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英语翻译三级笔译实务模拟试题及答案解析1l/lSection IEnglish ChineseTranslation Translate the followingtwo passagesinto Chinese.第1题This month,the UnitedNations DevelopmentProgram madewater andsanitation thecenterpiece ofits flagshippublication,the HumanDevelopment Report.Claims of a water apartheid,where poorpeople paymore forwater than the rich,are boundto attractattention.But whatare theeconomics behindthe problem,and howcan itbe fixedIn countriesthat havetrouble deliveringclean water to theirpeople,a lackof infrastructureis oftenthe culprit.People in areas thatare notserved bypublic utilitieshave torely oncostlier waysof gettingwater,such as itinerant watertrucks andtreks towells.Paradoxically,as the water sourcesget costlier,the wateritself tendsto be more dangerous.Water pipedby utilities——to therich and the pooralike-is usuallycleaner thanwater truckedin orcollected froman outdoortank.The problemexists not only inrural areasbut evenin bigcities,said HakanBjorkman,program directorof theUN agencyin Thailand.Further,subsidies madeto localwater systemsoften endup benefitingpeople other thanthepoor,he added.The agencyproposes athree-step solution.First,make accessto20liters,or5gallons,of clean wateraday ahuman right.Next,make localgovernments accountablefor deliveringthis service.Last,invest ininfrastructure tolink people to watermains.The reportsays governments,especially indeveloping countries,should spendat least1percent ofgross domesticproduct onwater andsanitation.It alsorecommends thatforeign aidbemoredirected towardthese problems.Clearly,this approachrelies heavilyon governmentintervention,something Bjorkmanreadily acknowledged.But there are somemarket-based approachesas well.By offeringcut-rate connectionsto poorpeopleto thewatermainline,the privatewater utilityin Abidjan,Ivory Coast,has steadilyincreased accessto cleanwater,according to the agencysreport.A subsidymay noteven benecessary,despite theagencys proposals,if acountry can harness theeconomic benefitsof providingcleanwater.People whoreceive cleanwater aremuch lesslikely todie fromwater-borne diseases一a commonmalady in the developingworld——and muchmore likelyto enjoylong,productive,taxpaying livesthat canbenefit theirhost countries.So ifa governmentis trying to raisefinancing toinvest innew infrastructure,it mightfind receptiveears inprivate creditmarkets——as longasitcanharnessthe return.Similarly,private companiesmay calculatethat itis worthbringing cleanwatertoan areaif itsresidents arewilling topay backthe investmentover manyyears.In themeantime,some localsolutions arebeing found.In Thailand,Bjorkman said,some smallcommunities aretaking challengeslike wateraccess upon themselves.People organizethemselves ingroups toleverage whatlittle resourcesthey have to helptheir communities,he said.Thats especiallytrue outin therural areas.They investtheir moneyin revolvingfunds andsaving schemes,and theyinvest themselvesto improvetheir villages.It isnot alwayseasy totake thesesolutions andreplicate themin othercountries,though,Assembling abroad menuof differentapproaches canbe thefirst stepin findingthe rightsolution fora givenregion orcou ntry.