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考研外语冲刺试卷12
一、UseofEnglish1Largecompaniesneedawaytoreachthesavingsofthepublicatlarge.The1problemorasmallscalefaces2everycompanytryingtodevelopnewproductsandcreatenewjobs.Therecanbelittleprospectof3thesumsneededfromfriendsandpeopleweknow.And4banksmayagreetoprovideshort-termfinance.Theyaregenerallyunwillingtoprovidemoneyona5basisforlong-term
6.Socompanies7thepublicinvitingpeopletolendthemmoneyortakeashareinfutureprofits.Thistheydoby8stocksandsharesoftheirbusinessinastock9・Bydoingsotheycan10andusethesavingsofindividualsandinstitutionsbothathomeandoverseaswhentheinventorneedshismoneybackhedoesnothavetogothecompanywithwhomhe11placedit.12hesellshissharesthrougha13tosomeotherpersonwhoisseekingtoinvesthismoneymanyoftheservicesneeded14byindustryandbyeachofusareprovidedbythegovernmentorbylocal15WithouthospitalsroadsWhenmentioningthesomething-for-nothingdays/zParagraph1thewriteristalkingaboutA.Mr.Blairsuniquecommitmenttopublicservicereforms.blankchequesgivenasacompromisetohealthworkers.Mr.Blairspledgetospendingincreasesonpublicservices.D.payandconditionsgrantedtohealth-serviceworkers.TheconclusioncanbedrawnfromthetextthatBritain5spublicservicesmaybeA.atadangerousstage.B.forlackofinvestment.C.intheinterestsofworkers.D.onthevergeofcollapse.TheviewsofGordonBrownandJohnHuttononpublicservicesreformsareidentical.opposite.similar.complementary.Everydaysome16mbarrelsofoilleavetheGulfthroughtheStraitofHormuz.Thatisenoughtofillasoft-drinkcanforeveryoneonearthortopowereverymotorvehicleontheplanetfor25miles40km.Gulfoilaccountsfor40%ofglobaltradeinthestickystuff.Moreimportantitmakesuptwo-thirdsofknowndeposits.Whereasatpresentproductionratestherestoftheworldsoilreserveswilllastforamere25yearstheGulfswilllastfor
100.Inotherwordstheregionsstrategicimportanceissettogrowandgrow.Oratleastsogoestheconventionalwisdomwhichisusuallyroundedoutwithscarytalkofunstablesuppliesspendthriftregimesandapotentialfundamentalistmenace.Yetallthosenumberscomewithcaveats.AgreatdealofoilisconsumedbythecountriesthatproduceitratherthantradedsoinrealitytheGulfaccountsforlessthanaquarteroftheworldsdailyconsumption.Asforreservesthefiguresareaschangeableasamirageinthedesert.ThemostcomprehensiveresearchavailableconductedbytheUSGeologicalSurveyreferstoan“expectedtotalvolumeforglobalhydrocarbondepositsthatisaboutdoublecurrentknownreserves.UsingthatfigureandthrowinginnaturalgasalongwithoilitappearsthattheGulfcontainsamoremoderate30%orsooftheplanetsfuturefossil-fuelsupplies.LeavingoutthetwoGulfstatesthatarenotcoveredinthissurvey——IranandIraq——theremainingsixbetweenthemholdsomethinglike20%ofworldhydrocarbonreservesnotmuchmorethanRussia.Allthesameitisstillaheftychunk;enoughyoumightthinktokeepthepeoplelivingatopthewellsincomfortfortheforeseeablefuture.Butyoumightbewrong.AtpresentthenationsoftheGulfCooperationCouncilhaveacombinednationalincomeroughlyequaltoSwitzerland^sbutapopulationwhichataround30mismorethanfourtimesasbig.Itisalsothefastest-growingonearthhavingincreasedatninetimestheSwissrateoverthepastquarter-century.Meanwhiletheregionsshareofworldoiltradehasfallenashastheaveragepriceperbarrel.AsaresulttheincomeperpersongeneratedbyGCCoilexportshasbeendiminishingsincethe1970s.TruesurgingdemandfromAmericaandAsiahasrecentlyboostedtheGulfsshareoftradebutthemedium-termoutlookforoilpriesremainsweak.Combinedwithcontinuedgrowthinoilconsumptionthisshouldcreatesustainedupwardpressureonprices.Andhighoilpriceswillspeedthesearchforalternatives.Whoknowsin20yearstimefuelcellsandhydrogenpowermayhavestartedtobecomecommercialpropositions.IntheeyesoftheauthorconventionalopiniononthestrategicimportanceoftheGulfoilis.A.reassuring.B.changeable.C.paradoxical.D.exaggerated.Bymentioningthefiguresareaschangeableasamirageinthedesert”theauthoristalkingabout.thewealthypeoplewholiveatopthewellsintheGulf.theplanetsfuturefossil-fuelsupplies.C.theinconsistentestimatesonoildepositsintheGulf.D.theoiltradedintheinternationalmarkets.Whydoestheauthornotthinkthat〃itisstillaheftychunk”ThepeopleintheGulfwouldnotbenefitincertainways.TheGulfcountriesareincomparabletothecountySwiss.Continuedoilconsumptionwillcreatehighpricepressures.D.Oilreserveswillcontinuetobeasupplyofresources.ItisgenerallybelievedthatoilproducedintheGulf.willleavethelocalsinimpoverishedconditionsislessthantheassessmentinacomprehensiveresearch.willdiminishtheregionsstrategicimportance.istradedratherthanconsumedbyitsproducers.TowhichofthefollowistheauthorlikelytoagreeSomeoftheworldsbothersomehotspotsareneartheGulf.OilisbigbutitisnottheonlyreasontotaketheGulfseriously.WhiletheoilpricekeepsrisingtheGulfisanattractivetotraders.D.Tightenthriftregimesonoilconsumptionthesingleremedy.
11、Thedot-comcollapsemayhavebeenadisasterforWallStreetbuthereinSiliconValleyitwasablessing.Itwasthewelcomeendtoanabnormalconditionthatverynearlydestroyedtheareainanoverabundanceofsuccess.YouseethesecrettotheValleysastoundingmultiple-decadeboomisfailure.Failureiswhatfuelsandrenewsthisplace.Failureisthefoundationforinnovation.Thevalleysbusinessecologydependsonfailurethesamewaythetree-coveredhillsaroundusdependonfire一itwipesouttheoldgrowthandcreatesspacefornewlife.Thevalleyhasalwaysbeenindangerofdrowningintheunwelcomewasteproductsofsuccess——toomanypeopletooexpensivehousestoomuchtraffictoolittleofficespaceandtoomuchmoneychasingtoofewstartups.Failureisthesafetyvalvethedestructiverenewingforcethatfreesuppeopleideasandcapitalandrecombinesthemcreatingnewrevolutions.ConsiderhowtheInternetrevolutioncametobe.Afterhalfadecadeofstart-upstrugglesforexamplehundredsofmillionsofHollywooddollarsweregoingupinsmoke.Itallseemedlikeaterriblewastebutnoonenoticedthatthecollapseleftoneveryimportantbyproductacommunityoflaid-offC-Hprogrammerswhowerenowexpertinmultimediadesignandoutonthestreetlookingforthenextbigthing.Thesemediageekswerethepioneerofthedot-comrevolution.TheyweretheWebsbusinesspioneersapplyingtheirnewfoundmediasensibilitiestocreateonelittlecompanyafteranother.Mostofthesestart-upsfailedbuteveninfailuretheyadvancedthenewmediumofcyberspace.AfewgeekslikeSiliconGraphicsfounderJimClarksucceededandutterlychangedourlives.In1994Clarkwasunemployedafterleavingthecompanybefoundeddoggedlytryingtodevelopanewinteractive-TVconcept.HeapproachedMarcAndreessentheco-developerofMosaicthefirstwidelyusedInternetbrowserinhopeofpersuadingAndreessentohelphimdesignhisnewsystem.InsteadAndreessenopenedClarkseyestotheWebspotential.ClarkpromptlytossedhisTVplansinthetrashandthetwoco-foundedNetscapethecornerstoneoftheconsumerWebrevolution.Liketheinteractive-TVrefugeesandgenerationsofinnovatorsbeforethemthedotcomersarealreadyhatchingnewcompanies.Manyarerevisitinggoodideasexecutedbadlyinthe’90swhileothersarestrikingoutintoentirelynewspaces.Thishappychaosiscertaintomatureintoaneworderlikelytoupsetanestablishmentasitdeliverslife-changingwonderstotherestofus.Butthisisjustthestartforrevolutionsgivebirthtorevolutions.SoletshopeformoreofSiliconValleyssuccessfulfailures.WhatisimpliedinthefirstsentenceTheSiliconValleyblameditsfailureonthesuccessofWallStreet.TheSiliconValleyisalsonotedforitscomplexecologicalweb.TheSiliconValleytakesavainprideinitsoverabundantsuccesses.TheSiliconValleywouldbenefitfromthecollapseincertainways.ThemostfavorablebusinessecologyinSiliconValleyischaracterizedbyitswasteproductsofsuccess.itsabundanceinconstructivefailures.itssolidfoundationforinnovations.itslaid-offdot-comprogrammers.Itcanbelearnedfromthetextthatnewstart-upsusuallyendupwithafailure.aresubjectedtorigidsupervision.tendtocollapseasawhole.D.nevertakeintoaccountfailures.TheauthorwritesoftheexperiencesofJimClarktodemonstrateA.thehardshipsawebpioneermustgothrough.B.theplightinwhichClarkwascaught.C.therolefailurespositivelyplayinrevolutions.D.thecooperationamongdot-comers.WhattheauthoristryingtosuggestmaybebestinterpretedasA.Wherethereisawillthereisaway.B.Hewholaughslastlaughsbest.C.Successfulfailuresisthebestmedicine.D.Morehastelessspeed.16Duringthe1990sboomDellComputerscustomersgothookedonspeed.Mostwerewillingtopayapremiumtohavetheircomputersshippedbyovernightairexpress.Buttodaytheequationhasflipped.Customersprizecostsavingsoverspeed.NowmostofourcomputersLintheU.S.areshippedontheground一andwecanstillreachjustabouteveryonewithintwodaysz/saysFredMontoyaDelTsvicepresidentforworldwidelogistics.Expressairshippingisn,tinadeathspiral.Butrecession-spookedconsumersandmanufacturersarelesswillingtopayforovernightdeliverywhichisthreetofivetimesmoreexpensivethangroundshipping.Evenwhentheypaysatisfactionisnotguaranteed.AfterSeptember11securityscrutinyofairfreightcanresultinlongdelays一whichmeansroadsmayactuallybefaster.Thatsanotherreasonwhythenumberofpackagesshippedbyairdomesticallyfell
7.6%in
2022.0°18Andevenwiththerecoveryunderwayairexpressvolumeisforecasttoreboundbyjust3%thisyearTheresamassmigrationfromairtotrucks〃saysJerryLevymarketingdirectorforairshipperBaxGlobalInc.Theindustrysgiantsarereadytorollwiththechange.InthepastseveralyearsFedExandUPShaverebuilttheirgroundnetworksasaseriesofregionalhubsabletodelivermostpackagesovernightwithina700mileradius.〃Nowwecanmoveapackageinthemostexpedientwaygroundorairoracombinationofboth〃saysTomWeidemeyerUPSchiefoperatingofficerandpresidentofitsairlineunit.Newtechnologies一includingbarcodingsatellitetrackingonlinebillingandstatus一areeasingthetransition.Evenimpatientcustomersarewillingtodowithoutovernightdelivery〃iftheyknowwhenashipmentwillarrive〃notesBrianClancyaprincipalatindustryconsultantMerge-GlobalInc.ThegroundingofsomuchfreightissolidifyingtheleadofUPSandFedEx.〃Wereabletokeepbusinessinthefamilythatwemighthavelost〃saysWilliamMargaritisFedExscorporatevice-presidentforworldwidecommunications.Hiscompanyhasinvested$700millioninanewground-deliverynetworkwhiledeferringthedeliveryof123aircraft.Andstrictnewsecurity19electricitytelephonesrailwaysetcthiscountrycouldnot16・Alltheserequirecontinuousspendingonnewequipmentandnewdevelopmentiftheyaretoserveusproperlyrequiringmoremoneythatisraisedthroughtaxesalone.Thegovernmentlocalauthoritiesandnationalizedindustries17frequentlyneedtoborrowmoneyto18majorcapitalspendingandtheytoocometoastockexchange.Thereishardlyamanorwomaninthiscountry19jobandstandardoflivingdoesnotdependontheabilityofhisorheremployerstoraisemoneytofinancenewdevelopment.Inonewayoranotherthisnewmoneymustcomefromtheinvestmentfundsofthecountry.Stockexchangesexisttoprovidea20throughwhichthesefundscanreachthosewhoneedfinancing.A.identicalB.equivalentalikesame
2、⑵advantageouslytheoreticallyC.practicallyrequirementshaveforcedthepassengerairlinestostopcarryingpackagesfortheU.S.PostalServicenotesRichardLungdirectorofrevenuemanagementatUnitedAirlinesInc.’scargounit.Andsmallshipperswhetherairortrucklackthecapitaltobuildhybridnetworks.〃Wegotcaughtwithourpantsdown〃saysLevyofBaxGlobalwhichaddedaground-deliveryunitin
2000.Slowandsteadyreallydoeswintherace.WecanlearnfromthebeginningofthetextthatA.customersusedtoattachimportancetofancypackaging.B.thereisaradicalchangeincustomersconsiderations.itishightimethatdeliveryservicewouldbetterquality.customersnowtendtochoosespeedovercostsavings.
17、AfterSeptember11longdelaysofexpressairshippingoftenarisebecauseofA.strictersecurityregulationsenforced.B.higherpaymentimposedoncustomers.C.stiffcompetitioncomingfromtrucks.D.failuretocatertocustomersneeds.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthatairshipmentisindispensabletotheindustriesgiants.customersareunwillingtopayforgrounddelivery.C.newtechnologieshelpcutdownonthecostofshipment.D.thecompetitionamongfreightshippersisverystrong.
19、Asusedinthetext“hybridnetworks〃arebestrelatedtoA.anewnetofgroundconnections.B.securityscrutinyonpackages.C.acombinationofairandground.D.masstransportonspecialvehicles.
20、WhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassageA.Losingaltitudeinaircargoshipment.B.Saying〃nothanks〃toovernightair.C.Customerthekingruled.D.Exemptingfreightfromscrutiny.21PartB10pointsYouaregoingtoreadanarticlewhichisfollowedbyalistofexamplesorheadings.ChoosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedposition41-45Theremaybecertainextrawhichyoudonotneedtouse.10pointsWhatdoyouneedinordertobearecordbreakerSportsexpertsagreethatthesinglemostimportantfactorincreatingachampionisgeneticmake-up:thepossessionofgenesthatimpartaninnateabilitytostrideleapburnenergyefficientlyorsucklotsofoxygenfromtheair.Thegreatathletesaregenuinestatisticaloutliers...physiologicalfreakssayssportsscientistCraigSharpofBrunelUniversityinMiddlesexUK.HowwillwefindorcreatethenextgenerationofchampionathletesThemostlikelywayistowidenoursearchtofindsomeonewithageneticmake-upthatallowshimorhertosurpassotherathletes.WhenEastAfricanrunnersbegancompetinginternationallyforexampleitbecameapparentthattheirlightframesmakethemuniquelyeconomicalintheiruseofenergy.HavewereachedthelimitofhumanperformanceNobutrecordsarebeingbrokenbyevernarrowermargins.Whenstatisticiansplothowthebestperformanceinagiveneventchangesovertimetheyseethegraphlevelingoff.Andtheshortertheeventthesmallerarethesliversoftimebeingshavedoff.SoalthoughPaulaRadcliffehasslicedwholesecondsoffthemarathonworldrecordsprintersareimprovingbymerehundredthsofasecond.WillweeverreachanabsolutelimitTheoreticallyanabsolutetimetohowfarorfastthehumanbodycangodoesbutz/whereitiswedontknow〃saysMillar.Perhapstheonlywaywecanrecognizetheultimateperformancewillberetrospectivelyafterarecordhasstoodforyears.45InfuturewillathletessimplytesttheirlimitsinnewwaysAsrecordsbecomeharderandhardertobreakwemaystartcomparingathletesbyotherstandardssuchasthenumberofgoldmedalsortheirperformanceovertime.LanceArmstrong^ssixconsecutivewinsintheTourdeFranceforexamplemayneverbesurpassed.