还剩25页未读,继续阅读
本资源只提供10页预览,全部文档请下载后查看!喜欢就下载吧,查找使用更方便
文本内容:
考研外语提分冲刺试卷7
一、UseofEnglish1Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopmentofcivilizedmanwereprobablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthediscoveryoffirealthoughnobodyknowsexactlywhenacquiredtheuseof
1.The2oflanguageisalsoobscure.Nodoubtitbeganverygradually.Animalshaveafewcriesthatserve3signals4eventhehighestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewords5withthemostintensiveprofessionalinstruction.Thesuperiorbrainofmanisapparently6forthemasteringofspeech.Whenmanbecamesufficientlyintelligentwemustsupposethathe7thenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes.Itwasagreatday8hediscoveredthatspeedcouldbeusedfornarrative.Therearethosewhothinkthat9picturelanguageprecededorallanguage.Aman10apictureonthewallofhiscavetoshow11directionhehadgoneor12preyhehopedtocatch.Probab1y-picturelanguageandorallanguagedevelopedsidebyside.IaminclinedtothinkthatlanguageB.Africa.C.TheSouthPacific.D.Paris.Thephrase〃abreakwithinthelastparagraphisclosestinmeaningto.A.adestructionofB.adeparturefromC.acollapseofD.asolutiontoThepiecetitledThePriestesshasallofthefollowingcharacteristicsEXCEPT.A.thedesignisstylizedB.itismadeofmarbleC.thecarvingisnotdeepD.itdepictsthefrontofaperson
6、Itisfrequentlyassumedthatthemechanizationofworkhasarevolutionaryeffectonthelivesofthepeoplewhooperatethenewmachinesandonthesocietyintowhichthemachineshavebeenintroduced.Forexampleithasbeensuggestedthattheemploymentofwomeninindustrytookthemoutofthehouseholdtheirtraditionalsphereandfundamentallyalteredtheirpositioninsociety.InthenineteenthcenturywhenwomenbegantoenterfactoriesJulesSimonaFrenchpoliticianwarnedthatbydoingsowomenwouldgiveuptheirfemininity.EnedrichEngelshoweverpredictedthatwomenwouldbeliberatedfromthesociallegalandeconomicsubordinationofthefamilybytechnologicaldevelopmentsthatmadepossibletherecruitmentofthewholefemalesex...intopubicindustry.〃Observersthusdifferedconcerningthesocialdesirabilityofmechanizationseffectsbuttheyagreedthatitwouldtransformwomen5slives.Historiansparticularlythoseinvestigatingthehistoryofwomennowseriouslyquestionthisassumptionoftransformingpower.Theyconcludethatsuchdramatictechnologicalinnovationsasthespinningjennythesewingmachinethetypewriterandthevacuumcleanerhavenotresultedinequallydramaticsocialchangesinwomenseconomicpositionorintheprevailingevaluationofwomenswork.TheemploymentofyoungwomenintextilemillsduringtheIndustrialRevolutionwaslargelyanextensionofanolderpatternofemploymentofyoungsinglewomenasdomestics.Itwasnotthechangeinofficetechnologybutrathertheseparationofsecretarialworkpreviouslyseenasanapprenticeshipforbeginningmanagerfromadministrativeworkthatinthe1880screatedanewclassof〃deadened〃jobshenceforthconsidered〃womenswork’.Theincreaseinthenumbersofmarriedwomenemployedoutsidethehomeinthetwentiethcenturyhadlesstodowiththemechanizationofhouseworkandanincreaseinleisuretimeforthesewomenthanitdidwiththeirowneconomicnecessityandwithhighmarriageratesthatshranktheavailablepoolofsinglewomenworkerspreviouslyinmanycasestheonlywomenemployerswouldhire.Womensworkhaschangedconsiderablyinthepast200yearsmovingfromthehouseholdtotheofficeorthefactoryandlaterbecomingmostlywhite-collarinsteadofblue-collarwork.FundamentallyhowevertheconditionsunderwhichwomenworkhavechangedlittlesincebeforetheIndustrialRevolution:thesegregationofoccupationsbygenderlowerpayforwomenasagroupofjobsthatrequirerelativelylowlevelsofskillandofferwomenlittleopportunityforadvancementallpersistwhilewomenshouseholdlaborremainsdemanding.Recenthistoricalinvestigationhasledtoamajorrevisionofthenotionthattechnologyisalwaysinherentlyrevolutionaryinitseffectsonsociety.Mechanizationmayevenhaveslowedanychangeinthetraditionalpositionofwomenbothinthelabormarketandinthehome.WhichofthefollowingstatementsbestsummarizesthemainideaofthepassageTheeffectsofthemechanizationofwomensworkhavenotborneoutthefrequentlyheldassumptionthatnewtechnologyisinherentlyrevolutionary.Recentstudieshaveshownthatmechanizationrevolutionizesasocietystraditionalvaluesandthecustomaryrolesofitsmembers.MechanizationhascausedthenatureofwomensworktochangesincetheIndustrialRevolution.Themechanizationofworkcreateswholenewclassesofjobsthatdidnotpreviouslyexist.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorwouldconsiderwhichofthefollowingtobeanindicationofafundamentalalterationintheconditionsofwomensworkStatisticsshowingthatthemajorityokwomennowoccupywhite-collarpositions.Interviewswithmarriedmenindicatingthattheyarenowdoingsomehouseholdtasks.Surveysofthelabormarketdocumentingtherecentcreationofanewclassofjobsinelectronicsinwhichwomenworkersoutnumbermenfourtoone.Censusresultsshowingthatworkingwomenswagesandsalariesareontheaverageashighasthoseofworkingmen.ThepassagestatesthatbeforethetwentiethcenturywhichofthefollowingwastrueofmanyemployersA.Theydidnotemploywomeninfactories.B.Theytendedtoemploysingleratherthanmarriedwomen.C.Theyemployedwomenonlyinthosejobsthatwererelatedtowomenstraditionalhouseholdwork.D.Theyresultedtechnologicalinnovationsthatwouldradicallychangewomensrolesinthefamily.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthormostprobablybelieveswhichofthefollowingtobetrueconcerningthosehistorianswhostudythehistoryofwomenTheirworkprovidesinsightsimportanttothoseexaminingsocialphenomenaaffectingthelivesofbothsexes.Theirworkcanonlybeusedcautiouslybyscholarsinotherdisciplines.Becausetheyconcentrateonlyontheroleofwomeninthework-placetheydrawmorereliableconclusionsthantheotherhistorians.Theirworkhasnothadanimpactonmosthistorianscurrentassumptionsconcerningtherevolutionaryeffectoftechnologyinthework-place.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesthefunctionoftheconcludingsentenceofthepassageItsumsupthegeneralpointsconcerningthemechanizationofworkmadeinthepassageasawhole.Itdrawsaconclusionconcerningtheeffectsofthemechanizationofworkwhichgoesbeyondtheevidencepresentedinthepassageasawhole.Itrestatesthepointconcerningtechnologymadeinthesentenceimmediatelyprecedingit.Itqualifiestheauthorsagreementwithscholarswhoargueforamajorrevisionintheassessmentoftheimpactofmechanizationonsociety.11Oneoftheoldestseafaringshipsintheworldhasbeenreconstructedaftersevenyearspatientarchaeologicalwork.Theshipa60-footsailingvesselsankoffthecoastofCyprusinthedaysofAlexandertheGreataroundtheyear300B.C.Itsdiscoveryandrestorationhavenowthrownnewlightontheancienttraderoutesandshipbuildingtechniques.WhatmakestheCyprusshipsoinformativeistheremarkablestateofpreservation一mainlyduetoanunusualfeatureofitsdesign.Thehullwassheathedontheoutsidewithleadthatwasfixedtothetimberwithbronzetackswhichhelpedthewoodenframesurvive2000yearsunderthesea.Thefirstcluetothewrecksexistencecamein1964whenaspongediverfromthepresent-dayresortofKyreniacameacrossapoleofamphoraeancientstoragejugs.Unfortunatelyhisdivingairsupplyranoutjustatthatmomentsothathehadnotimetomarkthespot.Ittookhimthreeyearsandhundredsofdivesbeforehechanceduponthemagain.HereportedhisfindtoanunderwaterarchaeologicalteamfromtheUniversityofPennsylvaniawhichwassurveyingtheCypriotcoastsforwrecks.AftercheckinghisdescriptiontheteamdecidedtoconcentratetheirresourcesontheKyreniashipandoverthenexttwoyearsateamofnofewerthat50archaeologistsanddiverstookpartintheexcavation.Withthehelpofametaldetectortheteamdiscoveredthatwreckagelayscatteredovera2000-square-footareaoftenburiedbeneathsandandsea-weed.Eachitemwascarefullyphotographedinitsplaceandasystemofplasticgridsstretchedoverthewholesitesothatitcouldbeaccuratelymapped.Morethan400amphoraelayburiedinthesand.Theshiphadbeencarryingacargoofwineandalmonds.Morethan9000ofthesewerefoundinornearbytheamphoraetheiroutershellsstillperfectlypreserved.Aswellasthesetherewere29stonegrainmillsbeingcarriedbothascargoandasballast.Thesewerecarefullystoredinthreerowsparalleltotheaxisofthekeel.Aswellasthemaincargotherewereothersmallfinds.Fourwoodenspoonsfouroiljugsfoursaltdishesandfourdrinkingcupssuggestedthenumberofcrewontheshipslastvoyage.Therewasanaxeandneartheintricatelycarvedmastlayawoodenpulleyusedtoraiseandlowertheyard.Abronzecauldronusedperhapstopreparethecrewsmealswasalsolyinginthewreck.Offivebronzecoinsfoundnonedatedearlierthan306B.C.Carbon-14analysisofthealmondcargopinpointedtheirdateatabout288B.C.butthatoftheshipsplankingsuggestedanearlierof370B.C.ThustheKyreniashipwasmorethan80yearsoldthedayshesank-alonglifeforawoodenhullandproofofthegoodcraftsmanshipofherbuilder.Thediscoveryoftheshipisimportanttostudentsofearlyshipsandtheirroutesbecause.theoldestsurvivingshipitisavaluablesourceofinformationitisausefulmeansofextendingtheirexistingknowledgeitsdiscoveryhaschangedcompletelytheirexistingideasD.thisprovidestheonlyinformationaboutearlyMediterraneantradingshipsthathascometheirwayArchaeologistswereabletolearnalotabouttheconstructionoftheshipbecause.A.itwasdiscoveredonlyashortdistancefromlandB.therewerevariousformsoftoolsandequipmentitwasinasurprisinglygoodconditionalotofitscargostillremainedWhenwasthewreckofKyreniashipfoundIn
1969.In
1964.In
1967.D.Sevenyearsafter
1964.WhichofthefollowingtasksisnotstatedashavingformedpartoftheresearchRecordingpicturesofthefinds.Makinganexactplanofthepositionofthefinds.Locatingallthepartsoftheshipanditscargointhatarea.Storingeverythingcarefullyinrows.TheapproximatedateoftheshipwreckcouldbedecidedfromthedatesonthecoinsfoundtheanalysisoftheageofthematerialsfromwhichtheshipwasbuiltC.thescientifically-determinedageofsomeofthecargoD.aknowledgeofthedateofthebuildingoftheshiptogetherwithherknownage
16、Readingthepapersandlookingattelevisionthesedaysonecaneasilybepersuadedthatthehumanspeciesisonitslastlegsstilltotteringalongbutonlybarelymakingit.Inthisviewdiseaseisthebiggestmenaceofall.Evenwhenwearenotendangeringourlivesbyeatingthewrongsortsoffood13themostimportantsinglefactorinthedevelopmentofman.Twoimportantstagescamenot14beforethedawnofwrittenhistory.Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwasagriculture.Agriculturewas15inhumanprogresstowhichsubsequentlytherewasnothingcomparable16ourownmachineage.Agriculturemadepossible17immenseincreaseinthenumberofthehumanspeciesintheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfullypracticed.18wereatfirstonlythoseinwhichnaturefertilizedthesoil19eachharvest.Agriculturemetwithviolentresistancefromthepastoralnomadsbuttheagriculturalwayoflifeprevailedintheend20thephysicalcomfortsitprovided.A.thelatterB.thelaterC.thesecondD.thelatest
