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考研外语考前摸底试卷2
一、UseofEnglish
1、Warmaybeanaturalexpressionofbiologicalinstinctsanddrivestowardaggressioninthehumanspecies.Natural1ofangerhostilityandterritorialityareexpressed2actsofviolence.Theseareallqualitiesthathumans3withanimals.Aggressionisakindof4survivalmechanismaninstinctforseif-preservationthat5animalstodefendthemselvesfromthreatstotheirexistence.Butontheotherhandhumanviolent6evidenceofbeingalearnedbehavior.Inthecaseofhumanaggressionviolencecannotbe7reducedtoaninstinct.Themanyexpressionsofhumanviolencearealwaysconditionedbysocialconventionsthatgive8toaggressivebehavior.Inhumansocietiesviolencehasasocial9:Itisastrategyfor10thepowersofviolence.Wewilllookattheritualandethicalpatternswithinwhichhumanviolencehasbeen
11.Theviolencewithinsocietyiscontrolledthrough12oflaw.Themoredevelopeda13systembecomesthemore
3、ThecaseofMrs.SicklesunfortunatestoryismentionedtoillustrateKeysmurdersolelyasagallantcrimeofpassion.thecontroversyraisedoveranotorioushero.thebrillianceofstrategiesasdisplayedbySickles.thehypocriticalmisogynyof19th-centuryAmerica.ItisgenerallybelievedthatSicklesshotKeytheloverofhiswifetopromotehispopularity.outofanuncontrollableimpulse.C.torevengehisopponents.inviewoftheladysreputation.Thistextappearstobeadigestofahistorytextbook.amagazinefeature.abookreview.anewspapereditorial.
6、TheTuscantownofVincibirthplaceofLeonardoandhometoamuseumofhismachinesshouldfittinglyputonashowofthetelevision-robotsculpturesofNamJunPaik.ThisKorean-bornAmericanartistandtheRenaissancemasterarekindredspirits:LeonardosawhumanisticpotentialinhisscientificexperimentsMr.Paikendeavorstoharnessmediatechnologyforartisticpurposes.Apioneerofvideoartinthelate1960shetreatstelevisionasaspaceforartimagesandasmaterialforrobotsandinteractivesculptures.Mr.Paikwasnotalone.Heandfellowartistspickedonthevideocamerasbecausetheyofferedaneasywaytorecordtheirperformanceart.NowtomarkvideoartscomingofageNewYorksMuseumofModernArtislookingbackattheireffortsinafilmseriescalledTheFirstDecade”.ItcelebratestheearlydaysofvideobyscreeningthearchivesofElectronicArtsIntermixEAIoneoftheworldsleadingdistributorsofvideoandnewmediaartfounded30yearsago.OneofEATsmostfamousalumniisBillViola.Partofthesecondgenerationofvideoartistswhoemergedinthe1970sMr.ViolaexperimentedwithvideosexpressivepotentialHiscameraexploresreligiousritualanduniversalideas.TheViolashowattheDeutscheGuggenheiminBerlinshowsusmoving-imagefrescoesthatcoverthegallerywallsandenveloptheviewerinall-embracingcyclesoflifeanddeath.OnenewstarisaCalifornianDougAitkenwhotookoverLondonsSerpentineGallerylastOctoberwithaninstallationcalled〃NewOcean,z.SomesayMr.AitkenistovideowhatJacksonPollockwastopainting.Hedripshisimagesfromfloortoceilingcreatingsequencesofroomsinwhichthespacesurroundstheviewerinhallucinatoryimagesofsoundandlight.AttheSerpentineMr.Aitkencreatedacollageofmovingimagesonthethemeofwatersflowaroundtheplanetasaforceoflife.