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WARM-UP菲律宾学者撰文有力地证明斯卡伯勒礁(TheScarboroughShoalz黄岩岛)的确是中国的领土早在1279年元朝时期中国就发觉了黄岩岛,并列入中国版图中国渔民,不管是大陆的还是台湾的,自那时以来始终在那儿打渔事实上,郭守竟是在蒙古忽必烈汗(KublaiKhan)统治下工作的中国天文学家、工程师和数学家,就在南海进行科学考察,考察地点就是黄岩岛,它作为中沙群岛的一部分(1983年更名为黄岩岛X.TheeloquentproofinanarticlebyaPhilippinesscholarprovedthatScarboroughShoaldoesbelongtoChinawhichisdiscoveredanddrawninamapasearlyas1279duringtheYuanDynasty.ChinesefishermenfromboththeMainlandandTaiwanfhavesinceusedit.AsamatteroffactfGuoShoujingtheChineseastronomerengineerandmathematicianwhoworkedundertheMongolrulerKublaiKhanfperformedsurveyingoftheSouthChinaSeaandsurveyingpointwastheScarboroughShoalwhichisconsideredpartoftheZhongshaIslandsrenamedHuangyanIslandin1983汉语的复句我们这里争论的汉语复句只包括联合复句.偏正复句和紧缩句这三种常用的汉语复句联合复句这种复句由总说和分说两部分组成,有的先总说后分说,有的则与此相反翻译的关键是分析句子的语义,把句子两部分弄清晰,这是最重要的找准后,把总说部分作为一句翻译成文分说部分应看语义表达的需要,可以断开成单句译出,也可不断开而用复句翻译L但他性情孤僻,既不求做官,又不交伴侣,终日闭门读书Hewaszhowevereccentric.Hedidnotlookforanofficialpostanddidnotevenhaveanyfriends.Alldayhestudiedbehindthecloseddoors.2长沙火车站西边有两座大夏,一座是芙蓉宾馆,一座是华天酒家TwobuildingsliethewestofChangShaRailwayStation.OneisLotusHoteltheotherisHuaTianHotel..要充分重视自然科学理论,如现代数学、高能物理、分子生物学等基础理论的争论稍有疏忽,就不能很好地解决我们建设中遇到的重大问题Fullattentionmustbepaidtothoreticalresearchinthenaturalsciencesincludingsuchbasicsubjectsasmodernmathematicshighenergyphysjcsandmolecularbiology.Negliganceinthisrespectwillmakeitimpossibleforustomasterandapplytheresultofadvancedworldscienceandtechnologyandproperlysolveimportantproblemsinourconstruction.2汉语长句的翻译.洪湖赤卫队的女领袖在狱中被熬煎得要死,知道自己活不成了,就叫同志们把她掩埋在大路边的山嘴上,盼望在不久的将来望着那战无不胜的人民解放军成功进军RealizingshewasabouttodieinthejailwhereshehadbeentorturedalmosttodeaththewomanleaderofHongHuRed-GuardsArmyaskedhercomradestoburyherontheheadlandbythesideofhighwaywithahopetoletherwatchthevictoriousmarchoftheconqueringPeople7sLiberationArmyinthenearfuture..一阵风起,吹开了乌云,月亮露出来,月光泻进近旁的窗户,把我们自己和那个人影照得清清晰楚,我们立即认出来,那是坦普尔小姐SomeheavycloudssweptfromtheskybyarisingwindhadleftthemoonbareandherlightstreaminginthroughthewindownearshonefullbothonusandintheapproachingfigurewhichweatoncerecognizedasMissTemple..大凡拍马屁的,又总有其目的,或是想保住什么,或是想得到什么,因而也不是对谁都服从、迎合、奉承、献媚的Mostofpeoplewholickbootshavetheirownintentionstocarryouteithertokeepsomethingorgetsomething.Sotheyarenotobedientandflatterytoeveryone.在汉语里,手段和目的的关系,经常是先手段,后目的,即表示手段的语言放在前表示目的的语言放在后面,在这个语段里「拍马屁〃是手段,〃保住什么〃、〃得到什么〃是目的4对方对为禁止军备竞赛、禁止大规模杀伤性武器及其全球集中进行的努力表示欣宝Thetwosidesexpressedappreciationfortheeffortsincontrollingarmsraceandweaponsofmassivedestructionandtheirglobalproliferation..不同民族、不同历史文化、不同社会制度和不同经济进展水平的我国和地区,应相互敬重,求同存异,取长补短,和平共处,协商合作,推动建全公正合理的国际政治经济新秩序,努力促进共同进展和富强Allcountriesorregionsregardlessofethnicityhistoryculturesocialsystemsandlevelofeconomicdevelopmentshouldrespecteachotherseekcommongroundwhilesettingasidedifferenceslearnfromeachothertooffsettheirownweaknesscoexistpeacefullyworkfortheestablishmentofanewfairandrationalinternationalpoliticalandeconomicorderandstriveforcommongrowthandprosperitythroughconsultationsandcooperation..