2023年高考英语复习讲练测第13讲阅读理解主旨大意题（讲）（全国通用学案）

2023年高考英语复习讲练测第13讲阅读理解主旨大意题（讲）【考纲考情】主旨大意题考查考生对文章内容的深层次理解，它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下，对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象，既考查细节理解能力，又考查深层次的推理、概括能力，难度较大题型和考查角度

1.主题类文章大意题和段落大意题（概括文章或段落的主旨大意）

2.标题类标题判断题（选择最佳标题）【考点梳理】主旨大意类要求在理解全文的基础上，从文中提取有效信息进行概括归纳，从而得出文章主旨要义此类试题没有明显的解题依据，是对文章深层次的理解，因此成为最易失分的题目命题方式:What isthe textmainly aboutWhat isthe best title for the textWhat can be asuitable title for the text Whatsthe first/second/third....paragraph mainly about Whatsthe mainidea discussedin thefirst/secondthird/..paragraph解题步骤

1.首先找出文章的主题句，然后根据文章主题句确定文章大意

2.如果没有主题句就寻找全文重复性强的关键词或者概括全文正确选项特点

1.涵盖性强，覆盖全文或者整个段落内容

2.精确性强，能恰当表达原文主题和中心思想

3.短小醒目，这是标题类选项的特点，是文章的点睛之笔干扰项特点

1.覆盖面太大，超出了短文论述的范围

2.以偏概全，涉及的只是短文的某一部分或者某一个细节，或是某一个段落的要点或者部分

3.与短文有交集，但偏离文章或者段落主旨【解题方法】

1.寻找主题句确定文章大意主题句在文章中的位置主要有四种情况⑴主题句在段首一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，其后是论证性细节在说明文、论述文或新闻报道中多采用这种形式,作者在首段常常亮出观点、表明立场大多数文章的主题句就是文章的首句,所以要认真阅读文章首句

（2）主题句在段末有的主题句放在文章的末尾，先摆出事实依据,层层推理论证，将主题引向高潮，起到总结作用,从而形成强有力的结论，这就要求考生耐心地读完全文⑶主题句在文中或隐含还有的主题句在段中间或隐含在文中,成为段落语义的核心，让读者很难发现，这种情况难度较大，考生要通观全文，分清主旨细节，进行归纳推理最后概括出来的中心意思一定要涵盖全文或整个段落,切忌以偏概全或离题太远、太笼统解答此类题时考生需要把握作者的观点、态度、语气等,分析文章的篇章结构，抓住文章开头的主题句或文章最后的结论，捕捉与题目有关的信息,从而找出能概括文章主旨的题目和中心思想【例】（2020•全国卷HI・C篇）With theyoung unableto affordto leavehome andthe oldat riskof isolation0R独）,more families are choosingto livetogether.The doorwayto peaceand quiet,for NickBright atleast,leads straightto hismother-in-law,she liveson theground floor,while helives upstairswith hiswife and their twodaughters.Four yearsago theyall movedinto athree-storey Victorianhouse inBristol-one ofa growingnumber of multigenerational familiesin the UK livingtogether underthe sameroof.They sharea frontdoor and a washingmachine,but RitaWhitehead hasher ownkitchen,bathroom,bedroom andliving roomon theground floor.“We floatedthe ideato mymum ofsharing ahouse,“says KathrynWhitehead.Rita cutsin:We spokemore withNick becauseI thinkit*sabig thingfbr Nickto live with hismother-in-law.”And whatdoes Nickthink”From mystandpoint,it allseems to work verywell.Would Irecommend itYes,I thinkI would.Its hardto tellexactly howmany peopleagree withhim,but researchindicates that the numbershave beenrising forsome time.Official reportssuggest that the number of householdswith threegenerations livingtogether hadrisen from325,000in2001to419,000in

2013.Other varietiesofmultigenerationalfamily aremore common.Some peoplelivewith their elderlyparents;many moreadult childrenare returningto thefamily home,if theyever left.It issaid that about20%of25-34-year-olds livewith theirparents,compared with16%in

1991.The totalnumberofall multigenerationalhouseholds inBritain isthought to be about

1.8million.Stories likethat aremore commonin partsof the world wheremultigenerational livingis morefirmly rooted.In India,particularly outsidecities,young womenare expectedto movein withtheir husbandsfamily when they getmarried.

