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考研外语考试题目及答案1
一、UseofEnglish1Warmaybeanaturalexpressionofbiologicalinstinctsanddrivestowardaggressioninthehumanspecies.Natural1ofangerhostilityandterritorialityareexpressed2actsofviolence.Theseareallqualitiesthathumans3withanimals.Aggressionisakindof4survivalmechanismaninstinctforself-preservationthat5animalstodefendthemselvesfromthreatstotheirexistence.Butontheotherhandhumanviolent6evidenceofbeingalearnedbehavior.Inthecaseofhumanaggressionviolencecannotbe7reducedtoaninstinct.Themanyexpressionsofhumanviolencearealwaysconditionedbysocialconventionsthatgive8toaggressivebehavior.Inhumansocietiesviolencehasasocial9:Itisastrategyfor10thepowersofviolence.Wewilllookattheritualandethicalpatternswithinwhichhumanviolencehasbeen
11.Theviolencewithinsocietyiscontrolledthrough12oflaw.Themoredevelopeda13systembecomesthemore
3、ThecaseofMrs.SicklesunfortunatestoryismentionedtoillustrateA・Keysmurdersolelyasagallantcrimeofpassion.thecontroversyraisedoveranotorioushero.thebrillianceofstrategiesasdisplayedbySickles.thehypocriticalmisogynyof19th-centuryAmerica.ItisgenerallybelievedthatSicklesshotKeytheloverofhiswifetopromotehispopularity.outofanuncontrollableimpulse.C.torevengehisopponents.inviewoftheladysreputation.ThistextappearstobeadigestofA.ahistorytextbook.amagazinefeature.abookreview.D.anewspapereditorial.
6、TheTuscantownofVincibirthplaceofLeonardoandhometoamuseumofhismachinesshouldfittinglyputonashowofthetelevision-robotsculpturesofNamJunPaik.ThisKorean-bornAmericanartistandtheRenaissancemasterarekindredspirits:LeonardosawhumanisticpotentialinhisscientificexperimentsMr.Paikendeavorstoharnessmediatechnologyforartisticpurposes.Apioneerofvideoartinthelate1960shetreatstelevisionasaspaceforartimagesandasmaterialforrobotsandinteractivesculptures.Mr.Paikwasnotalone.Heandfellowartistspickedonthevideocamerasbecausetheyofferedaneasywaytorecordtheirperformanceart.NowtomarkvideoartscomingofageNewYorksMuseumofModernArtislookingbackattheireffortsinafilmseriescalledTheFirstDecade”.ItcelebratestheearlydaysofvideobyscreeningthearchivesofElectronicArtsIntermixEAIoneoftheworldsleadingdistributorsofvideoandnewmediaartfounded30yearsago.OneofEAIsmostfamousalumniisBillViola.Partofthesecondgenerationofvideoartistswhoemergedinthe1970sMr.ViolaexperimentedwithvideosexpressivepotentialHiscameraexploresreligiousritualanduniversalideas.TheViolashowattheDeutscheGuggenheiminBerlinshowsusmoving-imagefrescoesthatcoverthegallerywallsandenveloptheviewerinall-embracingcyclesoflifeanddeath.OnenewstarisaCalifornianDougAitkenwhotookoverLondonsSerpentineGallerylastOctoberwithaninstallationcalled〃NewOcean〃・SomesayMr.AitkenistovideowhatJacksonPollockwastopainting.Hedripshisimagesfromfloortoceilingcreatingsequencesofroomsinwhichthespacesurroundstheviewerinhallucinatoryimagesofsoundandlight.AttheSerpentineMr.Aitkencreatedacollageofmovingimagesonthethemeofwatersflowaroundtheplanetasaforceoflife.