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2023年高考英语复习讲练测第15讲阅读理解七选五(讲)【考纲考情】
1.考查以说明文为主,逻辑严密、结构严谨、层次分明,突出对篇章结构的整体理解,侧重考查学生的逻辑思维能力
2.词数300左右(正文词数200左右,选项词数100左右)
3.题型以段中为主,段首和段尾为辅,以考查上下文逻辑关系为主,考查段落主题句为辅间或考查段尾的结论概括性语句七个选项意义都与文章内容相关,其中有非完整句的考查情况
4.主题多是社会生活和文化科技方面;选材具有贴近生活、新颖、体现正能量、时代性强等特点【考点梳理】三步做对“七选五”第一步先做段首、段尾题,缩小排查范围段首、段尾题要么是主旨句(总结句),要么就是承上启下句,具有鲜明的语言特征,题目简单,较易判定做题时,先将这类题目的选项定位,既可缩小思考范围,又可使原文信息更加明了第二步剩余选项细排查,利用句间关系来判定将段首、段尾题判定复位后,原文信息会更加明了,再次通读原文,理清剩余段中题的句间关系,将剩余选项对应复位第三步代入选项通读原文,验证句间关系将所选答案代入文中,重点检查逻辑关系看是否有不合行文逻辑的现象【解题方法】线索特征词是解决阅读七选五题的重要依据,一般体现在三个方面一是词汇复现,是指作者在文章上下文不同的位置对同一个概念进行重复描述,从而使得同样的意思在文章中不同的地方重复出现这是作者为了保证文章前后衔接连贯而经常使用的一种写作手段复现的形式主要包括原词复现、同(近)义词复现、反义词复现等;二是代词,英语中代词出现的频率极高代词一般用来指代前面提及的名词或句子,可以巧妙地利用这样的指代关系或根据代词的单复数差异可以准确而快速地解题;三是逻辑关系词,英语的段与段之间,句与句之间经常会运用连接词表示衔接和过渡,使文章逻辑更清楚、结构更连贯,因此文章中和选项中表示各种逻辑关系的信息词在选择答案时都是很重要的线索
一、段首题设空处在段首通常为主旨句,有时也可能为承上启下(过渡)句如果设空处位于段首,要前瞻后望找提示,即阅读上一段结尾部分,通常正确答案与之衔接,并结合本段内容,看所选的答案是否能将两段内容连贯起来
1.主旨概括句在某段的段首设空的题通常有以下情况一是段落主题句认真阅读后文内容,根据段落一致性原则,查找同义词或其他相关的词,推断出主题句;二是与后文是并列、转折、因果关系等着重阅读后文第一句,锁定线索特征词,然后在选项中查找相关线索特征词通常答案与设空前后的句子在意思上紧密衔接,因此这些句子之间会用到某些衔接手段比如,选项中出现时间或年代,要注意其与原文中的时间或年代的前后对应关系(2020•全国卷I)•37Do notfollow thepeople whomake youfeel not-good-enough.Why doyou followthem Are you hoping that eventually you will feel empowered because your life is better than theirs Know that your life is your own;you arethe onlyyou inthis world.F.Stop comparingyourself withothers.【答案】F【解析】根据下文“Areyouhopingthateventuallyyou willfeelempoweredbecauseyourlifeisbetterthantheirsKnowthat yourlifeisyourown;you arethe onlyyou inthis world.(你是否希望最终你会因为自己的生活比他们的好而感到有力量?要知道,你的生活是你自己的;你在这个世界上是独一无二的广可知,本段主要讲述不要把自己和别人作比较,因为生活是我们自己的选项F(停止把自己和别人进行比较)可以作为本段中心句,故选F
2.承上启下(过渡)句在段首设空的题有时也可能起承上启下的作用,此时既要熟悉上一段内容,又要去结合下一段所讲做题时要联系上下文,把握逻辑关系,分析所选答案是否能将两段内容连贯起来(2021•新高考I卷)Parisians aredifferent fromyou andme.They neverlook lazyor untidy.As someonenoted inthis papera coupleof weeksago,they eatgreat foodand nevergain weight.The foodis sodelicious thatyou dontneed muchof itto makeyou happy.French strawberriesdo nottaste likecardboard.Instead,they explodein yourmouth likelittle flavorbombs.39On ourfirst morningin Paris,I wentaround thecorner to the foodmarket topick upsome groceries.I boughta handfulof perfectlyripe smallstrawberries anda littlesweet melon.My husbandand Iagreed theywere thebest fruitwe hadever eaten.But theycost$18!E.Thats notthe onlyreason theFrench eatless thanwe do.【答案】E【解析】上一段讲了巴黎人吃得少是因为食物美味,本段谈到巴黎食物很贵(一把熟透的小草莓和一点甜瓜就18美元),可以推断,这也是巴黎人吃得少的一个原因E项(这并不是法国人吃得比我们少的唯一原因)起到承上启下的作用,符合语境故选E
