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2023年高考英语复习讲练测第14讲阅读理解词义猜测题(讲)【考纲考情】词义猜测题基本上是阅读理解每年必考的题型阅读文章时,常常会遇到一些未见过的词,但这类生词的词义大都可以通过上下文推断出来,这是阅读理解中经常检测的一种能力此类题型要求学生根据阅读材料提供的信息,结合学习中积累的常识和经验对生词的含义、熟词生义和短语、句子的含义加以猜测,以及对代词的指代对象准确定位命题人要求猜测词义的词一般是实词及其词组题型和考查角度
1.猜测生词或熟词生义
2.猜测短语的意义
3.猜测代替词所替代的内容
4.猜测句意【考点梳理】词义猜测是一种阅读技巧和能力,主要考查在短时间内根据上下文快速猜测所指定的某一个生词、词组或者句子含义的能力,而这些词和词组往往都超出考纲范围,但在文章阅读中起到一定的作用命题方式The phrase“・・・”in thesentence couldbe replacedby”.The wordin theparagraph refer to”.What is the meaningof the underlined wordin the.,paragraph Which of the following isthe closestin meaningto thephraseThe word…”most nearlymeans”.The underlinedsentence in the...paragraph impliesthat.解题步骤
1.定位文中画线处上下文
2.理解上下文,查找提示点,进行语义概括正确选项特点L含义和其字面意思一般没有关系
3.上下文逻辑通顺
4.与原句意思最接近0干扰项特点
5.与所考词汇形似
6.如果考的为熟词,含有常规词义的往往不正确
7.句子解释中含有过多原句中已有的词和短语的选项一般为错误选项【解题方法】L上下文猜词义猜测任何词义都离不开上下文,所以要借助上下文对需要猜测的词或短语进行合乎逻辑的推测可利用下列方法1根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语,下面接着出现其定义或解释,这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据2根据同位关系进行猜测阅读中出现的难词有时下文紧跟一个同位语,对上文的词进行解释,这时可利用同位关系对上文或下文的词义或短语意义进行猜测3根据构词法进行猜测在英语中,有很多词可以加前缀或后缀构成一个新词,如果掌握了一定的构词知识,就不难猜出它的词义4根据因果关系进行猜测在一篇阅读文章中,根据原因可以预测结果,根据结果也可以找出原因5根据转折或对比关系进行猜测根据上下句的连接词,如but,however,otherwise等可知上下句存在转折关系,从而依据某一句的含义,来确定另一句的含义【例】2021•全国甲卷・C篇Southbank,at aneastern bendin theThames,isthecenter ofBritish skateboarding,where thecontinuous crashingof skateboardsleft yourhead ringing.I lovedit.I soonmade friendswith thelocal skaters.We spokeour ownlanguage.And myfavorite:Safe.Safe meantcool.It meanthello.It meantdont worryabout it.Once,when tryinga certaintrick on the beam横杆,I fellonto thestones,damaging anerve inmy hand,and Tobycame over,helping meup:Safe,man.Safe.A fewminutes later,when Ilanded thetrick,my friendsbeat theirboards loud,shouting:Safe!Safe!Safe!”And that*s what mattered—landing tricks,being agood skater.
9.What dothe underlinedwords Safe!Safe!Safe!probably mean A.Be careful!B.Well done!C.No way!D.Don*t worry!【答案】B【解析】词义猜测题根据画线词下文“And thafswhatmattered一landing tricks,being agood skater.那才是真正重要的——滑板的落地技巧掌握了才是一名好的滑板玩家广可知,作者掌握了滑板落地技巧,因此他的朋友大声欢呼由此可推知,画线词指“落地技巧完美,干得漂亮”故选B
2.就近原则找指代猜测代替词的指代内容,要求判断代词it,one,they,this,that,these,those,which等或助动词do,does,did等具体替代什么可按以下三步进行返回原文,找到指代词一向上有时向下搜索,找最近的名词、代词,短语或句子一将找到的词、词组或句子代入替代该指代词,看意思和逻辑关系是否通顺,从而确定最佳选项【例】2020•新高考I卷・C篇In themid-1990s,Tom Bisselltaught Englishas a volunteer in Uzbekistan.He leftafter sevenmonths,physically brokenand havinglost hismind.A fewyears later,still attractedto thecountry,he returnedto Uzbekistanto writean article about thedisappearance of the AralSea.His visit,however,ended upinvolving alot morethan that.Hence thisbook,Chasing theSea:Lost Amongthe Ghostsof Empirein CentralAsia,which talksabout aroad tripfrom Tashkentto Karakalpakstan,where millionsof liveshave beendestroyed bythe slowdrying upof thesea.It isthe storyof anAmerican travellingto astrange land,and of the peoplehe meetson hisway:Rustam,his translator,a lovely24-year-old whopicked uphis colorfulEnglish inCalifornia,Oleg andNatasha,his hostsin Tashkent,and astring offoreign aidworkers.
