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中国学生英语学习的性别差异1Introduction
1.1Situation of English language learning
1.2Significance of the study3Analysis of factors that have impact on gender differences
1.1Physical factors
1.2Psychological factors
1.
2.1Intelligence factors
1.
2.2Non-intelligence factorsinterestsschracteristics etc.3Gender differences in the ability of English learning
3.1Differences on the basicknowledge of English
3.2Differences on the ability of listening and reading
3.3Differences onthe ability of speaking4Teaching strategieson different gender
4.1Encouraging students to make them be full of confidence andvery partwhen theydeal with some problems.But theydo notunderstand thewhole thingand theinterrelationship ofeach part.In thisregard,boys areopposite.
2.
2.2Non-intelligence factorsinterestsschracteristics etc.Non-intelligence factorsmainly meanthat differentinterests andchracteristics ofboys and girls whichhave impact on theirEnglish learning.Generally,boys intereststend tocover moreareas whilegirls liketo focustheir interestson someaspects related to theiractivities what they aredoing.If yougo tobuy toyswith achild,you will find thatboy isinterested inmechanical toys,such astoy gun,toy carand so on,while thegirl likesbeautiful dolls.After goingback home,the boywill askyou suchquestions:How thetoy ismade,Why thetoy canmove,but thegirl willput thebeautifull dollin aplace whereshe thinksit nice.This differrencereflected in learning isthat boysusually likesicence whilegirls isinterested inart,for example,English learning.Additionally,differences in characteristics between boys and girls causedifferences in English learning.For boys,they areindependent,careless andtend to be impulsive.On thecontrary,people willimpress onthe carefulness,strong conscientiousnessof girls.And thesecharacteristics ofboys arebad forlearning Englishwhile thesecharacteristics of girls arehelpful toEnglish learning.Intelligence and non-intelligence factorsaffect English learning,and the gender differencesis bondto comeforth in the English learning.And thefollowing partwill analyzegender differences in the ability of English learning.3Gender differences in the ability ofEnglish learning
3.1Differences onthe basicknowledge ofEnglish Basicknowledge ofEnglish mainlyinvolves thesethree aspects:phonetic symbols,vacabulary andgrammer.Girls can speak oralEnglish more fluently and more clearlythan boys,so the ability oforal imitationof girls is better than boys.And the sounds utteredby girlsappear to be moreclear and more acute.During the English learning,there are many grammeticalrules,and morevacabulary,expressions andidioms.All thesemust bememorized byEnglish learners,especially for Chinese students.So toomuch memorizationis thefeature ofEnglish learning.Studies byH.Stumpf andRichard Lynnhave demonstratedstatistically significantmedium-and short-term memoryadvantages inwomen.girls is good atmemorizing inflexibllywhile boysdo well in understandingand memorizing.Therefore,boys have a biggervocabulary thangirls,as wellas in the masteringof grammer.
3.2Differences onthe ability of listeningand readingListening andreading areforms ofinputting of language,the developmentof the ability ofliasening andreading ishelpful forimproving the ability ofoutputting oflanguage.Listening teststhe ability of identifyingthesounds,analyzing thevacabulary and the deducinglogically.The abilityof hearingofgirlsis stronger than boys,especially indistinguishing andpositioning sounds.Girls aresensitive tosounds,and usuallyin thelistening testofEnglish,they canget a good scorethan boys.Whether youare familiarwith thebackground informationrelated tothe redingmaterials,and whetheryou have a largevacabulary aremain factors that willproduce influenceon reading.Among thetwo factors,background informationis moreimportant.Boys have agoodcommand ofvacabulary andgrammer and they aregood atanalyzing thedifficult language and havestrong comprehension.Additionally,boys havevarious interestsand arefimialiar withbackground informationof differentareas,which will be helpfulfor them to predictthe author7intention anddecrease thedifficulty oflanguageand make themfinish reading comprehension successfully.Therefore,boys arestrongerthangirls ontheabilityof readingcomprehension.