我们认为,这种屠戮生命的行径和其他一切形式的恐怖行为,不论发生在何时、何地,针对何人,由谁所为,都严峻威逼着全部人民,全部信仰,以及全部我国的和平、富强和平安Weconsiderthemurderousdeedsaswellasotherterroristactsinallformsandmanifestationscommittedwhereverwheneverandbywhomsoeverasaprofoundthreattothepeaceprosperityandsecurityofaccpeopleofallfaithsofallnations..故宫是中国现存最好、最完整的古代建筑群占地面积72万平方米,建筑面积约法三章5万平方米有大小数十个院落组成,房屋九千多间TheImperialPalacewhichisthemostsuperbandthebestpreservedofallancientarchitecturalcomplexesoccupiesanareaof
720.000squaremetres.Thebuilt-uppartmadeupoflargeandsmallcourtyardswiththenumberofchambersreachingmorethan9000hasatotalspaceofsome150000squaremetres.译文将原文三句调整为两句将原文其次句中的两个小句拆开,一个附前,一个归后这样两句英语句子结构上整齐均匀其次句的主语thebuilt-uppart与第一句的TheImperialPalace同现,第一句中的which-分句与其次句中的made-upof分词短语语法功能相当,谓语动词occupies与has又是同义形式经过这样的调整,整个结构和谐统评述功能句的翻译汉语的评述功能句可以用英语的名词从句翻译这种复句大致与英语的并列句类似,只是英语的并列句所包括的语义范围更广并列.递进、选择.转折、缘由和结果汉语的联合复句只包括并列.递进和选择汉语这种复句至少含两个大事概念翻译的方法应视两个概念的规律关系行文Perhapsthetwomostbasicsyntacticstructuresofhumanlanguagesaretheclauseandthephrasenounphraseorprepositional/postpositionalphrase;itgenerallyfunctionsassubjectobjectorobliqueelementrelatedtothemainverboftheclause.Theclauseandthephrasearecenteredbothactionsprocessesinvolvingchangeandstateswherenochangeisinvolved.Objectsincludepersonsandthingsthatfunctionasparticipantsinthoseevents.Obviouslythisdescriptionisanoversimplificationofthesemanticsofclausesandphrasesbutitisausefulstartingpointfordelvingintotheirtruecognitivecomplexity.汉语复句翻译的基本理论.人类语言两个最基本的句子结构是〃积木〃和子句,前者以事物为中心,后者以大事为中心.大事是子句表达的,一个完整的概念单位,思维单位和翻译的单位.语言篇章是贯穿了一条因果链连接大事而成的有机整体EX
1.错误和挫折教训I了我们,使我们比较地聪慧起来EX
2.他解除劳改之后,由于无家可归留在农场放马,长了一名放牧员EX3小辣椒见是书记,一愣,松开手,跟着就瘫了下来,滚地皮,大哭大叫LittlepepperwasdumbfoundedforamomentwhenseeingthePartySecretarythensheloosenedhergripandcollapsedcryingandrollingontheground..月亮被云层遮住,星星一颗也看不见Themoonwashiddenentirelybehindthedarkcloudsandnotasinglestarcouldbeseen.假如月亮被云层遮住被译为Thedarkcloudscoveredthemoom就不好,由于cover是在同一地方〃掩盖“如Muchofthecountryiscoveredby/withforests.Snowcoveredtheground.大雪掩盖了大地.我做了午餐,还做了蛋糕Icookedlunch.AndImadeacake..我在站岗,观察敌人来了,我开枪射击,打退了敌人的进攻WhenIwasonsentryIsawtheenemyapproaching.AndIopenedfireandIbeatofftheattack..中国人民团结在党中心四周,朝气蓬勃,奋勇前进RallyingcloselyroundthePartyCentralCommitteetheChinesepeopleareadvancingwithvigorandvalor.汉语里,并列关系的复合句,有多个谓语,可以把它们翻译为一个谓语的简洁句这就需要分析各个谓语的规律联系如本句的团结在...和前进都可以成为谓语,就句子语义规律,前者表示方式,后者作为谓语英语的介词短语具有动作意义,积木结构是子句概念留意在翻译中的应用例如.他下棋赢了我Hebeatmeatchess..他们最近的成功证明他们是最难战胜的队伍Theirrecentwinshaveprovedthattheyarestillthemostdifficultteamtobeat.那边走过三个人来,头戴方巾,…都有四五十岁光景,手摇白纸扇,缓步而来Behindhimcamethreemeninschoolarssquarecapsallsomefortytofiftyyearsold....Fanningthemseveswithwhitpaperfanstheyadvancedslowly..这些厂子坚持改革开放,充分采用外资,生产大量的、多种多样的产品CarryingoutrefoemingandopeninguppolicyandmakinguseofforeignmoneyThesefactoriestueoutawiderangeofproductsingreatquantities.
