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国家开放大学旅游英语期末考试复习资料(部分)Exchange a glance withsomeone,then1ookaway.Do yourealize that you have made a statement Holdthe glancefor asecondlonger,and youhavemadea differentstatement.Hold itfor3seconds,and themeaning haschanged again.For everysocial situation,there isapermissible timethat youcan holda personsgaze withoutbeing intimate,rude,or aggressive.If you are on an elevator,what gaze-time areyou permittedTo answerthis question,consider whatyou typicallydo.You verylikelygive otherpassengers aquick glanceto sizethem up(打量)and to assure themthatyoumeanno threat.Since beingclose to another personsignalsthe possibilityof interaction,you needto emit a signaltelling othersyouwant to be leftalone.So youcut offeye contact,what sociologistw ErvingGoffman
(1963)calls a dimming of the lights.You lookdown at the floor,atthe indicatorlights,anywhere butinto anotherpassengers eyes.Should youbreakthe ruleagainst staring at a stranger onan elevator,you willmake theotherperson exceedinglyuncomfortable,and youare likely to feela bitstrangeyourself.If youhold eye contact formore than3seconds,what areyou tellinganother personMuch dependson theperson andthesituation.For instance,a manand awoman communicateinterest in thismanner.They typicallygaze at each otherfor about3seconds at a time,thendrop their eyes downfor3seconds,before lettingtheireyesmeet again.But ifone mangives anotherH mana3-second-plus stare,he signals,I knowyou,I aminterested inyou,or Youlook peculiarand Iam curiousabout you.0This typeof stareoften produceshostile feelings.(单选题)It can be inferredform thefirst paragraphthat.A.every glancehas itssignificance B.staringata personis anexpression ofinterest C.a gazelonger than3seconds isunacceptable mediathan a single company.The mosttalented advertisingpeople generallyprefer to work for agencies ratherthan individualcompanies asthis givesthemthe chance to work onavariety of advertising accountscontracts toadvertiseproducts or services.It isalso easierfor dissatisfiedcompany togive itsaccounttoanotheragency thanit wouldbe tofire its own advertising staff.The clientcompanygenerally givesthe advertisingagency anagreed budget;astatementofthe objectives of the advertising campaign,known as a brief;and anoveralladvertising strategyconcerning themessage to be communicatedto thetargetcustomers.The agencycreates advertisements,and developsa mediaplanspecifying whichmedia--------------------------------------newspaper,magazines,radio,television,cinema,posters,mail,etc.-----will beused andin whichproportions.Agencies oftenproducealternative adsor commercialsthat arepre-tested innewspapers,television stations,etc.in differentparts of a countrybefore afinal choiceismade priortoanational campaign,and wood,that bendwithout breaking.Later,people triedto liftabuilding offits foundation,and insertrubber and steel betweenthe buildingand its foundationto reducethe impactof groundvibrations.The mostrecentdesigns givebuildings brainsas wellas concreteand steelsupports.Called smartbuildings,the structuresrespond likeliving organismsto anearthquakesvibrations.When theground shakesand the building tipsforward,the computer would forcethe buildingto shiftin theopposite direction.Thenew smartstructures couldbe veryexpensive tobuild.However,they wouldsavemany livesand wouldbe lesslikely tobe damagedduring earthquakes.单选题Inthe sentenceYet almostno providersof goodsorservicesrely on this alone”,what doesthis referto10A.paidadvert is ingB.word-of-mouthadvertising C.newspaper D.media B(单选题)Large companiestend to use theservices of1argeadvertising agencies,because agenciesA.have moreknowledge about mediaB.have moreresources,and morespace aboutadvertising and advertising mediaC.have morehuman resources,and moreknowledge aboutadvertising and advertising mediaD.have moreresources,and moreknowledge aboutadvertising andadvertising mediaD(单选题)The mosttalented advertisingpeople generallypreferto workfor agenciesbecause agenciesA.would notfireitsown advertisingstaffB.give themthechance towork ona lotof advertiseproducts C.provide themthechancetoworkona lotof advertisingclients D.would liketokeep itsownadvertisingstaff C(单选题)Which mediais likely tobeincluded in themedia planA.catalogue B.direct sellingC.leaflet D.any oneof theabove11单选题Before anational campaignhas beenmade,advertising agencieswould A.producealternative adsor commercialsthat arepre-tested invarious mediain differentplacesB.give anagreedbudget C.give astatementof theobjectivesof theadvertisingcampaign D.produce anoveralladvertising strategyconcerning themessage A【综合题end]【综合题start]综合题Most organizationshave a pyramidalstructure,with oneperson ora groupof peopleat thetop,and anincreasing number of people below themateachsuccessive level.Thereis aclear lineor chain of commandrunning down the pyramid.All thepeople inthe organization know what decisionsthey areable to make,who theirsuperior orboss isto whomthey report,and whotheir immediatesubordinates areto whomthey cangive orders.Some people in anorganization havecolleagues whohelpthemfor example.There mightbe anassistant to the marketingmanager.Thisis knownasastaff positionits holderhas noline authority,and is not integratedinto thechain ofcommand.It isunlike,for example,the assistantmarketingmanager,who is number twoin the marketing department.Yet theactivities ofmost companiesare toocomplex tobeorganized inasingle hierarchy.Shortly beforethe FirstWorld War,theFrench industrialistHenry Fayolorganized hiscoal-mining businessaccordingto thefunctions thatit hadto carryout.He isgenerally regardedasinventing functional organization.Today,most large12manufacturingorganizations havea functionalstructure,including amongothers production,finance,marketing,sales,and personnelor staffdepartments.This means,forexample,that theproduction andmarketing departmentscannot takefinancialdecisions withoutconsulting thefinance department.Functional organizationis efficient,but there are twostandardcriticisms.Firstly,people areusually moreconcerned withthesuccess of their departmentthan thatof thecompany,so thereare permanentbattlesbetween,for example,finance andmarketing,or marketing andproduction.Secondly,separating functionsis unlikelyto encourage innovation,and wood,that bendwithout breaking.Later,people triedto liftabuilding offits foundation,and insertrubber andsteel betweenthe buildingandits foundationto reducethe impactof groundvibrations.The mostrecentdesigns givebuildings brainsas wellas concreteandsteelsupports.Calledsmart buildings,the structuresrespond likeliving organismsto anearthquakesvibrations.When theground shakesand thebuilding tipsforward,the computerwould forcethebuildingto shiftin theopposite direction.Thenew smartstructures couldbe veryexpensive tobuild.However,they wouldsavemany livesand wouldbe lesslikelytobe damagedduring earthquakes.单选题Theassistant to the marketingmanager hasthe obligationto A.have lineauthority B.help othercolleagues C.have thechainofcommand13D.be the number twoin themarketing department B(单选题)Whichstatement belowis correctA.The structureof allorganizations ispyramidal.B.An increasingnumberofpeoplebelowthe topmanagementat every other successivelevel.C.All thepeople in theorganizationknowwhattheirauthorities tomake decisionsare.D.The immediatesubordinates cangive orders.C(单选题)Functionalorganization A.was importedby theFrench industrialistHenryFayol.B.allows financialdepartment totake marketingdepartmentsdecisions.C.is organizedaccording tofunction thatit has tocarry out.D.is lessefficient thansingle hierarchy.C(单选题)According to thepassage,functionalorganizationhas badsides,since.A.people areusually moreconcerned withthe successof their owndepartmentB.it canencourageinnovationC.marketing departmentscan makedecision forfinaneialdepartment D.marketingandfinancial departmentsare supposedtocombine togetherA(单选题)According to thepassage,singlehierarchyA.is not applied bymost manufacturingcompanies B.is efficient.C.can dealwith complexorganizations.14D.is easierto use.15D.aglanceconveys moremeaning thanwords A(单选题)If youwant tobe leftalone onan elevator,the bestthingto dois.A.to lookinto anotherpassengers eyes B.to avoideyecontactwith otherpassengers C.to signalyouare notathreat toanyone D.to keepa distancefrom otherpassengers B(单选题)By“adimmingof the lights(Para.1,Line9)ErvingGoffman means_______A.closing oneseyesB.turning offthelightsC.ceasing toglance atothers D.reducing gaze-time tothe minimumC(单选题)If oneis lookedat byastrangerfor toolong,he tendsto feel•A.depressed B.uneasy C.curious D.amused(单选题)The passagemainly discussesA.the limitationsof eyecontact B.the exchangeof ideasthrough eyecontact C.proper behaviorin situationsD.the roleof eyecontact ininterpersonal communication【综合题end]【综合题start)综合题Driving acar