3.3Differences ontheabilityof speakingHalliday onceanalyzed the language from the viewof functionalgrammer andhe thoughtlanguage is a form of doing”not aformof“knowing”.In otherwords,it isnot enoughto ownlanguage knowledge,more importantly,it isto usethelanguage.For language,oral is the first.The differenceson characteristicsbetween boys and girlslead tothe differencesonthe way of cognition.In general,boys areimpulsive in the wayofcognition,bu girlsare carefull.Therefore,boys dareto speakwhat theywant toexpress and they payattation tothe influencyof theEnglish,as theresult,they candeliver thelanguage informationwell.Due tothe carefulness,girlsisinclined tolook forprecise oralEnglish.This islikely tohinder the efficiency ofmessage delivering.Consequently,boys haveadvantages insocial communicationofEnglish.4Teaching strategieson different gender
4.1Encouraging students to makethem be full ofconfidence ForBritish,English istheir naturallyacquired language.They hearEnglish allaround themfrom themoment they are born.They understanda lotofEnglishbefore they can evenspeak.This isof coursedifferent fromthe situationwhere aChinese personis learning English in China.For Chinese students,Chinese istheir mother-tongue language.To someextent,due tothe lackof ideallanguage environment,it islikely for them tolose confidencein English learning.Whatever onedoes,one should do itwith confidence.If onehas noconfidence,there islittle possibilitythat onecan achieveanything whenfaced withhardships.Many peopleall knowthis.Thus,on onehand,teachers shouldencourage eachstudentsto befullofconfidence.They firstshould discardthe ideathat girlslearn Englishbetter thanboys andtreat boys and girlsequally.In theclass,teacher shouldmake bothboys and girls feelconfident and make boysbelieve that they canstudy English very wellthrough theireffort despitethat they are regardedto haveless talentof learning English thangirls.Make studentsknow thatthe improvementof theEnglish istheacourse of accumulation,just as an oldChinese sayinggoes likethis:a thousandmile tripbegins withone step.On theother hand,students mustbuid upstrong selfconfidence.As aproverb says,“Where there is awill,there is a way.As longas learnershave confidence,they canlearn Englsihwell
4.2Making fulluse ofstudents7non-intelligence abvantagesand intelligence abvantages Boys is consideredto beinferior togirls in English learning,but boys have their own andvantages.Girls havemore intereston Englishrather thanboys,and alsohaveahigher laerningefficiency.Therefore,in English teaching,teachers canchoose toencourage boysto fosterstrengths andcircumvent weaknesses.Since boysisgood at comprehension,teacher canhelp them to learn theEnglishgrammer firstand forma frameof grammer.And onthis basis,let themmemorize wordsand expressionsand typesof setencesto cultivatetheir interest and habitof memorizing.For boys,they areeager toprove thatthey areexcellent.And theyalso hope tobepraised,because theylike thatsuccess aftercompeting withothers.If theyenjoy thissmall success,they willbefullof moreself-confidence and so they will begin tobeinterested in English.So,for teachers,they shouldprovide somecompetition in class,for example,requring studentstell astory according to acertain pictureand the best storyteller willbe givensome rewards,or givingprize tothe studentwho canget morescores ina test.If aboy wants to ownthe joyof successand provehis ability,he muststrenghten themselvein comprehensiveabilityofEnglish.In thisway,teacher alsocan makeboys realize their valueand makethem likeEnglish andthen realizethe gaolof teaching.In class,teacher shouldencourage boysto practisetheir oralEnglish andalways praisetheir progress,even asmall progress.This methodcan bringthem greatconfidence.Some peoplesay thatinterest isthe mostactive factorsin learning,and hasthe emotionaltendency andit isthe mostimportant factorthat caninspire learningmotivation andlead studentsto studyhard.As forteachers,leading studentsbeing interestedon English is essentialin teaching.
4.3Using themethod ofcomparing withsome excellentpeople to improve oneselfPsychologist thinkthatthebehaviors of people aredriven bythe innermotivation anddemands which make peoplecontrol theirbehaviors effectively.Each one wantstosurpass othersand becomethebest.Most ofpeople admirethose prominentperson andconsider themas theirexamples andhopetobe thesame asthem throughlearning fromthem.In thisway,onewantsto providea referencestandard forhimself.Once heset oneas hisexample,it meansthat hesets agoal and will studyhard to achive itTherefore,setting goodexamples amongstudents canencourage othersto improve themselves.Through comparing with thoseexcellent students,they willfind whattheyarelacking andwhatthey shoulddoto someextent,certainly,they willfind their own features.Concequently,they willimprove themselves.
