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【英语语法】趣味解读高中英语八大句子成分无论是“理解”还是“表达”,均需建立在准确理解句子成分基础上若没有没有理解句子成分,就会感到一个句子杂乱无章,不知所云所以,学好语法,应从正确划分句子成分入手众所周知,句子有若干个组成部分,它们分别承担着不同的作用,组成句子的各个部分叫作句子成分英语中的句子成分分为主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)宾语(object)表语(predicative)、定语(attribute)、状语(adverbial)、补语(complement)和同位语(appositive)八种
一、主语习惯于发号施令,偶尔也会被赶下台在句子中,主语是执行句子的行为或动作的主体主语一般位于句子开头,且不能省略但在某些特定的句式里,如疑问句、倒装句、祈使句、感叹句等,句子主语也可以“下台”位于谓语动词之后或省略能够充当主语的主要有名词(短语)、代词、数词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式(短语)和从句等例句
1.The routewent fromour schoolgate to the footof theSouth Mountain.(名词作主语)
2.Taking partin afruit picking activity on a farmis meaningfuland rewarding.(动名词短语作主语)
3.To startwith,what Iintend tostress isthat we are aboutto startour nextlesson inClassroom8of theTeaching Buildingat10a.m.next Friday.(从句作主语)
4.The competitionwill begin at2p.m.and lastfor roughly3hours.(名词作主语)
5.To letChina gototheworld andlet theworld understandChina ismy firstaim.(不定式短语作主语)
6.It seemsto methat thetraditional Chinesedress will make theoccasion veryChinese-style andinviting tothe British students.(代词it充当形式主语,that引导的主语从句作真正的主语当从句作主语时,为避免头重脚轻,可用it作形式主语)
二、谓语坚决服从主语“领导”,执行命令雷厉风行谓语用来描述主语的行为动作、状态或特征,常位于主语之后谓语可由动词和动词短语、系表结构以及“助动词/情态动词+实义动词”充当,有时态、语态和语气的变化,同时又受到主语人称和数的制约判断的依据是看主语和动词之间的关系,如果两者之间是主动关系就用主动语态,如果是被动关系就用被动语态谓语构成如下
1.简单谓语由一个实义动词或动词短语构成I amstudying inLondon duringthe summerholiday.Great changeshave takenplace inTianjin in the lastfew years.
2.复合谓语
(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成
(2)由系动词加表语构成Through myintroduction andefforts Ican strengthenthe friendshipbetween Chinaand Britain.Youre anexcellent player.例句
1.1am writingto askfor yourguidance ona shortplay.(实义动词作t胃语)
2.1can givea briefintroduction ofthese masterpiecesfrom theperspective ofa nativespeaker ofChina.(“情态动词+实义动词”作谓语)
3.1am goodat Englishand familiarwith Chinesepaintings.(系表结构作谓语)
三、宾语一直受到压制,有时“翻身农奴把歌唱”宾语表示谓语动作的对象,一般位于及物动词和介词的后面,受到主语的限制和制约宾语一般由名词(短语)、宾格代词、数词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式或宾语从句充当,根据需要也可用it作形式宾语宾语在被动结构中才会“翻身农奴把歌唱”例句
1.Most ofthe racersfinished thewhole course.(名词作宾语)
2.Im gladto knowthat youvecome toChina tolearn kungfu ina schoolin myhometown.(从句作宾语)
3.Dont forgetto praiseyour friendfor thedelicious foodshe offers.(不定式作宾语)
1.双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语)I wantto sendyou my sincere gratitudefor helpingwith myEnglish learning,(you为间接宾语;mysinceregratitude为直接宾语)
2.复合宾语(宾语+宾语补足语)I wouldlike youto give us yourguidance andencouragement,(you为宾语;to giveus yourguidance andencouragement为宾语补足语)
四、表语最会察言观色,就看“主子”脸色表语一般位于系动词(如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等)之后,用以说明主语这个“主子”的身份、特征和状态等,一般由名词、名词性物主代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式(短语)、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句等充当例句
1.Needless tosay,they weredeeply moved.(形容词作表语)
2.His mainduty isto measurebody temperatureand checkthe passesfor exitand entry.(不定式作表语)
3.My favouritesport isrunning,(v-ing作表语)
4.Thats whyI thinkthe tripalong theYangtze Riverwill bea betterchoice.(从句作表语)
5.So attractiveand alivedo theylook thatI thinkyou couldbe interestedin theexhibition.(形容词作表语)
6.Tang Poetryis whatwearegoing tolearn thenext class.(从句作表语)