athighspeed alonga highwayseems tobe fun.You needonly to follow the bright traffic(交通)signs besidethe highwaysanditwill takeyou towhereyou wish.But toa London taxi driver,driving isnot aneasyjob.A taxidriver hasto havenot onlygood drivingskills but also agoodknowledge ofthe cityofaLondon,from thesmallest lane(小巷)tothe mostpopular bar(酒吧)around.He hastobeattheservice ofall kindsofpassengers atall times.A certainLondon taxidriver toldof hisjob asfollows.During the night itis quiteusualfor himto stoptwo orthree timesfor somerefreshments(点He said.I neverdrinkwhen Imworking-------------I wouldlose mylicence(执照).He normallygoes homebetween2and3Oclock in the night,There aretimes,f he hastostay longerand trytomake moreruns.He said,Thats theworst thingabout workingfor yourself.If youdont makethe money,no oneisngoing togive itto you.London taxi drivers notonly takebutalso give,Every summerhundredsof childrenfrom Londonwill gofor a day atthe sea----by taxi!Theirrides arepaid bythe taxi drivers,and thesefares(车费)all go totheLondon TaxiFundfor UnderprivilegedChildren.At the sea.they aremet bythe mayor,and alunchparty isalso heldin honourofthe taxidriversand thechildren.Aftera happyday runningaround the sea beachesand visitingthemarket,thechildren gohome again-by taxi,and freeof charge,of course!(单选题)To bea Londondriverisnoteasy because.A.he hastofollowthebrighttraffic signsB.he hasto havegood drivingskillsand knowall theplaces in the cityC.hehasto serve all kindsofpassengers atall timesD.both B.and CD(单选题)The Londontaxidrivers.A.work hardbecause onone wouldgive themmoney fordoing nothingB.never stopdriving inthecity C.only workbetween2and3oclock inthenightD.are veryrich A(单选题)The authorofthe passage saysthat.A.the taxidriver workslonger thanis necessaryB.the moreruns the taxidriver makes,the morehe getsC.thetaxidriver doesntliketoworkfor othersD.thetaxidrivers inthe citynot onlytake money butalsogivemoney B(单选题)Londontaxidriver.A.takemoneybecause they have topay forthe childrensride B.gotothesea for aday inthesummer C.pay thefares forthe poor children totheseaforadayonce everyyear D.give thepoorchildrenafree rideforaday attheseaonce everyyear C(单选题)The underlinedwords UnderprivilegedChildren meanchildrenA.of lowincomefamilies B.who liketotravel intaxi C.who wishto goto seabuthave nomoney D.from LondonA【综合题end]【综合题start)综合题Overhead bridgesare found inmany partsof Beijing,especially inplaces wheretraffic isvery heavyand crossingthe roadisdangerous.The purposeof these bridgesis toenable pedestrians(行人)to crossroads safely.Overhead bridgesare usedtovery muchthe sameway aszebra crossings.They aremore efficient(效率高的)although lessconvenient becausepeople haveto climbup along flightof steps.This isinconvenientespecially toolder people.When pedestrainsuse anoverheadbridge,they donot holdup traffic.However,when theycross abusy roadusinga zebra crossing,traffic isheld up.This iswhy thegovernment hasbuilt manyoverhead bridges tohelp pedestriansand tokeep trafficmoving atthe sametime.The governmentof Beijinghas spenta largeamountof moneyon buildingthesebridges.For their own safety,pedestriansshould beencouraged touse theminstead ofrisking(冒危险)their livesbydashing across the road.Old people,however,may findit a little difficultclimbing up and downthe steps,but itis stillmuch saferthan walkingacrossthe roadwith allthe dangerof movingtraffic.Overhead bridgesserveaveryuseful purpose.Pedestrians,both oldand young,should makeitahabit tousethem.This willprevent unnecessaryaccidents andloss oflife.(单选题)What is the advantageof overhead bridges mentionedinthispassage A.Taller truckscan passunderthem.B.Pedestrians canclimb upandhaveaview ofthe city.C.They aresafer forpedestriansand cankeep trafficmoving atthe sametime.D.They areeasier and moreconvenient forthe pedestrians.C(单选题)Why wereoverheadbridgesbuiltin BeijingA.Because theyprevent trafficfrom beingheld up.B.Because theyprovide aneasyway forthe driversto crossthe road.C.Because theysave moneyforthe government.D.Because theysave timeforthe pedestrians.A(单选题)Which ofthe followingstatements istrue accordingtothepassage A.Overhead bridgesarefoundin everypart ofBeijing.B.Overhead bridgesare onlyfoundinthecentre ofBeijing.C.Overhead bridgesare foundinmany partsof bigcities inChina.D.Overhead bridgesare foundinplaces wheretraffic isheavy.