4.4Do groupwork thatmix manand femaleand makethem helpand learn from each other Grouplearning cancreate afavorable atmospherefor the studentstodevelop theirimagination andcreativity.In class,teachers canchoose todivide the students intoseveral groupsand askthemtoaccomplish sometasks throughcooperative learning.Since thestudents canhavearelatively privatediscussion with their groupmembers,they willfeel freeto practisetheir oralEnglish.They cannot onlyhelp eachother toimprove incorrectpronunciation orto rectifygrammatical mistakesbut alsodraw oncollective wisdomand absorball theuseful ideas.Boys and girls havetheirown advantages inEngkish learing.It nothard to find thattheycanlearn from eachother.Do groupwork thatmix boys andgirlscan makethem absorbothers;advantages to make fordisadvantages of theirown.Boys canhelp boysimprove theabilityofreading andcomprehension,andgirlscan tellboys howto dowellin English listening.Therefore,the completionof thetask isfacilitated andthestudents English learningefficiency isgreatly promotedthrough grouplearning.During groupwork,thestudentscan acquiresome newknowledge throughtotally freedivergent thinking;thus theirindependent thinkingability,imagination andcreativity canget into full play.In addition,when thestudents finishthe tasksassigned bythe teacher,they willhaveasense ofaccomplishment andwill surelyexperience thegreat pleasureof success.5Conclusion Itcan besafe tocome tothe conclusion that gender differences has a importantimpactonEnglish learning.The factorsthathave impacton genderdifferenceinclude Physical factors andPsychological factors.Gender differenceinEnglishlearningshould causethe attentionof teachersand educators.In orderto learn English welland effectively,students shouldhave totake positiveattitude towardslearning andteachers shouldteach inan effectiveway.It isgenerally acceptedthat learningEnglish isdifferent fromlearning othersubjects becauseit isa foreign language whichChinese studentsknow littleabout itAs forstudents themselves,they shouldfind propermethod to learnEnglisheffectively according to theirown condition.Although boys andgirlsare diferentin many aspects,they haveownadvantagesand disadvantages.As longas theylearn touse theiradvantages to make uptheir disadvantages,they willsucceed.As forteachers,they shouldkeep agood relationshipwith
4.2Making fulluse ofstudents7non-intelligenceabvantagesand intelligenceabvantages
4.3Using themethod ofcomparingwithsome excellentpeople toimprove oneself
4.4Do groupwork thatmix manand femaleandmakethem helpand learnfromeachother5Conclusion Abstract:English isnow saidtobean international language orknown asa globallanguage.It isan obviousfact that English isdefinitely importantasawindow forChinese tosee the world.Englishisthe keyforChineseto accessthe Westernmodern scientificand technologicaladvances.And English languagelearningisavery complicatedcourse,which isaffected bya lotoffactors,among whichthe learners own factor isthemost directand mainfactor.Gender isone of the important factors,which makelearners performdifferently insecond languageacquisition andforeignlanguagelearning,so thatresearch ongender differencesstudents,manage classproperly andadopt effectiveteaching strategies,which canbuild upthe interestsof allstudents andmake studentsfull withmotivation.They mustmake aequal studyingenviroment fordifferentgenderandmakesure themimprove theirEnglish together.Teachers shoulduse differentteaching approachesto teachdifferent gendersand carryout effectivemeasures toimprovethe quality of teaching.Boys andgirls havedifferentgenderchracteristics,whichmakethem havedifferent learningtendency.In general,no matterwhat educationalmethod tobe useaccordingtogender,the basicstrategy isovercoming onesownshortcomings bylearning fromothers strongpoints andthe ultimateaim isto makeall aspectsof psychologicalfunction andquality ofboys andgirls ofdevelop fullyand harmoniouslyontheoriginal foundation.This isis entirelyconsistent with the basicstrategy of the quality-oriented education.During thecarrying outofthe quality-oriented