参考答案联合国开发方案署本月新发布的《人类进展报告》主题是水与卫生现在有人将穷人猎取水资源成本高于富人的现象称为“水隔离”,类似的说法必将引发关注但是,这一问题涉及的经济因素有哪些又该如何加以解决呢在有些国家,人们无法充分获得清洁用水,基础设施不完善是首要缘由有些地区没有公共基础设施,人们不得不从流淌水车购水,或者长途跋涉到有水井的地方取水,由此推高他们猎取水资源的成本更为荒谬的是,在猎取水资源的成本上升的同时,水质却在下降自来水通常比流淌水车或水井的水更加清洁,对于穷人和富人都是如此联合国开发方案署泰国项目专员哈坎比约克曼说,这一问题不仅仅涉及农村地区,甚至连大城市也不例外他还补充说,对地方水利部门供应的补贴受益者往往并不是穷人联合国开发方案署提出了“三步走”的解决方案第一步,将每天保证20升折合5加仑清洁用水列为一项人权其次步,由地方政府负责落实上述目标第三步,修建供水基础设施《人类进展报告》指出,各国特殊是进展中国家应当至少拿出GDP的1%用于解决供水和卫生设施问题该报告还建议国外救济资金也应向这方面倾斜,但比约克曼也明确指出,这明显需要政府部门的引导才行当然,还有其他一些市场化解决方案该报告还指出,科特迪瓦首都阿比让的一家私营水厂通过向穷人降价供水,逐步缓解了当地清洁用水问题开发方案署建议各国政府对供水系统供应补贴,但是,假如能保证供水企业获得相当经济利益的话,就没必要再供应补贴了在进展中国家,水传染疾病非常常见,但是假如能获得清洁饮用水,人们死于水传染疾病的几率就会大大降低,人们的寿命延长了,生产力提高了,缴税增多了,国家最终也能从中获益因此,只要国家能保证供水产业的经济效益,就能吸引社会力气供水基础设施建设反过来说,私营供水企业假如确信在一个地区的能在多年后收回成本、具有价值的话,他们自然也愿意为之同时,人们也在不断探究本土化解决方案比约克曼说,在泰国,一些小型社区自发解决供水等社区面临的难题他说“人们自发组织起来,利用有限的资源关心社区解决问题,在农村地区尤为如此人们把钱投入周转基金和存款方案,并共同出力建设自己的村庄不过,在其他国家实施、推广这些解决方案并不总是一帆风顺一个国家或地区要想找到可行的供水解决方案,第一步就是先要整合各种应对之策」具体解答下一题l/lSection IIChinese-English Translation Translate the following passageinto English.第2题即使遇到丰收年景,对中国来说,要用世界7%的耕地养活全球1/5的人口仍是一项艰难的任务中国政府面临很多挑战,最严峻的挑战之一就是耕地流失过去几年中,平均每年有
66.7万公顷耕地被城市扩建、工业进展以及大路建设工程占用,另有1万平方公里的耕地被沙漠吞噬中国北方地区地下水位下降,农夫不得不改种耐旱、低产作物,甚至搭荒同时,农业基础设施损耗严峻,2/3的浇灌设施需要整修由于农夫为增加收入而改种经济作物,农业生产方式正在转变过去十几年,全国水果和蔬菜种植面积平均每年增加130万公顷因此,水稻、玉米及小麦产量急剧下降中国已由粮食净出口国变为粮食净进口国中国政府把农业视为头等大事,投入大量资金用于提高小麦和稻米的收购价以及改进农田浇灌基础设施近年来,农产品的价格稳步上升,中国政府实行此项措施以提高农夫种粮的乐观性_____________参考答案Even witha bumperharvest,China stillfaces adaunting challengeof feedingone fi代h of the worldspopulation withonly7%of theearths farmland.Among manygrave challengesthe Chinesegovernment facesis lossof farmland.In thelast fewyears,about667,000hectares of farmland hasbeen grabbed/seized/requisitioned/expropriated forurban sprawl,industrial expansionand roadbuilding,and another10,000square kilometersof cultivatedland desertifiedeach year on average.As groundwater tabledrops innorthern China,farmers therehavetogrow drought-resistant,low-yield cropsand evenleave landunattended.On topof that,agricultural infrastructureis inserious disrepair,with twothirds ofirrigation facilitiesin needof overhaul.Agricultural productionmodel ischanging asfarmers opt for cashcrops toincrease income.In thelast dozenyears,China hasadded
1.3million hectarestothetotal growingacreage offruit andvegetable eachyearonaverage.The resultis aplummet/sharp drop/drastic fallin outputof rice,corn andwheat.China hasbecome anet grainimporter insteadof anet exporter.The Chinesegovernment makesagricultural reform/upgrading atop priority.It isinvesting hugelyto raisepurchasing prices of wheatand riceand upgrade/retool/reengineer/revamp irrigationinfrastructure.Steady/sustained increasesin pricesoffarmproduce in recent yearshave ledto growinginterest/enthusiasm ofgrain growers./With risingpricesof agricultural productsinrecentyears,grain growershave becomemore interestedin farmwork.英语翻译三级笔译实务模拟试题及答案解析2l/lSection IEnglish ChineseTranslation Translate the followingtwo passagesinto Chinese.