〃Theelitemightbedefinedbyhowmanytimestheywin〃,saysMillar.Someexpertshavetriedtocalculatetheabsolutelimitofperformance.Theytakethehighestvaluefobeachcrucialphysiologicalfactoreverrecordedinanathletesuchasthemaximumoxygenuptakethegreatestefficiencywithwhichenergyisburnedandthebeststamina.Thentheyfigureouthowfastsomeonemightgoifthesewereallcombinedinonebody.Bythesecalculationswemayonedayseeasub-twohourmarathonorevenathree-and-a-half-minutemile.Buttheprobabilityoffindingsomeonewiththeseexceptionalabilitiesisprettylow.Ontopofthishowevertrainingandtechniquearevital.Theyallowathletestosculptmusclesforexamplesothattheyburnlessenergywhileachievingthesamespeedsasothers.State-of-the-arttechnologycanbeessentialparticularlyinsportsthatrelyonspecializedequipmentsuchastennisorpolevaulting.Chancealsoplaysapart:cooltemperaturesorwindmightaddthatextrapushforarunnerorlongjumper.Ultimatelyarecord-breakingperformancedependsonbringingallofthesefactorstogetherontherightday.Noteverysportcanbeaccuratelymeasuredofcourse.Runningandjumpingcanbequantifiedwithstickorstopwatchbutfootballandtennisperformancesaremuchhardertogauge.D.Psychologyisvital.Athletesneedenormousfocusanddrivetowin.Manypeoplethinkthatthemainbarriertobreakingthefour-minutemilewasapsychologicalone:onceRogerBannisterdiditin1954severalothersclockedsub-four-minutetimesshortlyafterwards.Sometimesbreakingarecordinvolvestaking
42434425、4526PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.10pointsThehistorianFrederickJ.Turnerwroteinthe1890sthattheagrariandiscontentthathadbeendevelopingsteadilyintheUnitedStatessinceabout1870hadbeenprecipitatedbytheclosingoftheinternalfrontierthatisthedepletionofavailablenewlandneededforfurtherexpansionoftheAmericanfarmingsystem.ActuallyhowevernewlandsweretakenupforfarmingintheUnitedStatesthroughoutandbeyondthenineteenthcentury.46Inthe1890swhenagrariandiscontenthadbecomemostacute1100000newfarmsweresettledwhichwas500000morethanhadbeensettledduringthepreviousdecade.After1890underthetermsoftheHomesteadActanditssuccessorsmorenewlandwastakenupforfarmingthanhadbeentakenupforthispurposeintheUnitedStatesupuntilthattime.47Itistruethatagriculturalpracticeshadbecomesufficientlyadvancedtomakeitpossibletoincreasetheprofitabilityoffarmingbyutilizingeventheserelativelybarrenlands.TheemphasisgivenbybothscholarsandstatesmentothepresumeddisappearanceoftheAmericanfrontierhelpedtoobscurethegreatimportanceofchangesintheconditionsandconsequencesofinternationaltradethatoccurredduringthesecondhalfofthenineteenthcentury.48Byabout1870improvementsinagriculturaltechnologymadepossiblethefullexploitationofareasthatweremostsuitableforextensivefarmingonamechanizedbasis.HugetractsoflandwerebeingsettledandfarmedinArgentinaAustraliaCanadaandintheAmericanWestandtheseareaswerejoinedwithoneanotherandwiththecountriesofEuropeintoaninterdependentmarketsystem.49Asaconsequenceagrariandepressionsnolongerwerelocalornationalinscopeandtheystruckseveralnationswhoseinternalfrontiershadnotvanishedorwerenotabouttovanish.Betweentheearly1870sandthe1890sthemountingagrariandiscontentinAmericanparalleledthealmostuninterrupteddeclineinthepricesofAmericanagriculturalproductsonforeignmarkets.50Thosestaple-growingfarmersintheUnitedStateswhoexhibitedthegreatestdiscontentwerethosewhohadbecomemostdependentonforeignmarketsforthesaleoftheirproducts.InsofarasAmericanhadbeendeterredfromtakingupnewlandforfarmingitwasbecausemarketconditionshadmadethisperiodaperiloustimeinwhichtodoso.47484950参考答案【