education,more and more peoplerealizetheimportance ofmaking apoint ofthe genderfifference.Boys andgirls varyincharacteristicsand intelligence,so theteaching approachesshould differaccordingtogender.China needsandwillcontinue towant Englishbadly.In orderto functionefficiently inits economywiththeglobal market,Chinese needsto bringlarge numbersofpeopletoahigher levelof proficiencyin Englishfor awide varietyof functions.Success ofEnglish languageteaching and learning dependslargely onunderstanding Englishasatool forcommunication.Thus,if astudent isencouraged to speak withconfidence,it isa foreignlanguage teachersduty to help studentsovercome thefear ofspeaking andlearnthefact thatChinese English learners canuse Englisheffectively withoutfeeling guiltyof theirstrong accent.In teachingactivities,teachers shouldtake differentteaching measuresacoording todiffferent genders in ordertoimprovethequalityof teaching andlearning.As forteacher,he shouldtry theirbest to find outdifferences betweenboys andgirls andtake anyeffort tomakethemlearnfromone anotherand improvetogether in English learning.It willbe nosurprise atall forChinese studentstolearnEnglishverywell zwhether theyare boysor girls.relatedtoEnglish languagelearning hasattracted moreandmoreattention.Many studiesapprove thatEnglish learnersare differentin the motivation zstrategy of learning andviews onstudying becauseof genderdefferences.And teachersplay avery importantrole in English teaching,thus,theyshouldanalyze carefullythe genderdifference ontheabilityof identifying,the interestin major,themotivationof studyingandthesocial cognitionand otheraspects betweenboys andgirls.They shouldn,t justpay their attention tothe regularteaching principleofteachingstudents inaccordance withtheir aptitude,and turna blindeye tothe non-intellectual factorsofthelearners,for example,the differencescaused bythe differentgendersinlearning psychology,learning abilityandso on.This thesisanalyzes thereasons andkinds ofpsychological differencesandthe differencesinlearning betweenboys andgirls,then putsforward somerelevant countermeasuresfor eliminatingthe differencesin English learning betweenboys andgirls,in thehope ofpromoting themtomakeprogress togetherin Englishstudy.英语现已成为一种国际性的语言,很明显,英语成为中国人瞭望世界的一个非常重要的窗口,是他们了解西方现代科学与科技进步的钥匙英语学习是一个非常复杂的过程,它涉及诸多因素,特别是学习者自身的因素是最直接和最主要的因素性别是学习者在第二语言习得和英语学习中出现差异的重要因素之一,因此,针对英语语言学习中的性别差异的研究已经越来越受到重视许多研究表明英语学习者在学习动机,策略运用,以及学习观念方面的确存在性别差异而教师在英语教学中起着举足轻重的作用因此在英语教学中,教师应该认真分析男女学生在认识能力、专业兴趣、学习动机、社会认知等方面的性别差异在英语教学中不能只重视因材施教等常规教学原则,而对于客观存在的学习者自身因素即男女生因性别不同而表现出来的在学习心理、学习能力等方面的差异却熟视无睹本文探讨了男女生心理差异的原因、男女生心理差异的种类及男女生在学习方面表现出的差异,并提出了相应的消除男女生在学习方面产生差异的各种对策,以期促进男女生在英语学习中一同前进Gender DifferencesinEnglishLanguage LearningAmong ChineseStudents1Introduction
1.1Situation ofEnglishlanguagelearning Inthe pastfew decadessince WorldWar II,the emergingglobal economyhas madeit possiblefor Englishto playan importantrole astheworldstandard language.As weknow thatEnglish has become aninternationallanguagewhich isnow usedwidely inmanyaspects,such asinternational trade,many importantresearches andimportant meetings.Even learningenglish becomesa fashionalthing.With therapid developmentof internationaleconomy,more foreignersbegintoinvest moreinChinaand wanttofindhuge businessopportunity.There isno doubtthatEnglishhasbecomevery important in recentyears.Therefore,learningEnglishbecomes moreandmorepopular andlearningEnglish well isEnglishlearners7dream.However,it istrue thatmost Chinesestudents havemany difficultiesinlearningEnglish.For example,some studentswillfindit isdifficult forthemtomemorize theEnglish words,and othershave troublein masteringthe grammerinEnglishwhile somemay complainabout thelisteningandspeaking.This forceseducational expertsto doa lotof researchestofindthe factorsthat affectstudents7English learning.According tomany researchesdone bysome researchers,they show that therearemanyfactors whichaffect ChinesestudentsEnglish learning,including students7motivation andinterestandtheabilityof learningEnglish,teachers role,study environment,as wellas learningmethods andsoon.So educatorscome upwithsomenew methodsto reformEnglishteachingat school.At thesame time,they focuson dealingwith theseproblems whichChinesestudentsconfront inEnglishlearningtohelpstudents learnEnglishwell.Teachers andstudents themselvesare bothimportantinEnglish learnning