〃Iwantedtocreateanewtopographyinthisworkaliquidimagetoshowaworldthatneverstandsstill〃hesays.Theboundarybetweenthephysicalworldandtheworldofimagesandinformationhethinksisblurring.Theinterplayofillusionandrealitysoundandimagereferencestoarthistorypoliticsfilmandtelevisioninthisartformthatisbarely30yearsoldcanmakevideoartdifficulttodefine.Manycallitfilm-basedormoving-imagearttoincludeartistswhoworkwithothercinematicmedia.Atitsbesttheappealofvideoartliesinitsversatilityitspowertocapturethepassingoftimeandonitsabilitytocommunicatebothinsideandoutsidegallerywalls.ThebirthplaceofLeonardoismentionedinthetextA.tointroducethetopicofvideoarttechnology.B.topaytributetothisRenaissancemaster.C.tohonorhiscontributiontoscientificdiscoveries.D.tooutlinethedevelopmentofarttelevision.TowardthenovelliteraryideatheauthorsattitudeseemstobethatofA.Disapproval.Neutrality.C.Appreciation.D.Suspicion.AspointedoutinthetextthevideoarttechnologyischaracterizedbyitsA.humaningenuitycomplexdefinition.strongappeal.amazinginteractivity.ThevideoscreatedbyDoughAitkenisusedtoshowacombinationofA.televisionandrobotics.B.illusionandreality.C.sculpturesandpaintings.D.spaceandplanets.WhichofthefollowingwouldthebesttitleforthetextANewGenerationofArtists.VideoArtisGoingNowhere.ACradleofFamousArtists.NowArtfartheMTVGeneration.11Itmayturnoutthatthe〃digitaldivide”—oneofthemostfashionablepoliticalslogansofrecentyears一islargelyfiction.Asyouwillrecalltheargumentwentwellbeyondtheunsurprisingnotionthattherichwouldownmorecomputersthanthepoor.Thedisturbingpartofthetheorywasthatsocietywasdividingitselfintogroupsoftechnology〃haves〃and〃have-nots〃andthatthissegregationwouldinturnworsenalreadylargeeconomicinequalities.Itisthisargumentthatiseitheruntrueorwildlyexaggerated.Weshouldalwayshavebeensuspicious.Afterallcomputershavespreadquicklybecausetheyhavebecomecheapertobuyandeasiertouse.Fallingpricesandskillrequirementssuggestthatthedigitaldividewouldspontaneouslyshrink——andsoithas.Nowanewstudyfurtherdiscreditsthedigitaldivide.ThestudybyeconomistDavidCardoftheUniversityofCaliforniaBerkeleychallengesthenotionthatcomputershavesignificantlyworsenedwageinequality.Thelogicofhowthissupposedlyhappensisstraightforward:computersraisethedemandforhigh-skilledworkersincreasingtheirwages.Meanwhilecomputerization一byautomatingmanyroutinetasks一reducesthedemandforlow-skilledworkersandtherebytheirwages.Thegapbetweenthetwowidens.Superficiallywagestatisticssupportthetheory.Considertheratiobetweenworkersnearthetopofthewagedistributionandthosenearthebottom.Computerizationincreased;sodidthewagegap.ButwaitpointoutCardandDiNardo.Thetroublewithblamingcomputersisthattheworseningofinequalityoccurredprimarilyintheearly1980s.Withcomputerusegrowingthewagegapshouldhavecontinuedtoexpandifitwasbeingdrivenbyashiftingdemandforskills.IndeedCardandDiNardofindmuchdetailedevidencethatcontradictsthetheory.Theyconcludethatcomputerizationdoesnotexplain〃theriseinU.S.wageinequalityinthelastquarterofthe20thcentury”.Thepopularperceptionofcomputersimpactonwagesishugelyoverblown.Lotsofotherinfluencescountforasmuchormore.Theworseningofwageinequalityintheearly1980sforexamplealmostcertainlyreflectedthedeep1981—1982recessionandthefallofinflation.Companiesfoundithardertoraiseprices.Tosurvivetheyconcludedthattheyhadtoholddownthewagesoftheirleastskilledleastmobileandyoungestworkers.The“digitaldivide〃suggestedasimplesolutioncomputersforacomplexproblempoverty.Withmorecomputeraccessthepoorcouldescapetheirlot.Butcomputersneverwerethesourceofanyonespovertyandasforescapingwhatpeopledoforthemselvesmattersmorethanwhattechnologycandoforthem.Itisgenerallybelievedthatthedigitaldivideissomethingthatisresponsibleforeconomicinequalities.deemedtobepositiveinpoverty-relief.C.thatresultsfromfallingcomputerprices.D.gettingworsebecauseoftheInternet.