2、⑵A.sourceB.beginningstartD.originandtakingthewrongkindsofexerciseweareplacingourselvesinharmswaybymeansofthetoxinswekeepinsertingintotheenvironmentaroundus.Asifthiswasnotenoughwehavefallenintothenewhabitofthinkingourwayintoillness.Ifwetakeupthewrongkindofpersonalityweruntheriskofcontractinganewdiseasecalledstressfollowedquicklybycoronaryocclusion.Orifwejustsittightandtrytolettheworldslipbyherecomescancerfromsomethingweatebreathedortouched.Nowonderweareanervouslot.Thewordisoutthatifwewerenotsurroundedandproppedupbyplatoonsofhealthprofessionalswewoulddropinourtracks.Thetruthissomethingdifferentinmyview.TherehasneverbeenatimeinhistorywhenhumanbeingsingeneralhavebeenstatisticallyashealthyasthepeoplenowlivingintheindustrialsocietiesoftheWesternworld.Ouraveragelifeexpectancyhasstretchedfrom45yearsacenturyagototodaysfigureofaround
75.Moreofusthaneverbeforearelivingintoour80sand90s.Dyingfromdiseaseinchildhoodandadolescenceisnolongerthecommonoccurrencethatitwas100yearsagowhentuberculosisandotherlethalmicrobialinfectionswerethechiefcausesofprematuredeath.Todaydyingyoungisarareandcatastrophicoccurrenceandwhenitdoeshappenitisusuallycausedbytrauma.Medicinemustgetsomeofthecreditfortheremarkableimprovementinhumanhealthbutnotall.Theprofessionofplumbingalsohadmuchtodowiththechange.Whensanitaryengineeringassuredthepopulaceofuncontaminatedwaterthegreatepidemicsoftyphoidfeverandcholeracametoanend.Evenbeforesuchadvancesasearlyasthe17thcenturyimprovementsinagricultureandnutritionhadincreasedpeoplesresistancetoinfection.Inshortwehavecomealongway一thelongestpartofthatwaywithcommonsensecleanlinessandabetterstandardoflivingbutasubstantialrecentdistanceaswellwithmedicine.Westillhaveanagendaoflethalandincapacitatingillnessestocauseusanxietybuttheseshouldntworryustodeath.Thediseasesthatusedtokilloffmostofusearlyinlifehavebeenbroughtundercontrol.Nowa.dayspeoplearelikelytofeelthatthey.A.areallrightB.areverytiredC.tendtobeiiiD.arestressedTodaydyingyoungis.A.acommonphenomenonB.thecasewithmanypeopleC.usuallycausedbytraumaD.neverreportedOnehundredyearsagopeoplewere.A.notashealthyastodayB.asstrongastodayC.aspoorastodayD.ashardastodayMedicineisconsideredthechiefcauseforincreasingdiseaseimprovinghealthC.reducingthenumberofdeathD.helpingpeopletolivelonger
20、Wecanassertthat.manynewmedicinesareinventedwecancuremanyseriousdiseasesmanynewmedicinesareuselessD.therearestillmanyseriousdiseases21PartB10pointsInthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA、B、CDEFGtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Thereareseveralextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.10pointsMostofthepeoplewhoappearmostoftenandmostgloriouslyinthehistorybooksaregreatconquerorsandgeneralsandsoldierswhereasthepeoplewhoreallyhelpedcivilizationforwardareoftennevermentionedatall.Peoplethinkagreatdealofthemsomuchsothatonallthehighestpillarsinthegreatcitiesoftheworldyouwillfindthefigureofaconquerororageneralorasoldier.
41.Animalsfight;sodosavages;hencetobegoodatfightingistobegoodinthewayinwhichananimalorasavageisgoodbutitisnottobecivilized.Fightingmeanskillingandcivilizedpeoplesoughttobeabletofindsomewayofsettlingtheirdisputesotherthanbyseeingwhichsidecankilloffthegreaternumberoftheothersideandthensayingthatthatsidewhichhaskilledmosthaswon.Thatiswhatthestoryofmankindhasonthewholebeenlike.Evenourownagehasfoughtthetwogreatestwarsinhistoryinwhichmillionsofpeoplewerekilledormutilated.
42.Butnationsandcountrieshavenotlearnttodothisyetandstillbehavelikesavages.Butwemustnotexpecttoomuch.
43.Scientistsreckonthattherehasbeenlifeofsomesortontheearthintheformofjellyfishandthatkindofcreatureforabouttwelvehundredmillionyears;buttherehavebeenmenforonlyonemillionyearsandtherehavebeencivilizedmenforabouteightthousandyearsattheoutside.Thesefiguresaredifficulttograsp;soletusscalethemdown.Supposethatwereckonthewholepastoflivingcreaturesontheearthasonehundredyears;thenthewholepastofmanworksoutataboutonemonthandduringthatmonththerehavebeencivilizationsforbetweensevenandeighthours.