9.What doesthe underlinedword“that”in paragraph2refertoA.Developing aserious mentaldisease.B.Taking aguided tourin CentralAsia.C.Working asavolunteerinUzbekistan.D.Writing anarticleabout the AralSea.【答案】D【解析】指代判断题上文提到了Bissell(比塞尔)写了一篇关于咸海消失的文章,然后画线词所在句提到他的访问最终涉及的事远不止这个,因而才有了Chasing theSea:Lost Amongthe Ghostsof Empirein Ce而这本书由此可知,画线词that指的是“写有关咸海的文章”故选D
3.意义吻合推句意句意猜测要求通过阅读文章,用合适的语句对其进行解释性的描述要注意以下两点
(1)返回原文,找到该句,对原句进行语法和逻辑关系分析对于需要猜测句意的情形,首先要理解句子的前后特定语境,然后根据语境对此句在文中的意思进行有依据的推理,最后再进行归纳总结,得出答案
(2)一般来说,正确选项的意思和原句的意思完全相同,只不过是用其他的词汇或句式来转换表达而已【例】(2019彳折江高考・B篇)Money withno stringsattached.Its notsomething yousee everyday.But atUnion Stationin LosAngeles lastmonth,a boardwent upwith dollarbills attachedto itwith pinsand asign thatread,“Give WhatYou Can,Take WhatYou Need.”
24.What doesthe expression“Money withno stringsattached^^in paragraph1meanA.Money spentwithout hesitation.B.Money notlegally made.C.Money offeredwithout conditions.D.Money nottied together.【答案】C【解析】句意猜测题根据本段中的“Give WhatYou Can,Take WhatYou Need.(尽你所能,取你所需广可知,此处“Money withno stringsattached”的意思是“无条件地提供钱故选Co【题型剖析】A During the COVID-19pandemic,Julia beganher secondyear asa firstgrade teacherin anonline classroom.One Septemberafternoon,she receiveda callfrom andCynthia,who washaving technicaldifficulties with her granddaughterstools foronline learning.Julia immediatelyknew somethingwas wrongwith Cynthia.The twowomen hadspoken manytimes before,but Juliahad neverheard shesounded likethis.Her wordswere sojumbled that Julia could barely understand her.Julia calledher headmaster,Charlie,who convincedher thathe wouldcall andcheck onCynthia himself.Just likeJulia,Charlie couldbarely understandCynthia.He suspectedshe mightbe havinga stroke(中风)一he recognizedthe signsfrom whenhis ownfather hadsuffered one.Charlie immediatelybecame concernedthat Cynthiastwo grandchildren,ages sixand eight,were probablyhome alonewithherand scared.Charlie askedhis officemanager tosend anambulance to the grandmothershome.The quickresponse fromJulia andCharlie savedCynthias life.She arrivedat the hospital intime to get treatmentbefore long-term damageoccurred.Thanks to an extendedstay inthehospital,she hasregained mostofthemovement throughouther bodyexcept forone hand and aregion ofher mouth.Tm proudofthepeople Iwork with,that theyresponded soquickly andthat itdid make a differenceto CynthiaJ saysJulia.I amso pleasedto bepart ofsuch acaring community.But theschooFs crisisresponse isonly onepiece ofthe communitysextraordinary effortsto helpCynthia andher granddaughters.Another familywith youngchildren tookinthetwo girls.Virtual learninghas beena challengeacross thecountry,but its fair to say that it has helped the community grow closer.Many teachersthere gavetheir personalphone numbersto studentsand familiesin casethey neededextra help.In thiscase,the exchangewas literallylife-altering.