二、段中题段中设空的题目即为主题句的展开句此种题要注意分析前后的逻辑性和内容的连贯性,注意句子之间的衔接手法做题时,首先要依据信息词将选项进行排除,然后将剩下的可能答案逐一代入,看哪个选项能和设空处的前后内容达到语意连贯及逻辑通顺,从而最终确定最佳选项,得出答案以下为依据逻辑关系去解题的常用方法
1.并列或递进关系并列或递进关系是指后一句对前一句是一种顺承逻辑关系常见的表示并列关系的标志性词语有first(ly),second(ly),third(ly),next/then,finally/last,first of all,for onething,for anotherthing,some...others tobegin with,to conclude等;常见的表示递进关系的标志性词语有also,further,furthermore,likewise,similarly,moreover,in addition,whats more,not only...but also・••等(2021•全国甲卷),Invite5-10people soyou havea niceselection.Less peoplethan that,and theremay notbe enoughthings tochoose from;more thanthat,and itbecomes uncontrollable.•
18.They shouldalso prepareplenty ofreusable bagsto carrytheir new”clothes home.G.Tell everyoneto bringclean clothesin goodcondition【答案】G【解析】下文“They shouldalso prepareplenty ofreusable bagsto carrytheir newclothes home.(他们还应该准备大量的可重复使用的袋子,把他们的,新衣服带回家广说明去的时候应该为交换所得的“新衣服”准备袋子G项(告诉每个人带来品相完好的衣服)说明去参加衣物交换的时候应该带完好的衣服,G项中的“bring”和下文中的“carr/相呼应,都是为交换衣物所做的准备下文中的“also”也是提示词,其中“They”指代G项的“everyone”故选G
2.转折或让步关系转折或让步关系是指后一句对前一句构成逆转逻辑关系常见表示转折或让步关系的标志性词语有but,however,nevertheless,still,yet,while/though/although,or/otherwise,instead,on thecontrary,in contrast,in comparison,by comparison等(2019•全国卷I)We allgrew uphearing peopletell usto“go out and getsome fresh air”.36According torecent studies,the answeris abig YES,if theair qualityin yourcamping areais good.E.But isfreshairreally asgood foryou asyour motheralways said【答案】E【解析】设空上一句的句意为我们都是听着人们说的“出去呼吸点儿新鲜空气”长大的,设空下一句表示答案是肯定的设空处应是针对去户外呼吸新鲜空气是否真有好处的一个问句由此可知,E项(但是新鲜空气真的像你妈妈总说的那样对你有好处吗?)与前一句构成转折关系,逻辑合理故选E
3.因果关系因果关系是指后一句为前一句的结果(有时也为原因)常见的标志性词语有so,therefore,thus,consequently,as aresult(of),so/such...thatso that,result in/from,lead to,due to,thanks to,owing to等(2020・i折江高考)My motheralso encouragedme tomake whatI wanted.I triedmaking toycars withcardboard boxesand constructingbuildings fromleftover cardboardand bitsof woodmy fathergave me.When mymother sawmy creations,she toldme howcreative mydesigns were.34I learneda lotabout howto extendthe lifeof objectsand transformthem intosomething newand useful.It was a trait(特点)others foundhelpful,and Isoon hadfriends whowanted tomake thingswith me.F.Thus,I beganmy lifelonginterest inmaking things.【答案】F【解析】根据前句“当我的母亲看到我的创作时,她说我的设计很有创意”可知,F项(于是,我开始对制造东西产生了长久的兴趣)和前句构成因果关系,“我”正是在听了母亲那句话后才开始对制造东西产生兴趣故选F