44.Takingmanscivilizedpastataboutsevenoreighthourswemayestimatehisfuturethatistosaythewholeperiodbetweennowandwhenthesungrowstoocoldtomaintainlifeanylongerontheearthataboutonehundredthousandyears.
45.Thepastofmanhasbeenonthewholeaprettybeastlybusinessabusinessoffightingandbullyingandgorgingandgrabbingandbutting.Wemustnotexpectevencivilizedpeoplesnottohavedonethesethings.Allwecanaskisthattheywillsometimeshavedonesomethingelse.Andwhiletodayitistruethatpeopledonotfightandkilleachotherinthestreets一whilethatistosaywehavegottothestageofkeepingtherulesandbehavingproperlytoeachotherindailylife.Inmyopinionthegreatestcountriesshouldbehaveproperlytoothercountriesandobeytherulestheyconstitutedtogether.C.Nowwevegotlittletimetolearnhowtogetalongwellwithothersorothercountries.Soyouseetherehasbeenlittletimetolearninbuttherewillbeoceansoftimeinwhichtolearnbetter.Afteralltheraceofmenhasonlyjuststarted.ThusmankindisonlyatthebeginningofitscivilizedlifeandasIsaywemustnotexpecttoomuch.AndIthinkmostpeoplebelievethatthegreatestcountriesarethosethathavebeateninbattlethegreatestnumberofothercountriesandruledoverthemasconquerors.
42434425、4526PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.10pointsAfterDollytheSheepcometheMickeyMice.46ScientistsareexpectedtorevealthattheyhavesucceededincreatingthefirstanimalclonedfromthecellsofanadultsincethebirthofDollytwoyearsago.Aformalannouncementisexpectedwithinweeks.47ResearchersinHawaiiareunderstoodtohavemanufacturedamousethatisanidenticalgeneticcopyofanotherlivinganimalraisingtheprospectofcommercialcloningofanimals一andeventuallyofhumans.SincescientistsattheRoslinInstituteinEdinburghrevealedtheexistenceofDollytoawedcolleaguesinFebruarylastyearnobodyhasbeenabletomakeanotherclonederivedfromcellstakenfromanadultanimal.Dollywasgrownfromtheuddercellsofanewe.SomebiologistshavesincequeriedDollysauthenticitybecauseoftheirinabilitytoreproducetheresultsTheclonedmousewouldendanydoubtsandconfirmthatmanisgenuinelyonvergeofanewerainreproductivebiology.ThefirsthintofthebreakthroughbyDr.RyuzoYanagimachitheprofessorwholedtheUniversityofHawaiigroupemergedafterarecentlecturewhenheshowedaslideofDollyandtoldhisaudience〃Icansaysheisnotalone.〃48ThescientistwhowontheInternationalPrizeforBiologyin1996forhisworkonreproductiondeclinedlastweektogivedetailsofthecloningresearchuntilitsexpectedpublicationinthescientificjournalNaturelaterthismonth.ItisunderstoodthatYanagimachiwhohasworkedwithinternationalcollaboratorswasabletoclonethemouseusingatechniqueslightlydifferenttothatemployedbyscientistsattheRoslinInstitute.ButliketheRoslinteamledbyDr.EauWilrnutitisthoughthehasbeenabletoextractthegeneticmaterialfromthecellofanadultandtransplantitintoanegg.InDollyscasetheeggwasthenimplantedintothewombofasurrogatemotherthatgavebirthtoahealthylamb.Thistechniquepreviouslythoughtbysometbbeimpossiblefollowedsuccessfulexperimentsincreatinganimalsfromcellstakenfromfetuses.Theseweremuchsimplertoconductbecausefoetalcellshavenotyettakenonspecialistrolesintheorganismandcanbeeasilymanipulated.Yanagimachi^steamisoneofseveralaroundtheworldthathavebeentryingtoproduceanotherDolly-likeclonesaidAprilDarcyofPPLTherapeuticsthecompanythatholdsthecommercialrightstotheRoslincloningtechniques;49Scientistshopethatcloningonceperfectedwillenablerevolutionsintransplantsurgeryallowingskinandorganstobegrowntoorderwithoutfearofpatientrejection.Itwillalsobeapowerfulresearchtoolinfindingcuresforgeneticdiseases.50Butfearsthatcloningtechniquescouldeventuallybeusedinthecreationofcarbon-copyhumanshavealreadypromptedwesterngovernmentsincludingBritaintobansuchresearch.47484950参考答案【