第1题Both societies,moreover,have developedtothehighest levelsthe artsof business and commerce,of buyingand selling,and of advertising andmass producing.Few sightsare morereassuring toAmericans that the tensof thousandsof bustlingstores seenin Japan,especially thebeautiful,well-stocked departmentstores.To Americaneyes,they seemjust likeMacys orNeiman Marcusat home.In addition,both Japanand Americaare consumersocieties.The peopleof bothcountries loveto shopand areenthusiastic consumersof convenienceproducts and fast foods.Vending machinesselling everythingfrom freshflowers tohot coffeeare aspopular in Japan asthey arein America,andfast-food noodleshops areas commoninJapanas McDonaldsrestaurants arein America.参考答案商业、买卖、广告及批量生产等方面的艺术在两种社会中都进展到了很高的水平对人来说,在处处可见的成千上万家顾客盈门的商店,特殊是那些美丽和商品陈设得琳琅满目的百货公司对人来说,很少再有其他地方比此更令人放心的了在人的眼里,它们好像就像国内的Macys或Neiman Marcus一样此外,和均为消费者社会,两国的人民都酷爱购物,他们都是便利商品和快餐的热忱消费者和在一样,在销售鲜花到热咖啡等几乎全部商品的售货机相当普及;在快餐面店就像的McDonalds麦当劳快餐店一样普及具体解答下一题l/lSection IIChinese-English Translation Translate the following passageinto English.第2题从技术角度讲,除食品外,任何能转变我们生理和心理机能的物质都是药物很多人错误地认为“药物”这个词仅指某些药品或嗜毒者服用的化学品他们没有熟悉到像酒精、烟草这些熟识的物质也是药物这也就是为什么很多医生和心理学家现在使用了一个更为中性的词一一物质,他们常用“物质滥用”而不是“药物滥用”来清晰表明滥用酒精和烟草这样的物质同滥用海洛因和可卡因一样有害在我们生活的社会里,物质(药物)被广泛地使用于社交和治疗服阿司匹林来缓解头痛,喝点儿酒来应酬,早晨喝咖啡来提神,吸支烟镇静一下心情等使用这些物质得到了社会认可,而且明显具有乐观的一面,但什么时候变成滥用了呢首先,大多数物质使用过量都会产生副作用,譬如中毒或反复使用一种物质可导致上瘾或对该物质(药物)的依靠依靠的最初表现为耐受力增加,用量越来越大才能达到预期效果,一旦停用就会消失不舒适的停药症状作用于中枢神经系统转变感觉、心情和行为的药物(物质)被称为对神经系统起作用的物质这类物质一般分为兴奋剂、冷静剂或幻觉剂兴奋剂主要起到加速或刺激中枢神经系统活动的作用,而冷静剂则相反使其活动减慢幻觉剂主要作用于人的感觉,以各种不同的方式对感觉加以扭曲和转变,其中包括产生幻觉这些物质常被认为能“引起幻觉”(psychedelic一词源自希腊语,意思是“心灵显现”),由于它们好像能转变人的感觉状态参考答案Technically,any substanceotherthanfood thatalters ourbodily ormental functioningis adrug.Many peoplemistakenly believethe termdrug refersonly tosome sortof medicineor anillegal chemicaltaken bydrug addicts.They dontrealize thatfamiliar substancessuch asalcohol andtobacco arealso drugs.This iswhy themore neutralterm substanceis nowused bymany physiciansand psychologists.The phrasesubstance abuseis oftenused insteadof drugabuse tomake clearthat substancessuch asalcohol andtobacco canbe justas harmfullymisused asheroin andcocaine.We livea societyin whichthe medicinaland socialuse ofsubstances(drugs)is pervasive:an aspirinto quieta headache,some wineto besociable,coffee toget goingin themorning,a cigarettefor thenerves.When dothese sociallyacceptable andapparently constructiveuses ofa substancebecome misusesFirst ofall,most substancestaken inexcess willproduce negativeeffects such as poisoningor intenseperceptual distortions.Repeated useofasubstance canalso leadto physicaladdiction orsubstance dependence.Dependence ismarked firstby anincreased tolerance,with more and moreof the substance requiredto producethe desiredeffect,and thenby theappearance ofunpleasant withdrawalsymptoms whenthesubstanceis discontinued.Drugs(substances)that affectthe centralnervous systemand alterperception,mood,and behaviorare knownas psychoactivesubstances.Psychoactive substancesare commonlygrouped accordingto whetherthey arestimulants,depressants,or hallucinogens.Stimulants initiallyspeed upor activatethe centralnervous system,whereas depressantsslow itdown.Hallucinogens havetheir primaryeffect onperception,distorting andaltering itin avariety ofways includingproducing hallucinations.These arethe substancesoften calledpsychedelic(from theGreek wordmeaning mind-manifesting)because theyseemed toradically alterones stateof consciousness.英语翻译三级笔译实务模拟试题及答案解析