1.Cynthia calledJulia in order to.A.complain about the poorcontents ofonline learningB・consult abouther granddaughtersacademic performanceC.seek somehelp forlack ofcertain technicalknowledge D.volunteer herservices asa teacherin anonline classroom
2.The underlinedword jumbledin Paragraph2is closestin meaningto.A.brief B.unclear C.gentle D.impolite
3.How didCharlie decidethat Cynthiamight havesuffered a stroke A.By recallinghis ownprevious sufferingsfrom thedisease.B.By usinghis professionalknowledge toform thejudgment.C.By combiningJulias callwith thegranddaughters description.D.By identifyingthe symptomsthat astroke patientmay have.
4.What doesthe authorthink ofvirtual leaningA.It hascaused muchinconvenience toparents.B.It willbring aboutunavoidable leakof privacy.C.It hasprovided morebenefits thanchallenges.D.It needstechnical guidanceto behighly effective.【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文文章主要讲述了在新冠疫情期间上网课时,Cynthia通过电话帮助孙女询问关于网络技术方面的问题老师Julia通过Cynthia的声音判断出她有些不对劲,并且及时联系了校长Charlie,校长判断出她得了中风,并及时送往了医院
1.C【解析】细节理解题根据文章第——段One Septemberafternoon,she receiveda callfrom andCynthia,who washaving technicaldifficulties withher granddaughterstools foronline learning(.九月的——个下午,她接至U了Cynthia的电话,她孙女的在线学习工具有技术问题)”可知,Cynthia打电话是因缺乏一定的技术知识而寻求帮助故选C项
2.B【解析】词义猜测题通过画线词后面“thatJuliacouldbarelyunderstandher(Julia几乎听不懂Cynthia说的话)”可推知,画线词jumbled意为“不清楚的、不完全明白的L故选B项
3.D【解析】细节理解题根据文章第三段“He suspectedshe mightbe havingastrokehe recognizedthe signsfrom whenhis ownfather hadsuffered one.(他怀疑她可能中风了-----------他认出了他父亲遭受痛苦时的症状)”可知,Charlie通过他父亲中风时的症状对比Cynthia的症状,推测她得了中风故选D项
4.C【解析】推理判断题根据文章最后一段Virtual learninghas beena challengeacross thecountry,but it*sfairtosaythatithashelpedthecommunitygrowcloser.(虚拟学习在全国范围内都是一种挑战,但公平的说,它帮助社区变得更加紧密)‘可推知,作者认为虚拟学习带来的好处多于挑战故选C项B Whenwe experienceearthquakes,medical emergencies—whatever thesituation,the firstthing youprobably dois panic.Everybody does.While manyof usthink that were coolin a crisis,science tellsus thatwe seldomare.At themoment weneed tobe keenlyaware ofour surroundings,but ourattention goesto thescariest thingon thescene,leaving usunaware ofthe othersights,sounds,and evensmells aroundus.At themoment,were anythingbut atour best.These normalhuman reactionscan bereversed.For example,firefighters aretaught howto bringdown theirblood pressureand heartrates quickly,box breathing,belly breathing,hum breathing-you canlearn thesetechniques inminutes.Once youcalm down,youll identifyaccurately whatthe problemis reallyabout.Lack ofpractice alwayscauses us to judgeproblems inwrong ways.Doing thethinking aheadof timealso helpsyou fireoff thesolution when its showtime.This iswhy youare advisedto findthe closestexit beforethe flight.And sometimeswe arentprepared with all theknowledge weneed.Lets saywere ona hikeandabear showsup.What shallwe doBetter toread suggestionson howto respondbefore headinginto thewild.Performing in acrisisis becomingmore importantfor allof usfor tworeasons.Back inthe goodold days,the reliabilityof mostanything we used ordid wasfar lessthan itis today.Now thinkabout whathappens toour preparednessas theprobability ofsomething hadhappening reduces.Unless wepractice whathardly everhappens,our abilityto respondwhen itdoes happentends toslip away.Reliability cankill you.Also,the systemswe usetoday aremore complex.There areseldom movingparts inplain viewthat allowus tosee whenthings areabout togo wrong.Consequently,terrible situationscan comeout ofnowhere,
9.Ironically,the systemsthatweredesigned tolessen ourworkload mightrequire usto remainin astate ofincreased vigilance(警觉)inorderto survivethese increasinglyinfrequent eventswhen theydo happen.As technology becomes part of most everything,and asonce-large risksbreak intocountless smallones,crisis situationsmay becomestandard affairs.We shouldall learnto breathe,recognize thesituation,and carryout theplan thatwe aresmart enoughto preparewell inadvance.