31.What isthe textmainly about A.Lifestyles indifferent countries.B・Conflicts betweengenerations.C.A housingproblem inBritain.D.A risingtrend ofliving in theUK.【答案】D【解析】主旨大意题通读全文，尤其根据第一段可知，由于年轻人负担不起离家的费用，而老年人又面临着孤独的风险，越来越多的家庭选择住在一起由此可知，文章主要讲述了聚居在英国是一种呈上升趋势的生活方式故选D

2.通过结构或暗示概括段落大意1根据逻辑结构概括段落大意要准确概括段落大意，务必知道该段落的逻辑结构如该段为总分顺序组织，则主题句在段首；如该段为分总顺序组织，则主题句在段尾；如该段为分总分顺序组织，则主题句在段中；如该段对比各事物，则其异同点即为该段大意2通过暗示揣摩段落大意有时，作者不直接写出主题句，而是通过情感态度等方法暗示性地体现主题，此时要根据文中所叙述的事实和线索综合判断去揣摩并概括出段落大意【例】2020•全国卷IH,B篇The creativeteam behindApes usedmotion-capture动作捕捉technology to create digitalizedanimals,spending tensof millionsof dollarson technologythat recordsan actorsperformance andlater processesit withcomputer graphicstocreatea finalimage图像.In thiscase,one ofa realistic-looking ape.

25.What doesparagraph2mainly talkabout A.The costof makingApes.”B.The creationof digitalizedapes.C.The publicityabout Apes.D.The performanceof realapes.【答案】B【解析】段落大意题根据本段第一句可知，“人猿”背后的创作团队利用动作捕捉技术来创造数字化动物，在记录演员表演和后期加工处理上花费了上千万美元，最后创造出了猿的图像由此可知，本段主要是关于数字化人猿的创造故选B

3.三大方法定标题1最佳标题应具备以下三大特征

①概括-准确而又简短；

②针对性-标题外延正好与文章内容相符；

③题目-能引发读者的阅读欲望2三大方法

①正面肯定法在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨；

②反面否定法撇开原文，设想各选项写出来应是什么样的文章，然后和原文比对，逐一排除不符项；

③研读备选项认真研读备选项里的中心词、结构、概括性、修饰词的变化，查看与中心思想是否相符【例】2021•全国乙卷・C篇Youve heardthat plasticis pollutingthe oceans一between

4.8and

12.7million tonnesenter oceanecosystems everyyear.But doesone plasticstraw orcup reallymake adifference ArtistBenjamin Von Wong wantsyou toknow thatit does.He buildsmassive sculpturesout of plastic garbage,forcing viewersto re-examine theirrelationship tosingle-use plasticproducts.At thebeginning of the year,the artistbuilt apiece calledStrawpocalypse,“a pairof10-fbot-tall plasticwaves,frozen mid-crash.Made of168,000plastic strawscollected fromseveral volunteerbeach cleanups,the sculpturemade itsfirst appearanceattheEstella Placeshopping centerin HoChi MinhCity,Vietnam.Just9%of globalplastic wasteis recycled.Plastic strawsare byno meansthe biggestsource（来源）of plasticpollution,but theyverecently comeunder firebecause most people dontneed themto drinkwith and,because of their smallsize andweight,they cannotbe recycled.Every strawthats part of Von Wongs artworklikely camefrom adrink thatsomeone usedfor onlya fewminutes.Once thedrink isgone,the strawwill takecenturies todisappear.In apiece from2018,Von Wongwanted toillustrate（说明）a specificstatistic:Every60seconds,a truckload*s worthofplasticenters theocean.For this work,titled Truckloadof Plastic,“VonWongandagroup ofvolunteers collectedmore than10,000pieces ofplastic,which werethen tiedtogether tolook liketheyd beendumped（倾倒）from atruck allat once.VonWonghopes thathisworkwill alsohelp pressurebig companiesto reducetheir plasticfootprint.

