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人力资源管理专业词汇英文GlossaryofHumanResourceManagementTermsabsenteesAbsenteesareemployeeswhoarescheduledtobeatworkbutarenotpresent.AccidentandsicknesspoliciesAccidentandsicknesspoliciesusuallyprovideaminimum-carestipendforseveralweeksuptosixmonthstohelpemployeesdefraythelossofincomewhiletheyaresickorrecoveringfromanaccident.accreditationAccreditationisaprocessofcertifyingthecompetenceofapersoninanareaofcapability.TheSocietyforHumanResourceManagementoperatesanaccreditationprogramforpersonnelprofessionals.activelisteningActivelisteningrequiresthelistenertostoptalkingtoremovedistractionstobepatientandtoempathizewiththetalker.adverseselectionAdverseselectionoccurswhenaninsurancecompanyhasadisproportionatelyhighpercentageofinsuredswhowillmakeclaimsinthefuture.Adverseselectionoftenresultswhenpeoplearegivenachancetobuyinsurancewithoutprescreeningwhichoftenmeansthatahigherthannormalproportionhaveaconditionthatislikelytocausethemtobefrequentclaimants.affirmativeactionprogramsAffirmativeactionprogramsaredetailedplansdevelopedbyemployerstoundotheresultsofpastemploymentdiscriminationortoensureequalopportunityinthefuture.AgeDiscriminationinEmploymentActof1967asamendedThisactprohibitsdiscriminationonemploymentbecauseofageagainstthosewhoare40andolder.AmericanFederationofLaborandCongressofIndustrialOrganizationAFL-CIOTheAFL-CIOisafederationofmostnationalunions.Itexiststoprovideaunifiedfocalpointforthelabormovementtoassistnationalunionsandtoinfluencegovernmentpoliciesthataffectmembersandworkingpeople.appliedresearchAppliedresearchisastudyofpracticalproblemsthesolutionsofwhichwillleadtoimprovedperformance.arbitrationArbitrationisthesubmissionofadisputetoaneutralthirdparty.assessmentcentersAssessmentcentersareastandardizedformofemployeeappraisalthatreliesonmultipletypesofevaluationandmultipleraters.associatemembershipAssociatemembershipinalabororganizationallowspeoplewhoarenotemployedunderaunioncontracttoaffiliatewithaunionbypayingfeesemployeesunderrealisticconditionstolearnhowexperimentalandcontrolsubjectsreacttonewprogramsandtootherchanges.HeldreviewmethodThefieldreviewmethodrequiresskilledrepresentativesofthepersonneldepartmenttogointothe“fieldandassistsupervisorswiththeirratings.Oftenitisthepersonneldepartmentsrepresentativethatactuallyfillsouttheevaluationformafterinterviewingthesupervisoraboutemployeeperformance.AextimeFlextimeisaschedulinginnovationthatabolishesrigidstartingandendingtimesforeachdayswork.Insteademployeesareallowedtobeginandendtheworkdayattheirdiscretionusuallywithinarangeofhours.AexyearAexyearisanemployeeschedulingconceptthatallowsworkerstobeoffthejobforpartoftheyear.Employeesusuallyworkthenormalworkyearinlessthan12months.forcedchoicemethodTheforcedchoicemethodofemployeeperformanceevaluationrequirestheratertochoosethemostdescriptivestatementineachpairofstatementsabouttheemployeebeingrated.forecastsForecastspredicttheorganization^futureneeds.four-fifthsruleThefour-fifthsruleisatestusedbytheEEOC.Whentheelectionratioofprotected-classapplicantsislessthan80percentorfour-fifthsoftheselectionratioformajorityapplicantsadverseimpactisassumed.fullyinsuredworkersFullyinsuredworkersareemployeeswhohavecontributed40quarters10yearstosocialsecurity.FunctionalauthorityFunctionalauthorityallowsstaffexpertstomakedecisionsinspecifiedcircumstancesthatareusuallyreservedforlinemanagers.fundedplanFundedplansrequireanemployertoaccumulatemoneysinadvancesothattheorganizationscontributionplansplusinterestwillcoveritsobligation.fundedretirementplansAfundedretirementplanisoneinwhichtheemployersetsasidesufficientmoneytomeetthefuturepayoutrequirements.gainsharingGainsharingmatchesanimprovementgainincompanyperformancetosomedistributionsharingofthebenefitswithemployees.goldenparachutesGoldenparachutesareagreementsbythecompanytocompensateexecutiveswithbonusesandbenefitsiftheyshouldbedisplacedbyamergeroracquisition.grapevinecommunicationGrapevinecommunicationisaninformalsystemthatarisesspontaneouslyfromthesocialinteractionofpeopleintheorganization.grievanceprocedureAgrievanceprocedureisamultistepprocessthattheemployerandunionjointlyusetoresolvedisputesthatariseunderthetermsofthelaboragreement.Griggsv.DukePowerCompany1971TheU.S.SupremeCourtcaseheldthatwhenanemploymentcriteriondisproportionatelydiscriminatesagainstaprotectedclasstheemployerisrequiredtoshowhowthecriterionisjobrelated.guaranteedannualwageAguaranteedannualwageassuresworkersofreceivingaminimumamountofworkorpayduringthecourseofayear.haloeffectThehaloeffectisabiasthatoccurswhenaraterallowssomeinformationtodisproportionatelyprejudicethefinalevaluation.harassmentHarassmentoccurswhenamemberofanorganizationtreatsanemployeeinadisparatemannerbecauseoftheworkerssexracereligionageorotherprotectedclassification.healthmaintenanceorganizationsHMOsHMOsareaformofhealthinsurancewherebytheinsurerprovidestheprofessionalstaffandfacilitiesneededtotreattheirinsuredpolicyholdersforapredeterminedmonthlyfee.hot-stoveruleThehot-stoverulestatesthatdisciplinaryactionsshouldhavethesamecharacteristicsasthepenaltyapersonreceivesfromtouchingahotstove.Thatisthedisciplineshouldbewithwarningimmediateconsistentandimpersonal.houseorgansAhouseorganisanyregularlypublishedorganizationalmagazinenewspaperorbulletindirectedtoemployees.humanresourceforecastsHumanresourceforecastspredicttheorganizationsfuturedemandforemployees.humanresourceplanningHumanresourceplanningsystematicallyforecastsanorganizationsfuturesupplyanddemandforemployees.humanresourcesHumanresourcesarethepeoplewhoarereadywillingandabletocontributetoorganizationalgoals.ImmigrationReformandControlActof1986Employersarerequiredtoscreenoutunauthorizedaliens.Theactrequiresanemploymentverificationsystemsagoodfaitheffortandspecifiedrecord-keepingprocedures.imminentdangerAnimminentdangerisasituationthatislikelytoleadtodeathorseriousinjuryifallowedtocontinue.incentivesystemsIncentivesystemslinkcompensationandperformancebypayingemployeesforactualresultsnotforseniorityorhoursworked.indexationIndexationisamethodofestimatingfutureemploymentneedsbymatchingemploymentgrowthwithsomeindexsuchassalesgrowth.industrialdemocracyIndustrialdemocracyreferstogivingemployeesalargervoiceinmakingthework-relateddecisionsthataffectthem.industrialunionsIndustrialunionsarelabororganizationsthatseektoincludeallofanemployerseligibleworkersregardlessofwhethertheyareskilledsemiskilledorunskilled.in-housecomplaintproceduresIn-housecomplaintproceduresareorganizationallydevelopedmethodsforemployeestoregistertheircomplaintsaboutvariousaspectsoftheorganization.jobanalysisJobanalysissystematicallycollectsevaluatesandorganizesinformationaboutjobs.jobanalysisscheduleJobanalysisschedulesarechecklistsorquestionnairesthatseektocollectinformationaboutjobsinauniformmanner.Theyarealsocalledjobanalysisquestionnaires.jobbanksJobbanksexistinstateemploymentoffices.Theyareusedtomatchapplicantswithjobopenings.jobcodeAjobcodeusesnumberslettersorbothtoprovideaquicksummaryofthejobanditscontent.jobdescriptionAjobdescriptionisawrittenstatementthatexplainsthedutiesworkingconditionsandotheraspectsofaspecifiedjob.jobenlargementJobenlargementmeansaddingmoretaskstoajobinordertoincreasethejobcycle.jobenrichmentJobenrichmentmeansaddingmoreresponsibilitiesautonomyandcontroltoajob.jobevaluationsJobevaluationsaresystematicprocedurestodeterminetherelativeworthofjobs.jobfamiliesJobfamiliesaregroupsofdifferentjobsthatrequiresimilarskills.Job-FloJob-Floisamonthlyreportoffrequentlylistedopeningsfromjobbanksthroughoutthecountry.jobgradingJobgradingisaformofjobevaluationthatassignsjobstopredeterminedclassificationsaccordingtothejobsrelativeworthtotheorganization.Thistechniqueisalsocalledthejobclassificationmethod.JobholderreportsJobholderreportsarereportstoemployeesaboutthefirmseconomicperformance.JobInformationServiceTheJobInformationServiceisafeatureofstateemploymentsecurityagenciesthatenablesjobseekerstoreviewjobbanklistingsintheireffortstofindemployment.jobinstructiontrainingJobinstructiontrainingistrainingreceiveddirectlyonthejob.Itisalsocalledon-the-job-training.jobperformancestandardsJobperformancestandardsaretheworkrequirementsthatareexpectedfromanemployeeonaparticularjob.jobpostingJobpostinginformsemployeesofunfilledjobopeningsandthequalificationsforthesejobs.jobprogressionladderAjobprogressionladderisaparticularcareerpathwheresomejobshaveprerequisites.jobrankingJobrankingisoneformofjobevaluationthatsubjectivelyranksjobsaccordingtotheiroverallworthtotheorganization.jobrotationJobrotationistheprocessofmovingemployeesfromonejobtoanotherinordertoallowthemmorevarietyontheirjobsandtheopportunitytolearnnewskills.jobsatisfactionJobsatisfactionisthefavorablenessorunfavorablenesswithwhichemployeesviewtheirwork.jobsharingJobsharingisaschedulinginnovationthatallowstwoormoreworkerstosharethesamejobusuallybyeachworkingpart-time.jobspecificationsAjobspecificationdescribeswhatajobdemandsofemployeeswhodoitandthehumanskillsthatarerequired.JobTrainingPartnershipActof1983Thisactprovidesfederalfundstoauthorizedtrainingcontractorsoftencityorstategovernmentagencies.Thesemoneysareusedtotrainpeopleinnewemployableskills.ItreplacestheComprehensiveEducationandTrainingActof
1973.jointstudycommitteesJointstudycommitteesincluderepresentativesfrommanagementandtheunionwhomeetawayfromthebargainingtabletostudysometopicofmutualinterestinthehopeoffindingaSolutionthatismutuallysatisfactory.juniorityJuniorityprovisionsrequirethatlayoffsbefirstofferedtoseniorworkerswhomayacceptorrefusethem.Ifsufficientseniorworkersdonotacceptthelayoffsthenmanagementisfreetolayofftheleastseniorworkers.keyjobsKeyjobsarethosethatarecommonintheorganizationandinitslabormarket.laboragreementAlaboragreementwhichisalsocalledalaborcontractisalegaldocumentthatisnegotiatedbetweentheunionandtheemployer.Itstatesthetermsandconditionsofemployment.laboratorytrainingLaboratorytrainingisaformofgrouptrainingprimarilyusedtoenhanceinterpersonalskills.LaborManagementRelationsActof1947LMRATheLMRAalsoknowastheTaft-HartleyActamendedtheNationalLaborRelationsActof1935bydesigningspecificunionactionsthatwereconsideredtobeunfairlaborpractices.TheactalsocreatedtheFederalMediationandConciliationServiceandenabledthepresidentoftheUnitedStatestocallforinjunctionsinnationalemergencystrikes.Labor-ManagementReportingandDisclosureActof1959LMRDATheLMRDAalsocalledtheLandrum-GriffinActamendedtheNationalLaborRelationsAct.Itcreatedtheunionmembers1billofrights*1bygivingunionmemberscertainrightsindealingwiththeirunion.Thelawalsoestablisheddetailedreportingrequirementsforthosewhohandleunionfunds.labormarketThelabormarketistheareainwhichtheemployerrecruits.labormarketanalysisLabormarketanalysisisthestudyoftheemployeeslabormarkettoevaluatethepresentorfutureavailabilityofworkers.Landrum-GriffinActSeeLabor-ManagementReportingandDisclosureActof
1959.lawofeffectThorndikeslawThelawofeffectstatesthatpeoplelearntorepeatbehaviorsthathavefavorableconsequencesandtheylearntoavoidbehaviorsthathaveunfavorableconsequences.layoffsLayoffsaretheseparationofemployeesfromtheorganizationforeconomicorbusinessreasons.learningcurveAlearningcurveisavisualrepresentationoftherateatwhichonelearnsgivenmaterialthroughtime.learningprinciplesLearningprinciplesareguidelinestothewaysinwhichpeoplelearnmosteffectively.legalinsuranceLegalinsuranceisusuallyagroupinsuranceplanprovidedbytheemployerthatreimbursestheinsuredswhentheyhavespecifiedlegalexpensesorprovidestheinsuredswithaccesstolegalassistanceatpredeterminedlandusuallylowrates.leniencybiasAleniencybiasoccurswhenemployeesareratedhigherthantheirperformancejustifies.leveragingLeveragingreferstoresigninginordertofurtheronescareerwithanotheremployer.lineauthorityLineauthorityallowsmanagerstodirectothersandtomakedecisionsabouttheorganizationsoperations.LocalunionsLocalunionsarethesmallestorganizationalunitofaunion.Theyareresponsibleforrepresentingthemembersattheworksite.long-termdisabilityLong-termdisabilityinsuranceprovidesaproportionofadisabledemployeeswageorsalary.Thesepoliciestypicallyhavelongwaitingperiodsandseldomallowtheemployeetoattainthesamecomelevelthatexistedbeforethedisabilitylost-timeaccidentsTheseareseverejob-relatedaccidentsthatcausetheemployeetolosetimefromhisorherjob.maintenancefactorsMaintenancefactorsarethoseelementsintheworksettingthatleadtoemployeedissatisfactionwhentheyarenotadequatelyprovided.Thesefactorsarealsocalledhygienefactorsordissatisfies.Theyincludeworkingconditionsandfringebenefits.Mmake-wholenremediesWhenanindividualismistreatedinviolationofemploymentlawsthewrongdoerusuallyisrequiredtomakeupthelostthatweresufferedbytheemployeebecauseofthewrongdoing.managementbyobjectivesMBOMBOrequiresanemployeeandsupertojointlyestablishperformancegoalsforthefuture.Employeesaresubsequentlyevaluatedonhowwelltheyhaveobtainedtheseagreed-upmanagementinventoriesManagementinventoriessummarizetheskillsandabilitiesofmanagementpersonnel.Seeskillsinventorieswhichareusedfornonmanagementemployees.managementrightsManagementrightsaretherightsandfreedomsthatemployerneedstomanagetheenterpriseeffectively.Theseareasofdiscretionusuallyarereservedbymanagementinthelaboragreement.maturitycurvesMaturitycurvesareusedtocompensateworkersbasedtheirseniorityandperformance.Normallythesecompensationplansarelimitedtoprofessionalandtechnicalworkers.mentorAmentorissomeonewhooffersinformalcareeradvice.merit-basedpromotionsMerit-basedpromotionsoccurwhenanemployeepromotedbecauseofsuperiorperformanceinthepresentjob.meritraisesMeritraisesarepayincreasesgiventoindividualworkersaccordingtoanevaluationoftheirperformance.motivationMotivationisaperson*sdrivetotakeactionbecausethatpersonwanttodoso.NationalInstituteofOccupationalSafetyandHealthNIOSHNIOSHwascreatedbytheOccupationalSafetyandHeathActtoconductresearchandtodevelopadditionalsafetyandhealthstandards.NationalLaborRelationsActof1935NLRATheNLRAalsoknownattheWagnerActwaspassedbyCongresstoensurethatcoveredemployeescouldjoinorrefrainfromjoiningunionsforthepurposeoftheirownmutualaidandprotectionandfornegotiatingwithemployers.TheactalsocreatedtheNationalLaborRelationsBoard.NationalLaborRelationsBoardNLRBTheNLRBwascreatedbytheNationalLaborRelationsActtopreventunfairlaborpracticesandtoconductunionrepresentationelections.nationalunionsNationalunionsarethoseparentbodiesthathelporganizecharterguideandassisttheiraffiliatedlocalunions.needsassessmentNeedsassessmentdiagnosespresentproblemsandfuturechallengesthatcanbemetthroughtraininganddevelopment.netbenefitNetbenefitmeansthattherewillbeasurplusofbenefitsafterallcostsareincluded.noncontributorybenefitplansNoncontributorybenefitplansarefringebenefitsthatarepaidentirelybytileemployer.Seecontributorybenefitplans.nonfederaljurisdictionNondeferraljurisdictionsareareaswheretheEEOCfindsnoqualifiedagencytowhichitmaydefercases.nondirectivecounselingNondirectiveorclient-centeredcounselingistheprocessofskillfullylisteningtoanemployeeandencouraginghimorhertoexplainbothersomeproblemstounderstandthemandtodetermineappropriatesolutions.nonverbalcommunicationNonverbalcommunicationisactionthatcommunicateswithoutspokenwords.obsolescenceObsolescenceresultswhenanemployeenolongerpossessestheknowledgeorabilitytoperformsuccessfully.OccupationalOutlookHandbookTheOccupationalOutlookHandbookispublishedbytheU.S.DepartmentofLabor.Itindicatesthefutureneedforcertainjobs.OccupationalSafetyandHealthActof1970OSHAOSHAisabroad-ranginglawthatrequiresemployerstoprovideaworkenvironmentthatisfreeofrecognizedsafetyandhealthhazards.OccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministrationTheOccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministrationislocatedintheU.S.DepartmentofLaborandisresponsibleforenforcingtheOccupationalSafetyandHealthAct.OccupationalSafetyandHealthReviewCommissionTheOccupationalSafetyandHealthReviewCommissionisthefederalagencythatreviewsonappealthefinesgiventoemployersbytheOccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministrationforsafetyandhealthviolations.opencommunicationOpencommunicationexistswhenpeoplefeelfreetocommunicateallrelevantmessages.open-doorpolicyAnopen-doorpolicyencouragesemployeestogototheirmanagerorevenhighermanagementwithanyproblemthatconcernsthem.organizationalclimateOrganizationalclimateisthefavorablenessorunfavorablenessoftheenvironmentforpeopleintheorganization.organizationaldevelopmentODODisaninterventionstrategythatusesgroupprocessestofocusonthewholeorganizationinordertobringaboutplannedchange.organizingcommitteeAnorganizingcommitteeconsistsofemployeeswhoguidetheeffortsneededtoorganizetheirfellowworkersintoaLabororganization.orientationprogramsOrientationprogramsfamiliarizeprimarilyemployees.outplacementOutplacementoccurswhenanorganizationassistsitsemployeesinfindingjobswithotheremployers.ParetoanalysisParetoanalysisisameansofcollectingdataaboutthetypesorcausesofproductionproblemsindescendingorderoffrequency.participationratesParticipationratesarethepercentagesofworking-agemenandwomenintheworkforce.participativecounselingParticipativecounselingseekstofindabalancebetweendirectiveandnondirectivecounselingtechniqueswiththecounselorandthecounseleeparticipatinginthediscussionandsolutionoftheproblem.part-timelayoffsPart-timelayoffsoccurwhenanemployerlaysoffworkerswithoutpayforapartofeachweeksuchaseachFriday.paternalismPaternalismsexistswhenmanagementassumesthatitaloneisthebestjudgeofemployeeneedsandthereforedoesnotseekoractuponemployeesuggestions.path-goalpersonnelstrategyThepath-goalpersonnelstrategyisusedbythepersonneldepartmentwhenitattemptstoimprovethepathtowardagoalsuchasreducingredtapeandthentriestoimprovetheoutcomesattheendofthepathsuchasimprovingtheamountofmeritpayorotherrewards.patternbargainingPatternbargainingoccurswhenthesameoressentiallythesamecontractisusedforseveralfirmsofteninthesameindustry.patternsandpracticesWhendiscriminationisfoundtoexistagainstalargenumberofindividualswhoareinaprotectedclassapatternandpracticecaseexists.pay-for-knowledgecompensationsystemsTheseincentivesprovideemployeeshigherpayasanincentiveforeachnewskillorjobtheylearn.payoutstandardsPayoutstandardsarethebenchmarksortriggersthatdeterminewhetheranincentiveorgain-sharingawardisearned.PerformanceappraisalPerformanceappraisalistheprocessbywhichorganizationsevaluateemployeeperformance.performancemeasuresPerformancemeasuresaretheratingsusedtoevaluateemployeeperformance.performancestandardsPerformancewhichperformanceismeasured.PerformancestandardsarethebenchmarksagainstpersonalleavedaysPersonalleavedaysarenormalworkdaysthatanemployeeisentitledtotakeoff.Insomefirmspersonalleavedaysareusedinsteadofsickdays.personnelauditApersonnelauditevaluatesthepersonnelactivitiesusedinanorganization.personnelbarriersPersonnelbarriersarecommunicationinterferencesarisingfromhumanemotionsvaluesandlimitations.personnelmanagementPersonnelmanagementisthestudyofhowemployersobtaindeveloputilizeevaluatemaintainandretaintherightnumbersandtypesofworkers.Itspurposeistoprovideorganizationswithaneffectiveworkforce.PeterPrincipleThePeterPrinciplestatesthatinahierarchypeopletendtorisetotheirlevelofincompetence.pieceworkPieceworkisatypeofincentivesystemthatcompensatesworkersforeachunitofoutput.placementPlacementistheassignmentofanemployeetoanewordifferentjob.pointsystemThepointsystemisaformofjobevaluationthatassessestherelativeimportanceofthejobskeyfactorsinordertoarriveattherelativeworthofjobs.PoliticalgrievancesPoliticalgrievancesarefiledorsupportedbecauseoftheirpoliticalimplicationsnottheirmerits.portabilityclausesPortabilityclausesallowworkerstotransferaccumulatedpensionrightstotheirsubsequentemployerwhentheychangejobs.PositionAnalysisQuestionnairePAQThePAQisastandardizedpreprintedformthatcollectsspecificinformationaboutjobs.precedentAprecedentisanewstandardthatarisesfrompastpracticesofeitherthecompanyortheunion.preferentialquotasystemsPreferentialquotasystemsexistwhenaproportionofthejobopeningspromotionsorotheremploymentopportunitiesisreservedformembersofaprotectedclasswhohavebeenpreviouslydiscriminatedagainst.PregnancyDiscriminationActof1978Thisactpreventsdiscriminationinemploymentagainstwomenwhoarepregnantandabletoperformtheirjobs.ThelawamendstheCivilRightsActof
