traditionally,a personis consideredwell ifhe.A.doesnothave anyunhealthy livinghabits B.doesnothave anyphysical handicapsC.is ableto handlehis dailyroutines D.is freefrom anykindofdisease46,It ishard toget anyagreement onthe accuratemeaning ofthetermn socialclass

11.In everydayIife,peopIe tendto havea differentapproach tothose theyconsider theirequaIsfromthatwhichtheyassumewithpeopIetheyconsiderhigherorlowerthanthemseIvesinthesociaIscale.The criteriawe useto place11a newacquaintance（熟人），however,areacomplex mixtureof factors.Dress,way ofspeaking,area ofresidence ina givencity orprovince,education andmanners alI playapart.In Greece,after thesixth-centuryB.C.,there wasa growingconf Iict betweenthepeasantsandtheIanded aristocrats（贵族）,andagradual decreaseinthepowerofthearistocracywhenakindofmiddleclass11oftradersand skilledworkers grewup.The popuIationofAthens,for exampI evwasdivi dedinto threemain classeswhich werepol iticallyandIegaIIy distinet.About one-third ofthetotalwereslaves,who didnot countpolitically atall,a factoften forgottenby thosewho praiseAthens asthe nurseryof democracy.The nextmain groupconsisted ofresident foreigners,the Reties,who werefreemen,though theytwo wereaIIowedno shareinpoIiticaIIife.The thirdgroupwasthepowerfulbodyof“citizens”,who werethemseIves dividedinto sub-classes.In tilelater MiddleAges,however,thedeveIopmentof monetaryeconomy andthe growthof citiesandtradeledtotheriseofanotherclass,the burghers11or citymerchants andmayors.These werethe predecessorsofthemodern middleclasses.Gradual lyhigh office andoccupation assumedimportance indetermining sociaI position,as itbecame moreand morepossible fora personborn toone stationin lifetomoveto another.This changeaffected thetowns morethanthecountry areas,where remnantsof feudaIismIasted muchlonger.With thebreak-up ofthe feudaIeconomy,the increasingdivision oflabour,andthegrowing powerofthetown burghers公民,the commercialand professionalmidd IecIassbecame moreand moreimportant inEurope,andtheolder privileged class,theIandedaristocracy,began tolose someofitspower.The besttitle ofthepassagemight be.A.The Criteriafor ClassifyingSocial GroupsB.Social ClassesC.Changes inSocial SystemD.The Evolutionof HumanSociety

47.Mobi IephonesWhat AreMobiIePhones AmobiIephone,also knownasaceIIphone orcellular phone,isaportable electronicdevice whichbehaves asa normaIteIephonewhiI stbe ingabIetomoveoverawideareacomparecordlessphonewhichactsasateIephoneonlywithinaIimitedrange.Cell phonesallow connecti onstobemade totheteIephonenetwork,normally bydi rectlydialingtheotherpartysnumberonaninbuiItkeypad.Most currentceIIphones usea combi nationof radiowave transmission andconvent ionaIteIephone ci rcuitswi tching,though packetswitching isalreadyinuseforsomepartsoftheceIIphonenetwork,especial lyfor servicessuch asInternet accessand WAP.Some oftheworlds largestceIIphone manufacturersi ncIudeAlcatel,Audiovox,Kyocera formerIythe handsetdivisionofQua Icomm,LGV Motorola,Nokia,Panasonic MatsushitaEI ectric,Philips,Sagem,Samsung,Sanyo,Siemens,SK Teletech,and SonyEricsson.There arealso speciaIistcommunication systemsrelated to,but distinetfrom celIphones,such assate IIite phonesand ProfessionaIMobiIe Radio.Worldwide DepIoymentCeI Iphones havealongaridvariedhistorythatstretchesbacktothe1950s,with handheld devicesbeing avaiIabIesince