(单选题)The underlinedwords a zebracrossingprobably mean.A.a safeplace acrossa roadfor pedestriansto walk across the road B.a wildanimal fromAfrica thatlooks likea horsewith broaddark brownandwhite stripeson itsbody C.a safeplace acrossa roadforzebras to walkacrosstheroadD.a safeplace acrossa roadforchildren toplay agame A(单选题)What isthe writersattitude towardsoverheadbridgesA.It isinconvenient toolder peopletowalkacrosstheroad.B.It ismuch saferforpedestrians thoughclimbingupanddownthestepsmay bealittledifficult,C.An overheadbridge ismorebeautiful thanazebracrossing.D.To buildoverhead bridgesisthe businessofthegovernment.B【综合题end]【综合题start)综合题:Henry Ford,thefamous U.S.inventor andcar manufacturer,once said,The businessof Americaisbusiness.By thishe meantthat theU.S.way oflife isbased onthe valuesofthe businessworld.Few wouldargue withFords statement.Abrief glimpseatadaily newspapervividly showshow muchpeopleinthe UnitedStatesthink aboutbusiness.For example,nearly everynewspaper hasa businesssection,in whichthe dealsand projects,finances and management,stock pricesand labor problemsof corporationsare reporteddaily.In addition,businessnews canappear ineveryothersection.Most nationalnews hasan importantfinancialaspect toit.Welfare,foreign aid,the federal budget,and thepoliciesoftheFederal ReserveBank areall heavilyaffected bybusiness.Moreover,business newsappears insome ofthe unlikeliestplaces.The worldof artsandentertainment isoften referredto asthe,rwH entertainmentindustry orshowbusiness.The positiveside ofHenry Fordsstatementcan beseen inthe prosperitythat businesshas broughtto U.S.life.One ofthemostimportant reasonsso manypeople fromall overthe worldcometo liveintheUnited States isthedream ofa betterjob.Jobs areproduced inabundance(大量地)because theU.S.economicsystem isdriven bycompetition.People believethat thissystem createsmorewealth,more jobs,andamaterially betterway oflife.The negativeside ofHenry Fordsstatement,however,canbeseen whenthe wordbusiness istaken tomean bigbusiness.And theterm bigbusinessreferring tothe biggestcompanies,is seeninopposition tolabor.Throughout U.S.history working people havehad tofighthard forhigher wages,better working conditions,and theright toformunions.Today,many ofthe oldlabor disputesare over,but there is stillsomeemployee anxiety.Downsizingthe layingoff ofthousands ofworkers tokeepexpenses lowand profitshigh-creates feelingsof insecurityfor many.(单选题)The unitedStatesisa typicalcountry.A.which encouragesfree tradeat homesandabroad B.where peopleschief concernis howtomakemoney C.where allbusinesses aremanaged scientificallyD.which normallyworks accordingtothe federalbudgetB单选题)The influenceof businessintheU.S.is evidencedbythe factthat.A.most newspapersare run by bigbusinessesB.even publicorganizations concentrateon workingfor profitsC.Americans ofall professionsknow howto dobusiness D.even artsand entertainmentare regardedas businessD(单选题)According tothepassage,immigrants chooseto settleintheU.S.,dreaming that.A.they canstart profitablebusinessesthere B.they canbe morecompetitive inbusiness C.they willmake afortune overnightthere D.they willfind betterchances ofemployment D(单选题)Henry Fordsstatements canbe takennegativelybecause A.workingpeopleare discouragedto fightfortheir rightsB.therearemany industriescontrolled bya fewbig capitalistsC.thereisa conflictingrelationship betweenbig corporationsandlaborD.public servicesarenotrunbythefederalgovernment C(单选题)A companysefforts tokeep expenseslowand profitshigh mayresult in.A.reduction inthenumberof employeesB.improvement ofworkingconditionsC.fewer disputesbetween laborandmanagementD.a risein workerswages A【综合题end)【综合题start]综合题Advertisinginforms consumersabout theexistence andbenefits ofproducts andservices,and attemptsto persuadethem tobuy them.The bestform ofadvertising isprobablyword-of-mouth advertising,which occurswhen peopletell theirfriendsabout thebenefits ofproducts orservices thattheyhavepurchased.Yet almostno providersof goodsorservices relyonthisalone,but usepaid advertisinginstead.Indeed,manyorganizations alsouse institutionalor prestigeadvertising,which isdesignedto buildup theirreputation ratherthan tosell particularproducts.Although largecompaniescould easilyset uptheirownadvertising departments,write theirownadvertisements,and buymedia spacethemselves,they tendtousetheservices oflarge advertisingagencies.These arelikelytohave moreresources,andmoreknowledgeaboutall aspectsofadvertisingandadvertising。