〃Iwantedtocreateanewtopographyinthisworkaliquidimagetoshowaworldthatneverstandsstill〃hesays.Theboundarybetweenthephysicalworldandtheworldofimagesandinformationhethinksisblurring.Theinterplayofillusionandrealitysoundandimagereferencestoarthistorypoliticsfilmandtelevisioninthisartformthatisbarely30yearsoldcanmakevideoartdifficulttodefine.Manycallitfilm-basedormoving-imagearttoincludeartistswhoworkwithothercinematicmedia.Atitsbesttheappealofvideoartliesinitsversatilityitspowertocapturethepassingoftimeandonitsabilitytocommunicatebothinsideandoutsidegallerywalls.ThebirthplaceofLeonardoismentionedinthetextA.tointroducethetopicofvideoarttechnology.B.topaytributetothisRenaissancemaster.C.tohonorhiscontributiontoscientificdiscoveries.D.tooutlinethedevelopmentofarttelevision.TowardthenovelliteraryideatheauthorsattitudeseemstobethatofA.Disapproval.B.Neutrality.C.Appreciation.D.Suspicion.AspointedoutinthetextthevideoarttechnologyischaracterizedbyitsA.humaningenuityB.complexdefinition.C.strongappeal.D.amazinginteractivity.ThevideoscreatedbyDoughAitkenisusedtoshowacombinationofA.televisionandrobotics.B.illusionandreality.C.sculpturesandpaintings.D.spaceandplanets.WhichofthefollowingwouldthebesttitleforthetextA.ANewGenerationOfArtists.B.VideoArtisGoingNowhere.C.ACradleofFamousArtists.D.NewArtfortheMTVGeneration.11Itmayturnoutthatthe〃digitaldivide”—oneofthemostfashionablepoliticalslogansofrecentyears一islargelyfiction.Asyouwillrecalltheargumentwentwellbeyondtheunsurprisingnotionthattherichwouldownmorecomputersthanthepoor.Thedisturbingpartofthetheorywasthatsocietywasdividingitselfintogroupsoftechnology〃haves〃and“have-nots〃andthatthissegregationwouldinturnworsenalreadylargeeconomicinequalities.Itisthisargumentthatiseitheruntrueorwildlyexaggerated.Weshouldalwayshavebeensuspicious.Afterallcomputershavespreadquicklybecausetheyhavebecomecheapertobuyandeasiertouse.Fallingpricesandskillrequirementssuggestthatthedigitaldividewouldspontaneouslyshrink——andsoithas.Nowanewstudyfurtherdiscreditsthedigitaldivide.ThestudybyeconomistDavidCardoftheUniversityofCaliforniaBerkeleychallengesthenotionthatcomputershavesignificantlyworsenedwageinequality.Thelogicofhowthissupposedlyhappensisstraightforward:computersraisethedemandforhigh-skilledworkersincreasingtheirwages.Meanwhilecomputerization一byautomatingmanyroutinetasks一reducesthedemandforlow-skilledworkersandtherebytheirwages.Thegapbetweenthetwowidens.Superficiallywagestatisticssupportthetheory.Considertheratiobetweenworkersnearthetopofthewagedistributionandthosenearthebottom.Computerizationincreased;sodidthewagegap.ButwaitpointoutCardandDiNardo.Thetroublewithblamingcomputersisthattheworseningofinequalityoccurredprimarilyintheearly1980s.Withcomputerusegrowingthewagegapshouldhavecontinuedtoexpandifitwasbeingdrivenbyashiftingdemandforskills.IndeedCardandDiNardofindmuchdetailedevidencethatcontradictsthetheory.Theyconcludethatcomputerizationdoesnotexplain〃theriseinU.S.wageinequalityinthelastquarterofthe20thcentury”.Thepopularperceptionofcomputersimpactonwagesishugelyoverblown.Lotsofotherinfluencescountforasmuchormore.Theworseningofwageinequalityintheearly1980sforexamplealmostcertainlyreflectedthedeep1981—1982recessionandthefallofinflation.Companiesfoundithardertoraiseprices.Tosurvivetheyconcludedthattheyhadtoholddownthewagesoftheirleastskilledleastmobileandyoungestworkers.The“digitaldivide〃suggestedasimplesolutioncomputersforacomplexproblempoverty.Withmorecomputeraccessthepoorcouldescapetheirlot.Butcomputersneverwerethesourceofanyonespovertyandasforescapingwhatpeopledoforthemselvesmattersmorethanwhattechnologycandoforthem.Itisgenerallybelievedthatthedigitaldivideissomethingthatisresponsibleforeconomicinequalities.deemedtobepositiveinpoverty-relief.C.thatresultsfromfallingcomputerprices.D.gettingworsebecauseoftheInternet.AccordingtotheauthorthenotionthatcomputersaretoblameforthewagegapisA.quiteinsightful.B.verycontradictory.C.rathershallow.D.fairlyilluminating.TheauthorsattitudetowardtheopinionheldbyCardandDiNardoisoneofA.reservedconsent.B.strongdisapproval.C.slightcontempt.D.enthusiasticsupport.TheauthorseemstobelievethatwidenedwagegapcanbeattributedtoA.theimpactofcomputersonroutinework.B.thedelayedeffectsintheearly1980s.C.thecomplexityofpovertyproblem.D.thenarrowingofthedigitaldivide.ThepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthetextisA.toadvocatetheeliminationofpoverty.B.tojustifytheinfluenceofthedigitaldivide.C.todemocratizecomputeraccesstoday.D.toexposethemythsofthedigitaldivide.16Thedot-comcollapsemayhavebeenadisasterforWallStreetbuthereinSiliconValleyitwasablessing.Itwasthewelcomeendtoanabnormalconditionthatverynearlydestroyedtheareainanoverabundanceofsuccess.YouseethesecrettotheValleysastoundingmultiple-decadeboomisfailure.Failureiswhatfuelsandrenewsthisplace.Failureisthefoundationforinnovation.Thevalleysbusinessecologydependsonfailurethesamewaythetree-coveredhillsaroundusdependonfire一itwipesouttheoldgrowthandcreatesspacefornewlife.Thevalleyhasalwaysbeenindangerofdrowningintheunwelcomewasteproductsofsuccess一toomanypeopletooexpensivehousestoomuchtraffictoolittleofficespaceandtoomuchmoneychasingtoofewstartups.Failureisthesafetyvalvethedestructiverenewingforcethatfreesuppeopleideasandcapitalandrecombinesthemcreatingnewrevolutions.ConsiderhowtheInternetrevolutioncametobe.Afterhalfadecadeofstart-upstrugglesforexamplehundredsofmillionsofHollywooddollarsweregoingupinsmoke.Itallseemedlikeaterriblewastebutnoonenoticedthatthecollapseleftoneveryimportantbyproductacommunityoflaid-offC-Hprogrammerswhowerenowexpertinmultimediadesignandoutonthestreetlookingforthenextbigthing.Thesemediageekswerethepioneerofthedot-comrevolution.TheyweretheWebsbusinesspioneersapplyingtheirnewfoundmediasensibilitiestocreateonelittlecompanyafteranother.Mostofthesestart-upsfailedbuteveninfailuretheyadvancedthenewmediumofcyberspace.AfewgeekslikeSiliconGraphicsfounderJimClarksucceededandutterlychangedourlives.In1994Clarkwasunemployedafterleavingthecompanybefoundeddoggedlytryingtodevelopanewinteractive-TVconcept.HeapproachedMarcAndreessentheco-developerofMosaicthefirstwidelyusedInternetbrowserinhopeofpersuadingAndreessentohelphimdesignhisnewsystem.InsteadAndreessenopenedClarkseyestotheWebspotential.ClarkpromptlytossedhisTVplansinthetrashandthetwoco-foundedNetscapethecornerstoneoftheconsumerWebrevolution.Liketheinteractive-TVrefugeesandgenerationsofinnovatorsbeforethemthedotcomersarealreadyhatchingnewcompanies.Manyarerevisitinggoodideasexecutedbadlyinthe’90swhileothersarestrikingoutintoentirelynewspaces.Thishappychaosiscertaintomatureintoaneworderlikelytoupsetanestablishmentasitdeliverslife-changingwonderstotherest19societytakesresponsibilityforthediscoverycontrolandpunishmentofviolenceacts.Inmosttribalsocietiestheonly14todealwithanactofviolenceisrevenge.Eachfamilygroupmayhavetheresponsibilityofpersonallycarryingoutjudgmentandpunishment15thepersonwhocommittedtheoffense.Butinlegalsystemstheresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedand16Thesocietyassumestheresponsibilityfor17individualsfromviolence.Incaseswheretheycannotbeprotectedthesocietyisresponsiblefor18punishment.Inastatecontrolledlegalsystemindividualsareremovedfromthecycleofrevenge19byactsofviolenceandthestateassumesresponsibilityoftheirprotection.Theothersideofastatelegalapparatusisastatemilitaryapparatus.20theoneprotectstheindividualformviolencetheothersacrificestheindividualtoviolenceintheinterestsofthestate.impulsewhimtendencyspur
2、2ofus.Butthisisjustthestartforrevolutionsgivebirthtorevolutions.SoletshopeformoreofSiliconValleyssuccessfulfailures.WhatisimpliedinthefirstsentenceTheSiliconValleyblameditsfailureonthesuccessofWallStreet.TheSiliconValleyisalsonotedforitscomplexecologicalweb.TheSiliconValleytakesavainprideinitsoverabundantsuccesses.D.TheSiliconValleywouldbenefitfromthecollapseincertainways.ThemostfavorablebusinessecologyinSiliconValleyischaracterizedbyitswasteproductsofsuccess.itsabundanceinconstructivefailures.itssolidfoundationforinnovations.itslaid-offdot-comprogrammers.Itcanbelearnedfromthetextthatnewstart-upsusuallyendupwithafailure.0“20aresubjectedtorigidsupervision.C.tendtocollapseasawhole.D.nevertakeintoaccountfailures.TheauthorwritesoftheexperiencesofJimClarktodemonstrateA.thehardshipsawebpioneermustgothrough.B.thetroubleinwhichClarkwascaught.C.therolefailurespositivelyplayinrevolutions.D.thecooperationamongdot-comers.WhattheauthoristryingtosuggestmaybebestinterpretedasA.Wherethereisawillthereisaway.B.Hewholaughslastlaughsbest.C.Successfulfailuresisthebestremedy.D.Morehastelessspeed.PartB10pointsYouaregoingtoreadatextaboutthestateofcollegestudentsmentalhealthfollowedbyalistofexamples.ChoosethebestexamplefromthelistA一Fforeachnumberedsubheading41—
45.Thereisoneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse.Thestateofcollegestudentsmentalhealthcontinuestodecline.WhatsthesolutionInthemonthsbeforeMassachusettsInstituteoftechnologysophomoreElizabethShindiedshespokewithsevenpsychiatristsandonesocialworker.Thepsychiatristsdiagnosedmajordepression;thetherapistrecommendedhospitalization.Shintoldadeanthatshewascuttingherselfandletaprofessorknowthatshewantedtocommitsuicide.Thehousemasterofherdormandtwoofherfriendsstayedupnightstowatchher.Butitwasn,tenough.OnApril102000ElizabethShinlockedherdormroomdoorandsetherclothesonfire.Fourdayslatershewasdead.Manycollegesarerunningintothornysituation.HerparentsKisukandChoHyunShinfiledsuitagainstMITchargingitsemployeeswithgrossnegligenceandwrongfuldeath.Itsanextremecasebutitillustratesaproblemfacingmanyotherschoolsasmoreandmorestudentslineupatcounselingcentersrequiringincreasinglyintensivetherapyormedicationorboth.Studentswithsubstantialpersonalityproblems.Thenumberoffreshmenreportinglessthanaverageemotionalhealthhasbeensteadilyrisingsince1985accordingtothenewestdatafromanannualnationwidesurveybytheUniversityofCalifornia-LosAngeles.ReasonsforthedeclineofcollegestudentsmentalhealthCollegetherapistsciteseveralreasonsfortheapparentdeteriorationinstudentmentalhealth.Notonlyhasthisgenerationgrownupinthemuch-malignederaofthedisintegratingAmericanfamilyitisalsomoreusedtotherapyandsomorelikelytoseekhelp.Ascompetitiontogetintocollegegetstougherstudentsburnoutbeforetheyevengetthere.Andkidswithseverepsychologicalproblemswhointhepastwouldn,tevenhavemadeit.tocollegenowtakepsychotropicdrugsthathelpthemsucceed.Thesoaringnumberofvisitorstocollegepsychiatrists.CollegesfirstcreatedcounselingcentersforstudentswhoneededcareerandacademicadvicesaysRobertGallagherauthorofthecounselingcentersurveyandformerdirectoroftheUniversityofPittsburghsservices.Aspsychologicalcounselingtookoverthecentersotheradvisingfunctionswerepackedofftootherpartsofthecampus.Inadequaciesofcollegetherapyservices.Theballooningcaseloadsmeanthereisn,tthetimeorthestafftoofferlong-termtherapytoanybutthemosttroubled.〃Youcantjustloadupwiththefirst100studentsandseethemregularlywithouthavingopeningsfornewpeople”saysGallagher.Insteadcollegesfocusongettingstudentsoverimmediatecrises.WhatsthesolutionSomeschoolshavetriedfillingthegapbygettingmoreinvolvedinstudentslives.TheUniversityofSouthCarolinatheUniversityofNevada-RenoandTexasAMofferin-depthseminarsonthetransitiontoCollegethathelpstudentsgettoknowoneprofessorreallywell.SowheredoparentsfitinallthisInmanycasestheydont.Federalprivacylawsreinforcetheseparationbyforbiddingthereleaseofeducationalrecordstoanyonebutthestudent.SodespitethoseheftytuitionchecksparentsliketheShinoftendontgetafullypictureofwhattheirchildrenslivesarereallylike.Shindidnotwantherparentstoknowabouthermiseryandnoonetoldthemabouthercriesforhelpuntilaftershehadburnedherself.Herfatherbelievesheandhiswifecouldhave
424324、
4425、4526PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.10pointsEricHansenwritesabouttravelasaparticipatingenthusiastratherthanamereobserver.46Itgivesthesenineessaysbasedonhisadventuresoverthepastquarter-centuryaresonanceandpsychologicaldepthnotusuallyseeninmoreroutinetravelnarratives.47Thereaderfollowswide-eyedfromthearmchairasMr.HansenjourneysfromtheFrenchRivieratotheSouthPacificIndiatheUnitedStatesandBorneo.Eachstorycombinesnuancedportraitsofmemorablecharacterswithlyricaldescriptionsofhumanfallibilityandgenerosity.InhiswildesttaleMr.HansenrecountshistimeworkingatahotelonThursdayIslandintheTorresStrait.48“Seldom〃hewrites“doesonehavethechancetoenjoythecompanyofpeoplewhohavesocompletelygiventhemselvesovertothecultivationofthelowlifeinsuchstyleandwithsuchgusto.〃49Beyondtheboozebrokenglassandfistfightstheauthorlearnsthehistoryoftheisland5spearldiverswhoincanvassuitsandleadweightedshoessnatchgold-lippearlshellsfromaseabedteemingwithseasnakesgiantgroupersandsaltwatercrocodiles.OtherstoriestellofdrinkinghallucinogenickavainVanuatu;lingeringonabeachwithabeautifulMaldiviangirlinapleasurablepursuitthatthelocalscallnightfishing”;cookingpiroshkiwithaMoscowemigreinatinyManhattanapartmentwhiledrugdealersshooteachotherinthelobbybelow;andwatchingtheIndonesiancrewofabecalmedtallshipdanceondecktocountryandwesternmusic.50ThemostmovingstorycomesfromKolkataformerlyCalcuttawheretheauthorsfrustrationattheimpenetrablebureaucracywhentryingtoshiphisbelongingshomeisputintoperspectivebyhisvoluntaryworkatMotherTheresashomeforthedying.Herehebathesfeedsandcomfortstheinhabitantsofthemenswardwherethepanicanddespairofdeatharereplacedbydignityandhumour.Thissensitiveportraitalonemakesthisheartfeltcollectionamagicalandupliftingread.47484950参考答案【
一、UseofEnglish]1〜5ABDCB6〜10CBDCA11〜20点击下载查看答案【