(3)(1〜5/共5题)Section IEnglish ChineseTranslationTranslatethefollowingtwo passagesinto Chinese.1The increasein international businessandin foreigninvestment hascreated aneed forexecutives withknowledge offoreign languagesand skillsin cross-cultural communication.Americans,however,have notbeen welltrained ineither areaand,consequently,have notenjoyed thesame levelof successin negotiationin allinternational arenaas havetheir foreigncounterparts.Negotiating isthe processof communicatingback andforth for the purposeof reachingan agreement.2It involvespersuasion andcompromise,but inorder toparticipate ineither one,the negotiatorsmust understand the waysin whichpeople arepersuaded andhow compromiseis reachedwithin theculture of the negotiation.In manyinternationalbusiness negotiations abroad,Americans areperceived aswealthy andimpersonal.3It oftenappears tothe foreignnegotiator thatthe Americanrepresents alarge multimillion-dollar corporationthat canafford topay theprice withoutbargaining further.The American negotiators rolebecomes thatof animpersonal surveyorof informationand cash.In studiesof Americannegotiators abroad,several traitshave beenidentified thatmay serveto confirmthis stereotypicalperception,while underminingthe negotiatorsposition.4Two traitsin particularthat causecross-cultural misunderstandingare directnessand impatienceon thepart of the Americannegotiator.Furthermore,Americannegotiatorsoften insiston realizingshort-term benefits.Foreign negotiators,on the other hand,may valuethe relationshipestablished betweennegotiators andmay bewilling toinvest timein itfor long-term benefits.5In orderto solidifythe relationship,they mayoptforindirect interactionswithout regardforthetime involvedin gettingto knowtheothernegotiator.Clearly,perceptions anddifferences invalues affectthe outcomesof negotiationsandthesuccess fornegotiators.For Americansto playa moreeffective rolein internationalbusinessnegotiations,they mustput forthmore effortto improvecross-cultural understanding.第1题参考答案国际贸易和海外的增加产生了对具有外语学问和跨文化沟通技巧的经理人员的需求具体解答第2题参考答案谈判包括劝说和妥协但是为了进行劝说和妥协谈判者必需懂得在谈判的文化中怎样劝说别人和怎样达成妥协、具体解答第3题参考答案在外国谈判者看来,好像人代表着一个浩大的拥有数百万资财的大企业,不用进一步地讨价还价就能出得起价钱谈判者的角色变成了一个没有个人感情的信息及现金的供应者具体解答第4题参考答案尤其引起跨文化误会的两个特点是谈判者的直截了当和缺乏急躁具体解答第5题参考答案为了巩固这种关系,他们会选择非直接的沟通而不计较投入用于了解谈判对方的时间具体解答下一题l/lSection IIChinese-English TranslationTranslatethefollowing passageinto English.第6题
1.“技术转让”的基本设想是发达国家利用新发觉开发技术会给进展中国家带来适用的成果
2.问题在于这种结果是不是转让过程中不行避开的、固有的;是不是仅仅反映了资源的缺乏和管理不当
3.这种殖民主义方式不考虑其进展过程是否能被“技术转让”接受国的人们执行“技术转让”始于培训,最终应用,其哲学基础是由制度化的科学结构内的一整套社会文化和经济所打算的价值观所构成的这些价值观选择那些被认为有意义的问题,打算优先的讨论方案,评估所取得的成果的意义
4.这种状况必需用一种新的方法予以取代,作为进展中国家前沿科学进展的一部分这种方法即所谓的“基础学问转让”
5.内部的“技术转让”要求每个国家或地区有肯定数量的训练有素的科学家;每个国家和地区都需要制造方式,以保持带头人能始终胜任工作参考答案
1.The underlyingassumotion intechnology transferis thatthe applicationof newdiscoveries tothe developmentof newtechnology bythe develooedcountries producesresults whichare applicableto underdeveloped countries.