5.According to the passage,when anarmed robbery(抢劫)happens,most witnesseswill first.A.observe thesurroundings B,pretend tobe calmC.decide whatto doD.focus on the gun
6.What doestheunderlinedword reversed“in Paragraph2probably meanA.Tested.B.Changed.C.Predicted.D.Understood
7..It canbe inferredfrom Paragraph3that.A.things areless dependablethan theyused tobe B,cautiousness helpsprevent theoccurrence ofcrisis C.convenience reducesour problem-solving capabilityD.the complexityof presentsystems ensuresour safety
8.What isthe mainpurpose ofthe passageA.To introduceways ofavoiding crisis situations.B.To pointouttheconnection betweenstress andrisks.C.To raiseawareness ofthe preparationfor emergencies.D.To analysethe influenceof technologyon crisismanagement.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文文章讲述的是,虽然很多人都认为自己在危机中很冷静,但科学告诉我们,我们很少能做到因此,市民对突发事件的防范意识要提高
5.D【解析】推理判断题根据第一段中“While manyof usthink thatwere coolinacrisis,science tellsus thatwe seldomare.At themoment weneed tobe keenlyaware ofour surroundings,but ourattention goesto thescariest thingonthescene,leaving usunaware ofthe othersights,sounds,and evensmells aroundus.(虽然彳艮多人都认为自己在危机中很冷静,但科学告诉我们,我们很少能做到此时此刻,我们需要敏锐地意识到我们周围的环境,但我们的注意力却集中在了现场最可怕的东西上,让我们对周围的其他景象、声音甚至气味浑然不觉)”可知,根据文章,危机出现时,人们的注意力集中在了现场最可怕的东西上,可得出当武装抢劫发生时,大多数目击者会首先关注枪故选D
6.B【解析】词义猜测题根据第一段中“At themoment weneed tobe keenlyaware ofour surroundings,but ourattention goestothescariest thingonthescene,leaving usunaware ofthe othersights,sounds,and evensmells aroundus.At themoment,were anythingbut atour best.(此时此刻,我们需要敏锐地意识到我们周围的环境,但我们的注意力却集中在了现场最可怕的东西上,让我们对周围的其他景象、声音甚至气味浑然不觉目前,我们还没有达到最佳状态)“,和第二段中的“For example,firefighters aretaught howto bringdown theirblood pressureand heartrates quickly,box breathing,belly breathing,hum breathing-you canlearn thesetechniques inminutes.Once youcalm down,youll identifyaccurately whatthe problemis reallyabout.(例如,消防员被教导如何快速降低他们的血压和心率,箱式呼吸法,腹部呼吸法,哼哼呼吸法——你可以在几分钟内学会这些技巧一旦你冷静下来,你就会准确地识别出问题的真正原因)“可知,上文讲危机出现时,人们的注意力集中在了现场最可怕的东西上,害怕因而无法冷静,下文讲通过适当方法,人们可以冷静下来,所以这些正常的人类反应(害怕/无法冷静)是可以逆转的由此推知,划线词的意思是“改变工故选Bo
7.C【解析】推理判断题根据第三段中“Unless wepractice whathardly everhappens,our abilityto respondwhenitdoes happentends toslip away.Reliability cankill you.Also,the systemsweusetoday aremore complex.There areseldom movingparts inplain viewthat allowustosee whenthings areabout togo wrong.(除非我们练习几乎不发生的事情,否则当事情发生时,我们的反应能力往往会消失可靠性会毁了你此外,我们今天使用的系统更加复杂在肉眼可见的情况下,很少有活动部件能让我们看到事情什么时候会出错)”可知,从第三段中可以推断出,现代生活给予人们生活可靠性,系统性让人们规避很多错误,世界的便利性降低了我们解决问题的能力故选C
8.C【解析】推理判断题根据最后一technologybecomespartofmosteverything,and asonce-large risksbreak intocountless smallones,crisissituationsmay becomestandard affairs.We shouldall learnto breathe,recognize thesituation,and carryouttheplan thatwe aresmart enoughto preparewell inadvance.(随着技术成为绝大多数事物的一部分,随着曾经的巨大风险演变成无数的小风险,危机局势可能会成为常态我们都应该学会呼吸,认识到情况,并执行计划,我们足够聪明地提前做好准备)”可知,危机局势可能会成为常态,人们应该要做好准备应对它,这篇文章的目的是为了提高市民对突发事件的防范意识故选C CNothing succeedslike success,as everyparent ofa straight-A studentknows,but tryingto stressacademic excellenceby tellingyour child,Youre sosmart!”may becounterproductive.Why According toa2017study,children who think theirintelligence isfixed areless likelyto payattention toand bounceback(重新振作)from mistakes than children whothink intelligence can grow and change.In the