一、UseofEnglish]l~5DCADD6~10DACAB11〜20点击下载查看答案【
二、ReadingComprehension1〜5ADCAB6〜10DCADB1「30点击下载查看答案D.adventurously
3、⑶A.raisingB.collectingC.gatheringD.accumulating
4、⑷onlyifevenififonlyD.whereas
5、5A.potentialB.perpetualC.patentD.permanent
6、6A.perspectiveB.prosperityC.prospectD.project
7、7A.turntoB.turnupC.turnoutD.turndown
8、8publishinggrantingissuingdelivering
9、9exchangesubstituteC.replacementD.bargain
10、10A.distractB.assimilateC.depositD.stakeIKHoriginallyprimitivelyformallyformerly12A.ActuallyB.InsteadC.VirtuallyD.Insteadof13A.stockholderB.stockbrokermerchantdonor14botheachalleither15authoritiesmechanismorganizationinstitution
16、16operatedmanipulatehandlefunction17thusneverthelessthereforehence18A.financeofferinvestmortgage19whoswhosewhomthat20A.accessB.passageC・wayD.channel
二、ReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.40pointsForTonyBlairhomeisamessysortofplacewheretheprimeministersjobisnottoupholdeternalvaluesbuttoforcethroughsomeunpopularchangesthatmaymakethecountryworkabitbetter.Theareawherethisismostobviousandwhereitmattersmostisthepublicservices.Mr.Blairfacesadifficultyherewhichispartlyofhisownmaking.Byfocusinghislastelectioncampaignontheneedtoimprovehospitalsschoolstransportandpolicinghebuiltupexpectations.Mr.Blairhassaidmanytimesthatreformsinthewaythepublicservicesworkneedtogoalongsideincreasesincash.Mr.Blairhasmadehistaskharderbycommittingaclassicnegotiatingerror.Insteadofextractingconcessionsfromtheothersidebeforepromisinghisownhehaspledgedhimselftohigherspendingonpublicserviceswithoutgettingacommitmenttochangefromtheunions.WhygiventhatthispledgehasbeenmadeshouldthehealthunionsgivegroundinreturnInaspeechonMarch20thGordonBrownthechancelloroftheexchequersaidthat〃thesomething-for-nothingdaysareoverinourpublicservicesandtherecanbenoblankcheques.〃Butthegovernmentalreadyseemstohavegivenhealthworkersablankcheque.Norareotherministriesconveyingquitethesamemessageasthetreasury.OnMarch19thJohnHuttonahealthministerannouncedthatcleanersandcateringstaffinnewprivately-fundedhospitalsworkingfortheNationalHealthservicewillstillbegovernmentemployeesentitledtothesamepayandconditionsasotherhealth-serviceworkers.Sinceoneofthemainwaysinwhichthegovernmenthopestoreformthepublicsectorisbyusingprivateprovidersandsinceoneofthemainwaysinwhichprivateprovidersarelikelytobeabletosavemoneyisbycuttinglaborcoststhismoveseemstounderminethegovernmentsstrategy.Nowthegovernmentfacesitshardestfight.Thepoliceneedreformingmorethananyotherpublicservice.Halfofthemforinstanceretireearlyatacostof1billionayeartothetaxpayer.Thepolicehavevoted10-1againstproposalsfromthehomesecretaryDavidBlunketttoreformtheirworkingpractices.Thisisafightthegovernmenthastowin.Ifthepolicegetawaywithitotherpublicserviceworkerswillreckontheycantoo.AndiftheyallgetawayitMr.Blairsdomesticpolicywhichiswhatvotersaremostlikelytojudgehimonathenextelectionwillbeafailure.Whatmaybetheattitudeofmanypublic-serviceworkerstowardsthestrategyofBlairsgovernmentA.Resentful.B.Accommodative.C.Supportive.D.Apprehensive.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothetextItisnotsurprisingthatMr.Blaircutsanimpressivefigureathome.Reformsofthepoliceareboundupwithincreasesincash.ItisvitalthatMr.Blairselectioncampaigndependonreforms.Thepresentconditionsofpublicservicesmayfallshortofexpectations.。