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12月英语四级考试真题及答案2017年12月英语四级考试真题及答案Writing25minutesDirections:Forthispartyouareallowed30minutestowriteashorteasyonhowtobesthandletherelationshipbetweendoctorsandpatients.Youshouldwriteatleastl20wordsbutnomorethan180words.ListeningComprehension25minutesSectionADirections:Inthissectionyouwillhearthreenewsreports.Attheendofeachnewsreportyouwillheartwoorthreequestions.Boththenewsreportandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.AfteryouhearaquestionyoumustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedABzCandD.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions1and2arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.AHerfriendErika.CHergrandfather.Herlittlebrother.DHergrandmother.ABytakingpicturesforpassers-by.CBysellinglemonadeandpictures.Byworkingparttimeatahospital.DByaskingforhelponsocialmedia.Questions3and4arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.AFindingcheaperwaysofhighwayconstruction.Generatingelectricpowerforpassingvehicles.Providingcleanenergytofivemillionpeople.highschool.Alothaschangedsincewewerelastinschool/IfnothingelsethesituationhasgivenmycollegesonandmesomethingtoshareWhenlaskedhisopiniononthismatterheresponded/ZIlikein-classexamsbecausethetimeisalreadyreservedasopposedtousingmyfreetimeathometoworkonatest/heresponded.ltseemstomethatacompromisewouldbereceivingtheexamquestionsadayortwoinadvanceandthendoingtheactualtestinclassthetickingclockoverhead.BetteryethowaboutwhatoneHunterCollegeprofessorreportedlydidrecentlyforherfinalexam:SheencouragedtheclassnottostressorevenstudypromisingthatZ/Itisgoingtobeapieceofcake/Whenthestudentscameinsharpenedpencilsinhandtherewasnotabluebookinsight.Rathertheysawalargechocolatecakeandtheyeachweregivenaslice.Elderlystudentsfindithardtokeepupwiththerapidchangesineducation.Somebelievetake-homeexamsmayaffectstudents1performanceinothercourses.Certainprofessorsbelievein-classexamsareultimatelymorehelpfultostudents.In-classexamsarebelievedtodiscouragecheatinginexams.Theauthorwashappytolearnshecoulddosomeexamsathome.Studentswhoputofftheirworkuntilthelastmomentoftenfindtheexamsmoredifficultthantheyactuallyare.Differentstudentsmaypreferdifferenttypesofexams.Mostprofessorsagreewhethertogiveanin-classoratake-homeexamdependsontypeofcoursebeingtaughtTheauthordroppedoutofcollegesomefortyyearsago.Somestudentsthinktake-homeexamswilleatuptheirfreetime.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedABzCandD.YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions46and50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Thatpeopleoftenexperiencetroublesleepinginadifferentbedinunfamiliarsurroundingsisaphenomenonknownasthe“first-nighteffect.Ifapersonstaysinthesameroomthefollowingnighttheytendtosleepmoresoundly.YukaSasakiandhercolleaguesatBrownUniversitysetouttoinvestigatetheoriginsofthiseffect.Dr.Sasakiknewthefirst-nighteffectprobablyhassomethingtodowithhowhumansevolved.Thepuzzlewaswhatbenefitwouldbegainedfromitwhenperformancemightbeaffectedthefollowingday.Shealsoknewfrompreviousworkconductedonbirdsanddolphinsthattheseanimalsputhalfoftheirbrainstosleepatatimesothattheycanrestwhileremainingalertenoughtoavoidpredators捕食者.Thisledhertowonderifpeoplemightbedoingthesamething.Totakeacloserlookherteamstudied35healthypeopleastheysleptintheunfamiliarenvironmentoftheuniversity7sDepartmentofPsychologicalSciences.Theparticipantseachsleptinthedepartmentfortwonightsandwerecarefullymonitoredwithtechniquesthatlookedattheactivityoftheirbrains.Dr.Sasakifoundasexpectedtheparticipantssleptlesswellontheirfirstnightthantheydidontheirsecondtakingmorethantwiceaslongtofallasleepandsleepinglessoverall.Duringdeepsleeptheparticipants7brainsbehavedinasimilarmannerseeninbirdsanddolphins.Onthefirstnightonlythelefthemispheres半壬求oftheirbrainsdidnotsleepnearlyasdeeplyastheirrighthemispheresdid.CuriousifthelefthemisphereswereindeedremainingawaketoprocessinformationdetectedinthesurroundingenvironmentDr.Sasakire-rantheexperimentwhilepresentingthesleepingparticipantswithamixofregularlytimedbeeps蜂鸣声ofthesametoneandirregularbeepsofadifferenttoneduringthenight.Sheworkedoutthatifthelefthemispherewasstayingalerttokeepguardinastrangeenvironmentthenitwouldreacttotheirregularbeepsbystirringpeoplefromsleepandwouldignoretheregularlytimedones.Thisispreciselywhatshefound.Whatdidresearchersfindpuzzlingaboutthefirst-nighteffectTowhatextentitcantroublepeople.CWhatcircumstancesmaytriggerit.Whatroleithasplayedinevolution.DInwhatwayitcanbebeneficial.WhatdowelearnaboutDr.YukaSasakidoingherresearchShefoundbirdsanddolphinsremainalertwhileasleep.Shefoundbirdsanddolphinssleepinmuchthesameway.ShegotsomeideafrompreviousstudiesonbirdsanddolphinsSheconductedstudiesonbirdsanddolphins7sleepingpatterns.WhatdidDr.SasakidowhenshefirstdidherexperimentShemonitoredthebrainactivityofparticipantssleepinginanewenvironmentSherecruited35participantsfromherDepartmentofPsychologicalSciences.Shestudiedthedifferencesbetweenthetwosidesofparticipants7brains.Shetestedherfindingsaboutbirdsanddolphinsonhumansubjects.WhatdidDr.Sasakidowhenre-runningherexperimentSheanalyzedthenegativeeffectofirregulartonesonbrains.Sherecordedparticipantsadaptationtochangedenvironment.Sheexposedherparticipantstotwodifferentstimuli.Shecomparedtheresponsesofdifferentparticipants.WhatdidDr.SasakifindabouttheparticipantsinherexperimentTheytendedtoenjoycertaintonesmorethanothers.Theytendedtoperceiveirregularbeepsasathreat.Theyfeltsleepywhenexposedtoregularbeeps.Theydifferedintheirtoleranceofirregulartones.PassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Itstimetoreevaluatehowwomenhandleconflictatwork.Beingoverworkedorover-committedathomeandonthejobwillnotgetyouwhereyouwanttobeinlife.Itwillonlyslowyoudownandhinderyourcareergoals.DidyouknowwomenaremorelikelythanmentofeelexhaustedNearlytwiceasmanywomenthanmenages18-44reportedfeelingverytiredorexhausted”accordingtoarecentstudy.Thismaynotbesurprisinggiventhatthisistheagerangewhenwomenhavechildren.Ifsalsotheagerangewhenmanywomenaretryingtobalancecareersandhome.Onereasonwomenmayfeelexhaustedisthattheyhaveahardtimesayingno.HWomenwanttobeabletodoitallvolunteerforschoolpartiesorcookdeliciousmeals-andsotheiranswertoanyrequestisoftenYesIcan/Womenstruggletosaynointheworkplaceforsimilarreasonsincludingthedesiretobelikedbytheircolleagues.Unfortunatelythisinabilitytosaynomaybehurtingwomensheathaswellastheircareer.Attheworkplacemenuseconflictasawaytopositionthemselveswhilewomenoftenavoidconflictorstrivetobethepeacemakerbecausetheydontwanttobeviewedasaggressiveordisruptiveatwork.Forexamplethere7saproblemthatneedstobeaddressedimmediatelyresultinginadisputeovershouldbetheonetofixit.Menaremorelikelytofacethatdisputefromtheperspectiveofwhatbenefitsthemmostwhereaswomenmayapproachthesamedisputefromtheperspectiveofwhafstheeasiestandquickestwaytoresolvetheproblem-evenifthatmeansdoingtheboringworkthemselves.Thisdifferenceinhandlingconflictcouldbethedecidingfactoronwhogetspromotedtoaleadershippositionandwhodoesnot.Leadershavetobeabletodelegateandmanageresourceswisely-includingstaffexpertise.Shoulderingmoreoftheworkloadmaynotearnyouthatpromotion.Insteaditmayhighlightyourinabilitytodelegateeffectively.WhatdoestheauthorsayistheproblemwithwomenTheyareoftenunclearaboutthecareergoalstoreach.Theyareusuallymorecommittedathomethanonthejob.Theytendtobeover-optimisticabouthowfartheycouldgo.Theytendtopushthemselvesbeyondthelimitsoftheirability.Whydoworkingwomenofchild-bearingagetendtofeeldrainedofenergyTheystruggletosatisfythedemandsofbothworkandhome.TheyaretoodevotedtoworkandunabletorelaxasaresultTheydotheirbesttocooperatewiththeirworkmates.Theyareobligedtotakeuptoomanyresponsibilities.WhatmayhinderthefutureprospectsofcareerwomenTheirunwillingnesstosayno.Theirdesiretobeconsideredpowerful.Anunderestimateoftheirownability.Alackofcouragetofacechallenges.Menandwomandifferintheirapproachtoresolvingworkplaceconflictsinthat.womentendtobeeasilysatisfiedmenaregenerallymorepersuasivementendtoputtheirpersonalinterestsfirstwomenaremuchmorereadytocompromiseWhatisimportanttoagoodleaderAdominantpersonality.CThecouragetoadmitfailureTheabilitytodelegate.DAstrongsenseofresponsibility.PartIVTranslation30minutesDirections:Forthispartyouareallowed30minutestotranslateapassagefromChineseintoEnglish.YoushouldwriteyouransweronAnswerSheet
2.华山位于华阴市,据西安120公里华山是秦岭的一部分秦岭不仅分割陕南与陕北,也分隔华南与华北与从前人们常去朝拜的‘泰山不同,华山过去很少有人光临,因为上山的道路极其危险然而,希望长寿大人却经常上山,因为山上生长着许多草药,特别是一些稀有的草药自上世纪90年代安装缆车以来,参观人数大大增加PartiWriting参考范文Recentyearstherelationshipbetweendoctorsandpatientshasbeenaheatedtopic.Howeverwiththeincreasinglyseriousphysician-patientrelationshipitisimportanttofindoutsomewaystosolvetheproblem.Thereforesomemeasuresmentionedbelowarethemostimportantaspectsthatweshouldtakeintoconsideration.Ontheonehanditisindispensablethatcommunicationbetweendoctorandpatientsshouldbestrengthenedduetothethefactthatdoctor-patientcommunicationcanbeseenasabridgeoftwo-waycommunicationbetweendoctorsandpatientswhichisbeneficialforthemtoimprovetheirrelationship.Asamatteroffactalthoughsometimestherearesomedefectsinmedicalinfrastructurepatientscanmakeallowanceforthemfriendlyfortheirgoodrelationship.Ontheotherhandthemostimportantcharacterdoctorshouldhaveisprofessionalethicsthatistheforemostwaytogaintrustfrompatients.Allinallitishightimethatbothhospitalsandpatientsshouldtakesomestepstodealwithcurrentpoorrelationship.Onlyinthiswaycanwecreateaharmonioussociety.PartIIListeningComprehension:l.BHerlittlebrother..CBysellinglemonadeandpictures..CProvidingcleanenergytofivemillionpeople.Theycanbelaidrightontopofexistinghighways..AEndlessfightingintheregion..DTofindevidenceoftheexistenceofthez/lostlions.
7.BLionstracks..AHerluckybirthday..DThrewherasurpriseparty.
10.BThetripherhusbandhasplanned..CHeiseagertolearnhowthecouple7sholidayturnsout.ATheyaresensitivetothedynamicsofanegotiation.Theyknowwhentostop..CTheylearnquickly..DGettoknowtheotherside..DHowspaceresearchbenefitspeopleonEarth..BTheydevelopedobjectsforastronautstouseinouterspace..ATheyareextremelyaccurate..CItmarkedthebeginningofsomethingnew..ATheybelievedinworkingforgoals..DDoingneedleworkbythefire..CSitdownandtrytocalmyourself..BYoumayexposeyourselftounexpecteddangers.DWalkuphill.AInformsomebodyofyourplan.PartEIReadingComprehension40minutesSectionAKsuperiorDnuisanceMtipOvisualAassociatedFpreventingHsensitiveslightCindicateBexamineSectionBElderlystudentsfindithardtokeepupwiththerapidchangesineducation.答案:ISomebelievetake-homeexamsmayaffectstudents1performanceinothercourses.答案ECertainprofessorsbelievein-classexamsareultimatelymorehelpfultostudents.答案cIn-classexamsarebelievedtodiscouragecheatinginexams.答案DTheauthorwashappytolearnshecoulddosomeexamsathome.答案BStudentswhoputofftheirworkuntilthelastmomentoftenfindtheexamsmoredifficultthantheyactuallyare.答案HDifferentstudentsmaypreferdifferenttypesofexams.答案GMostprofessorsagreewhethertogiveanin-classoratake-homeexamdependsontypeofcoursebeingtaught.