2.The questionis whethersuch anoutcome isinevitable andinherent in the processor whetherit merelyreflects theshortage ofresources andimproper management.
3.Whether thedevelopment processis carriedout bycitizens of the recipientnation ornot isirrelevant;the philosophyupon whichtechnology transferis based,beginning withtraining andending withapplication,is composedofaset ofsocial-culturally andeconomically determinedvalues withinthe institutionalizedfabric ofscience,which selectthe questionsfound to be meaningful,dictate thepreferred researchplans andevaluate thesignificance onlyoftheresults obtained.
4.This situlationmust bereplaced bya newprocess whichmight becalled basicknowledge transferas partof growthofaforefront scienceinthedeveloping countries.
5.The problemof internaltechnology transferwill requirefor eachcountry or region asuitable numberof trainedscientific specialists;means formaintaining thecompetency ofthese leaderswill need to bedeveloped byeach nationorregion.英语翻译三级笔译实务模拟试题及答案解析4l/lSection IEnglish ChineseTranslationTranslatethefollowingtwo passagesinto Chinese.第1题Oxford Whenlanguage learnersarrive inOxford,many askwhere the university is,thinking thatthey will be shownjust onebuilding.Its upto theirteachers toexplain that Oxford universityis madeup ofa collectionof manydifferent collegesand institutions,each withits ownhistory andcharacteristics.There aremany othersurprises thatlearners discoverabout the city and its university.Katie Jenningsis asocial organizerat KingsSt JosephsHall inEast Oxford,anditis herjob toorganize activitiesfor learnersoutside oflesson time.She says many learners are surprised to discoverthatOxford is ahome toa widevariety ofnationalities andethnic groups,and one ofthe most popularsocial eventsis anight outat oneofthetowns LatinAmerican danceclubs.After aday spentlearning Englishand absorbingthe ancientatmosphere ofthe university,learners cansamba thenight away.The cityalso hasa thrivingAsian community,andthesight ofwomen insaris isas commonin Oxfordsstreets asacademics ingowns andmortarboards.There isalso amouth-watering selectionof Asianrestaurants servingcurries,as wellas shopsstocked withexotic vegetablesand fruits.The cityhas attractedsuchadiverse populationnotonlybecause oftheuniversity,but alsobecause itis animportant industrialcentre whichis knownfor carmanufacturing amongother things.In spiteof largeindustrial areas,the oldofthe city centrehas remainedsurprisingly intact.Carmel Engin,who teachesattheLake School,saysmanylearnersaresurprisedtofind thatthecityis freefrom theusual high-rise modembuildings.From thecentre ofOxford,you cansee green hills inthe distance,and thiswill makelearners deeplyfeel thatthey areinasmall,friendly town,but notjust anothermodem metropolis.Some learnerswillbetempted toexplore thosegreenhills一Oxfordissurrounded bysome ofthemostbeautiful countrysidein southernEngland——but,as Enginadmits,with somuch todo andsee inthecity,few learnersfind thetime toexplore itssurroundings.Oxford hasdeveloped someimaginative initiativesfor languagelearners.One isa localradio stationwhich broadcastsnews andprovides informationfor learners.They canvisit thestation toget experiencein radioproduction.Or theycan meetuniversity studentsin pubsand clubsor atoneofthe manycampus sportsfacilities whichare opento languagelearners.