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考研外语考前密押卷8
一、UseofEnglishEnergywillbeoneofthedefiningissuesofthiscentury.Onethingisclear:theeraof1oilisover.Whatwealldonextwilldeterminehowwellwemeettheenergyneedsoftheentireworldinthiscenturyand
2.Demandissoaringlike3before.Aspopulationsgrowandeconomies4millionsinthedevelopingworldareenjoyingthebenefitsofalifestylethat5increasingamountsofenergy.Infactsomesaythatin20yearstheworldwill640%moreoilthanitdoestoday.Atthesametimemanyoftheworldsoilandgasfieldsare7Andnewenergydiscoveriesaremainlyoccurringinplaceswhereresourcesaredifficultto8physicallyeconomicallyandevenpolitically.Whengrowingdemandmeets9suppliestheresultismore10forthesameresources.Wecanwaituntilacrisisforcesustodosomething.11wecan12toworkingtogetherandstartbyaskingthe13questions:HowdowemeettheenergyneedsofthedevelopingworldandthoseofindustrializednationsWhatroleC.regainedbyheadsofstateandgovernment.D.disputedatthecomingsummitmeeting.Thewordreading〃inParagraph2denotes.A.interpretation.B.apprehension.inducement.portability.Thephrasemadeahashofthings”Line1Paragraph6mostprobablymeans.decided.manipulated.mismanaged.disobeyed.ItcanbeinferredinthelastparagraphthatA.thestructureofUNisblamedinVolckersreport.B.sackingMr.Annanisessentialtotherecaptureofthespiritofrenewal.C.thewritersharesexactlysameviewswithMr.Volcker.D.Mr.AnnancanbeexemptfrombeingdismissedduetothenatureofUN.Whatistherelationshipofparagraph4and5toparagraph3A.Evidenceisdemonstratedinparagraph4and5soastorefutethestatementmadeinparagraph
3.Inparagraph3ageneralizationismadeandtheneleiboratedinparagraph4and
5.Proofsarerenderedinparagraph4and5inordertonegatethetwinargumentsinparagraph
3.Tnparagraph3aconclusionismadeandthenoverruledinparagraph4and
5.
6、ThoseEuropeanswhoaretemptedinthelightofthedismalscenesinNewOrleansthisfortnighttodowngradetheAmericanchallengeshouldmeditateononeworld:universities.FiveyearsagoinLisbonEuropeanofficialsproclaimedtheirintentiontobecometheworld,spremierknowledgeeconomyby
2022.Thethinkingbehindthisgranddeclarationmadesenseofasort:Europe,sonlychanceofpreservingitslivingstandardsliesinworkingsmarterthanitscompetitorsratherthanharderorcheaper.ButEurope,sfailinghigher-educationsystemposesalethalthreattothisambition.Europecreatedthemodernuniversity.ScholarsweregatheringinParisandBolognabeforeAmericawasonthemap.OxfordandCambridgeinventedtheresidentialuniversity:theideaofacommunityofscholars1ivingtogethertopursuehigherlearning.Germanycreatedtheresearchuniversity.AcenturyagoEuropeanuniversitieswereamagnetforscholarsandamodelforacademicadministratorstheworldover.ButasoursurveyofhighereducationexplainssincethesecondworldwarEuropehasprogressivelysurrendereditsleadinhighereducationtotheUnitedStates.Americaboasts17oftheworld,stop20universities.Americanuniversitiescurrentlyemploy70%oftheworld,sNobelprize-winners30%oftheworld,soutputofarticlesonscienceandengineeringand44%ofthemostfrequentlycitedarticles.NowonderdevelopingcountriesnowlooktoAmericaratherthanEuropeforamodelforhighereducation.WhyhaveEuropeanuniversitiesdeclinedsoprecipitouslyinrecentdecadesAndwhatcanbedonetorestorethemtotheirformerglory.Theanswertothefirstquestionliesintheroleofthestate.Americanuniversitiesgettheirfundingfromavarietyofdifferentsourcesnotjustgovernmentbutalsophilanthropistsbusinessesandofcoursethestudentsthemselves.Europeanonesarelargelystate-funded.TheconstraintsonstatefundingmeanthatEuropeangovernmentsforceuniversitiesto〃processmoreandmorestudentswithoutgivingthemthenecessarycash一andrespondtotheuniversities,complaintsbytryingtomicromanagethem.Inevitablyqualityhaseroded.YetastheAmericanmodelshowspeoplearepreparedtopayforgoodhighereducationbecausetheyknowtheywillbenefitfromit:thatswhyAmericaspendstwiceasmuchofitsGDPonhighereducationasEuropedoes.Theanswertothesecondquestionistosetuniversitiesfreefromthestate.Freeuniversitiestoruntheirinternalaffairs:howcanFrenchuniversitiesforexamplecompetefortalentwiththeirAmericanrivalswhenprofessorsarecivilservantsAndfreethemtochargefeesfortheirservices-includingmostimportantlystudentfees.AccordingtothetexttheEuropeandreamislikelytocometrueifthecurrenteducationdeteriorationcanbecurbed.whentheAmericanchallengenolongercausescontroversyovercampus-culture.ifpublicattitudesbringaboutchangesineducation.whenlawsandrequirementconcerninghigher-educationsystemarestipulated.TheavailablestatisticsareemployedtoillustratetheacademicgloryachievedbyAmericans.thelossofEuropeanpredominanceinhighereducation.C.thedelayedeffectofknowledgeexplosion.D.thepresentstatusofplagiarism.Independencefromthestateistheprerequisiteforacademicestablishments.Europeanrejuvenation.Americanmodel.talentemancipation.Thetextismainlyareviewofafadingsystemandtherelevantsolution.abouttheglobalizationofknowledgeeconomy.C.asurveyofnowsapproachestohighereducation.D.aboutmeritsoftheEuropeanhigher-educationsystem.WhichofthefollowingisnotmentionedinthetextA.TosetuniversityfreewillbenefitthefadingEuropeanhighereducation.ResearchuniversitytookshapeinGermany.DevelopingnationsusedtofollowEuropeanhighereducation.Thewayoffund-raisingfromdiversechannelsisnotilluminatingatall.
11、“Whenacustomerentersmystoreforgetme.Heisking〃decreedJohnWanamakerwhoin1876turnedanabandonedrailwaydepotinPhiladelphiaintooneoftheworldsfirstdepartmentstores.Thisrevolutionaryconceptchangedthefaceofretailingandledtothedevelopmentofadvertisingandmarketingasweknowittoday.Butcompellingasthatsloganwasintruththeshopperwascheatedofthecrown.Althoughmanufacturingefficiencyboostedthevarietyofgoodsandloweredpricesadvertisingprovidedmostinformationaboutproducts.Throughmuchofthepastcenturyadsspoketoacaptiveaudienceconfinedtojustafewradioortelevisionchannelsoralimitednumberofpublications.Nowmediachoicehasexplodedtooandconsumersselectwhattheywantfromafargreatervarietyofsources-especiallywithafewclicksofacomputermouse.Thankstotheinternettheconsumerisfinallyseizingpower.Asoursurveyinthisissueshowsconsumerpowerhasprofoundimplicationsforcompaniesbecauseitischangingthewaytheworldshops.Manyfirmsalreadyclaimtobecustomer-driven”orz,consumer-centric,z.Nowtheirclaimswillbetestedasneverbefore.Tradingonshoppers,ignorancewillnolongerbepossible:peoplewillknow-andsoontellotherseventhosewithouttheinternet—thatpricesinthenexttownarecheaperorthatcertaingoodsareinferior.Theinternetisworkingwondersinraisingstandards.Goodandhonestfirmsshouldbenefitmost.Butitisalsointensifyingcompetition.Todaywindowshoppingtakesplaceonline.Peoplecancompareproductspricesandreputations.Theycanreadwhatcompaniessayaboutproductsinfargreaterdetailbutalsohowthattallieswiththeopinionsofothersand一mostimportantlyofall一discoverwhatpreviousbuyershavetosay.Newsgroupsandwebsitesconstantlyreviewproductsandservices.Thisischangingthenatureofconsumerdecision.Untilrecentlyconsumersusuallylearnedaboutaproductandmadetheirchoiceatthesametime.Peoplewouldoftenvisitadepartmentstoreordealershiptoseekadvicefromasalesmanlookathisrecommendationsandthenbuy.Nowformanyeachofthesestepsisseparate.ForinstanceFordisfindingthateightoutoftenofitscustomershavealreadyusedtheinternettodecidewhatcartheywanttobuy一andwhattheyarewillingtopay-evenbeforetheyarriveatashowroom.ItcanbeinferredfromthesecondparagraphthattheconsumersusedtobeputatadisadvantageinalargepartduetoA.inefficientadvertising.B.underratedslogan.C.mediumhandicap.D.rampantdishonesty.
12、Itisimpliedinthethirdparagraphthatprofoundimplicationsarehardtodecipher.commercialconductscanbetax-evasive.C.dishonestfirmsaremostcriticalofaward-winners.D.businesstransactionwaslesstransparent.
13、WhatisthetextmainlyaboutA.Thecauseofthepublicdisappointmentaboutbusiness.Theoriginofacommercialconcept.C.Theconsequenceofanovelmedium.D.Theaimoftheadvertisingandmarketing.Theword,zit,zLine1Paragraph4mostprobablyreferstothefirm.theinternet.thewonder.D.themanufacturer.
15、Theshiftinthenatureofconsumerdecisionisrevealedinthefactthatpeopleemployinternettolearnaboutproductsinadvance.consumersgenerallyseekadvicefromsalesmen.peoplevisitastoreandmaketheirchoiceatthesametime.consumerstookbusinessstepsseparately.
16、OnepertinentquestioninthewakeoftheearthquakenearAcehandthetsunamiitgeneratedishowmuchnoticeofanapproachingwavecanbegiventovulnerablepeoplewithouttheriskofcrying〃wolf〃toooften.Earthquakesthemselvesareunpredictableandlikelytoremainso.Butdetectingthemwhentheyhappenisaroutinetechnology.Thatwasnottheprobleminthiscasewhichwasobservedbymonitoringstationsallovertheworld.Unfortunatelyfortheforecastersalthoughanypowerfulsubmarineearthquakebringstheriskofadangeroustsunaminotallsuchearthquakesactuallyresultinabigwaveandfalsealarmscostmoneyandbreedcynicism.OntopofthatmosttsunamigenicearthquakeswhicharecausedwhentheprocessesofplatetectonicsforceheavyoceaniccrustalrockbelowlightercontinentalrocktocreateadeeptrenchatthebottomoftheseaoccurinthePacificwhichisalmostsurroundedbysuchtrenches.IntheIndiaOceandeeptrenchesareconfinedtothesoutherncoastofIndonesiaandtsunamisarerare.Sincemostofthecountriesaffectedbythistsunamiarepoorormiddle-incomeatbestandmonitoringcostsmoneythismightsuggestthatafatalisticapproachtothequestionisreasonable.ButAmericanandJapaneseexperiencesuggeststhateffectivemonitoringneednotbethatexpensive.Thesetwocountrieshavenetworksofseabedpressure-detectorsthatcanmonitortsunamisandindicatewhetherandwhereevacuationisnecessary一datatheysharewiththeirPacificneighbors.AsystemofsevendetectorsrunfromHawaiicostabout$18mtodevelopandtheexperiencegaineddoingsomeansasimilarsystemmightnowbehadforaslittleas$2m.SotothesoundofstabledoorsbeingboltedfirmlyshutpoliticiansinSouth-EastAsiaandAustraliaareproposingoneforthe019willrenewablesand14energiesplayWhatisthebestwaytoprotectourenvironmentHowdoweaccelerateourconservationefforts15actionswetakewemustlooknotjusttonextyear16tothenext50years.AtChevronwebelievethatinnovationcollaborationandconservationarethe17onwhichtobuildthisnewworld.Wecannotdothisalone.Corporationsgovernmentsandeverycitizenofthisplanetmustbepartofthesolutionas18astheyarepartoftheproblem.We19scientistsandeducatorspoliticiansandpolicy-makersenvironmentalistsleadersofindustryandeachoneofyoutobepartof20thenexteraofenergy.A.fossilB.eternaleasyformidable
2、2afterbeyondlaterD.afterwardIndianOcean.Detectingtsunamisdirectlyratherthanrelyingonearthquakemonitorsisimportantforanotherreasontoo.Notal1tsunamisarecausedbyearthquakes.Someoftheworstsuchasa15-metrehighmonsterthatkilledmorethan2000peopleinNewGuineain1998aretheresultofsubmarinelandslidesthoughthesecanthemselvesbetriggeredbyearthquakesaswasthecaseinNewGuinea.IndeedafewyearsagoitwassuggestedthatalandslideinanunstablepartofLaPalmaoneoftheCanaryIslandsmightcauseatsunamithatwoulddevastatetheeastcoastofAmerica.Evenifyouhaveaneffectivedetectionsystemthoughitisuselessifyoucannotevacuateathreatenedarea.Herespeedisoftheessence.Computermodelingcanhelpshowwhichareasarelikelytobesafestbutcommonsenseisoftenthebestguide一runlikethewindawayfromthesea.Evacuationwarningstooshouldbeeasytogiveaslongaspeopleareawake.Radiosareubiquitouseveninmostpoorplaces.Itisjustamatterofhavingsystemsinplacetotelltheradiostationstotellpeopletorun.Theproblemwasthatnoonedid.ItcanbeinferredfromtheopeningparagraphthatA.aperiloustsunamiresultsinsubmarineearthquakes.B.Anearthquakeistobeaccuratelyforecastinthenearfuture.wavealarmsseemtobeatoughnuttocrack.eachpowerfulsubmarineearthquakeisfeaturedbybigwaves.
17、Whatistheauthor,sattitudetowardfatalisticapproach”A.Skeptical.B.Apprehensive.C.Supportive.D.Indignant.
18、NewGuineaismentionedinthetextsoastobetraythefactthatthetsunamiinNewGuineain1998hasbroughtaboutacatastrophetothepeopleinpoverty.thefunctionofexclusiveearthquakeobservationislimitedintermsoftsunamiprediction.thesubmarinelandslidesmaytriggerthemostdevastatingtsunami.directdetectionoftsuneimisisbeyondourreachforthetimebeing.Theterm,,ubiquitous,/Paragraph5mostprobablymeanspiercing.overwhelming.fashionable.pervasive.Itisimpliedinthelastparagraphthatathreatenedareacannotbeevacuatedwhenradiosfail.aneffectivecomputermodelinginformsradiostationsoftsunamis.withdrawalshouldbetakenintoaccountincombatingwithtsunami.inmostpoorareasaneffectivedetectionsystemhasalwaysplaysitsrole.21PartB10pointsYouaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutunknownknowledgeonAIDS.Choosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistforeachnumberedparagraph.Thefirstparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.Inthe20yearssincethefirstcasesofAIDSweredetectedscientistssaytheyhavelearnedmoreaboutthisviraldiseasethananyother.YetPeterPiotwhodirectstheUnitedNationsAIDSprogramandStefanoVellaofRomepresidentoftheInternationalAIDSSocietyandotherexpertssayreviewingunansweredquestionscouldproveusefulasameasureofprogressforAIDSandotherdiseases.Amongtheimportantbroaderscientificquestionsthatremain:
41.Along-standingbeliefisthatcancercellsconstantlydevelopandareheldincheckbyahealthyimmunesystem.ButAIDShaschallengedthatbelief.PeoplewithAIDSaremuchmorepronetocertaincancerslikenon-HodgkinslymphomasandKaposissarcomsbutnottobreastcolonandlungthemostcommoncancersintheUnitedStates.ThispatternsuggeststhatanimpairedimmunesystematleastthetypethatoccursinAIDSdoesnotallowcommoncancerstodevelop..WhenHIVistransmittedsexuallythevirusmustcrossatissuebarriertoenterthebody.Howthathappensisstillunclear.Thevirusmightinvadedirectlyorbecarriedbyaseriesofdifferentkindsofcells.EventuallyHIVtravelsthroughlymphvesselstolymphnodesandtherestofthelymphsystem.Butwhatisnotknownishowthevirusproceedstodestroythebody*sCD-4cellsthatareneededtocombatinvadinginfectiousagents..AlthoughHIVkillstheimmunecellssenttokillthevirusthereiswidespreadvariationintherateatwhichHIVinfectedpeoplebecomeillwithAIDS.Soscientistsask:CantheelementsoftheimmunesystemresponsibleforthatvariabilitybeidentifiedIfsocantheybeusedtostopprogressiontoAIDSininfectedindividualsandpossiblypreventinfectioninthefirstplace.Intheoryearlytreatmentshouldofferthebestchanceofpreservingimmunefunction.ButthenewdrugsdonotcompletelyeliminateHIVfromthebodysothemedicineswhichcanhavedangeroussideeffectswillhavetobetakenforalifetimeandperhapschangedtocombatresistance.Thenewpolicyisexpectedtorecommendthattreatmentbedeferreduntiltherearesignstheimmunesystemisweakening.IsavaccinepossibleThereislittlequestionthataneffectivevaccineiscrucialtocontrollingtheepidemic.Yetonlyonehasreachedthestageoffulltestingandthereiswidecontroversyoverthedegreeofprotectionitwillprovide.HIVstrainsthataretransmittedinvariousareasoftheworlddiffergenetically.ItisnotknownwhetheravaccinederivedfromonetypeofHIVwillconferprotectionagainstothertypes..Withoutmoreincisivefocusedbehavioralresearchpreventionmessagesalonewillnotputanendtotheglobalepidemic.WhatroutedoesHIVtakeafteritentersthebodytodestroytheimmunesystemHowandwhendidthelong-standingbeliefconcerningAIDSandHIVcropupWhatisthemosteffectiveanti-HIVtherapyHowdoesHIVsubverttheimmunesystemIntheabsenceofavaccinehowcanHIVbestoppedWhydoesAIDSpredisposeinfectedpersonstocertaintypesofcancerandinfections42434445PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.10pointsTheclue1iesintheJapanesenamethathasbeenadoptedforthemaroundtheworld:tsunami.46Formedfromthecharactersforharbourandwaveandcommemoratedinthe19th-centurywoodblockprintbyHokusaithatdecoratessomanybooksandarticlesaboutthesubjectthewordshowsthatthesesuddendevastatingwaveshavemainlyinthepastoccurredinthePacificOceanringedasitisbyvolcanoesandearthquakezones.Thankstoonetsunamiin1946thatkilled165peoplemainlyinHawaiithecountriesaroundthePacifichavesharedatsunamiwarningcentreeversince.47ThosearoundtheIndianOceanhavenosuchcentrebeingluckyenoughnottohavesufferedmanybigtsunamisbeforeandunluckyenoughnottocounttheworldstwobiggestandmosttechnologicallyadvancedeconomiestheUnitedStatesandJapanamongtheirnumber.SowhenonDecember26ththeworldsstrongestearthquakein40yearsshooktheregionwithitsepicenterundertheseanearthenorthernmosttipoftheIndonesianarchipelagotherewasnoestablishedmechanismtopasswarningstothecountriesaroundtheocean5sshores.Therewouldhavebeenbetween90and150minutesinwhichtobroadcastwarningsbyradiotelevisionandloudspeakerintheareasmostaffectedtheIndonesianprovinceofAcehSriLankaandtheIndianchainoftheAndamanandNicobar-islands.48Hadsuchwarningsbeenbroadcastthenmanyofthetensofthousandsofliveslostwouldhavebeensaved.49Howmanynobodycanknowforthetaskofevacuationwouldhavebeenfarfromeasyinmanyofthesecrowdedpoorandlow-lyingcoastalcommunities.Equallythoughitwillprobablyneverbeknownexactlyhowmanypeoplehavedied.50Whereasinmanydisasterstheinitialestimatesoffatalitiesprovetoohightheoppositeisoccurringinthiscase.47484950参考答案【
一、UseofEnglish]r5CBACB610ADADBll~20点击下载查看答案【
二、ReadingComprehension]广5BACDB6~10ABBAD11〜30点击下载查看答案A.neverlongeversometime
4、4takeontaketotakeoffD.takeafter
5、5A.acquiresB.requiresC.rescueinquires
6、6A.consumeB.restrainC.resumeD.comprise
7、⑺A.emergingB.menacingC.eruptingD.maturing
8、⑻extractB.constructC.extolD.extemporize
9、9A.amplersurplusemergentD.tighter
10、10accommodationcompetitionstimulationcooperation