答案FTheauthordroppedoutofcollegesomefortyyearsago.答案ASomestudentsthinktake-homeexamswilleatuptheirfreetime.答案JSectionCPassageOneWhatdidresearchersfindpuzzlingaboutthefirst-nighteffect答案:DInwhatwayitcanbebeneficial.WhatdowelearnaboutDr.YukaSasakidoingherresearch答案CShegotsomeideafrompreviousstudiesonbirdsanddolphinsWhatdidDr.SasakidowhenshefirstdidherexperimentAShemonitoredthebrainactivityofparticipantssleepinginanewenvironment.WhatdidDr.Sasakidowhenre-runningherexperiment答案CSheexposedherparticipantstotwodifferentstimuli.WhatdidDr.Sasakifindabouttheparticipantsinherexperiment答案BTheytendedtoperceiveirregularbeepsasathreat.PassageTwoWhatdoestheauthorsayistheproblemwithwomen答案DTheytendtopushthemselvesbeyondthelimitsoftheirability.DTestingtheefficiencyofthenewsolarpanel.ATheycanstandthewearandtearofnaturalelements.Theycanbelaidrightontopofexistinghighways.Theyareonlyabouthalfaninchthick.Theyaremadefromcheapmaterials.Questions5to7arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.AEndlessfightingintheregion.CInadequatefundingforresearch.Thehazardsfromthedesert.DThelackofcluesaboutthespecies.AToobservethewildlifeinthetwonationalparks.Toidentifythereasonsforthelionsdisappearance.TostudythehabitatoflionsinSudanandEthiopia.Tofindevidenceoftheexistenceofthelostlions”.ALionswalking.CSomecampingfacilities.Lionstracks.DTrapssetbylocalhunters.SectionBDirections:Inthissectionyouwillheartwolongconversations.Attheendofeachconversationyouwillhearfourquestions.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.AfteryouhearaquestionyoumustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedABCandD.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions8to11arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.AHerluckybirthday.CHerweddinganniversary.Acallfromherdad.DAspecialgiftfromtheman.AGaveherabigmodelplane.CTookheronatripWhydoworkingwomenofchild-bearingagetendtofeeldrainedofenergy答案ATheystruggletosatisfythedemandsofbothworkandhome.Whatmayhinderthefutureprospectsofcareerwomen答案ATheirunwillingnesstosayno.Menandwomandifferintheirapproachtoresolvingworkplaceconflictsinthat.答案CmentendtoputtheirpersonalinterestsfirstWhatisimportanttoagoodleader答案:BTheabilitytodelegate.PartIVTranslation华山位于华阴市,据西安120公里华山是秦岭的一部分,秦岭不仅分割陕南与陕北,也分隔华南与华北与从前人们常去朝拜的泰山不同,华山过去很少有人光临,因为上山的道路极其危险然而,希望长寿大人却经常上山,因为山上生长着许多草药,特别是一些稀有的草药自上世纪90年代安装缆车以来,参观人数大大增加HuashanMountHuaissituatedinHuayinCity120kilometersawayfromXian.ItispartoftheQinlingMountainswhichdividesnotonlySouthernandNorthernShaanxibutalsoSouthandNorthChina.UnlikeTaishanwhichbecameapopularplaceofpilgrimageHuashanwasnotwellvisitedinthepastbecauseitisdangerousfortheclimberstoreachitssummit.Huashanwasalsoanimportantplacefrequentedbyimmortalityseekersasmanyherbsgrowthereespeciallysomerareones.Sincetheinstallationofthecablecarsinthe1990sthenumberofvisitorshasincreasedsignificantly.overseas.BBoughtheragoodnecklace.DThrewherasurpriseparty.AThegiftherhusbandhasboughtThetripherhusbandhasplanned.Whathasbeentroublingherhusband.Whatherhusbandandthemanareupto.AHewillbegladtobeaguideforthecouple7sholidaytrip.Hewilltellthewomenthesecretifherhusbandagrees.Heiseagertolearnhowthecouplesholidayturnsout.Hewantstofindoutaboutthecouple7sholidayplan.Questions12to15arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.ATheyaresensitivetothedynamicsofanegotiation.Theyseetheimportanceofmakingcompromises.Theyknowwhentoadoptatoughattitude.Theytaketherivalsattitudeintoaccount.ATheyknowhowtoadapt.CTheyknowwhentomakecompromises.Theyknowwhentostop.DTheyknowhowtocontroltheiremotion.ATheyarepatient.CTheylearnquickly.Theyaregoodatexpression.DTheyupholdtheirprinciples.AMakeclearonesintentions.CFormulateonesstrategy.Clarifyitemsofnegotiation.DGettoknowtheotherside.SectionCDirections:Inthissectionyouwillhearthreepassages.Attheendofeachpassageyouwillhearthreeorfourquestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.AfteryouhearaquestionyoumustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedABCD.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions16to18arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.AWhenAmericasearliestspaceprogramstarted.WhentheInternationalSpaceStationwasbuilt.Howmanyspaceshuttlemissionstherewillbe.HowspaceresearchbenefitspeopleonEarth.ATheyaccuratelycalculatedthespeedoftheorbitingshuttles.Theydevelopedobjectsforastronautstouseinouterspace.Theytriedtomeetastronauts1specificrequirements.Theytriedtomakebestuseofthelatesttechnology.ATheyareextremelyaccurate.CTheywerefirstmadeinspace.Theyareexpensivetomake.DTheywereinventedinthe1970s.Questions19to21arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.AItwaswhenherancestorscametoAmerica.Peoplehadplentyoflandtocultivatethen.Itmarkedthebeginningofsomethingnew.Everythingwasnaturalandgenuinethen.ATheybelievedinworkingforgoals.CTheyhadallkindsofentertainmentTheyenjoyedlivingalivingalifeofease.DTheywereknowntobecreative.AChattingwithherancestors.CPolishingallthesilverwork.Furnishinghercountryhouse.DDoingneedleworkbythefire.Questions22to25arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.AUseamaptoidentifyyourlocation.CSitdownandtrytocalmyourself.Callyourfamilyorfriendsforhelp.DTrytofollowyourfootprintsback.AYoumayfindawayoutwithoutyourknowingit.Youmayexposeyourselftounexpecteddangers.Youmaygetdrownedinasuddenflood.Youmayendupenteringawonderland.ALookforfood.CStartafire.Waitpatiently.DWalkuphill.AInformsomebodyofyourplan.CCheckthelocalweather.BPrepareenoughfoodanddrink.DFindamapandacompass.PartIHReadingComprehension40minutesDirections:Inthissectionthereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Aratorpigeonmightnotbetheobviouschoicetotendtosomeonewhoissickbutthesecreatureshavesome26skillsthatcouldhelpthetreatmentofhumandiseases.Pigeonsareoftenseenasdirtybirdsandanurban27zbuttheyarejustthelatestinalonglineofanimalsthathavebeenfoundtohaveabilitiestohelphumans.Despitehavingabrainnobiggerthanthe28ofyourindexfingerpigeonshaveaveryimpressive29_memory.Recentlyitwasshownthattheycouldbetrainedtobeasaccurateashumansatdetectingbreastcancerinimages.Ratsareoften30withspreadingdiseaseratherthan31itbutthislong-tailedanimalishighly
32.Insidearatsnoseareupto1000differenttypesofolfactoryreceptors(嗅觉感受器)whereashumansonlyhave100to200types.Thisgivesratstheabilitytodetect_33smells.AsaresultsomeratsarebeingputtoworktodetectTB(肺结核).Whentheratsdetectthesmelltheystopandrubtheirlegsto34asampleisinfected.Traditionallyahundredsampleswouldtakelabtechniciansmorethantwodaysto35butforaratittakeslessthan20minutes.Thisratdetectionmethoddoesntrelyonspecialistequipment.Itisalsomoreaccurate-theratsareabletofindmoreTBinfectionsandthereforesavemorelives.Directions:Inthissectionyouaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet
2.DoIn-ClassExamsMakeStudentsStudyHarderResearchsuggeststheymaystudymorebroadlyfortheunexpectedratherthansearchforanswers.Ihavealwaysbeenapoortest-taker.SoitmayseemratherstrangethatIhavereturnedtocollegetofinishthedegreeIleftundonesomefourdecadesago.IammakingmywaythroughColumbiaUniversitysurroundedbystudentswhoquicklysupplytheverbalanswerwhileIamstillprocessingthequestion.SincethereisnowayformetoavoidexamsIamcurrentlyquestioningwhatkindarethemosttaxingandultimatelybeneficial.Ihavealreadysweatedthroughnumerousin-classmidtermsandfinalsandnowIhaveaprofessorwhoissuestake-homeones.IwasexcitedwhenIlearnedthisfiguringIhadafullweektodotheresearchreadthetextsandwriteitallup.InfactIwasstillrewritingmymidtermthemorningitwasdue.TosayIhadlostthethreadisputtingitmildly.AsIwassufferingthroughmyweekofanxietyoverthinkingthematerialandguessingmygraspofitIdidsomeofmyownpollingamongstudentsandprofessors.DavidEisenbachwhoteachesapopularclassonU.S.presidentsatColumbiaprefersthein-classvariety.Hebelievesstudentsultimatelylearnmoreandencouragesthemtoformstudygroups.“Thatwaytheysocializeoverhistoryoutsidetheclasswhichwouldn1thappenwithoutthepressureofanin-classexam/heexplained“Furthermorein-classexamsforcestudentstolearnhowtoperformunderpressureandessentialworkskill/Healsosaysthereislesschanceofcheatingwiththein-classvariety.In2012125studentsatHarvardwerecaughtupinascandalwhenitwasdiscoveredtheyhadcheatedonatake-homeexamforaclassentitled^IntroductionToCongress/Somecollegeshavewhattheycallan“honorcode/thoughifyouaresmartenoughtogetintotheseschoolsyouareeithersmartenoughtogetaroundanycodesorhopefullytooethicaltoconsiderdoingso.AsIsatblockedandcluelessfortwosoliddaysImomentarilywonderedifIcouldn7tjustcallanexpertonthesubjectmatterwhichIwastacklingorsomeonewhotooktheclasspreviouslytogetmegoing.FollowingtheHarvardscandalMaryMillertheformerdeanofstudentsatYalemadeanimpassionedappealtoherschooKsprofessorstorefrainfromtake-honeexams.Studentsriskhealthandwellbeingaswellasperformanceinotherend-of-termworkwhenfacultyofferstake-homeexamswithoutclear;time-limitedboundaries/shetoldme./zResearchnowshowsthatregularquizzesshortessaysandotherassignmentsoverthecourseofatermbetterenhancelearningandretention/MostcollegeprofessorsagreethekindofexamtheychooselargelydependsonthesubjectAquantitative-basedoneforexampleisunlikelytobesenthomewhereonecouldasktheirolderbrothersandsisterstohelp.Vocational-typeclassessuchascomputerscienceorjournalismontheotherhandareoftenmoreresearch-orientedandlendthemselvestotake-hometesting.ChrisKochzwhoteachesHistoryofBroadcastJournalismz/atMontgomeryCommunityCollegeinRockvilleMarylandpointsoutthatreportingisaboutinvestigationratherthanthememorizationofminutedetails./zInmyfielditsnotwhatyouknow—itswhatyouknowhowtofindout/saysKoch.Thereiswaytoomuchinformationandmorecomingallthetimeforanyonetoremember.Iwantmystudentstosearchouttheanswerstoquestionsbyusingalltheresourcesavailabletothem.Studentstest-formpreferencesvarytoooftendependingonthesubjectandcoursedifficulty.〃Iprefertake-homeessaysbecauseitisthenreallyaboutthewritingsoyouhavetimetoeditanddomoreresearch/saysElizabethDresserajunioratBarnard.Thenthereisthestressfactor.FrancescaHaassasenioratMiddleburysays〃Ifindthein-classonesaremorestressfulintheshorttermbutthereisimmediatereliefasyouswallowinformationlikemadandthenyougettoforgetitall.Take-homesrequirethoughtfulengagementwhichcanleadtolongertermstressasthereisneveramomentwhenthetimeisup/MeanwhileOliviaRubinasophomoreatEmorysaysshehardlyevenconsiderstake-homestrueexams.Ifyouunderstandthematerialandhavetheabilitytoarticulate(说出)yourthoughtstheyshouldbeabreeze/Howstudentsultimatelyhandlestressmaydependontheirpersonaltest-takingabilities.Therearepeoplewhoalwayswaituntilthelastminuteandmakeitmuchharderthanitneedstobe.Andthentherethosewhonotknowingwhatquestionsarecomingatthemandhavingnoresourcestorefertocanfreeze.Andthentherearewerarefolkswhofitboththosedescriptions.Yesmyadvancedagemustfactorintotheequation(等式)inpartbecauseofmyinabilitytoaccesstheinformationasquickly.AsanotherreturningstudentatColumbiaKateMarbertoldmeZ/Wearelearningnotonlyallthisinformationbutessentiallyhowtolearnagain.Ourfellowstudentshavejustcomeoutof。