4.例证关系例证关系是前后句的某句是为了证明或解释另一句而举的例子例证的形式具有多样性,思维过程基本是归纳(从例子到观点)和推理(从观点到例子)常见的标志性词语有for example,for instance,in fact/as amatter offact,actually,in otherwords,that is(to say)等(2021•浙江高考)“Many peoplein Chinahave limitedexposure toEnglish.35That said,we knowof manypostcrossing members,including Chinese,who haveactually improved their English skills through their use of postcrossing,“Paulo says.B.That makesit extrahard tolearn andpractice it.【答案】B【解析】根据上文“Many peoplein Chinahave limitedexposure toEnglish.(许多中国人很少能接触到英语户可知,对某些人来说学习英语的门槛较高根据下文“That said,we knowof manypostcrossing members,including Chinese,who actuallyimprovedtheirEnglishskillsthroughtheiruseofpostcrossing(也就是说,我彳门知道很多交换明信片的人,包括中国人,他们通过交换明信片提高了英语水平)”可知,写明信片成为一种练习英语的渠道B项(这使得学习和练习它变得格外困难)符合语境故选B
三、段尾题段尾设空的题多为总结本段内容,偶有起承上启下的作用
1.总结概括句做题时一要注意设空的前一句或前两三句;二要注意在选项中查找thus,therefore,hence,so,asaresult,in aword,in short,to conclude,to sumup等表示结果、结论、总结的词语;三要注意与前文的逻辑关系,找到关键的线索词句,如表示转折、并列、排比等关系如果在文章第一段的段尾设空,要认真阅读看此处是细节还是主题通常文章的第一段要提出主题,如果在段尾提出主题,常用一些信号词(如转折词)引出来,正确答案中应有这样的信号词(2020•全国卷I)Recognize allof yourstrengths.Write themdown in a journal.Begin totrain yourbrain tolook atstrength beforeweakness.List allof youraccomplishments andachievements.You havea job,earned yourdegree,and yougot outof bedtoday.39C.Nothing is too smallto celebrate.【答案】C[解析】本段提出我们要认识到自己的优点根据上文“List allof youraccomplishments andachievements』列出你所有的成就广可知,这些小事都是你取得的成就,都值得庆祝C项(没有什么事是太小而不值得庆祝的)承接上文故选C
2.承上启下(过渡)句做题时如果在选项中找不出与前文之间的关联,此时要考虑与下一段开头是否有衔接,要认真阅读下一段的开头儿句,看是否能紧密联系起来(2021•浙江高考)Paulo Magalhaes,a34-year-old Portuguesecomputer engineer,loves toopen hismailbox andfind abrightly coloredpicture ofRomes Colosseum.Or AfricasVictoria Falls.Or Chinas Great Wall.31“I oftensend postcardsto familyand friends.he saysto ChinaDaily,“but you can imaginethat aftera while,you neverreceive asmany asyou send,and yourealize thatnot everyoneis intoit.And thafstotally fine.”Seeking otherlike-minded souls,however,Paulo startedlooking ina somewhatunlikely place:online.Many wouldsay theInternet is a placefor peoplewho havegiven upon thetraditional postalservice,but Pauloshunch(直觉)paid off.G.In short,he lovespostcards,and theexcitement ofgetting ahand-written notefrom someonefar away.【答案】G【解析】根据上文“Paulo Magalhaes...Or China*sGreatWall.(34岁的葡萄牙电脑工程师Paulo Magalhaes(保罗・麦哲伦)喜欢打开他的邮箱,然后发现一个色彩鲜艳的罗马斗牛场图像或者非洲的维多利亚瀑布或者是中国的长城户可知,Paulo有喜欢明信片的个人爱好G项(简而言之,他喜欢明信片,也喜欢收到远方某人潦草的便条时的那种兴奋)承接上文故选G【题型剖析】A(2022•全国•高考真题)Fitness Magazinerecently ranan articletitled FiveReasons toThank YourWorkout Partner.One reasonwas:“Youll actuallyshow upif youknow someoneis waitingfbr youat thegym,“while anotherread:1With a workout partner,you willincrease yourtraining effortas thereisasubtle(微妙)competition.So,how doyou findaworkout partner First ofall,decide whatyou wantfrom that person.2Or doyou justwant tobe physically fit,able tomove withstrength andflexibility Thinkabout theexercises youwould