1.2Significance ofthe studyAll theabove factorsaffect theEnglishlearning,but oneimportantfactor,genderdifferencesthat affectstudents;Englishlearninghas beenpaid lessattention on.A genderdifference isa distinctionof biologicaland/or physiologicalcharacteristics typicallyassociated witheither malesor femalesofaspecies ingeneral.The previousstudies allshowthatboysandgirls reallyhave differencesinEnglishlearning.And mostpsychologists holdthat girlsare supriorto boys intheabilityof utterence.This paperanalyzes thereasons andkinds ofpsychological differencesandthe differencesinlearning betweenboysandgirls,then putsforward somerelevant countermeasuresfor eliminatingthedifferencesinEnglishlearning betweenboysandgirls,inthehope ofpromoting themtomakeprogress togetherinEnglishstudy.And improvingthequalityofEnglishteachingandlearning.2Analysis offactorsthathaveimpactongenderdifferences
2.1PhysicalfactorsPsychological studieshave shownthat beforepuberty,because thespecialization of female controllingthe leftbrain hemispherewhich dealswiththemessage oflanguage formsmuch earierthan man,around sixyears old,the leftbrain hemisphereoffemale has alreadybeen morespecialized thanthe rightbrain hemisphere.While thespecialization ofthe leftbrain hemisphereof manappears tillhe arrivespuberty.Therefore,female notonly learnto speakealier twoor fourmonths thanman,but alsothey willspeak oral language oncethey theyare ableto speakand showmore sociality.After thepuberty,especially intheir youth,this featureis moreobvious withthe enhancementofthepractice inorallanguage.But man,in thisaspect,takes lessadvantage.Hence,femalehasthe giftoflearninglanguage,certainly includingEnglish.The abilityofutterenceincludes allkinds oflanguage skills,such asvacabulary;readingcomprehension;writing;spelling andgrammer andsoon.Some studiesindicate thatthegenderdifferencesinthe skillsoflanguageand otherabilityofcognition isgoing tobecome moreandmoreless.While themore surveiesin recenttime havedrown aconclusionthatthese differencesdo notdisappear andexist steadilyfor decades.(苏彦捷译,2013)Female isbetter thanman inthe mojoritytasks oflanguage,although thedifference isvery little.In infancy,girls showmore languageadvantage thanboys.They learntospeakearly andown morevacabulary andcanspeakmorefluently.
2.2Psychological factorsEnglishlearningisacourse thataffected byintelligence factorsandnon-intelligence factorstogether.During studying,if allfactors playtheir rolesfully,theefficiency of studying willbehigh;if onefactorisin trouble,the theefficiencyofstudyingwillower down.
2.
2.1Intelligence factorsInteligence isa potentialability,which connectswith human7s variouscognition.The resultsofpsychological reserchindicates thatn averageintelligence,thereisno significantdifference betweenboysandgirls,but thereare differencesintheinstructure ofintelligence.Girls arebetter thanboysinawareness,theyaresensitive tothe senseof touchingand smell,and arestronger intheabilityof listening.Large differencesfavoring malesare foundin performanceon visual-spatial tasks,such asmental rotation,and spatio-temporal tasks,for example,tracking amoving objectthrough space.Siann
1977.Thus zboys arebetterthangirls inreceiving informationfromtheouter world.As forattention,girls liketo focuson personand aresensitive tothe interpersonalrelationship.So,they willbe affectedby teacher7s emotioneasily andtheywillcooperate activelyin class.At thesame time,boys willbe drawattention byother thingsinclass,because theyalways fixtheirattentionon objectsand isfond ofexplor theinner structrueoftheobject Asforthetrait of thinking,thedifferencebetweenboysandgirlsis obvious.Boysisgoodatabstract thinking,but girlsare aptto concretethinking.Therefore,boyshavebetter comprehension.And interms ofthewayofthinking,girls tendto imitateand payattention todetails。