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英语的时态英语的时态(tense)是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式,不同的时态用以表示不同的时间与方式因此,当我们说时态结构的时候,指的是相应时态下的动词形式英语时态分为16种十六种时态一般现在时,一般过去时,一般将来时,一般过去将来时;现在进行时,过去进行时,将来进行时,过去将来进行时;现在完成时,过去完成时,将来完成时,过去将来完成时;现在完成进行时,过去完成进行时,将来完成进行时,过去将来完成进行时.下面就英语中常见的八种基本时态进行阐述,其它的时态都是在这八种时态的基础上结合而成的
一、一般现在时
1.概念经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况
2.时间状语always,usually,often,sometimes,every week(day,year,month•••),once aweek,on Sundays,
3.基本结构主语+be动词;主语+动词原形(但如主语为第三人称单数,动词上要改为第三人称单数形式)
4.否定形式am/is/are+not;此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词,则在其前加dont,如主语为第三人称单数,则用doesn匕同时还原行为动词
5.一般疑问句把be动词放于句首;用助动词do提问,如主语为第三人称单数,则用does,同时,还原行为动词把下列句子变为否定句、一般疑问句并作肯否回答Tt oftensnows here.He isalways readyto helpothers.They usuallyplay socceron Sundays.
二、一般过去时L概念过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为2•时「用状t吾:ago,yesterday,the daybefore yesterday,last week,last(year,night,month•••),in1989,just now,at theage of5,one day,long longago,once upona time,etc.
3.基本结构主语+be动词过去式;主语+行为动词的过去式
4.否定形式was/wcrc+not;在行为动词前加didnt,同时还原行为动词
5.一般疑问句was或were放于句首;用助动词do的过去式did提问,同时还原行为动词Lucy wasat homeyes terday.(否定句,一般疑问句肯否回答)She oftencame tohelp us in thosedays.(同上)I didntknow youwere sobusy.(肯定句)
三、现在进行时
1.概念表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为
2.时间状语now,at thistime,these days,etc.
3.基本结构am/is/are+doing
4.否定形式am/is/are+not+doing.
5.一般疑问句把be动词放于句首Look!He isdoing hishomework.My parentsare watchingTV now.
四、过去进行时
1.概念表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作
2.时间状语at thistime yesterday,at thattime或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等
3.基本结构was/were+doing4•否定形式:was/were+not+doing.
5.一般疑问句把was或were放于句首At thattime shewas workingin thatfactory.When hecame in,I wasreading a newspaper.
五、现在完成时L概念过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态
6.时间状语recently,lately,since...,for...,in/during thepast/past fewyears,already,yet,ever,never,so far,by now,before etc.
7.基本结构have/has+done
8.否定形式have/has+not+done.
9.一般疑问句:have或has...Ive written two articlesso far.The countrysidehas changeda lotin thepast fewyears.
六、过去完成时L概念以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即“过去的过去”
2.时间状语before,by theend oflast yearterm,monthetc.
3.基本结构had+done.4•否定形式had+not+done.
5.一般疑问句had放于句首
6.例句As soonas wegot to the station,the trainhad left.By theend oflast month,we hadreviewed fourbooks
七、一般将来时L概念表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事
7.时间状语tomorrow,next dayweek,month,year・,,soon,in afew minutes,by・・・,the dayafter tomorrow,etc.
8.基本结构am/is/are/going to+do;will/shall+do.
9.否定形式was/were+not;在行为动词前加didn匕同时还原行为动词10一般疑问句be放于句首;will/sh凝提到句首11彳列句They aregoing tohave acompetition withusinstudies.It isgoing torain.
八、过去将来时
1.概念立足于过去某一时刻,从过去看将来,常用于宾语从句中
2.时间状语the next daymorning,year,••,the followingmonthweek…,etc.
3.基本结构was/were/going to+do;would/should+do.
4.否定形式was/were/not+going to+do;would/should+not+do.
5.一般疑问句was或were放于句首;would/should提到句首He saidhe wouldgo toBeijing thenextday.He toldme thatthey haveatrip nextweek.九.将来完成时L概念在将来某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态
2.时间状语:by thetime of;by theend of+时间短语将来;by thetime+从句将来
3.基本结构be goingto/will/shall+have done十.现在完成进行时
1.概念在过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直持续到说话为止
2.基本结构have/has+been+doing英语的语态
一、英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的英语中有两种语态主动语态和被动语O主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者巧记为主动、主动、主去动例如Many peoplespeak English.谓语speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,即行为动作的对象巧记为被动、被动、主被动例如English isspoken by many people.主语English是动词speak的承受者
二、被动语态的构成被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的现以teach为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成
1.一般现在时的被动语态构成is/am/are+及物动词的过去分词Our classroomis cleanedeveryday.I amasked tostudy hard.Knives areused forcutting things.
2.一般过去时的被动语态构成was/were+及物动词的过去分词A newshop was built lastyear.Dinosaur eggswere laidlong longago.
3.现在完成时的被动语态构成has/have+been+及物动词的过去分词This bookhas beentranslated intomany languages.Many man-made satelliteshave beensent upinto spacebymanycountries.
4.一般将来时的被动语态构成will+be+及物动词的过去分词A newhospital willbe builtin ourcity.Many more trees willbe plantednext year.
5.含有情态动词的被动语态构成情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词Young treesmust bewatered often.Your mistakesshould becorrected rightnow.The doormay belocked inside.Your homeworkcan behanded intomorrow.
6.现在进行时的被动语态构成am/is/are+being+及物动词的过去分词Tom ismending mybike now.-*My bikeis beingmended byTom now.They areplanting treesover there,f Treesare beingplanted overthere by them.
7.不定式的被动语态to+be+及物动词的过去分词There aretwo booksto beread,f Thereare twentymoretreesto be planted.歌诀是被动语态be字变,过去分词跟后面
三、被动语态的用法⑴不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁例如Some newcomputers werestolen lastnight.一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了(不知道电脑是谁偷的)This buildingwasbuiltin
1981.这大楼建于1981年
(2)强调动作的承受者,而不强调动作的执行者例如The windowwas brokenby Mike.窗户是迈克打破的This bookwas written by him.这本书是他写的歌诀谁做的动作不知道,说出谁做的没有必要;动作承受者需强调,被动语态运用到
四、主动语态变被动语态的方法⑴把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语
(2)把谓语变成被动结构(be+过去分词)(根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数,以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式)⑶把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语,将主格改为宾格例如All the people laughed at him.He waslaughed atby allthepeople.They makethe bikesin thefactory.The bikesare madeby themin thefactory.歌诀是宾变主,主变宾,by短语后面跟谓语动词变被动,be后“过分”来使用
五、含有情态动词的被动语态含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时,由“情态动词+be+过去分词”构成,原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后仍要保留歌诀是情态动词变动,情态加be加“过分”,原来带t要保留例如:We canrepair thiswatch intwo days.This watchcan berepaired intwo days.You oughtto takeit away.It oughtto betaken away.They shoulddo itat once.It shouldbe doneat once主动语态变为被动的几个特殊情况
1.有些动词在主动结构中,后面接不带t的不定式,但如果改为被动,则需把省略的t加上,这类动词有hear,watch,make,help,let,hear,notice等,如The bossmade mygrandfather worklOhours aday.改成My grandfatherwas made to workfor10hours aday.
2.含有宾语从句的主动结构变为被动,通常用it作为被动结构的先行主语,从句放在句子后面/也可采用另一种形式,这类动词有know,say,believe,report等,it isknown,it issaid,it isbelieved,it isreported...
3.有些动词可以有两个宾语,在用于被动结构时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面多是把间接宾语变为主语这样句子自然些直接宾语变为主语时,间接宾语要变为某个介词的宾语,介词to可以省略如His fatherleft himthis house.改为This housewas left(to)him byhis father.He mademe domuch work.(变被动语态)7,7,*1*7,-J*—J*/J*-J*q、q.q、怎样把主动语态改成被动语态(简单理解)把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单,可以遵循以下几个步骤
1.先找出谓语动词;
2.再找出谓语动词后的宾语;
3.把宾语用作被动语态中的主语;
4.注意人称、时态和数的变化例
1.Bruce writesa letterevery week,f Aletter iswrittenbyBruce everyweek.
2.Li Leimended thebroken bikethis morning.The brokenbike wasmended byLi Leithis morning.
3.He haswrittentwonovels so far.f Twonovels havebeen writtenby himsofar.
4.They willplant tentrees tomorrow,f Tentrees willbeplantedby themtomorrow.
5.Lucy iswriting aletter now.f Aletter is being writtenby Lucynow.
6.You mustlock thedoor whenyou leave.-*The doormust belocked whenyou leave.使用被动语态应注意的几个问题
1.不及物动词无被动语态What willhappen in100years.The dinosaursdisappeared about65million yearsago.
2.有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义This penwrites well.This newbook sellswell.
3.感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式,主动语态中不带to,但变为被动语态时,须加上tO O例make somebodydo somethingssomebody+be+madeto do somethingsee somebodydo something-somebody+be+seen todo somethingA girlsaw mywallet dropwhen she passed by.—My walletwas seento dropby agirl whenshepassedby.The bossmade thelittle boydo heavy work,f Thelittle boywas madetodoheavyworkbytheboss.
4.如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时,直接宾语(物)作主语,那么动词后要用介词,这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定He gaveme abook.A bookwas givento me by him.He showedme aticket,f Aticket wasshown tome by him.My fatherbought meanewbike.—A newbike wasbought formebymy father.
5.一些动词短语用于被动语态时,动词短语应当看作一个整体,而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词We cantlaugh athim.f Hecant belaughedatby us.He listenstotheradio every day.f Theradio islistened tobyhimeveryday.The nurseis takingcare ofthe sick man.f Thesickmanisbeingtaken careof bythe nurse.。