五、定语鞍前马后搞服务,全心全意勤务兵修饰或限定名词或代词的词、短语或从句被称为定语定语服务于它所修饰或限定的名词或代词,可由形容词、数词、形容词性物主代词、介词短语、非谓语动词或定语从句等充当定语有前置和后置两种情况,短语结构、从句等作定语时,常置于被修饰词之后例句
1.1have achievedsatisfactory resultsin recentexaminations.(形容词作定语)
2.He isa volunteerwho worksas agate guardin ourcommunity duringthe epidemicof COVID
19.(从句作定语)
3.The exhibitionwill beheld in the CityMuseum locatedin thenorth ofour city.(过去分词作后置定语)
4.As yousee,the studentsin our school arealways hard-working.(介词短语作定语)
5.My dreamto beadmitted intomy favoriteuniversity willcome true.(不定式短语作后置定语)
六、状语行踪飘忽不定,却对动词“情有独钟”修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分叫作状语一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、原因、条件、让步、方式、程度等意义状语可由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词、状语从句等充当状语在句子中的位置很灵活,所以说它“行踪飘忽不定”常见情况为通常在句子基本结构后,强调时放在句首;修饰形容词或副词时,通常位于被修饰词之前;表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头,强调时放在句首,地点状语一般放在时间状语之前;一些表示频度的副词(如often,almost等)作状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后、实义动词之前高考一般考查副词修饰动词的用法,故说它对动词“情有独钟”例句
1.Thanks tohis effortsin epidemicprevention andcontrol,our neighborhoodhas beeninagood state.(介词短语作原因状语)
2.Looking forwardto seeingyou soon.(副词作时间状语)
3.To letus experiencethe lifein thecountryside,ourschoolorganized afruit-pickingactivityonafarm lastweekend.(不定式短语作目的状语)
4.If youwant adeep experienceinthecity,shared bikeswould bethe bestchoice.(从句作条件状语)
5.We aretraining veryhard thesedays.(副词作程度状语)
6.The nextday,we setoff earlyinthemorning.(介词短语作时间状语)
7.Here Idlike toinform youof somedetailed informationto makeyou preparefor it.俳谓语动词作目的状语)
8.When Icame backhome,I sharedmy experienceswith myparents.(从句作时间状语)
七、补语始终寄人篱下,永远成不了主人补语也叫补足语,主要起补充说明的作用,最常见的是宾语补足语和主语补足语,所以说它寄人篱下,成不了“主人”O补足语可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式(短语)、分词、介词短语或从句充当例句
1.We sincerelywish youa quickrecovery andan earlyreturn toChina.(名词短语作宾补)
2.Well tryour bestto makeour countrymore andmore beautiful.(形容词作宾补)
3.Li Jiangwillmakethe Chineseculture betterknown toBritishstudents.(过去分词短语作宾语补足语)
4.He wasseen playingbasketball onthe playground yesterday.(现在分词短语作主语补足语)
八、同位语总是玩失踪,特殊场合还是“显露原形”对句子中的名词(短语)或代词作进一步解释、说明,与前面的成分在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫作同位语英语句子表达中一般情况下是没有同位语的,所以说它爱玩失踪,如果要对前面的名词的具体内容作进一步的说明,这时候就需要同位语,可谓“显露原形”可以用作同位语的有名词、代词、数词、介词短语、不定式、动名词和从句等例句
1.Tm LiJin,a studentat ChenguangHigh School.(名词短语作同位语)
2.Personally,I preferthe touralong theYangtze River,the longestriver andone ofthe motherrivers ofChinese civilization.(名词短语作同位语)
3.She hasntmade thedecision whethershe shouldgive up.(从句作同位语)练习补全短文My WeekendIn orderto releasethe pressureresulting fromour study,
①(上个周末,我和同学一起去星星农场摘桔子).Hardly hadwe arrivedat thefarm whenwe sawmany orangeshanging fromthe branches.A farmertold ushow topick oranges.Then eachof uscarried abasket anda pairof scissors,quickly climbedup theladder andstarted topick oranges.
②(沐浴在B口光下),we sangand laughedwhile pickingoranges.After wepaid fbrthe orangeswe picked,we preparedto goback toschool.
③(我们度过了多么美好的时光啊)!Not onlydid itgiveusrelaxation,but alsoit gotus closerto nature.【参考答案】
①I wentto XingxingFarm topick someoranges togetherwith myclassmates lastweekend
②Bathed insunshine
③What awonderful timewe had。