11、11A.OrelseB.NeverthelessC.OrD.Albeit12commitstriveC.conductD.simulate13noveltoxicnumeroustough14A.alternateB.subterraneanC.alternativeD.abundant15OnceHoweverAlthoughWhatever16butthenbutbutyetbutfor17milestonesmilieucornerstonescorrespondence18symbolicallyB.synchronouslyswiftlysurely19calluponcalloffcallforthcallover20revokingreshapingrevertingreversing
二、ReadingComprehension1PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.40pointsKofiAnnanthesecretary-generaloftheUnitedNationssaidhewantednextweekssummitof170-plusheadsofstateandgovernmentinNewYorktobeanother〃SanFranciscomoment”—achancetorecapturethespiritofrenewalandoptimismthataccompaniedthebirthoftheUnitedNationsinCalifornia60yearsago.Heisnotlikelytogethisway.AftermorethanayearofinvestigationPaulVolckeraformerheadofAmericasFederalReservechosethisofallweekstopublishhisreportonwhatwentwrongwiththeUNsoil-for-foodprogrammeinIraq.Itdoesnotmakeprettyreading.TheprogrammeachieveditsbasicaimwhichwastoallowanIraqundersanctionstosellsomeoilsothatsomeofthebasicfoodandmedicalneedsofitspeoplecouldstillbemet.ButMr.Volcker,steamconfirmsthattheprogrammewasriddledwithwasteinefficiencyandcorruptionincludingamongUNstaffatheadquartersaswellasinthefield.AsaresultSaddamHussein,sregimesucceededinsqueezingatotalillicitincomeofsome$10billionfromtheschemeabout$8billionfromsmugglingandtherestfromsurchargesandkickbacks.EversincetheSecurityCouncilfailedtoendorsethewaragainstIraqMr.Annan,scriticshavebeencallingforhimtoresignorbesackedforhispartintheoil-for-foodprogramme.Theyhavehadtwoarguments.Oneisthatheishimselfguiltyofmalfeasance.Theotheristhatevenifheisn,thewasthemanatthetopandshouldthereforetaketheblameforascandalthatunfoldedonhiswatch.OnbothcountsacasecanbemadethattheVolckerreportoffershimanescape.OnthefirstcountMr.Volckerhasfoundnoevidenceatallthatthesecretary-generalhimselfdidanythingcorrupteventhoughseveralpeopleclosetohimplainlydid.OnthesecondthereportdoesnotsaywhetherMr.Annanshouldgoforhavingpresidedoversuchchaosandvenality.Itdoessaythatcorruptiondownthelinereflectedtheabsenceof〃astrongorganizationalethicthatshouldhavepermeatedtheleadership.ButitalsoarguesthatMr.Annanwasnotresponsibleforeverythingthatwentwrong.ThoughnominallytheUN,sadministrativebossneitherhenorhispredecessorswerechosenformanagerialskillsorprovidedwiththetools-suchastheabilitytohireandfirewithoutpoliticalinterference一tobeeffectivemanagers.Inthecaseofoil-for-foodtheSecurityCounciltriedtokeepcontrolthroughasanctionscommitteeofnationaldiplomats.HavingneithertheSecurityCouncilnorthesecretariatinclearcommandwasarecipefor〃theevasionofresponsibilityatalllevels”.IftheUNwereacompanywhosebosshadmadeahashofthingsTheEconomistwouldcallforthetopman,shead.Removingabossisagoodwayforshareholderstoshowthattheywantchange.ButsincetheUNisnotafirmsackingMr.Annanovertheoil-for-foodprogrammewouldsendthewrongsignal:thatitishispersonandnot-astheVolckerreportstresses-thestructureoftheorganizationthatisattherootoftheproblem.AndbecausetheUNisapoliticalorganizationoustingMr.Annanwouldsendapoliticalsignaltoo.ItwouldbereadbymanyUNmembersasapunishmentinflictedontheUNbyAmericasmorestridentRepublicansasrevengefortheSecurityCounciTsfailuretosupporttheBritishandAmericaninvasionofIraqin
2022.AccordingtothetexttheoptimisticmoodseemstobeA.alwayshighlythoughtof.B.lostoverthepastdecades.。