31.Which of the followingcanbe the best titleforthetext A.Artists*Opinions onPlastic SafetyB-Media Interestin ContemporaryArt C・Responsibility Demandedof BigCompanies D.Ocean PlasticsTransformed intoSculptures【答案】D【解析】标题判断题通读全文可知，作者讲述了艺术家Benjamin VonWong（本杰明.冯・王）用塑料垃圾制作巨型雕塑以期望唤起人们对环保问题的关注的事迹，因此D项（海洋塑料变雕塑）适合作文章标题故选D不同文体主旨题解题指导⑴议论文或说明文议论文或说明文的主题句一般在文首,但有的在文尾，也有的首尾呼应⑵新闻报道新闻报道的主题句就是导语，即文章的首句或首段正文采取倒金字塔形式--最重要事实，次要事实,最次要事实⑶科研报告或调查报告反映科学实验或调研结果的报道或科普类说明文，其内容主要包括“科研实验结果或调查结果+实验研究过程或调查的具体情况”两大部分，文章主旨就是科研或调查结果，因此主题句通常在首段，且常伴有according to a study,a studyshowed/proved,this issuggested by the resultsof newresearch on,scientists recentlyreported,a studyclaimed等⑷记叙文纯记叙文通常没有主题句，需要读者自己领悟，从中归纳提炼;但有的在文尾作者会发表感慨、感悟或就此发表议论，主旨也就在此;还有的先发表某种议论或感慨再讲一个故事或经历，主旨就在文首【题型剖析】A Youngchildren whohave experiencedcompassionate（有同情心的）love andempathy（认同感）from their mothers may be morewilling toturn thoughtsinto actionby beinggenerous to others,a Universityof California,Davis studysuggests.In labstudies,children testedat ages4and6showed morewillingness to give upthe tokens（代金券）they hadearned tofictional childrenin needwhen twoconditions werepresent——if theyshowed bodilychanges whengiven theopportunity toshare andhad experiencedpositive parentingthat modeledsuch kindness.The studyinitially included74preschool-age childrenand their mothers.They wereinvited backtwo yearslater,resulting in54mother-child pairswhose behaviorsand reactionswere analyzedwhenthechildren were

6.“At bothages,children withbetter physiological regulation andwith motherswho expressedstronger compassionate love werelikely to donate moreof theirearnings Jsaid PaulHastings,UC Davisprofessor ofpsychology.Compassionate motherslikely developemotionally closerelationships withtheir childrenwhile alsoproviding anearly exampleof satisfyingthe needsof others/researchers saidin thestudy,published inNovember inFrontiers inPsychology^^Emotion Science.In eachlab exercise,after attachinga monitorto recordchildrens heart-rate activity,the examinertold thechildren theywould beearning tokensfor avariety ofactivities,and thatthe tokenscould beturned infor aprize.The tokenswere putinto abox,and eachchild eventuallyearned20prize tokens.Then beforethe sessionended,children weretold theycould donateall orpartoftheir tokenstootherchildren.Taken together,the findingsshowed thatchildrens generosityis supportedby the combination oftheir socializationexperiences-theirmothers9compassionatelove一and theirphysiologicalregulation,and thatthese worklike internaland externalsupports fbrthe ability to actprosocially thatbuild oneach other”.In additionto observingthe childrenspropensity（习，性）todonatetheir gameearnings,Hastings suggestedthat“being in a calmerstate aftersharing couldreinforce（力口强）the generousbehavior thatproduced thatgood fueling.”

1.How doyoung childrenloved bytheirmothertend tobecome inlater yearsA.Considerate.B.Emotional.C.Generous.D.Optimistic.

2.What isthe secondparagraph mainlyaboutA.The processoftheresearch.B.The resultoftheexperiment.C.The reactionsofthechildren.D.The importanceof Momslove.

3.According toHastings,what factorcould strengthenchildrens goodbehaviors A.Their momslove themdeeply.B.They donatethe tokenseasily.C.They behavephysiologically.D.They arecalmer aftersharing.