1983.Due totheir lowestab Iishment costsand rapiddeployment,ceIIphone networkshave sincespread rapidlythroughout theworld,outstrip pingthe growthoffi xedteIephony.In mostofEurope,wea IthierpartsofAsia,Austral ia,andtheUS,ceIIphonesare nowwidely used,withthema jorityofthe adult,teenage,andevenchild popuIationowningone.The numberofcelIphonesubscribers intheUShas reachedover190mi II ion.The avaiIabiIityofPrepaidorpayasyougoservices,where thesubscriber doesnothaveto committoalong termcontract,has heI pedfuel thisgrowth.Standard ized TechnologyThe ceIIphonehasbecomeubiquitous becauseoftheinteroperabi IityofcelIphonesacross differentnetworks4nd countries.This isdue tothe equipmentmanufacturers alI workingtothesame standard,particularly theGSM standardwhich wasdesigned forEurope-wide interoperabiIity.Al IEuropean nationsand someAsian nati onschose itas theirsolestandard,while inJapan andSouth Koreaanother standard,CDMA,was seIected.CelIphone CultureIn lessthan twentyyears,mobiIephoneshavegone frombeing rareand expensivepiecesofequipmentusedbybusinessestoapervasiveIow-cost personalitem.In manycountries,ceIIphones nowoutnumber landIine telephones,with mostadults andmany chiIdren nowowning celIphones.It isnot uncommonfor youngadults tosimply ownacelIphonei nsteadofaIand-1ine fortheirresidence.In somedevelopingcountries,where thereis IittIeexistingfixed-1ine infrastructure,the mobiIephonehasbecome widespread.Social LifeWith highI eveIsofmob iIeteI ephonepenetration,a mobiIe culturehas evolved,where thephone becomesa keysociaItool,and peopIerely ontheir ceIIphoneaddressbooktokeep intouchwiththeirfriends.Many peopIekeepintouchus ing SMS,andawho Ie cultureoftextinghas deveIoped fromthis.The commercialmarket inSMS sisgrowing.Many phoneseven offerInstant Messengerservices toincrease thesimplicityandeaseoftexting onphones.Entertainment ThemobiIephoneitselfhasalsobecomeatotemicandfashionobject,with usersdeco rating,customizing,and accessorizingtheir ceIIphonestoreflecttheirpersonality.Like wise,customized ringtoneshavebeendeveloped.Et iquette CeIIphone etiquettehasbecomeanimportantissue withmobi lesr ingingat funeraIs,weddings,movies andplays.Users oftenspeak atincreased voIumevwith IittIeregardforothersnearbypeople.11hasbecomecommon practiceforpI acesIikeIibrar iesandmov ie theatresto banthe useofceIIphones,sometimes eveni nstaIIingjamm ing equi pmentto preventthem.Med ia Cameraphonesand vi deophonesthat cancapture videoand takephotographs areincreasingly beingusedtocover breakingnews.Stories IiketheLondon Bombings,the BoxingDay Tsunamiand HurricaneKatrina havebeen reportedon bycameraphone userson newssites Iike NowPubIicand photosharingsites Iike Flickr.CeIIphone FeaturesCeIIphonesare oftenpacked withfeatures thatoffer usersfar morethan justthe capabiIityto sendtext messagesand makevoice calIs.These mayincIude internetbrowsing,music MP3pIayback,personal organizers,emai Ivwatch/alarm,bui It-in cameras,ring tones,security measurese.g.pin codesrSIM blocks,games,radio,push totalk,infra redand bIue-tooth connectivity,and calI registers.Network FeaturesThough ceIIphones varysignificant Iy fromprovider toprovider,andevennationtonationmostnoticeablyinNorthAmerica,alIcelIphonesmustgenerally accompIish tilesame tasksregardless.CeI Iphonesmustbe connectedtothesystem ofIand-1ine phones.CeIIphonesmust alsobe ableto connectwith eachother justas easilyveven A.Y B.N C.NG

48.47to parents,fears,talking aboutviol entacts wiIInot increaseachiIdsfear.Hav ing chiIdrenkeep scaredfee Iings tothemseIves ismore48than opendiscussion.Consider theage andlevel ofunderstanding ofthe childwhen enteringinto adiscussion.Even chiIdren asyoung as4or5know aboutviol entacts butalIchiIdrenmaynotknow howtotalkabout their