2.我有个伴侣在北京工作IhaveafriendwhoworksinBeiJing.这是汉语里的另一种联合复句前一个子句的宾语,是后一个子句的主语这样的联合复句可以用英语的非限制性定语从句去翻译又如:2中国人创造了指南针,全世界都知道Chinahasinventedthecampasswhichisknowntoalltheworldpeople.3半导体是一种新材料,这种材料在电子工业得到广泛的应用Semi-conductorisanewkindofmaterialwhichhasfoundawideuseinelectronicsindustry.4昨天晚上七点半我在剧院门口遇到了我多年来未曾见过的中学同学Imetwithmymiddleschoolclassmateattheentranceofthetheatreat7:30yesterdayeveningwhomIhaven7tseenforyears.
3.他不仅给我写了信,昨天还亲自来了Notonlydidhewritetomebuthecamehereyesterday.这个复句是递进关系的联合复句两个分句语义上具有递进关系又如2世人错看了这位英雄,他其实是个傻瓜Theworldpeopleweremistakenabouttheherobuthewasreallyafoolishman.3他反复尝试,但他没有成功Hetriedandtriedbutwithoutsuccess.4我喜爱城市生活,但城市之间也有差异Ilikecitylifebuttherearecitiesandcities.本句的and连接相同的词强调差别(与…不同X
3.他或者不能来,或者不想来Eitherhecouldnotcomeorhedidnottowantto.偏正复句的翻译
1.他病了/只能呆在家里Hehadtostayathomebecausehewasill.这个句子是偏正复句它包含两个子句一个正句,一个偏句汉语的偏正复句相当于英语的状语从句复合句,正句是主句,偏句是从句,表示缘由、目的、条件、让步、转折等又如2这些问题太难我只能解答两个ThesproblemsaresodifficultthatIcouldanswertheonlytwo.3要成为一个社会留意专家,首先应全心全意把自己的一切献给社会主义事业Tobeasocialistexpertthefirstthingtodoistogiveoneselfwholeheartedlytothecauseofsocialism.4全部对我们友好的人都欢迎到这里来,不管他们有怎样的信仰Allthefriendlypeoplearewelcomehereregardlessoftheirpoliticalfaith.5我走到一边让孩子们过去Isteppedasideforthechildrentopass.6很多同志没有到会,我们打算延迟开会Seeingmanycomradeswereabsentwedecidedtoputthemeetingoff.紧缩句这种句子,与单句形式类似而表达复句意义的一种复句特别形式详细有三种形式
1.他拿起帽子就走出去Pickinguphishatzhelefttheroom.这句子就是紧缩句,同一主语,带两个谓语,两个谓语间有关联词语义具有因果联系又如2他们相见就拥抱Seeingeachothertheyembrace.3那两个孩子卷起子就打起来Rollinguptheirsleevestheybegantofight.4我们自己穷便无力关心别人Beingpoorourselveswecouldnthelpothers.5她长的美丽却没有结婚Sheisbeautifulbuthasnotmarried.
2.你再说就能为你IfyouspeakagainIshallcriticizeyou.这种紧缩句的语言形式是一个连词连接两个谓语动词,谓语动词的主语个不相同经常依据语义可翻译成状语从句又如2他来了我才知道那件事Iknewnothingaboutituntilhecame.3她不情愿去就不要牵强她Ifshedidntwanttogoyouwontforceherto.4再说一句就把你从火车上扔下去Onemorewordandyouwillbethrownoutofthetrain.
3.我们T1斤到这个好消息就兴奋得跳起来Wescarcelyheardthegoodnewswhenwejumpedupforjoy.这种紧缩句用一……就……〃越……越……谁……谁.......连接两个谓语动词的汉语复句这种复合句也常译成英语的状语从句复合句,本句就是一例又如2他们一进工厂就开头干活了Nosoonerhadtheygonetothefactorythantheystartedtowork.3他一见到我就跑了Hehadhardlyseenmewhenheranoff.4山越危急,人越想制服它Themoredangerousmountainsarethemorepeoplewishtoconquerit.5火车越接近现场,那情景越可怕Thenearerthetrainappraochedthescenethedrearierbecametheaspect.6谁赞成这项方案谁就举手Thosewhoareinfavouroftheplanraisetheirhands.7谁不下乡谁就不懂得农村Hewhodoesnotgotothecountrysidecantknowit.总分复句。