liketo dowith yourworkoutpartner.You mightthink aboutposting whatyou arelooking fbron socialmedia,but itprobably wontresult ina usefulresponse.3If youplan onworking outinagym,thatpersonmust belongtothesame gym.My partnerposted herrequest onthe noticeboard ofa localpark.Her noticeincluded whatkind oftraining shewanted todo,how manydays aweek andhow manyhours shewanted tospend oneach session,and herage.It alsolisted herfavorite sportsand activities,and providedher phonenumber.4You andyour partnerwill probablyhave differentskills.5Over time,both ofyou will benefit一your partnerwillbe able tolift moreweights andyou willbecome morephysicallyfit.The core(核心)of yourrelationship isthatyouwill alwaysbe thereto helpeach other.A.Your firstmeeting maybe alittle awkward.B.A workoutpartner usuallyneeds to live closeby.C.Youll workharder if you trainwith someoneelse.D.Do youwant tobeabetter athletein yourfavorite sportE.How canyou writea goodseeking training partner“notice F.Just acceptyour differencesand learn to workwith eachother.G.Any noticefor atrainingpartnershould includesuch information.B(2022•全国•高考真题)Writing an essay isa difficultprocess formost people.However,the processcan bemade easierifyoulearntopractice threesimple techniques.6When youare firsttrying tothink of ideas foranessay,put your pen toyour paperand writenonstop forten orfifteen minuteswithout lettingyourpenleave thepaper.Stay looseand free.7Dont worryabout grammaror spelling.Even thoughthis techniquewont workfor everyone,it helpsmany peopleget agood storeofideasto drawon.The nexttechnique isto writeyour draftrapidly withoutworrying aboutbeing perfect.8Yet,by learningtolivewith imperfection,youwillsave yourselfheadaches anda wastepaperbasket fullof crumpled(弄皱)paper.Think ofyour firstdraft asa pathcut outof thejungle——as partof anexploration,not asa completehighway.The thirdtechnique isto tryprinting outa triple-spaced(三倍彳亍E巨)copy toallow spacefor revision.9As aresult,these writersnever getin thehabit ofcrossing outchunks(大块)of theirdraft andwriting revisionsin theblank space.After youhave revisedyour draftuntil itistoomessy towork fromanymore,youcanenter yourchanges intoyour wordprocessor.10The resultingblank spaceinvites youto revise.A.Make sureyour handwritingis neat.B・Let yourpen followthe wavesof thought.C.The seconddraft ofthe essayshould bebetter.D.Firstofall,learn thetechnique ofnonstop writing.E.Too manywriters tryto gettheir draftsright thefirst time.F.Many beginningwriters dontleave enoughspace torevise.G.Then youcan printoutafresh draft,again settingyour texton triple-space.。