49.It isoften necessaryfor parentsto50the dialoguethemselves,asking chiIdren whatthey haveheard,or think.Parents should51from lecturingor teachingabout theissues.Adults shouIdlook foropportunities asthey arise,for exampIewhen watchingthe newstogether.Learning abouta foreignculture orreligion alsodispels mythsand more52points outsimilarities anddifferences.In addition,far offviol entevents can53adiscussionof non-vioI entproblem solvingfor problemscloser tohome.For instancehelping chiIdren negotiatehowtoshare toysor taketurns inthe basebalI Iineupdemonstrates productivestrategies formanaging differences.Adults shouIdalso respecta childs wishnot totalkaboutparticular issuesuntiI ready.Attend tononverbal reactions,such asf aciaI expressionor posture.They offerimportant cluestoachiIds

54.Answering questionsand addressingfears doesnot55happen alIatonce inone sitdown session.New issuesmay ariseor becomeapparent overtime andthus discussionshouId bedone onan ongoingand asneeded

56.Word BankAst imuI ateI refrainBcontrary JutteredC basisK accurateIyD reactionsL necessarilyE negIect MworthF damagingN concernsGout Iining0respectiveH initiate

49.As wehaveseen,the focusof medicaIcare inour societyhasbeenshifting fromcuring diseaseto preventingdisease-especially intermsofchanging ourmany unhealthybehaviors,such aspoor eatinghabits,smoking,and failuretoexercise.The Iine ofthought invoIvedinthisshift canbe pursuedfurther.I maginea personwhoisabout theright weight,butdoesnot eatvery nutritious有影响的foods,who feelsOK butexercises onlyoccasional ly,who goesto workevery day,but isnot anoutstanding worker,who drinksa fewbeers athome mostnights butdoesnotdr ivewhi Iedrunk,and whohas nochest painsor abnormalblood counts,but sleepsalotand oftenfeels tired.This personisnotill.He maynot evenbe atrisk forany particulardisease.But wecan imaginethat thisperson couldbealot healthier.The fieldof medicinehas nottraditionallydistinguished betweensomeonewhois merelyn notill”and someonewhoisin exceIIent healthand paysattentiontothe bodys specialneeds.Both typeshave simplybeen calledwell.In recentyears,however,some healthspecialists havebegun toapply theterms welland wellness“onlytothosewhoareactiveIystriving toma inta inandimprovetheirheaIth.Peop Iewhoare weIIare concernedwith nutritionand exerci seyand theymake apo intofmon itor ingtheirbodys condition.Most important,perhaps,peop IewhoareweIItakeactiveresponsibiIityforalImattersrelatedtotheir health.Even peopIewho havea physicaIdisease orhandicap缺陷maybewell,“inthisnewsense,if theymake aneffort tomaintain thebest possiblehealth theycaninthe faceoftheirphysicaI Iimitations.WeiIness mayperhapsbestbeviewednotasastatethat peopIecanachieve,but asan idealthatpeopIecan strivefor.Peop IewhoareweIIare IikeIytobebetter ableto resistdisease andtofightdiseasewhenitstrikes.And byfocus ingattentionon heaI thyways ofIiving,theconceptof weIInesscanhaveabenefici aI impactonthewaysinwhichpeopIefacethechaIIengesofdailyIife.According totheauthor,the truemeaning of“wellness“is forpeopIe.A.to bestsatisfy theirbodysspecialneedsB.to strivetomaintainthebestpossiblehealthC.to meetthe stricteststandardsofbodily healthD.tokeepa properbalance betweenwork andleisure

50.47to parents,fears,talking aboutviol entacts wiIInot increasea childsfear.Hav ing chiIdrenkeep scaredfee Iings tothemseIves ismore48than opendiscussion.Consider theage andlevel ofunderstanding ofthe childwhen enteringinto adiscussion.Even chiIdren asyoung as4or5know aboutviol entacts butalIchiIdrenmaynotknowhowto taIkabout their

49.It isoften necessaryfor parentsto50the dialoguethemselves,asking chiIdren whatthey haveheard,or think.Parents should51from lecturingor teachingabouttheissues.Adults shouIdlook foropportunities asthey arise,for exampIewhen watchingthe newstogether.Learning abouta foreignculture orreligion alsodispeIs mythsand more52points outsimilarities anddifferences.In addition,far offviolent eventscan53adiscussionof non-vioIentproblemsolvingforproblemsclosertohome.For instancehelping chiIdren negotiatehowtoshare toysor taketurns inthe basebalIIineupdemonstratesproductivestrategiesformanagingdifferences.Adults shouldalso respecta childswishnot totalkaboutparticular issuesuntiI ready.Attend tononverbal reactions,such asf aciaI expressionorposture.They offerimportantcluestoachiIds

54.Answering questionsand addressingfears doesnot55happen alIatonce inone sitdown session.New issuesmay ariseor becomeapparent overtimeandthus discussionshould bedone onan ongoingand asneeded

56.Word BankAst imuI ateI refrainBcontrary JutteredC basisK accurateIyD reactionsL necessariIyE negIect MworthF damagingN concernsGout Iining0respectiveH initiatethis demandforanunwieldy andunnecessary expansionoftheW.T.

0.’s mandateasapo ison pill-to defIectanyattemptstogetthemtoturn theirbacks ontheir powerfulfarm lobbies.Their planworked.The AmericanroleatCancun wasdisappo inting Iymuted.The Bushadmi ni strationhad littlei nterestinthe proposaItoexpand theW.T.

0.’s authority,but theAmerican farmlobby isspl itbetweenthosewhowanttoprofitfromgreateraccesstoforeignmarketsandlessefficientsectorsthatdemandcontinuedcoddIingfromWashington.That isone reasontheUnitedStates madethe unfortunatedecision toside withthe moreprotectionist Europeansin Cancun,a positionthat leftAmerican traderepresentatives playingdefense onsubsidies ratherthan takingacreativestance,a IongsideBraziI,on loweringtrade barriers.This wasan unfortunatesubject onwhich toshow somerare trans-Atlantic solidar ity.The resulting’」coa Iitionoftheunw iIIingIentthetaIksanunfortunatenorth-versus-south cast.Any hopethattheUn itedStateswould takethe moralhigh groundatCancun,and reclaimits historicleadership inpressingforfreer trade,was furtherdashed bythe disgracefulmanner inwhichtheAmerican negotiatorsrebuffed therightfuI demandsof WestAfrican nati onsthattheUn itedStatescommit itselftoaclearphasingout Ofits harmfulcotton subsidies.American businessand laborgroups,nottomention taxpayers,shouId beenraged thatthe administrationseems moresolicitous ofprotecting themost indefensibIesegment ofUnitedStatesprotectionism ratherthan ofprotecting thenationaI interestby promotingeconomic growththrough trade.For strugg Iing cottonfarmers insub-Saharan Africa,andformi II ionsof othersinthedeveloping worId whoseI iveswouId benefitfromthe furtherlowering oftradebarriers,the failureofCancunamountstoacrushingmessagefromthedeveIopedworld——one ofcallous indifference.The authormentions thatCancun means“snakepit“inthelocalMayanIanguage.Snakepit possiblymeans・A.a placeor stateof chaoticdisorder anddistress B.snake holeC.snake trapD.a placeor situationof potentialdanger

12.In itsmodern formtheconceptofIiteraturedie notemerge earIierthan ei ghteenthcentury andwasnotfully deveIopedunt iIthenineteenthcentury.Yet heconditions forits emergencehadbeendeveloping sincetheRenaissance.The worditself cameinto English useinthefourteenth century,followingFrench andLatin precedents;its rootwas LatinI itter,a letterofthealphabet.Litterature,inthecommon earlyspel Iing,was thenin effecta conditionof reading:of beingabIe toread andof havingread.It wasoften closetothesenseofmodern Iiteracy,which wasnotinthe IanguageuntiI thelate nineteenthcentury,its introductionin partmade necessaryb themovement ofIiteraturetoa differentsense.The normaladjectiveassociatedwith IiteraturewasIiterate.Literary appearedinthesenseof readingab iIityandexperienceintheseventeenthcentury,and didnot acquireits specializedmodern meaninguntiItheeighteenthcentury.Literature asa newcategory wastenaspeciaIizationofthearea formerlycategorized asrhetoric andgrammar:aspeciaIizationto readingand,inthematerial contextofthedeveIopmentofprinting,totheprinted wordand especiallythe book,It waseventuaI Iyto becomeamoregeneralcategorythanpoetryortheearIierpoesy,which hadbeen generalterms forimaginative composition,but whichin relationtothedeveIopmentofIiterature becamepredominantly specialized,fromtheseventeenthcentury,to metricalcompos itionandespec iallywri ttenandpri ntedmetr icaIcompos ition.But。