4.What isprobably thebesttitleof thispassage A.What Contributesto GenerosityB.The MoreYou Give,the CalmerYou WillBe C.Do YouPrefer toReceive orGive D.More Giving,Less ReceivingRegardless ofhow famousthey are,and despitethe startreatment theyreceive,many celebritiesmake ita pointtogiveback tocharities.Some haveeven setup theirown privatefoundations.Their widelypublicised visitsto troubledareas oftheworldhelp toraise awarenessof issuessuch asfamine andpoverty.According toJane Cooperof UnicefUK,celebrities havea uniqueabilitytoreach hugenumbers of people,many ofwhom mightnot otherwisebe engagedin charitablecauses.She pointedout thatfamous faceshad playeda significantrole inraising fundsin recentyears,andtheirenergies hadproduced tangibleresults,such asenabling millionsof childrenin poorercountries toattend school.But inspite ofthese successesthere isevidence tosuggest thatcelebrity endorsement（代言）maybeoverrated.In asurvey ofmembers ofthe publicto findout ifcelebrity involvementwould encouragepeople todonate,researchers foundthattheimpact was not asgreat aspreviously thought.When showna listof well-known organisationsand famous people whorepresent them,over halfof respondentswere unableto matchthe celebritywiththecause.Whafs more,three quartersclaimed thatthey didntrespond to celebrity endorsementin anyway.The surveyalso showedthatafew namesdid standout asbeing associatedwith particularcharities.But thepresence ofa celebrityinacampaign,wasnota significantfactor whenit cametoadecision todonate timeor money.Instead,the majorityofpeoplecontribute becauseof personalconnections in their livesand familieswhich makea charityimportant tothem.In anotherstudy aimedat youngpeople,most participantscited acompelling（无法抗拒的）mission astheir mainmotivation togive.The secondmost importantincentive wasif afriend orpeer recommendedsupporting aparticular cause.Only twopercent ofrespondents saidthey weremotivated bycelebrity endorsement.This seemsto contradictthe generalassumption thatteenagers areparticularly influencedby famouspeople.One possibleexplanation isthat thereis ageneral fatigue（疲倦）with celebrityculture.There is also asuspicion thatthe starsare theone whobenefit mostwhen theyoffer todo charitywork.Some criticshave accusedthat celebritiesmight actuallytake attention away fromissues byattracting moreattention thanthe causesthey represent.So takingall theseissues intoaccount,is ittime forcharities torethink theircampaign strategiesand lookfor alternativeways toreach newaudiences Whicheverpoint ofview youfavour,there seemstobeopportunities formore researchinto howcharity campaignsmight developrelationships withcelebrities tomaximise theirpotential.This inturn willopen upmore engagement,and bettertargeted campaigns-which canonly benefitthose whoreally matter-the peopleand animalsthat arein needof assistance.

5.What doesthe underlinedword tangible”in paragraphI probablymean A.Definite.B.Complicated.C.Limited.D.Temporary.

6.According tothe passage,mostpeoplecontribute tocharities because.A.they gainbenefit from the charitiesB・they areforced tofinish anecessary taskC.they believein thefamouspeoplethey likeD.they areinspired bythe peoplearound them

7.The thirdparagraph ismainlyabout.A.what celebritiesachieve indoing charitiesB.How youngpeople reacttocelebrityculture C.why youngpeople arehardly influencedby celebritiesD.who isto blamefor takingattentionawayfrom charities

8..What isthe authorsattitude towardscelebrity doingcharities A.Objective.B.Positive.C.Negative.D.Unclear.C Theconductor on the podium（指挥台）has nobaton（指挥棒）,no tailcoatand nomusical score,but AndroidAlter3is kickingup astorm as it guidesa symphonyorchestras playersthrough theirpaces.The robothas a humanoid face,hands andlower arms,which gesturewith whatcould passfor passionasitbounces upand downand rotatesduring thelive performanceof KeiichiroShibuya*s operaScary Beautyin the Emirate of Sharjah.Video fromthe recentperformance intheEmirateofSharjahshowed themachine turningto faceorchestra membersand wavingits arms.Alter3even sangat times.Shibuya saidthe involvementof robotsintheeveryday livesof humansis continuallyincreasing.But,he said he thinkspeople willneed todecide inthe futurehow artificialintelligence canbest improvethe humanexperience.Shibuya addedthat hebelieves humansand robotscan learntoworktogether tocreate beautifulart.This workisametaphor ofthat relationsbetween humansand technology,he said.Shibuya notedthat sometimesthe music-leading robotcan nget crazyn,making itdifficult forthe musiciansto keepup.But othertimes,the humansand machinescooperate verywell.Shibuya saidthe robotsand AIthat existtoday arefar fromcomplete

11.He is interested instudying howsuch incompletetechnology canbe combinedwith art.I thinkthis isa veryexciting idea...We cameto seewhat itlooks likeand howmuch ispossible/1said AnnaKovacevic.Another audiencemember,who gavehis nameonly asBillum,said afterthe show,You know,ahumanconductor isso muchbetter.1Although hesaidheisinterestedin AIand looksforward tobig developments,he concludedontheproject:The humantouch islost.”

9.What doesShibuya thinkof Alter3A.It isnot perfectat present.B.It teamsup withhumans well.C.It oftenmakes humanscrazy.D.It isbetter thanhuman conductors.

10.What canwe inferfromthelast paragraphA.The performancedrew mixedreactions.B.Billum tookno interestintheperformance.C.The audiencewere fascinatedbytheperformance.D.The audiencethought Alter3would havea brightfuture.

11.What isthe authorsattitude towardsthecombinationof robotsand artA.Positive B.Negative.C.Objective.D.Critical.

12.What canbethebesttitleforthetextA.Robot Cooperateswith HumansB,Robot ConductsHuman OrchestraC.The Significanceof Robotsin ArtD.The RelationsBetween AIand Humans。