12、AccordingtotheauthorthenotionthatcomputersaretoblameforthewagegapisA.quiteinsightful.B.verycontradictory.A016rathershallow.fairlyilluminating.
13、TheauthorsattitudetowardtheopinionheldbyCardandDiNardoisoneofA.reservedconsent.B.strongdisapproval.C.slightcontempt.D.enthusiasticsupport.Theauthorseemstobelievethatwidenedwagegapcanbeattributedtotheimpactofcomputersonroutinework.thedelayedeffectsintheearly1980s.thecomplexityofpovertyproblem.thenarrowingofthedigitaldivide.ThepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthetextisA.toadvocatetheeliminationofpoverty.B.tojustifytheinfluenceofthedigitaldivide.C.todemocratizecomputeraccesstoday.D.toexposethemythsofthedigitaldivide.Thedot-comcollapsemayhavebeenadisasterforWallStreetbuthereinSiliconValleyitwasablessing.Itwasthewelcomeendtoanabnormalconditionthatverynearlydestroyedtheareainanoverabundanceofsuccess.YouseethesecrettotheValleysastoundingmultiple-decadeboomisfailure.Failureiswhatfuelsandrenewsthisplace.Failureisthefoundationforinnovation.Thevalley5sbusinessecologydependsonfailurethesamewaythetree-coveredhillsaroundusdependonfire一itwipesouttheoldgrowthandcreatesspacefornewlife.Thevalleyhasalwaysbeenindangerofdrowningintheunwelcomewasteproductsofsuccess一toomanypeopletooexpensivehousestoomuchtraffictoolittleofficespaceandtoomuchmoneychasingtoofewstartups.Failureisthesafetyvalvethedestructiverenewingforcethatfreesuppeopleideasandcapitalandrecombinesthemcreatingnewrevolutions.ConsiderhowtheInternetrevolutioncametobe.Afterhalfadecadeofstart-upstrugglesforexamplehundredsofmillionsofHollywooddollarsweregoingupinsmoke.Itallseemedlikeaterriblewastebutnoonenoticedthatthecollapseleftoneveryimportantbyproductacommunityoflaid-offC-Hprogrammerswhowerenowexpertinmultimediadesignandoutonthestreetlookingforthenextbigthing.Thesemediageekswerethepioneerofthedot-comrevolution.TheyweretheWebsbusinesspioneersapplyingtheirnewfoundmediasensibilitiestocreateonelittlecompanyafteranother.Mostofthesestart-upsfailedbuteveninfailuretheyadvancedthenewmediumofcyberspace.AfewgeekslikeSiliconGraphicsfounderJimClarksucceededandutterlychangedourlives.In1994Clarkwasunemployedafterleavingthecompanybefoundeddoggedlytryingtodevelopanewinteractive—TVconcept.HeapproachedMarcAndreessentheco-developerofMosaicthefirstwidelyusedInternetbrowserinhopeofpersuadingAndreessentohelphimdesignhisnewsystem.InsteadAndreessenopenedClarkseyestotheWebspotential.ClarkpromptlytossedhisTVplansinthetrashandthetwoco-foundedNetscapethecornerstoneoftheconsumerWebrevolution.Liketheinteractive—TVrefugeesandgenerationsofinnovatorsbeforethemthedotcomersarealreadyhatchingnewcompanies.Manyarerevisitinggoodideasexecutedbadlyinthe’90swhileothersarestrikingoutintoentirelynewspaces.Thishappychaosiscertaintomatureintoaneworderlikelytoupsetanestablishmentasitdeliverslife-changingwonderstotherestsocietytakesresponsibilityforthediscoverycontrolandpunishmentofviolenceacts.Inmosttribalsocietiestheonly14todealwithanactofviolenceisrevenge.Eachfamilygroupmayhavetheresponsibilityofpersonallycarryingoutjudgmentandpunishment15thepersonwhocommittedtheoffense.Butinlegalsystemstheresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedand16Thesocietyassumestheresponsibilityfor17individualsfromviolence.Incaseswheretheycannotbeprotectedthesocietyisresponsiblefor18punishment.Inastatecontrolledlegalsystemindividualsareremovedfromthecycleofrevenge19byactsofviolenceandthestateassumesresponsibilityoftheirprotection.Theothersideofastatelegalapparatusisastatemilitaryapparatus.20theoneprotectstheindividualformviolencetheothersacrificestheindividualtoviolenceintheinterestsofthestate.impulsewhimtendencyspur