参考答案牛津很多初到牛津城的语言学习者会问牛津高校在哪里他们以为他们将要看到的仅仅是一幢建筑老师需要向他们解释,牛津高校是由很多不同的学院和学部组成的,每个学院和学部都有各自的历史和特色同学们还会发觉这个城市和它的高校还有很多别的惊异之处凯蒂珍妮丝是东牛津皇家圣约瑟夫学院的社会活动组织者她的工作就是为同学们组织课外活动她说很多同学都惊异地发觉牛津竟然聚集了很多不同国籍和种族的人那儿最流行的一项社交活动就是在城里找一家拉美舞蹈俱乐部泡上一晚白天学习英文,领会着这所高校古老的氛围,到了晚上便可以跳跳桑巴轻松一下牛津城里还有一个生气勃勃的亚洲侨民团体在牛津街头,穿着印度纱丽的女子和身穿长袍头戴学位帽的学者一样随处可见还有许多供应咖喔食品的亚洲餐馆可供选择,真是令人垂涎欲滴当然还有很多商店出售外邦的蔬菜水果这个城市之所以吸引了众多不同背景的人,不仅是由于牛津高校的名望,还由于它是重要的工业中心,其中以汽车工业最负盛名然而令人惊异的是,尽管牛津有大片的工业区,城中心古朴的风格却丝毫未遭破坏雷克学院的老师卡莫尔恩金说很多同学都惊异地发觉牛津城里根本看不到城市中常见的现代化高楼“从牛津城中心你可以望见远处郁郁葱葱的山丘这使人们感到自己身处的是一座友善的小镇而非仅仅是又一座现代化的大都市”有些人会忍不住想到山上去探个毕竟一一牛津的四四周围着英格兰南部最美的一些乡村——然而正如恩金所言,城里有这么多东西要看,这么多事情要做,几乎没有谁能腾出时间到四郊去做个发觉之旅牛津为学习语言的人独创了一些学习方式例如,当地有一家为同学供应新闻广播和信息的电台同学可以参观电台,切身体验电台节目制作的过程另外,他们还可以在酒馆、俱乐部或那些对他们开放的学校体育场所结识到其它同学具体解答下一题l/lSection IIChinese-English TranslationTranslatethefollowing passageinto English.第2题我们污染了空气清洁的空气对于健康是至关重要空气中含有杂质,这些杂质会被我们的身体汲取,使人生病我们需要清洁的空气,但不幸的是,目前普遍存在着空气污染,尤其是在城市里城市里有很多食品厂、服装厂和制造其它东西的工厂每天这些工厂把千百万吨烟灰排入空气中燃煤的工厂也大大加重了空气污染工厂产生的东西过一个时期就会损坏,然后就作为垃圾扔掉我们烧掉很多垃圾,烟灰就增多了还有工厂制造的汽车汽车一旦出厂在街上行驶,将会吸进空气,排出有毒的气体,并增加空气中的烟尘世界上还没有一个彻底摆脱了空气污染的地区我们必需实行些措施来掌握空气污染现在越来越多的人熟悉到清洁的空气的重要性学校正在把有关污染的问题纳入教学内容企业界在帮着净化空气,他们安装了特殊的设备来清除烟雾科学家和创造家们正在努力开发更加清洁的汽车和火车引擎,终有一天我们会驾驶着电力汽车,会有一种新型的纸,在水里溶化而不需要燃烧一些国家正在开发研制一种新型的、会在阳光下溶化和消逝的玻璃瓶或许,人们在城市里能呼吸新奇空气的日子将会到来参考答案We HavePolluted theAir Cleanair isimportant togood health.If theair containsimpurities,they maybe absorbedby ourbodies andmake usill.We needclean air,but unfortunately,air pollutionis generallypresent,especially in cities.Our citieshave manyfactories,which weneedtomake foodproducts,clothing andmany otherthings.Every daythese factoriespour millionsupon millionsof tonsof smoke and sootinto theair.Power plantsthat burncoal addgreatly toair pollution.Things made in factorieswear outafter awhile andare thrownaway astrash.We burna lotof trashwhich producesmore smokeand soot.And thentherearethe carsmadeinfactories.Once theyare outonthestreet,the carwill takein airand replaceit withpoisonous gaseswhich againproduce moresmokeandsoot.No areaintheworld iscompletely freeof airpollution.We musttake measuresto controlit.Now,moreandmore peopleare realizingthe importanceof clean air.Schools arenow teachingabout thepollution problem.Industries arebeginning tohelp toclean up,by installingequipment toclean uptheir smoke.Scientists andinventors aretryingtodevelop cleanerengines forcars andtrains;someday wewill drivecars withelectricity.A newkind ofpaper that will dissolvein water,and doesnot needtobeburned.A newkind ofglass bottlethatwillmelt insunlight anddisappear isbeing developedin somecountries.Perhaps theday willcome whenpeople willbe ableto breathecleanairincities.。