1964.prevailingwageratesPrevailingwageratesaretheratesmostcommonlypaidforagivenjobinaspecificgeographicalarea.Theyaredeterminedbyawageandsalarysurvey.andduesinreturnforunion-supportedbenefits.attitudesurveysAttitudesurveysaresystematicmethodsofdeterminingwhatemployeesthinkabouttheirorganization.Thesurveysareusuallydonethroughquestionnaires.Attitudesurveyfeedbackresultswhentheinformationcollectedisreportedbacktotheparticipants.Thisprocessthenisusuallyfollowedbyactionplanningtoidentifyandresolvespecificareasofemployeeconcern.attritionAttritionisthelossofemployeeswholeavetheorganizationsemployment.auditreportTheauditreportisacomprehensivedescriptionofpersonnelactivities.Itincludesbothcommendationforeffectivepracticesandrecommendationsforimprovingpracticesthatareineffective.auditteamAnauditteamconsistsofthosepeoplewhoareresponsibleforevaluatingtheperformanceofthepersonneldepartment.authorizationcardsAuthorizationcardsareformsthatprospectiveunionmemberssign.Thecardsindicatetheirwishtohaveanelectiontodeterminewhetheralabororganizationwillrepresenttheworkersintheirdealingswithmanagement.autonomousworkgroupsAutonomousworkgroupsareteamsofworkerswithoutaformalcompany-appointedleaderwhodecideamongthemselvesmostdecisionstraditionallyhandledbysupervisors.autonomyAutonomyishavingcontroloveroneswork.bargainingbookAbargainingbookisacompilationofthenegotiationteamsplansforcollectivebargainingwithlaborormanagement.Increasinglythebargainingbookisbeingreplacedbyinformationstoredinaccompanyorunioncomputer.bargainingcommitteeTheunionbargainingcommitteeconsistsofunionofficialsandstewardswhonegotiatewithmanagementsrepresentativestodeterminewageshoursandworkingconditionstobeembodiedinthelaboragreement.behaviorallyanchoredratingscalesBARSBARSrateemployeesscalethathasspecificbehavioralexamplesonittoguidetherater.BehavioralmodelingBehavioralmodelingreliesontheinitiationoremulationofadesiredbehavior.Arepetitionofbehaviormodelinghelpstodevelopappropriateresponsesinspecifiedsituations.behaviormodificationBehaviormodificationstatesthatbehaviordependsonitsconsequences.blindadsBlindadsarewantadsthatdonotidentifytheemployer.preventivedisciplinePreventivedisciplineisactiontakentoencourageemployeestofollowstandardsandrulessothatinfractionsareprevented.privateplacementagenciesPrivateplacementagenciesarefor-profitorganizationsthathelpjobseekersfindemployment.proactivemanagementProactivemanagementexistswhendecisionmakersanticipateproblemsandtakeaffirmativeactionstepstominimizethoseproblemsratherthanwaituntilafteraproblemoccursbeforetakingaction.problem-solvinginterviewsThesetypesofinterviewsrelyonquestionsthatarelimitedtohypotheticalsituationsorproblems.Theapplicantisevaluatedonhowwelltheproblemsaresolved.productionbonusesProductionbonusesareatypeofincentivesystemthatprovidesemployeeswithadditionalcompensationwhentheysurpassstatedproductiongoals.productivityProductivityistheratioofafirmsoutputgoodsandservicesdividedbyitsinputpeoplecapitalmaterialsenergy.professionalassociationsProfessionalassociationsaregroupsofworkerswhovoluntarilyjointogethertofurthertheirprofessionandtheirprofessionaldevelopment.Whentheseassociatesundertaketonegotiatefortheirmemberstheyarealsolabororganizations.profitsharingProfitsharingexistswhenanorganizationsharesaproportionofitsprofitswiththeworkersusuallyonanannualbasis.profitsharingplansProfitsharingplansenableeligibleemployeestoreceiveaproportionoftheorganizationsprofits.progressivedisciplineProgressivedisciplinerequiresstrongpenaltiesforrepeatedoffenses.promotionApromotionoccurswhenanemployeeismovedfromonejobtoanotherthatishigherinpayresponsibilityand/ororganizationallevel.protectedgroupsProtectedgroupsareclassesofpeoplewhoareprotectedfromdiscriminationunderoneormorelaws.psychiccostsPsychiccostsarethestressesstrainsandanxietiesthataffectapersonsinnerselfduringaperiodofchange.PygmalioneffectThePygmalioneffectoccurswhenpeopleliveuptothehighestexpectationsothersholdofthem.qualifiableworkerAqualifiableworkerisonewhodoesnotcurrentlypossessalloftherequirementsknowledgeskillsorabilitiestodothejobbutwhowillbecomequalifiedthroughadditionaltrainingandexperience.qualiHedhandicappedThequalifiedhandicappedarethosementallyorphysicallyhandicappedindividualswhowithreasonableaccommodationsperformsuccessfully.qualitycirclesQualitycirclesaresmallgroupsofemployeeswhomeetregularlywithacommonleadertoidentifyandsolvework-relatedproblems.qualityofworklifeQualityofworklifemeanshavinggoodsupervisiongoodworkingconditionsgoodpayandbenefitsandaninterestingchallengingandrewardingjob.qualityofworklifeeffortsQualityofworklifeeffortsaresystematicattemptsbyanorganizationtogiveworkersagreateropportunitytoaffecttheirjobsandtheircontributionstotheorganizationsoveralleffectiveness.rapsessionsRapsessionsaremeetingsbetweenmanagersandgroupsofemployeestodiscusscomplaintssuggestionsopinionsorquestions.raterangesRaterangesarepayrangesforeachjobclass.ratingscaleAratingscalerequirestheratertoprovideasubjectiveevaluationofanindividuafsperformancealongascalefromlowtohigh.rationalvalidityRationalvalidityexistswhentestsincludereasonablesamplesoftheskillsneededtoperformsuccessfullyorwherethereisanobviousrelationshipbetweenperformanceandothercharacteristicsthatareassumedtobenecessaryforsuccessfuljobperformance.reactivemanagementReactivemanagementexistswhendecisionmakersrespondtoproblemsinsteadofanticipatingproblemsbeforetheyoccur.Seeproactivemanagement.realisticjobpreviewRJPAnRJPallowsthejobapplicanttoseethetypeofworkequipmentandworkingconditionsinvolvedinthejobbeforethehiringdecisionisfinalized.recencyeffectTherecencyeffectisaraterbiasthatoccurswhenaraterallowsrecentemployeeperformancetoswaytheoverallevaluation.recruitmentRecruitmentistheprocessoffindandattractingcapableapplicantsforemployment.red-circleratesRed-circleratesarewagesorsalariesthatareinappropriateforagivenjobaccordingtothejobevaluationplan.refreezingRefreezingrequirestheintegrationofwhathasbeenlearnedintoactualpractice.regulationsRegulationsarelegallyenforceablerulesdevelopedbygovernmentagenciestoensurecompliancewithlawsthattheagencyinterpretsandadministers.RehabilitationActof1973Thisactprohibitsdiscriminationagainstthosewhoarehandicappedbutqualifiedtoperformwork.Itappliestoemployeeswhoreceivefederalmoneysandtofederalagencies.reinforcementschedulesReinforcementschedulesarethedifferentwaysthatbehaviorreinforcementcanbegiven.relationsbyobjectivesRelationsbyobjectivesisaprogramcreatedbytheFederalMediationandConciliationServicetoimprovelabor-managementcooperationbetweenparticipatingparties.reliabilityReliabilitymeansthataselectiondeviceusuallyatestyieldsconsistentresultseachtimeanindividualtakesit.relocationprogramsRelocationprogramsarecompany-sponsoredfringebenefitsthatassistemployeeswhomustmoveinconnectionwiththeirjobs.shelf-sittersShelf-sitterisaslangtermforupwardlyimmobilemanagerswhoblockpromotionchannels.shorterworkweeksShorterworkweeksareemployeeschedulingvariationsthatallowfull-timeworkerstocompletetheirweeksworkinlessthanthetraditionalfivedays.Onevariationis40hoursworkinfourdays.skillsinventoriesSkillsinventories-aresummariesofeachemployeesskillsandabilities.Skillsinventoriesusuallyrefertononmanagementworkers.Seemanagementinventories.socializationSocializationistheongoingprocessbywhichanemployeeadaptstoanorganizationbyunderstandingandacceptingthevaluesnormsandbeliefheldbyothersinthefirm.Orientationprograms-whichfamiliarizeprimarilynewemployeeswiththeirroletheorganizationitspoliciesandotheremployees-speedupthesocializationprocess.SocialSecurityActof1935Thisactestablishedthesocialsecurityprogramofthefederalgovernmentwhichtaxesworkersandemployersinordertocreateafundfromwhichmedicareretirementdisabilityanddeathpaymentsaremadetocoveredworkersandtheirsurvivors.socialunionismSocialunionismdescribesunionsthatseektofurthertheirmembers*interestsbyinfluencingthesocialeconomicandlegalpoliciesofgovernmentatalllevels-citycountystateandfederal;Seebusinessunionism.SocietyforHumanResourceManagementSHRMisthemajorassociationforprofessionalpersonnelspecialistsandadministrators.sociotechnicalsystemsSociotechnicalsystemsareinterventionsintheworksituationthatrestructuretheworktheworkgroupsandtherelationshipbetweentheworkersandthetechnologytheyusetodotheirjobs.specializationSpecializationoccurswhenaverylimitednumberoftasksaregroupedintoonejob.sponsorAsponsorisapersoninanorganizationwhocancreatecareerdevelopmentopportunitiesforothers.staffauthorityStaffauthorityistheauthoritytoadvisenotdirectothers.stafflngtableAstaffingtablelistsanticipatedemploymentopeningsforeachtypeofjob.stateemploymentsecurityagencyAstateemploymentsecurityagencyorunemploymentofficematchesjobseekerswithemployerswhohavejobopenings.steeringcommitteeThesteeringcommitteeispartofaqualitycircleorotheremployeeinvolvementeffortandusuallyincludesthetopmanagerftheworksitesuchasaplantmanagerandhisorherdirectstaff.stewardAunionstewardiselectedbyworkersorappointedbylocalunionleaderstohelpcoveredemployeespresenttheirproblemstomanagement.stockoptionsStockoptionsarefringebenefitsthatgivetheholdertherighttopurchasethecompanysstockatapredeterminedprice.strategicplanAstrategicplanidentifiesafirmslong-rangeobjectivesandproposalsforachievingthoseobjectives.stressStressisaconditionofstrainthataffectsonesemotionsthoughtprocessesandphysicalcondition.stressinterviewsStressinterviewsrelyonaseriesofharshrapid-firequestionsthatareintendedtoupsettheapplicantandshowhowtheapplicantstressorsStressorsareconditionsthattendtocausestress.stress-performancemodelThestress-performancemodelshowstherelationshipbetweenstressandjobperformance.stressthresholdAstressthresholdisthelevelofstressorsthatapersoncantoleratebeforefeelingsofdistressbegin.strictnessbiasAstrictnessbiasoccurswhenemployeesareratedlowerthantheirperformancejustifies.structuralunemploymentStructuralunemploymentoccurswhenpeoplearereadywillingandabletoworkbuttheirskillsdonotmatchthejobsstructuredinterviewsStructuredinterviewsuseapredeterminedchecklistofquestionsthatusuallyareaskedofallapplicants.suggestionsystemsSuggestionsystemsareaformalmethodforgenerating.evaluatingandimplementingusefulemployeeideas.suitableemploymentSuitableemploymentmeansemploymentforwhichthepersonissuitedasaresultofeducationtrainingorexperience.supplementalunemploymentbenefitsSUBSUBisanemployer-providedfringebenefitthatsupplementsstateunemploymentinsurancewhenanemployeeislaidoff.SUBisanemployer-providedTaft-HartleyActSeeLabor-ManagementRelationsActof
1947.Taft-HartleyinjunctionsTaft-HartleyinjunctionsallowthepresidentoftheUnitedStatestoseekacourtordertodelayalabor-managementstrikefor80days.Duringthiscoolingoffperiodthegovernmentinvestigatesthefactssurroundingthedispute.taskidentityTaskidentitymeansdoinganidentifiablepieceofworkthusenablingtheworkertohaveasenseofresponsibilityandpride.tasksigniHcanceTasksignificancemeansknowingthattheworkonedoesisimportanttoothersintheorganizationandoutsideofit.TitleVIITitleVIIreferstothepartoftheCivilRightsActof1964thatrequiresequalemploymentopportunitieswithoutregardtoracecolorreligionsexpregnancyornationalorigin.repetitionRepetitionfacilitateslearningthroughrepeatedreviewofthematerialtobelearned.replacementchartsReplacementchartsarevisualpresentationsofwhowillreplacewhomintheorganizationwhenajobopeningoccurs.resistancetochangeResistancetochangearisesfromemployeeoppositiontochange.resumeAresumeisabriefListingofanapplicantsworkexperienceeducationpersonaldataandotherinformationrelevanttotheapplicantsemploymentqualifications.reversediscriminationReversediscriminationoccurswhenanemployerseekstohireortopromoteamemberofaprotectedclassoveranequallyorbetterqualifiedcandidatewhoisnotamemberofaprotectedclass.sandwichmodelofdisciplineThesandwichmodelsuggeststhatacorrectivecommentwouldbesandwichedbetweentwopositivecommentsinordertomakethecorrectivecommentsmoreacceptable.ScanlonPlanTheScanlonPlanisanincentiveprogramthatcompensateseligibleemployeesforimprovementsinlaborcoststhatarebetterthanthepreviouslyestablishedcompanynorms.searchfirmsSearchfirmsareprivatefor-profitorganizationsthatexisttohelpemployerslocatehard-to-findapplicants.Section89InternalRevenueCodeThiscontroversialstatuterequirescertainemployeebenefitplanstomeetfivequalificationstandardsinorderforbenefitsundertheplanstobenontaxabletoallcoveredemployees.Almostallwelfarebenefitplansi.e.groupmedicalgrouplegalgrouplifecafeteriatuitionreimbursementfringebenefitplansaresubjecttotheserules.selectioninterviewsSelectioninterviewsareastepintheselectionprocesswherebytheapplicantandtheemployersrepresentativehaveaface-toacemeeting.selectionprocessTheselectionprocessisaseriesofspecificstepsusedtodecidewhichrecruitsshouldbehired.selectionratioTheselectionratioofthenumberofapplicantshiredtothetotalnumberofapplicants.self-fundingSelf-fundingoccurswhenanorganizationagreestomeetitsinsuranceobligationsoutofitsownresources.semanticbarriersSemanticbarriersarelimitationsthatarisefromthewordswithwhichwecommunicate.senioritySenioritymeansthelengthofaworker*semploymentinrelationotheotheremployees.seniority-basedpromotionsSeniority-basedpromotionsresultwhenthemostsenioremployeeispromotedintoanewposition.severancepaySeverancepayisapaymentmadetoworkerswhentheyaredismissedfromthecompany.Employeeswhoareterminatedbecauseoftheirpoorperformanceorbehaviorareusuallynoteligible.trainingTrainingrepresentsactivitiesthatteachemployeeshowtoperformtheirpresentjobs.transferenceTransferencereferstohowapplicablethetrainingistoactualjobsituationsasevaluatedbyhowreadilythetraineetransfersthelearningtohisorherjob.transfersTransfersoccurwhenanemployeeismovedfromonejobtoanotherthatisrelativelyequalinpayresponsibilityandorganizationallevel.turnoverTurnoveristhelossofemployeesbytheorganization.Itrepresentsthoseemployeeswhodepartforavarietyofreasons.two-tieredorientationprogramAtwo-tieredorientationprogramexistswhenboththepersonneldepartmentandtheimmediatesupervisorprovideanorientationfornewemployees.two-tierwagestructureThispaystructureoccurswhenonegroupofemployeesusuallynewhiresreceivesadifferentwageratethanotheremployees.Theemployerachieveslowerlaborcostsbypayingnewworkerslesswhilepreviouslyhiredunionmembersusuallyareabletoretaintheirexistingwagerates.typeApeopleTypeApeoplearethosewhoareaggressiveandcompetitivesethighstandardsandputthemselvesunderconstanttimepressures.typeBpeopleTypeBpeoplearemorerelaxedandeasygoing.Theytendtoacceptsituationsandworkwithinthemratherthanfightthemorputthemselvesunderconstanttimepressures.underutilizationUnderutilizationoccurswhenadepartmentoranentireorganizationhasasmallerproportionofmembersofaprotectedclassthanisfoundinthefirmslabormarket.Seeconcentrationinemployment.unemploymentcompensationUnemploymentcompensationispaymenttothosewholosetheirjobsareunemployedareseekingnewemploymentandarewillingandabletowork.unfairlaborpracticesULPsULPsareviolationsoftheNationalLaborRelationsActasamended.Theseunfairlaborpracticesarespecificactivitiesthatemployersandlabororganizationsareprohibitedfromdoing.Seelaboragreement.nmembers*billofrightsTheunionmembers*billofrightsreferstoTitleIoftheLabor-ManagementReportingandDisclosureActof1959whichestablishedthespecificrightsofunionmembersindealingwiththeirunions.unionorganizersUnionorganizersarepeoplewhoassistemployeesinformingalocalunion.unionshopAunionshopisaworkplacewhereallemployeesarerequiredtojointhelocalunionasaconditionofemployment.Newemployeesareusuallygiven3060or90daysinwhichtojoin.union-managementagreementunionmembers*billofrightsunstructuredinterviewAnunstructuredinterviewusesfewifanyplannedquestionstoenabletheinterviewertopursueindepththeapplicantsresponses.upwardcommunicationUpwardcommunicationiscommunicationthatbeginsatsomepointintheorganizationandthenproceedsupthehierarchytoinformorinfluenceothers.validityValiditymeansthattheselectiondeviceusuallyatestisrelatedsignificantlytojobperformancesortosomeotherrelevantcriterion.verticalstaffmeetingsVerticalstaffmeetingsoccurwhenmanagersmeetwithtwoormorelevelsofsubordinatestolearnoftheirconcerns.vestibuletrainingVestibuletrainingoccursoffthejobonequipmentormethodsthatarehighlysimilartothoseusedonthejob.Thistechniqueminimizesthedisruptionofoperationscausedbytrainingactivities.vestingVestingisaprovisioninretirementplansthatgivesworkersrightstoretirementbenefitsafteraspecifiednumberofyearsofserviceeveniftheemployeequitsbeforeretirement.VietnamEraVeteransReadjustmentActof1974ThisactprohibitscertaingovernmentcontractorsfromdiscriminatinginemploymentagainstVietnameraveterans.wageandsalarysurveysWageandsalarysurveysarestudiesmadebyanorganizationtodiscoverwhatotheremployersinthesamelabormarketarepayingforspecifickeyjobs.wagecompressionWagecompressionoccurswhenthedifferencebetweenhigher-andlower-payingjobsisreduced.Thiscompressionusuallyresultsfromgivinglargerpayincreasestolower-payingjobs.WagnerActSeeNationalLaborRelationsActof
1935.walk-insWalk-insarejobseekerswhoarriveatthepersonneldepartmentinsearchofajobwithoutanypriorreferralsandnotinresponsetoaspecificadorrequest.wantadsWantadsdescribethejobanditsbenefitsidentifytheemployerandtellthosewhoareinterestedhowtoapply.weightedchecklistAweightedchecklistrequirestheratertoselectstatementsorwordstodescribeanemployeesperformanceorcharacteristics.Afterthoseselectionsaremadedifferentresponsesaregivendifferentvaluesorweightsinordertodetermineaquantifiedtotalscore.weightedincentivesystemsThesesystemsrewardexecutivesbasedonimprovementsinmultipleareasofbusinessperformance.Dependingontheweightsusedpartoftheincentivebonuscanbetiedtoimprovementsinmarketshareprofitreturnonassetscashfloworotherindexes.welfaresecretaryThewelfaresecretarywasaforerunnerofthemodernpersonnelspecialist.Welfaresecretariesexistedtohelpworkersmeettheirpersonalneedsandtominimizeanytendencyofworkerstojoinunions.wellpayWellpayisafringebenefitprovidedbysomeemployersthatpaysemployeesforunusedsickleave.wildcatstrikesWildcatstrikesarespontaneousworkstoppagesthattakeplaceinviolationofthelaborcontractandareofficiallyagainstthewishesoftheunionleaders.WorkerAdjustmentandRetrainingActEmployerswith100ormoreemployeesmustprovideemployees60daysadvancewrittennoticeofplantclosingorlayoffs.workers*compensationWorkers*compensationispaymentmadetoemployeesforwork-relatedinjuriesortotheirfamiliesintheeventoftheworkers*job-causeddeath.worklowWorkflowisthesequenceofjobsinanorganizationneededtoproducethefirmsgoodsorservice.workmeasurementtechniquesWorkmeasurementtechniquesaremethodsforevaluatingwhatajob*sperformancestandardsshouldbe.workpracticesWorkpracticesarethesetwaysofperformingworkinanorganization.worksamplingWorksamplingmeansusingavarietyofobservationsonaparticularjobtomeasurethelengthoftimedevotedtocertainaspectsofthejob.worksimpliflcationWorksimplificationmeanssimplifyingjobsbyeliminatingunnecessarytasksorreducingthenumberoftasksbycombiningthem.write-insWrite-insarethosepeoplewhosendinawritteninquiryoftenseekingajobapplication.bonafideoccupationalqualificationsBFOQABFOQoccurswhenanemployerhasajustifiedbusinessreasonfordiscriminatingagainstamemberofaprotectedclass.TheburdenofprovingaBFOQgenerallyfallsontheemployer.bottom-linetestThebottom-linetestisappliedbytheEqualEmploymentOpportunityCommissiontodetermineifafirmsoverallselectionprocessishavinganadverseimpactonprotectedgroups.Eventhoughindividualstepsintheselectionprocessmightexhibitanadverseimpactonaprotectedgroupthefirmwillbeconsideredincomplianceiftheoverallprocessdoesnothaveanadverseeffect.BoulwarismBoulwarismisanegotiationstrategydevelopedbyGeneralElectric.Usingthisapproachthecompanymadeitsbestoffertotheunionatthebeginningofnegotiations.Thenitremainedfirmunlesstheunioncouldfindwheremanagementhaderredinthecalculationsusedtoarriveattheoffer.ThisstrategyhasbeenruledasanunfairlaborpracticebytheNationalLaborRelationsBoardandbythefederalcourts.brainstormingBrainstormingisaprocessbywhichparticipantsprovidetheirideasonastatedproblemduringafreewheelinggroupsession.buddysystemTheHbuddysystem0oforientationexistswhenanexperiencedemployeeisaskedtoshowanewworkeraroundthejobsiteconductintroductionandanswerthenewcomersquestions.burnoutBurnoutisaconditionofmentalemotionalandsometimesphysicalexhaustionthatresultsfromsubstantialprolongedstress.businessagentAbusinessagentisafull-timeemployeeofalocalusuallycraftunion.Thebusinessagenthelpsemployeesresolvetheirproblemswithmanagement.businessunionismBusinessunionismdescribesunionsthatseektoimprovethewageshoursandworkingconditionsoftheirmembersinabusinesslikemanner.Seesocialunionism.buy-backBuy-backsoccurwhenanemployeewhoattemptstoresignisconvincedtostayintheemploymentoftheorganization.Normallythepersonisboughtback**withanofferofincreasedwagesorsalary.CafeteriabenefitprogramsCafeteriabenefitprogramsallowemployeestoselectthefringebenefitsandservicesthatanswertheirindividualneeds.careerAcareerisallthejobsthatareheldduringonesworkinglife.careercounselingCareercounselingassistsemployeesinfindingappropriatecareergoalsandpathscareerdevelopmentCareerdevelopmentconsistsofthoseexperiencesandpersonalimprovementsthatoneundertakestoachieveacareerplan.careergoalsCareergoalsarethefuturepositionsthatonestrivestoreach.Thesegoalsserveasbenchmarksalongonescareerpath.careerpathAcareerpathisthesequentialpatternofjobsthatformone*scareer.careerplanningCareerplanningistheprocessbywhichoneselectscareergoalsandpathstothosegoals.careerplateauAcareerplateauoccurswhenanemployeeisinapositionthatheorshedoeswellenoughnottobedemotedorfiredbutnotwellenoughtobepromoted.changeagentsChangeagentsarepeoplewhohavetheroleofstimulatingchangewithinagroup.checkoffAcheckoffprovisioninaunion-managementlaboragreementrequirestheemployertodeductunionduesfromemployeepaychecksandtoremitthosemoneystotheunion.CivilRightsActof1964Thisactwaspassedtomakevariousformsofdiscriminationillegal.closedshopAclosedshopisaworkplacewhereallemployeesarerequiredtobemembersoftheunionbeforetheyarehired.ThesearrangementsareillegalundertheNationalLaborRelationsAct.codeterminationCodeterminationisaformofindustrialdemocracyfirstpopularizedinWestGermany.Itgivesworkerstherighttohaverepresentativesvoteonmanagementdecisions.coinsuranceclauseAcoinsuranceclauseisaprovisioninaninsurancepolicythatrequirestheemployeetopayapercentageoftheinsured*sexpensescommunicationCommunicationisthetransferofinformationandunderstandingfromonepersontoanother.comparableworthComparableworthistheideathatajobshouldbeevaluatedastoitsvaluetotheorganizationandthenpaidaccordingly.Thusjobsofcomparableworthwouldbepaidequally.Forexampletwopeoplewithwidelydifferentjobswouldbothreceivethesamepayifthetwojobswereofequalvaluetotheemployer.comparativeevaluationapproachesComparativeevaluationapproachesareacollectionofdifferentmethodsthatcompareonepersonsperformancewiththatofco-workers.compensationCompensationiswhatemployeesreceiveinexchangefortheirwork.ComprehensiveEmploymentandTrainingActof1973CETACETAwasabroad-rangingactdesignedtoprovidejobtrainingemploymentandjobhuntingassistancetolessadvantagedpersons.IthassincebeenreplacedbytheJobPartnershipTrainingAct.concentrationinemploymentConcentrationexistswhenanemployerorsomesubdivisionsuchasadepartmenthasahigherproportionofemployeesfromaprotectedclassthanisfoundintheemployerslabormarket.Seeunderutilization.concessionarybargainingConcessionarybargainingoccurswhenlabormanagementnegotiationsresultinfeweremployer-paidfringebenefitsorwageconcessionssuchasafreezeorwagecut.conciliationagreementaconciliationagreementisanegotiatedsettlementagreeabletotheEEOCandtoallpartiesinvolved.Itsacceptancesclosesthecase.ConsolidatedOmnibusBudgetReconciliationActof1985COBRAThisactwassignedintolawin
1986.COBRArequiresemployersthatprovidegroupbenefitstoemployeesthroughagroupplantoalsoprovidegroupbenefitstoqualifiedbeneficiarieswiththerighttoelecttocontinuetheircoverageforacertainperiodoftimeaftertheircoveragewouldotherwiseterminatewithafewexceptions.constructsConstructsaresubstitutesforactualperformance.Forexampleascoreonatestisaconstructforactuallearning.contractlaborContractlaborconsistsofpeoplewhoarehiredandoftentrainedbyanindependentagencythatsuppliescompanieswithneededhumanresourcesforafee.contributorybenefitplansContributorybenefitplansarefringebenefitsthatrequireboththeemployerandtheemployeetocontributetothecostoftheinsuranceretirementorotheremployerbenefit.coordinatedorganizingCoordinatedorganizingoccurswhentwoormoreunionspooltheirresourcestoorganizeatargetedemployerorgroupofemployees.correctivedisciplineCorrectivedisciplineisanactionthatfollowsaruleinfractionandseekstodiscouragefurtherinfractionssothatfutureactsareincompliancewithstandards.counselingCounselingisthediscussionofanemployeeproblemwiththegeneralobjectiveofhelpingtheworkercopewithit.counselingfunctionsCounselingfunctionsaretheactivitiesperformedbycounselors.Theyincludeadvicereassurancecommunicationreleaseofemotionaltensionclarifiedthinkingandreorientation.craftunionsCraftunionsarelabororganizationsthatseektoincludeallworkerswhohaveacommonskillsuchascarpentersorplumbers.criticalincidentmethodThecriticalincidentmethodrequirestheratertoreportstatementsthatdescribeextremelygoodorextremelybademployeebehavior.Thesestatementsarecalledcriticalincidentsandtheyareusedasexamplesofgoodorbadperformanceinratingtheemployee.Decision-makingauthoritySeelineauthority.deductibleclauseAdeductibleclauseisaprovisioninaninsurancepolicythatrequirestheinsuredtopayaspecifiedamountofaclaimbeforetheinsurerisobligatedtopay.deferraljurisdictionsDeferraljurisdictionsareareasintheUnitedStateswheretheEEOCwillreferacasetoanotherusuallyastateorlocalagency;forexampleFloridaHumanRelationsCommission.deferredstockincentivesystemsTheseincentivesawardstockthatbecomesownedbytheexecutivegraduallyoverseveralyears.delegationDelegationistheprocessofgettingotherstoshareamanagerswork.Itrequiresthemanagertoassigndutiesgrantauthorityandcreateasenseofresponsibility.DelphitechniqueTheDelphitechniquesolicitspredictionsfromapanelofexpertsaboutsomespecifiedfuturedevelopments.Thecollectiveestimatesarethenreportedbacktothepanelsothatthemembersmayadjusttheiropinions.Thisprocessisrepeateduntilageneralagreementonfuturetrendsemerges.demographicsDemographicsisthestudyofpopulationcharacteristics.demotionsDemotionsoccurwhenanemployeeismovedfromonejobtoanotherthatislowerinpayresponsibilityandorganizationallevel.developmentDevelopmentrepresentsthoseactivitiesthatprepareanemployeeforfutureresponsibilities.DictionaryofOccupationalTitlesDOTTheDictionaryofOccupationalTitlesisafederalgovernmentpublicationthatprovidesdetailedjobdescriptionsandjobcodesformostoccupationsingovernmentandindustry.differentialvalidityDifferentialvalidityisusedtodemonstratethattestsorotherselectioncriteriaarevalidfordifferentsubgroupsorprotectedclasses.directivecounselingDirectivecounselingistheprocessoflisteningtoanemployeesemotionalproblemsdecidingwiththeemployeewhatshouldbedoneandthentellingandmotivatingtheemployeetodoit.Seenondirectivecounseling.disciplineDisciplineismanagementactiontoencouragecompliancewiththeorganizationsstandards.dismissalDismissalistheultimatedisciplinaryactionbecauseitseparatestheemployeefromtheemployerforacause.disparateimpactDisparateimpactoccurswhentheresultsofanemployersactionshaveadifferenteffectononeormoreprotectedclasses.disparatetreatmentDisparatetreatmentoccurswhenmembersofaprotectedclassreceiveunequaltreatment.Drug-FreeWorkplaceActof1988Thislegislationrequiresthatorganizationsapplyingforfederalgrantscertifythattheywillmakegood-faitheffortstoprovideadrug-freeworkplacedualresponsibilityforpersonnelmanagementSincebothlineandstaffmanagersareresponsibleforemployeesproductionandqualityofworklifeadualresponsibilityforpersonnelmanagementexists.dueprocessDueprocessmeansthatestablishedrulesandproceduresfordisciplinaryactionarefollowedandthatemployeeshaveanopportunitytorespondtothechargesmadeagainstthem.earlyretirementEarlyretirementoccurswhenaworkerretiresfromanemployerbeforethennormalretirementage.EmployeeAssistanceProgramsEAPsEAPsarecompany-sponsoredprogramstohelpemployeesovercometheirpersonalproblemsthroughdirectcompanyassistancecounselingoroutsidereferral.employeehandbookTheemployeehandbookexplainskeybenefitspoliciesandgeneralinformationabouttheemployer.TheEmployeePolygraphProtectionActTheactprohibitstheuseofpolygraphsinprivateindustrybyforbiddinganyemployerengagedincommerceorintheproductionofgoodsforcommercefromdirectlyorindirectlyrequiringrequestingorcausinganyemployeeorprospectiveemployeetotakeorsubmittoaliedetectortest.Restrictionsalsocoveruseofinformationregardingresultsofsuchatestandthetakingofadverseemploymentactionagainstanyemployeewhorefusesdeclinesorfailstotakealiedetectortest.EmployeeRetirementIncomeSecurityActERISAERISAwaspassedbyCongresstoensurethatemployerpensionplansmeetminimumparticipationvestingandfundingrequirements.employmentfreezeAnemploymentfreezeoccurswhentheorganizationcurtailsfuturehiring.employmentfunctionTheemploymentfunctionisthataspectofpersonnelresponsibleforrecruitingselectingandhiringnewworkers.Thisfunctionisusuallyhandledbytheemploymentsectionoremploymentmanagerofalargepersonneldepartment.employmentreferencesEmploymentreferencesareevaluationsofanemployeesworkperformance.Theyareprovidedbypastemployers.employmenttestsEmploymenttestsaredevicesthatassesstheprobablematchbetweentheapplicantsandthejobrequirements.EqualEmploymentActof1972ThisactstrengthenedtheroleoftheEqualEmploymentOpportunityCommissionbyamendingtheCivilRightsActof
1964.The1972lawempoweredtheEEOCtoinitiatecourtactionagainstnoncomplyingorganizations.equalemploymentopportunityEqualemploymentopportunitymeansgivingpeopleafairchancetosucceedwithoutdiscriminationbasedonfactorsunrelatedtojobperformance—suchasageraceornationalorigin.EqualEmploymentOpportunityCommissionEEOCTheEEOCisthefederalagencyresponsibleforenforcingTitleVIIoftheCivilRightsActasamendedandotherlawssuchastheAgeDiscriminationinEmployequalemploymentopportunitylawsEqualemploymentopportunitylawsareafamilyoffederalandstateactsthatseektoensureequalemploymentopportunitiesformembersofprotectedgroups.EqualPayArtof1963Thisactprohibitsdiscriminationinpaybecauseofapersonssex.ergonomicsErgonomicsisthestudyofbiotechnicalrelationshipsbetweenthephysicalattributesofworkersandthephysicaldemandsofthejobs.Theobjectistoreducephysicalandmentalstraininordertoincreaseproductivityandqualityofworklife.errorofcentraltendencyTheerrorofcentraltendencyoccurswhenaraterevaluatesemployeeperformanceasneithergoodnorpoorevenwhensomeemployeesperformexceptionallywellorpoorly.Insteadtheraterrateseveryoneasaverage.evaluationinterviewsEvaluationinterviewsareperformancereviewsessionsthatgiveemployeesfeedbackabouttheirpastPerformanceorabouttheirfuturepotential.executiveorderExecutiveordersarepresidentialdecreesthatnormallyapplytogovernmentcontractorsormanagersintheexecutivebranchesofthefederalgovernment.exitinterviewsExitinterviewsareconversationswithdepartingemployeestolearntheirviewsoftheorganization.expeditedarbitrationExpeditedarbitrationisanattempttospeedupthearbitrationprocess.Itmayincludeanarrangementwiththearbitratorforhimorhertobeavailableonshortnoticetoneortwodaysandtorenderaquickdecisionattheconclusionofthehearingssometimesanoraldecisionisusedinthesecases.experienceratingExperienceratingisapracticewherebystateunemploymentofficesdetermineanemployersunemploymentcompensationtaxratebasedontheemployerspreviousexperienceinprovidingstableemployment.experientiallearningExperientiallearningmeansthatparticipantslearnbyexperiencinginthetrainingenvironmentthekindsofproblemstheyfaceonthejob.exposureExposuremeansbecomingknownbythosewhodecideonpromotionstransfersandothercareeropportunities.extrapolationponExtrapolationinvolvesextendingpastratesofchangeintothefacilitatorAfacilitatorissomeonewhoassistsqualitycirclesandthequalitycircleleaderinidentifyingandsolvingworkplaceproblems.factorcomparisonmethodThefactorcomparisonmethodisaformofjobevaluationthatallocatesapartofeachjobswagetokeyfactorsofthejob.Theresultisarelativeevaluationoftheorganization^job.fairemploymentpracticesFairemploymentpracticesarestateandlocallawsthatprohibitemployerdiscriminationinemploymentagainstmembersofprotectedclasses.FairLaborStandardsActof1938FLSAFLSAisacomprehensivefederallawaffectingcompensationmanagement.Itsetsminimumwageovertimepayequalpaychildlaborandrecord-keepingrequirements.FederalMediationandConciliationServiceFMCSTheFMCSwascreatedbytheLaborManagementRelationsActof1947tohelplaborandmanagementresolvenegotiationimpassespeacefullythroughmediationandconciliationwithoutresorttoastrike.TheFMCSalsoisacourseofqualifiedlaborarbitrators.feedbackFeedbackisinformationthathelpsevaluatethesuccessorfailureofanactionorsystem.fieldexperimentAfieldexperimentisresearchthatallowstheresearcherstostudy。