2、2ofus.Butthisisjustthestartforrevolutionsgivebirthtorevolutions.SoletshopeformoreofSiliconValleyssuccessfulfailures.WhatisimpliedinthefirstsentenceTheSiliconValleyblameditsfailureonthesuccessofWallStreet.TheSiliconValleyisalsonotedforitscomplexecologicalweb.TheSiliconValleytakesavainprideinitsoverabundantsuccesses.TheSiliconValleywouldbenefitfromthecollapseincertainways.ThemostfavorablebusinessecologyinSiliconValleyischaracterizedbyitswasteproductsofsuccess.itsabundanceinconstructivefailures.itssolidfoundationforinnovations.itslaid-offdot-comprogrammers.Itcanbelearnedfromthetextthatnewstart-upsusuallyendupwithafailure.aresubjectedtorigidsupervision.tendtocollapseasawhole.D.nevertakeintoaccountfailures.TheauthorwritesoftheexperiencesofJimClarktodemonstrateA.thehardshipsawebpioneermustgothrough.B.thetroubleinwhichClarkwascaught.C.therolefailurespositivelyplayinrevolutions.D.thecooperationamongdot-comers.WhattheauthoristryingtosuggestmaybebestinterpretedasA.Wherethereisawillthereisaway.B.Hewholaughslastlaughsbest.C.Successfulfailuresisthebestremedy.D.Morehastelessspeed.21PartB10pointsYouaregoingtoreadatextaboutthestateofcollegestudentsmentalhealthfollowedbyalistofexamples.Choosethebestexamplefromthelistforeachnumberedsubheading.Thereisoneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse.Thestateofcollegestudentsmentalhealthcontinuestodecline.WhatsthesolutionInthemonthsbeforeMassachusettsInstituteoftechnologysophomoreElizabethShindiedshespokewithsevenpsychiatristsandonesocialworker.Thepsychiatristsdiagnosedmajordepression;thetherapistrecommendedhospitalization.Shintoldadeanthatshewascuttingherselfandletaprofessorknowthatshewantedtocommitsuicide.Thehousemasterofherdormandtwoofherfriendsstayedupnightstowatchher.Butitwasn,tenough.OnApril102000ElizabethShinlockedherdormroomdoorandsetherclothesonfire.Fourdayslatershewasdead.Manycollegesarerunningintothornysituation.HerparentsKisukandChoHyunShinfiledsuitagainstMITchargingitsemployeeswithgrossnegligenceandwrongfuldeath.Itsanextremecasebutitillustratesaproblemfacingmanyotherschoolsasmoreandmorestudentslineupatcounselingcentersrequiringincreasinglyintensivetherapyormedication一orboth.Studentswithsubstantialpersonalityproblems.Thenumberoffreshmenreportinglessthanaverageemotionalhealthhasbeensteadilyrisingsince1985accordingtothenewestdatafromanannualnationwidesurveybytheUniversityofCalifornia-LosAngeles.ReasonsforthedeclineofcollegestudentsmentalhealthCollegetherapistsciteseveralreasonsfortheapparentdeteriorationinstudentmentalhealth.Notonlyhasthisgenerationgrownupinthemuch-malignederaofthedisintegratingAmericanfamilyitisalsomoreusedtotherapyandsomorelikelytoseekhelp.Ascompetitiontogetintocollegegetstougherstudentsburnoutbeforetheyevengetthere.Andkidswithseverepsychologicalproblemswhointhepastwouldntevenhavemadeittocollegenowtakepsychotropicdrugsthathelpthemsucceed.Thesoaringnumberofvisitorstocollegepsychiatrists.CollegesfirstcreatedcounselingcentersforstudentswhoneededcareerandacademicadvicesaysRobertGallagherauthorofthecounselingcentersurveyandformerdirectoroftheUniversityofPittsburghsservices.Aspsychologicalcounselingtookoverthecentersotheradvisingfunctionswerepackedofftootherpartsofthecampus.Inadequaciesofcollegetherapyservices.Theballooningcaseloadsmeanthereisn,tthetimeorthestafftoofferlong-termtherapytoanybutthemosttroubled.Youcantjustloadupwiththefirst100studentsandseethemregularlywithouthavingopeningsfornewpeople”saysGallagher.Insteadcollegesfocusongettingstudentsoverimmediatecrises.WhatsthesolutionSomeschoolshavetriedfillingthegapbygettingmoreinvolvedinstudentslives.TheUniversityofSouthCarolinatheUniversityofNevada-RenoandTexasAMofferindepthseminarsonthetransitiontocollegethathelpstudentsgettoknowoneprofessorreallywell.SowheredoparentsfitinallthisInmanycasestheydont.Federalprivacylawsreinforcetheseparationbyforbiddingthereleaseofeducationalrecordstoanyonebutthestudent.SodespitethoseheftytuitionchecksparentsliketheShinoftendontgetafullypictureofwhattheirchildrenslivesarereallylike.Shindidnotwantherparentstoknowabouthermiseryandnoonetoldthemabouthercriesforhelpuntilaftershehadburnedherself.Herfatherbelievesheandhiswifecouldhavesavedher.Wit
424324、
4425、4526PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.10pointsThesedayshousepricevertigoismorethanalocalornationalcondition.Itsaworldwidephenomenon.46TheAmericanhousingboominrecentyearsisnothingcomparedwiththepricerun-upincountrieslikeFranceSpainBritainIrelandSwedenandAustraliaeventhoughmarketsinAustraliaandBritainhavecooledinthelastyear.Million-dollartwo-bedroomapartmentsarenotonlyafixtureofNewYorkbutofLondonParisandHongKong.InNewZealandhousingpricesrosebymorethan16percentfrom2022to
2022.InIrelandtheyrosemorethan10percentinthatperiod.Theriseinpricesisworrisomebecausetheinternationalhousingboomisabyproductofglobalization.Ahouseonaplotofgroundisthemostlocalofassets.47Butthefinancialmarketsthatmakeitpossibleforpeopletoborrowmoneytobuyahouseorspeculateareincreasinglyopeninternationalandlinked.InterestratepoliciesintheindustrializedworldtendtomoveinlockstepusuallyledbytheUnitedStates.Agrowingcommunityofaffluentprofessionalsaroundtheworldnowbuysecondhomesandinvestinhousingabroad.48Theeconomiclinksactasaself-reinforcingnetworkthathasfueledtheglobalsurgeiiihousepricesbutwouldalsolikelymagnifythepainonthewaydown.Therippleswouldextendwellbeyondthehousingmarkets.AfallinAmericanhousepricesforexamplewouldcrimpconsumerspending一andfree-spendingAmericanshavesupportedgrowthinmanyexport-mindednationsnotablyChina.49“Therealconcernisthatthehousingboomextendsacrosssomanycountriesthistimez/saidSusanM.WachteraprofessorofrealestateattheWhartonSchooloftheUniversityofPennsylvania.Thatjustraisesthestakesandtheriskwhenthemusicstops.〃TheglobalsurgeinhousepricesisaboombydesignlargelymanufacturedbytheworldscentralbanksledbytheFederalReserve.Anditwasdoneforgoodreason.50Facedwithafallingstockmarketandthecollapseofthehigh-techbubbletheFedcutinterestratessharplyin2000totrytOlimitthedamagetotheAmericaneconomyanditstradingpartners.OthercentralbanksliketheEuropeanCentralBankquicklyfollowedtheFedslead.Highergovernmentspendingandtaxcutswerealsopartoftheformula.Cheapcreditworldwidefueledthehousingmarketmakingmortgagepaymentslesscostly.Homeownersrefinancedtheirmortgagesatlowerratesandthesavingswentintoconsumerspending.Theytookouthome-equityloansonhousesofrisingvalueandspentthatborrowedmoneyoncarsclothesfurniturerestaurantmealsandvacations.Thehigherconsumerspendingandthesoaringvalueofthehomenest-egghavekepttheglobaleconomychuggingalong.47484950参考答案【一\UseofEnglish]「5ABDCB6〜10CBDCA11〜20点击下载查看答案【