study,researchers lookedat123children.The teamassessed the children todetermine whetherthey hada growthmindsefXbelieving thatyou canwork hardertogetsmarter),or afixed mindset(believing thatyour intelligence is unableto change).They thenasked the children tocomplete afast-paced computeraccuracy taskwhile theirbrain activitywas recorded.Duringtherecording,researchers notedthat brainactivity stoppedwithin ahalf-second after making a mistake,as childrenbecame awareof theirmistake andpaid closerattention towhat wentwrong.The largerthe brain response was,the morethe childfocused onthe mistake.Based onthe data,they concludedthat childrenwith a“growth mindset“were muchmore likelyto havea largerbrain responseafter makinga mistake.While childrenwith afixed mindset“were ableto bounceback”,only ifthey gavetheir fullattention tothe mistake.For parents,the lessonsare clear.Dont payyour childrencompliments thatsuggest thatintelligence isfixed.If your child handsyou anA+score,dont say,“Youre sosmart!Instead,say,“Wow,that studyingreally paidoff!”or“You clearlymastered thismaterial-way togo!”Note theeffort,not theintelligence.Besides,many parentshy awayfrom addressinga childsmistakes,telling them“Its OK.Youll getit next time.without offeringthem thechances to figure outwhat goeswrong.Instead,its betterto reassureyour childrenthat mistakeshappen,and workto figureout whereand howthey makethe mistake.
9.Whichofthefollowingbest explains“counterproductive“underlined inparagraph1A.Opposite B.Competitive C.Successful D.Unknown
10.How didthechildrenwith a“growth mindsetreact inthe studyA.They madefewer mistakes.B.They triedto avoidmistakes C.They hadsmaller brainresponse D.They focusedmore onthe mistake.
11.What shouldparents saywhen childrenmakeamistake according tothetext A.You areso carelessB,Paying complimentsto childrenC.Youll getit thenexttimeD.Lefs findout howyou madeit.
12.What shouldbe avoidedaccordingtothestudyA.Overstressing theintelligence.B,Pay complimentto children.C.Addressing childrensmistakes.D.Offering chancesto findmistakes.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文文章通过实验结果说明在孩子的成长过程中,不应该过度地强调智力的重要性
9.A【解析】词义猜测题根据第一^Nothing succeedslike success,as everyparent ofa straight-A studentknows,but tryingto stressacademic excellenceby tellingyourchild,Youre sosmart!(没有什么比成功更成功的了,每一个全优生的父母都知道,但试图通过告诉孩子“你太聪明了!”来强调学业上的优秀,可能会counterproductiveo户可知每个全优生的父母都知道成功的意义,结合but表示转折,所以试图通过告诉孩子“你很聪明”来达到让孩子学业优秀的目的,可能会得到相反的结果,由此可推知counterproductive指的是“相反的”意思故选A项
10.D【解析】细节理解题根据第二段“The largerthe brainresponse was,the morethechildfocused onthe mistake.Based onthe data,they concludedthat childrenwitha“growth mindset“were muchmore likelyto havea largerbrainresponseaftermakingamistake.(大脑的反应越大,孩子对错误的关注就越大基于这些数据,他们得出结论,具有“成长型思维模式”的儿童在犯错后更有可能有更大的大脑反应)”可知,“成长心态”儿童在研究中更关注的是错误故选D项
11.D【解析】推理判断题根据最后一段“Instead,its betterto reassureyour childrenthat mistakeshappen,and worktofigureout whereand howthey makethe mistake.(相反,最好是让你的孩子知道错误发生了,并找出他们在哪里犯了错误,是如何犯的)”可知,当孩子犯了错误时,父母应该说“让我们看看你是怎么出错的”故选D项
12.A【解析】推理判断题根据第一段“Accordingtoa2017study,children whothink theirintelligenceisfixed areless likelyto payattention toand bounceback frommistakesthanchildrenwhothinkintelligencecangrowandchange.”可知,据2017年的一项研究,认为自己的智力是固定的孩子比认为智力可以成长和改变的孩子更不可能关注错误并从错误中恢复过来由此推知,我们应该避免过度强调智力故选A项。