二、ReadingComprehension]「5DABBC6〜10ACDBD1「30点击下载查看答案A.inB.throughtounder
3、⑶reckoncopepartshare
4、4delicatecomplexinnatevivid
5、⑸A.limitsB.allowsC.restrictsD.entitles
6、6A.offersB.marksC.showsD.reports
7、7A.separatelyB.simplyC.generallyD.broadly
8、8guideformmodelshape
9、9A.nurtureB.gestureC.functionD.objective
10、10A.creatingB.adjustingC.producingD.reigningIKIDA.coordinatedB.designedC.releasedD.directed12A.institutionsB.proposalsC.academiesD.enforcements13liableloyallegallogical14A.sourcemeansoriginpower15towardagainstoffupon16diluteddissolveddiffuseddispersed17A.shieldingB.shiftingC.shelteringD.shattering
18、18A.justifyingB.aggravatingC.imposingD.observing
19、19A.enhancedB.confidedpromptedmotivated
20、20A.ExceptthatWhileOnlyifBecause
二、ReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.40pointsThetitleofthebiographyTheAmericanCivilWarFightingfortheLadycouldhardlybemoreprovocative.ThomasKeneallyanAustralianwriterisunapologetic.InlabelingaherooftheAmericancivilwaranotoriousscoundrelheswitchesthespotlightfromthebraveactionsofDanSicklesatthebattleofGettysburgtohisearlierpremeditatedmurderoftheloverofhisyoungandprettyItalian-AmericanwifeTeresa.ItisnotthemurderitselfthatdisgustsMr.KeneallybutSicklesstreatmentofhiswifeafterwardsandhowhisbehaviormirroredthehypocriticalmisogynyof19th-centuryAmerica.ThemurdervictimPhilipBartonKeyTeresaSicklesslovercamefromafamousoldsouthernfamily.HewasthenephewofthethenchiefjusticeoftheAmericanSupremeCourtandthesonofthewriterofthecountrysnationalanthem.SicklesaTammanyHallpoliticianinNewYorkturnedDemocraticcongressmaninWashingtonshotKeydeadin1859atacornerofLafayetteSquarewithinshoutingdistanceoftheWhiteHouse.Butthemurdertrialwasmelodramaticevenbythestandardsoftheday.WiththehelpofeightlawyersSickleswasfoundnotguiltyafterusingthenovelpleaof^temporaryinsanity”.ThecountryatlargewasjustasforgivingviewingKeysmurderasagallantcrimeofpassion.WithinthreeyearsSickleswasageneralontheUnionistsideintheAmericanciviTWarandasanewfriendofAbrahamandMaryLincolnafrequentsleepoverguestattheWhiteHouse.Mrs.Sickleswaslessfortunate.Shewasshunnedbyfriendsshehadmadeasthewifeofarisingpolitician.Herhusbandaserialadultererwhosemanymistressesincluded;QueenIsabellaIIofSpainandthemadamofanindustrializedNewYorkwhorehouserefusedtobeseeninhercompany.LauratheSicklessdaughterwasaninnocentvictimofherfathersvindictivenessandeventuallydiedofdrinkintheBowerydistrictofNewYork.SicklessboldactionsatGettysburgareintheirownwayjustascontroversial.ArgumentcontinuestorageamongscholarsastowhetherhehelpedtheUniontovictoryornearlycauseditsdefeatwhenhemovedhisforcesoutoflinetooccupywhathethoughtwasbetterground.JamesLongstreettheConfederategeneralwholedtheattackagainstthenewpositionwasinnodoubtaboutthebrillianceofthemove.Mr.Keneallyisbetterknownasanovelist.Hereheshowshimselfjustasadeptatbiographyandachievesbothhismainaims.HerestoresthereputationofTeresaSickles“thisbeautifulpleasantandintelligentgirl〃,andbreathesfullandcontroversiallifeintoafamousmilitaryengagement.Keneallysbiographyisintendedmainlyto.launchasurpriseattackonDemocraticcongressman.showsympathyforanabusedbutreputedladyTeresa.C.cursebitterlyatthehypocrisyofnotoriousheroes.D.exposethetruecharacterofageneralincivilwar.TheauthorisoftheopinionthatKeneallysperspectivesareA.insightful.superficial.biased.D.skeptical.。