二、ReadingComprehension]r5DABBC610ACDBDlr30点击下载查看答案A.inB.throughtounder
3、⑶reckoncopepartshare
4、⑷delicatecomplexinnatevivid
5、⑸A.limitsB.allowsC.restrictsD.entitles
6、6offersmarksC.showsD.reports
7、⑺A.separatelyB.simplyC.generallyD.broadly
8、8guideformmodelshape
9、9A.nurtureB.gestureC.functionD.objective10A.creatingB.adjustingC.producingD.reigning11coordinateddesignedreleaseddirected12A.institutionsB.proposalsC.academiesD.enforcements13liableloyallegallogical14A.sourcemeansC.originD.power15towardagainstoffupon16diluteddissolveddiffuseddispersed17A.shieldingB.shiftingC.shelteringD.shattering
18、18A.justifyingaggravatingimposingD.observing19enhancedconfidedpromptedD.motivated20A.ExceptthatWhileOnlyifBecause
二、ReadingComprehension1PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.40pointsThetitleofthebiographyTheAmericanCivilWarFightingfortheLadycouldhardlybemoreprovocative.ThomasKeneallyanAustralianwriterisunapologetic.InlabelingaherooftheAmericancivilwaranotoriousscoundrelbeswitchesthespotlightfromthebraveactionsofDanSicklesatthebattleofGettysburgtohisearlierpremeditatedmurderoftheloverofhisyoungandpretty11a1ian-AmerleanwifeTeresa.ItisnotthemurderitselfthatdisgustsMr.KeneallybutSicklesstreatmentofhiswifeafterwardsandhowhisbehaviormirroredthehypocriticalmisogynyof19th-centuryAmerica.ThemurdervictimPhilipBartonKeyTeresaSicklesslovercamefromafamousoldsouthernfamily.HewasthenephewofthethenchiefjusticeoftheAmericanSupremeCourtandthesonofthewriterofthecountrysnationalanthem.SicklesaTammanyHallpoliticianinNewYorkturnedDemocraticcongressmaninWashingtonshotKeydeadin1859atacornerofLafayetteSquarewithinshoutingdistanceoftheWhiteHouse.Butthemurdertrialwasmelodramaticevenbythestandardsoftheday.WiththehelpofeightlawyersSickleswasfoundnotguiltyafterusingthenovelpleaof^temporaryinsanity”.ThecountryatlargewasjustasforgivingviewingKeysmurderasagallantcrimeofpassion.WithinthreeyearsSickleswasageneralontheUnionistsideintheAmericancivilWarandasanewfriendofAbrahamandMaryLincolnafrequentsleepoverguestattheWhiteHouse.MrsSickleswaslessfortunate.Shewasshunnedbyfriendsshehadmadeasthewifeofarisingpolitician.HerhusbandaserialadultererwhosemanymistressesincludedQueenIsabellaIIofSpainandthemadamofanindustrializedNewYorkwhorehouserefusedtobeseeninhercompany.LauratheSicklessdaughterwasaninnocentvictimofherfathersvindictivenessandeventuallydiedofdrinkintheBowerydistrictofNewYork.SicklessboldactionsatGettysburgareintheirownwayjustascontroversial.ArgumentcontinuestorageamongscholarsastowhetherhehelpedtheUniontovictoryornearlycauseditsdefeatwhenhemovedhisforcesoutoflinetooccupywhathethoughtwasbetterground.JamesLongstreettheConfederategeneralwholedtheattackagainstthenewpositionwasinnodoubtaboutthebrillianceofthemove.Mr.Keneallyisbetterknownasanovelist.Hereheshowshimselfjustasadeptatbiographyandachievesbothhismainaims.HerestoresthereputationofTeresaSickles“thisbeautifulpleasantandintelligentgirl”andbreathesfullandcontroversiallifeintoafamousmilitaryengagement.KeneallysbiographyisintendedmainlytolaunchasurpriseattackonDemocraticcongressman.showsympathyforanabusedbutreputedladyTeresa.C.cursebitterlyatthehypocrisyofnotoriousheroes.D.exposethetruecharacterofageneralincivilwar.
2、TheauthorisoftheopinionthatKeneallysperspectivesareA.insightful.superficial.biased.skeptical.。