一、UseofEnglish]「5ADCBB6〜10ACDCA1广20点击下载查看答案【
二、ReadingComprehension]1〜5CADBB6〜10ADBAC11〜30点击下载查看答案
293、3likewithasby
4、4andbutmoreoverfor
5、⑸A.evenifB.evenC.eventhoughD.evenas
6、6anecessitynecessitiesnecessarilynecessity
7、⑺A.shouldgraduallyincreaseB.graduallyincreaseC.graduallyincreasedD.hasgraduallyincreased
8、8A.thatB.atwhichwhichwhen
9、9A.withtherespectB.onthisrespectC.inthisrespectD.atthisrespect
10、10A.coulddrawB.shoulddrawC.wasabledrawD.wasdrawing11A.atwhichwhichC.onwhichD.withwhich12A.ofwhichthatwhichwhat13iswasC.hasbeenisbeing14A.toolongB.suchlongaslongsolong15A.astageastepadevelopmentaway16untilwithforto17theanthatone18A.ThoseB.TheseThereThey19afterwithbeforeat20sinceforC.becauseD.becauseof
二、ReadingComprehension1PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.40pointsWithRobertLaurentandWilliamZorachdirectcarvingentersintothestoryofmodemsculptureintheUnitedStates.Directcarving一inwhichthesculptorsthemselvescarvestoneorwoodwithmalletandchisel一justberecognizedassomethingmorethanjustatechnique.Implicitinitisanaestheticprincipleaswell:thatthemediumhascertainqualitiesofbeautyandexpressivenesswithwhichsculptorsmustbringtheirownaestheticsensibilitiesintoharmony.Forexamplesometimestheshapeorveininginapieceofstoneorwoodsuggestsperhapsevendictatesnotonlytheultimateformbuteventhesubjectmatter.Thetechniqueofdirectcarvingwasabreakwiththenineteenth-centurytraditioninwhichthemakingofaclaymodelwasconsideredthecreativeactandtheworkwasthenturnedovertostudioassistantstobecastinplasterorbronzeorcarvedinmarble.Neoclassicalsculptorsseldomheldamalletorchiselintheirownhandsreadilyconcedingthattheassistantstheyemployedwerefarbetterthantheywereatcarvingthefinishedmarble.Withtheturn-of-the-centuryCraftsmovementandthediscoveryofnontraditionalsourcesofinspirationsuchaswoodenAfricanfigureandmaskstherearoseanewurgeforhands-onpersonalexecutionofartandaninteractionwiththemedium.Evenasearlyasthe1880sand1890snonconformistEuropeanartistswereattemptingdirectcarving.BytheseconddecadeofthetwentiethcenturyAmericans一LaurentandZorachmostnotably一hadadopteditastheirprimarymeansofworking.BorninFranceRobertLaurent1890-1970wasaprodigywhoreceivedhiseducationintheUnitedStates.In1905hewassenttoParisasanapprenticetoanartdealerandintheyearsthatfollowedhewitnessedthebirthofCubismdiscoveredprimitiveartandlearnedthetechniquesofwoodcarvingfromaframemaker.BackinNewYorkCityby1910LaurentbegancarvingpiecessuchasThePriestesswhichrevealshisfascinationwithAfricanpre-ColumbianandSouthPacifican.Takingawalnutplankthesculptorcarvedtheexpressivestylizeddesign.ItisoneoftheearliestexamplesofdirectcarvinginAmericansculpture.Theplanksformdictatedtherigidlyfrontalviewandthelowrelief.EvenitsirregularshapemusthaveappealedtoLaurentasabreakwithalong-standingtraditionthatrequiredasculptortoworkwithinaperfectrectangleorsquare.WhatisoneofthefundamentalprinciplesofdirectcarvingA.Asculptormustworkwithtalentedassistants.Thesubjectofasculptureshouldbederivedfromclassicalstories.Thematerialisanimportantelementinasculpture.Designingasculptureisamorecreativeactivitythancarvingit.Howdoesdirectcarvingdifferfromthenineteenth-centurytraditionofsculptureA.Sculptorsarepersonallyinvolvedinthecarvingofapiece.B.Sculptorsfindtheirinspirationinneoclassicalsources.C.Sculptorshavereplacedthemalletandchiselwithothertools.D.Sculptorsreceivemoreformaltraining.WheredidRobertLaurentlearntocarveA.NewYork.。